[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: follow
Target surface form: followed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that <t>followed</t>, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=follow%2:38:00:: | definition=to travel behind, go after, come after | examples=The ducklings followed their mother around the pond; Please follow the guide through the museum
2. sense_key=follow%2:42:00:: | definition=be later in time | synonyms=postdate | examples=Tuesday always follows Monday
3. sense_key=follow%2:42:05:: | definition=come as a logical consequence; follow logically | synonyms=fall out | examples=It follows that your assertion is false; the theorem falls out nicely
4. sense_key=follow%2:38:01:: | definition=travel along a certain course | synonyms=travel along | examples=follow the road; follow the trail
5. sense_key=follow%2:41:00:: | definition=act in accordance with someone's rules, commands, or wishes | synonyms=comply, abide by | examples=He complied with my instructions; You must comply or else!
6. sense_key=follow%2:42:01:: | definition=come after in time, as a result | synonyms=come after | examples=A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake
7. sense_key=follow%2:30:00:: | definition=behave in accordance or in agreement with | synonyms=conform to | examples=Follow a pattern; Follow my example
8. sense_key=follow%2:42:02:: | definition=be next | examples=Mary plays best, with John and Sue following
9. sense_key=follow%2:40:00:: | definition=choose and follow; as of theories, ideas, policies, strategies or plans | synonyms=adopt, espouse | examples=She followed the feminist movement; The candidate espouses Republican ideals
10. sense_key=follow%2:42:03:: | definition=to bring something about at a later time than | examples=She followed dinner with a brandy; He followed his lecture with a question and answer period
11. sense_key=follow%2:36:00:: | definition=imitate in behavior; take as a model | synonyms=take after | examples=Teenagers follow their friends in everything
12. sense_key=follow%2:31:00:: | definition=follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something | synonyms=trace | examples=We must follow closely the economic development is Cuba; trace the student's progress
13. sense_key=follow%2:41:02:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, observe, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
14. sense_key=follow%2:41:01:: | definition=be the successor (of) | synonyms=succeed, come after | examples=Carter followed Ford; Will Charles succeed to the throne?
15. sense_key=follow%2:36:01:: | definition=perform an accompaniment to | synonyms=play along, accompany | examples=The orchestra could barely follow the frequent pitch changes of the soprano
16. sense_key=follow%2:30:01:: | definition=keep informed | synonyms=keep up, keep abreast | examples=He kept up on his country's foreign policies
17. sense_key=follow%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=come | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
18. sense_key=follow%2:41:10:: | definition=accept and follow the leadership or command or guidance of | examples=Let's follow our great helmsman!; She followed a guru for years
19. sense_key=follow%2:41:11:: | definition=adhere to or practice | examples=These people still follow the laws of their ancient religion
20. sense_key=follow%2:41:09:: | definition=work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function | synonyms=be | examples=He is a herpetologist; She is our resident philosopher
21. sense_key=follow%2:39:13:: | definition=keep under surveillance | synonyms=surveil, survey | examples=The police had been following him for weeks but they could not prove his involvement in the bombing
22. sense_key=follow%2:38:13:: | definition=follow in or as if in pursuit | synonyms=pursue | examples=The police car pursued the suspected attacker; Her bad deed followed her and haunted her dreams all her life
23. sense_key=follow%2:31:14:: | definition=grasp the meaning | examples=Can you follow her argument?; When he lectures, I cannot follow
24. sense_key=follow%2:30:12:: | definition=keep to | synonyms=stick to, stick with | examples=Stick to your principles; stick to the diet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The word "followed" in the phrase "the torrent of replies that followed" means the replies came after in time as a result of the initial letters. This matches sense 6 ("come after in time, as a result"), similar to the example "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake," where an event occurs as a consequence of a preceding event.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed..."

The word "followed" here is describing what happened after the initial letters to "The Ringing World." The "torrent of replies" came after the initial letter. So "followed" means "came after in time, as a result."

Let me look at the sense options:

1. Travel behind - Not applicable, not about physical movement
2. Be later in time - Could work, but more about sequential timing
3. Come as a logical consequence - Not really about logical consequence
4. Travel along a certain course - Not applicable
5. Act in accordance with rules - Not applicable
6. Come after in time, as a result - YES, this fits perfectly. The replies came after the initial letter and were a result of it.
7. Behave in accordance with - Not applicable
8. Be next - Could work but less specific about causality
9. Choose and follow - Not applicable
10. To bring something about at a later time than - Not quite right
11. Imitate in behavior - Not applicable
12. Follow, discover course of development - Not applicable
13. Follow with eyes or mind - Not applicable
14. Be the successor - Not quite right
15. Perform an accompaniment - Not applicable
16. Keep informed - Not applicable
17. To be the product or result - Similar but not quite the same phrasing
18-24. Not applicable

The best fit is sense 6: "come after in time, as a result" with examples like "A terrible tsunami followed the earthquake". In the context, the replies followed (came after as a result of) the initial letters.

The answer should be 6.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: woman
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one <t>woman</t> ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "woman" refers to a specific adult female person who is a bell-ringer from Solihull. The context makes it clear this is an individual woman being referenced ("one woman ringer from Solihull"), not women as a class, not a woman in a relational role to a man, and not a woman employed for housework. This matches sense 1: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)."

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "woman" is being used.

The sentence is: "One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that..."

The target word is "woman" in the phrase "one woman ringer from Solihull"

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: - "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" - This is the basic definition of a woman as an adult female person. This seems to be what's used here - referring to a specific adult female person who is a bell-ringer.

2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: - "a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man" - This doesn't fit. The context is about a bell-ringer, not about a woman in relation to a man's personal life.

3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: - "a human female employed to do housework" - This doesn't fit either. The woman in question is a bell-ringer, not a houseworker.

4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: - "women as a class" - This is about women in general, not a specific individual woman.

The context clearly refers to a specific individual woman who is a bell-ringer. This is sense 1 - the basic definition of an adult female person.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman <t>ringer</t> from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly discusses bell-ringing in British churches. The passage mentions "the once male-dominated field" of bell-ringing, references to "The Ringing World, a weekly newspaper for ringers," discussions of ringing at prestigious churches like St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey, and mentions of "peals" (a technical term in bell-ringing) and "the belfry." The target word "ringer" consistently refers to people who ring church bells throughout the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "ringer" is being used.

Context clues:
1. "women have entered the once male-dominated field" - referring to bell-ringing
2. "the ringers today are women" - people who ring bells
3. "the Ancient Society of College Youths... remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey"
4. "The Ringing World, a weekly newspaper for ringers" - a newspaper for people involved in bell ringing
5. "one woman ringer from Solihull observed" - directly referring to a woman who rings bells
6. "the average male ringer" - another reference to bell ringers
7. "in her 60 years of ringing" - refers to bell ringing activities

The passage is clearly discussing bell-ringing as a hobby/profession in Britain. The context makes it absolutely clear that "ringer" refers to people who ring church bells.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - This matches perfectly. Synonyms: toller, bell ringer
2. "a person who is almost identical to another" - This is about resemblance (dead ringer), not applicable
3. "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - This is about fraud/deception, not applicable
4. "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit" - This is about the sport, not applicable

The best match is clearly sense 1, which describes a person who rings church bells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: observe
Target surface form: observed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull <t>observed</t> that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=observe%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=observe%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=note, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
3. sense_key=observe%2:39:01:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=note, take note | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
4. sense_key=observe%2:39:00:: | definition=watch attentively | examples=Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals
5. sense_key=observe%2:41:01:: | definition=show respect towards | synonyms=respect, honor, honour, abide by | examples=honor your parents!
6. sense_key=observe%2:41:02:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=celebrate, keep | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
7. sense_key=observe%2:41:00:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, follow, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
8. sense_key=observe%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
9. sense_key=observe%2:41:04:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=keep | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

The word "observed" in the context means "made mention of" or "remarked," as in the woman ringer making a statement that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired..." This is a clear case of stating or commenting on something, which matches the definition "make mention of" with synonyms like note, mention, remark. The example provided for this sense ("She observed that his presentation took up too much time") is structurally parallel to the target sentence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "observed" in this passage.

The sentence is: "One woman ringer from Solihull observed that 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals.'"

The woman is making a statement or comment about male ringers. She is stating/remarking that male ringers are not as good as they claim to be.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=observe%2:39:02:: - discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of (detect, find, discover, notice)
2. sense_key=observe%2:32:00:: - make mention of (note, mention, remark) - "She observed that his presentation took up too much time"
3. sense_key=observe%2:39:01:: - observe with care or pay close attention to (note, take note)
4. sense_key=observe%2:39:00:: - watch attentively
5. sense_key=observe%2:41:01:: - show respect towards
6. sense_key=observe%2:41:02:: - behave as expected during holidays or rites
7. sense_key=observe%2:41:00:: - follow with the eyes or the mind
8. sense_key=observe%2:31:00:: - stick to correctly or closely
9. sense_key=observe%2:41:04:: - conform one's action or practice to

The key phrase is "observed that" - the woman is making a remark or comment. This is clearly sense 2 (make mention of) with synonyms like "note, mention, remark" and the example "She observed that his presentation took up too much time" matches perfectly with "observed that".
The correct sense is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the <t>average</t> male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%5:00:02:normal:01 | definition=approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value | synonyms=mean | examples=the average income in New England is below that of the nation; of average height for his age
2. sense_key=average%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered | synonyms=ordinary | examples=average people; the ordinary (or common) man in the street
3. sense_key=average%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=lacking exceptional quality or ability | synonyms=fair, mediocre, middling | examples=a novel of average merit; only a fair performance of the sonata
4. sense_key=average%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=around the middle of a scale of evaluation | synonyms=intermediate, medium | examples=an orange of average size; intermediate capacity
5. sense_key=average%5:00:03:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the most frequent value in a distribution | synonyms=modal | examples=the modal age at which American novelists reach their peak is 30
6. sense_key=average%5:00:01:normal:01 | definition=relating to or constituting the middle value of an ordered set of values (or the average of the middle two in a set with an even number of values) | synonyms=median | examples=the median value of 17, 20, and 36 is 20; the median income for the year was $15,000

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The woman is describing "the average male ringer" as a typical or ordinary representative of male ringers in general—someone who commonly exhibits the undesirable characteristics she lists (poorly dressed, acne, beer belly, etc.). This usage corresponds to the sense meaning "lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered" (synonymous with "ordinary"), as exemplified in the provided example "average people; the ordinary man in the street."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "average" appears:

"One woman ringer from Solihull observed that 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals.'"

The word "average" here is being used to describe a typical or ordinary male ringer - someone representative of the general category of male ringers, with common or ordinary characteristics (poorly dressed, with acne, beer belly, etc.). The woman is making a criticism about the typical male ringer compared to women ringers.

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=average%5:00:02:normal:01 - "approximating the statistical norm or average or expected value" - This is about mathematical/statistical average, like income levels.

2. sense_key=average%5:00:00:common:01 - "lacking special distinction, rank, or status; commonly encountered" with synonyms "ordinary" and examples like "average people; the ordinary (or common) man in the street" - This fits well. The woman is describing the typical/ordinary male ringer.

3. sense_key=average%5:00:00:ordinary:00 - "lacking exceptional quality or ability" with synonyms "fair, mediocre, middling" and examples like "a novel of average merit" - This could also fit, suggesting poor quality.

4. sense_key=average%5:00:00:moderate:00 - "around the middle of a scale of evaluation"

5. sense_key=average%5:00:03:normal:01 - relating to modal (most frequent value)

6. sense_key=average%5:00:01:normal:01 - relating to median

The context suggests the woman is characterizing the typical/ordinary male ringer - someone who represents the common category of male ringers. Sense 2 ("common, ordinary, lacking special distinction") seems most appropriate, as the woman is making a generalization about the typical male ringer and his ordinary, undesirable characteristics.
Sense 2 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: male
Target surface form: male
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average <t>male</t> ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=male%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes (spermatozoa) that perform the fertilizing function in generation | examples=a male infant; a male holly tree
2. sense_key=male%5:00:02:masculine:01 | definition=characteristic of a man | synonyms=manful, manlike, manly, virile | examples=a deep male voice; manly sports
3. sense_key=male%5:00:01:male:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys | examples=the male lead; the male population

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context refers to "the average male ringer," where "male" is used to identify the gender of people (men) in a particular group (bell ringers). This corresponds to sense 3, "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys," which is parallel to the example "the male lead; the male population." The other senses are not appropriate here: sense 1 refers to biological reproduction, and sense 2 refers to masculine characteristics, neither of which are the intended meaning in this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "male" appears:

"One woman ringer from Solihull observed that 'the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals.'"

The word "male" here is being used as a noun referring to a male ringer (a man who rings bells). The sentence is making observations about the physical appearance and hygiene of male ringers compared to female ringers.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=male%3:00:00:: - "being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces gametes" - This is the biological sense, relating to reproduction/sexual characteristics. The examples are "a male infant; a male holly tree" - this is an adjective form describing things by their biological sex.

2. sense_key=male%5:00:02:masculine:01 - "characteristic of a man" - This is about masculine characteristics. Synonyms include manful, manlike, manly, virile. Examples are "a deep male voice; manly sports" - describing things that have masculine qualities.

3. sense_key=male%5:00:01:male:00 - "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys" - This is about things relating to or composed of men/boys. Examples are "the male lead; the male population" - this is about the gender composition of people.

In the context, "the average male ringer" is referring to a man who rings bells. It's specifically about male humans (men) in the profession of ringing. This fits best with sense 3, which is "for or pertaining to or composed of men or boys" - the context is about males in a specific group (ringers). The example "the male lead" is parallel to "the male ringer" - both are referring to the male members of a particular group.
Sense 1 doesn't apply here since the passage isn't concerned with biological reproduction. Sense 2 focuses on masculine qualities, but the text simply identifies the ringer's gender rather than describing masculine traits. The correct sense is 3, which captures how "male" denotes membership in a gender category within a particular group.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringer
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male <t>ringer</t> leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The context clearly indicates that "ringer" refers to people who ring church bells. The passage discusses:
- Women entering the "bell-ringing field"
- "Ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches"
- References to "peals" (bell-ringing patterns)
- The "belfry" (where church bells are located)
- "The Ringing World" newspaper for those involved in bell-ringing

This corresponds to sense 1: a person who rings church bells.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "ringer."

The context is about bell-ringing in churches, specifically discussing:
- "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women"
- "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths...remains male-only"
- "the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey"
- Discussion of "women fainting in peals" and people being in the "belfry"
- References to "ringing" as an activity and "The Ringing World" newspaper for ringers

The context makes it very clear that "ringer" refers to people who ring church bells. The references to:
- bell-ringing field
- ringers for churches
- fainting "in peals" (peals are bell ringing patterns)
- the belfry (where bells are located)
- "The Ringing World" newspaper

All of these point to sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" with synonyms "toller, bell ringer"

The other senses don't fit:
- Sense 2 (identical person/clone) - not relevant
- Sense 3 (fraudulent contestant) - not relevant
- Sense 4 (horseshoes game) - not relevant

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: badly
Target surface form: badly
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: <t>badly</t> dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=badly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=severely, gravely, seriously | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured
2. sense_key=badly%4:02:00:: | definition=(`ill' is often used as a combining form) in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well | synonyms=ill, poorly | examples=he was ill prepared; it ill befits a man to betray old friends
3. sense_key=badly%4:02:06:: | definition=evilly or wickedly | examples=treated his parents badly; to steal is to act badly
4. sense_key=badly%4:02:05:: | definition=in a disobedient or naughty way | synonyms=mischievously, naughtily | examples=he behaved badly in school; he mischievously looked for a chance to embarrass his sister
5. sense_key=badly%4:02:04:: | definition=with great intensity (`bad' is a nonstandard variant for `badly') | synonyms=bad | examples=the injury hurt badly; the buildings were badly shaken
6. sense_key=badly%4:02:03:: | definition=very much; strongly | synonyms=bad | examples=I wanted it badly enough to work hard for it; the cables had sagged badly
7. sense_key=badly%4:02:12:: | definition=without skill or in a displeasing manner | examples=she writes badly; I think he paints very badly
8. sense_key=badly%4:02:10:: | definition=in a disadvantageous way; to someone's disadvantage | synonyms=disadvantageously | examples=the venture turned out badly for the investors; angry that the case was settled disadvantageously for them
9. sense_key=badly%4:02:07:: | definition=unfavorably or with disapproval | synonyms=ill | examples=tried not to speak ill of the dead; thought badly of him for his lack of concern
10. sense_key=badly%4:02:08:: | definition=with unusual distress or resentment or regret or emotional display | examples=they took their defeat badly; took her father's death badly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The phrase "badly dressed" in the context describes male ringers as being dressed in a poor, unsatisfactory, or improper manner. Sense 2 ("in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well") directly captures this meaning of adverbial "badly" as used here to indicate deficient or inadequate quality of dress.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "badly" in this phrase:

"the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."

The woman ringer is describing male ringers negatively. She says they are "badly dressed" - this means poorly dressed, in an unsatisfactory manner.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "to a severe or serious degree" - Not the right sense here
2. "in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well" - This fits! "badly dressed" means dressed in a poor/unsatisfactory manner
3. "evilly or wickedly" - Not the right sense
4. "in a disobedient or naughty way" - Not the right sense
5. "with great intensity" - Not the right sense
6. "very much; strongly" - Not the right sense
7. "without skill or in a displeasing manner" - This could work too, "she writes badly" suggests lack of skill
8. "in a disadvantageous way" - Not quite right
9. "unfavorably or with disapproval" - This could also work
10. "with emotional display" - Not the right sense

The context is "badly dressed" - describing the manner/way someone is dressed. Sense 2 (in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner) and Sense 7 (without skill or in a displeasing manner) both seem applicable.

Looking at the examples for Sense 2: "he was ill prepared; it ill befits a man to betray old friends" - these show improper or unsatisfactory manner.

Looking at the examples for Sense 7: "she writes badly; I think he paints very badly" - these show lack of skill or displeasing manner.
Both senses could apply, but Sense 2 better captures the meaning here. "Badly dressed" refers to wearing clothes in an unsatisfactory way rather than lacking sartorial skill. Sense 2's broader definition—"in a poor or improper or unsatisfactory manner; not well"—directly encompasses this usage, whereas Sense 7 emphasizes technical incompetence more than general displeasingness.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dressed
Target surface form: dressed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly <t>dressed</t>, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00 | definition=dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination | synonyms=appareled, attired, garbed, garmented, habilimented, robed | examples=the elegantly attired gentleman; neatly dressed workers
2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02 | definition=treated with medications and protective covering
3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02 | definition=(of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth | synonyms=polished
4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00 | definition=dressed in fancy or formal clothing | synonyms=dressed-up, dressed to the nines, dressed to kill, dolled up, spruced up, spiffed up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes the "average male ringer" as "badly dressed" - referring to their general state of attire and clothing. This is the general sense of being clothed or attired in a particular manner (in this case, poorly maintained). Sense 4 specifically refers to fancy or formal clothing (dressed to the nines, dolled up), which is not what's meant here. The criticism is about ordinary, everyday poor grooming and clothing choices, making sense 1 the best fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage is discussing bell-ringers and mentions a woman ringer from Solihull describing the "average male ringer" as "badly dressed."

The context is: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."

This is clearly describing how the male ringer is clothed or attired. The word "badly" is a key descriptor here - it means they are not well-clothed or their clothing is not good quality/neat.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:clothed:00 | definition=dressed or clothed especially in fine attire; often used in combination | synonyms=appareled, attired, garbed, garmented, habilimented, robed | examples=the elegantly attired gentleman; neatly dressed workers

2. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:treated:02 | definition=treated with medications and protective covering

3. sense_key=dressed%5:00:00:finished:02 | definition=(of lumber or stone) to trim and smooth | synonyms=polished

4. sense_key=dressed%5:00:02:clothed:00 | definition=dressed in fancy or formal clothing | synonyms=dressed-up, dressed to the nines, dressed to kill, dolled up, spruced up, spiffed up

Sense 2 and 3 are clearly not about clothing, so they're out.

Between senses 1 and 4:
- Sense 1 is the general meaning of being clothed/attired, especially in fine attire
- Sense 4 is about being dressed in fancy/formal clothing

In the context, "badly dressed" is describing poor clothing choices and appearance. The woman is criticizing the male ringer's appearance as poorly maintained. This is not about fancy or formal clothing specifically - it's just saying they're not well-dressed (as opposed to being formally/elegantly dressed).
The example "neatly dressed workers" in sense 1 parallels the situation here—ordinary people evaluated on how they're clothed. Since the criticism is about general poor attire rather than lack of formal wear, sense 1 captures the broader meaning of being clothed in a certain manner.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: large
Target surface form: large
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a <t>large</t> beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=large%3:00:00:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=big | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=large%5:00:00:significant:00 | definition=fairly large or important in effect; influential | examples=played a large role in the negotiations
3. sense_key=large%5:00:00:rhetorical:00 | definition=ostentatiously lofty in style | synonyms=bombastic, declamatory, orotund, tumid, turgid | examples=a man given to large talk; tumid political prose
4. sense_key=large%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=big, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
5. sense_key=large%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=big, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=large%5:00:00:comprehensive:00 | definition=having broad power and range and scope | examples=taking the large view; a large effect
7. sense_key=large%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=big, enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "large" in "a large beer-belly" describes the physical size or magnitude of the beer belly. The context clearly indicates a physical characteristic—the beer belly is big/substantial in size. This matches the first sense definition "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent," which is the standard spatial/dimensional meaning of "large."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "large" appears. The sentence is:

"the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."

Here, "large beer-belly" refers to a beer belly that is big in size. The word "large" is describing the physical size/magnitude of a beer belly.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent" - This is clearly about physical size. Examples: "a large city; set out for the big city"

2. "fairly large or important in effect; influential" - This is about importance or significance, not physical size. Example: "played a large role in the negotiations"

3. "ostentatiously lofty in style" - This is about rhetorical/linguistic style. Example: "a man given to large talk; tumid political prose"

4. "generous and understanding and tolerant" - This is about generosity. Example: "a heart big enough to hold no grudges"

5. "conspicuous in position or importance" - This is about prominence. Example: "a big figure in the movement"

6. "having broad power and range and scope" - This is about broad scope. Example: "taking the large view"

7. "in an advanced stage of pregnancy" - This is about pregnancy. Example: "was big with child"

In the context "large beer-belly," the word "large" is clearly describing the physical size of the beer belly - it's a big/large-sized belly. This matches sense 1 perfectly: "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent."

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unwashed
Target surface form: unwashed
Context:
One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently <t>unwashed</t> and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=common, plebeian, vulgar | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
2. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01 | definition=not cleaned with or as if with soap and water | examples=a sink full of unwashed dishes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "unwashed" in this context refers to a male ringer's literal lack of cleanliness or hygiene. The woman is criticizing male ringers' physical appearance and conditions, listing them alongside "badly dressed," "acne," and "large beer-belly" - all literal physical descriptors. "Unwashed" fits this literal meaning of not cleaned with soap and water, similar to the example "unwashed dishes." Sense 1 (the figurative "lowborn/common" meaning) is inappropriate here, as the criticism concerns physical hygiene, not social class.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "unwashed" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals."

The woman ringer is describing negative physical attributes of male ringers. She lists:
- badly dressed
- decorated with acne
- a large beer-belly
- frequently unwashed
- unbearably flatulent in peals

In this context, "unwashed" is clearly referring to the literal state of being dirty/not cleaned. The person hasn't washed themselves - they have poor hygiene. This is grouped with other negative physical descriptions.

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=common, plebeian, vulgar
   - This is a metaphorical/social use meaning "common" or "vulgar" people
   - Examples reference "common people"

2. sense_key=unwashed%5:00:00:dirty:01 | definition=not cleaned with or as if with soap and water | examples=a sink full of unwashed dishes
   - This is the literal use meaning physically dirty/not cleaned
   - The example about unwashed dishes is exactly parallel to someone being literally unwashed

Given the context where the woman is describing male ringers' poor physical appearance and hygiene, sense 2 is clearly the correct interpretation. She's saying the male ringers are literally not clean - they haven't washed themselves. This fits perfectly with the other criticisms about their appearance.

Sense 1 (lowborn/common/vulgar as a social class) doesn't fit the context at all - she's describing their physical hygiene, not their social status or class.
The correct answer is sense 2, the literal definition referring to physical cleanliness.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another <t>women</t> wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "women" (used as "woman" in singular in the specific sentence) refers to an individual adult female person who is a bell-ringer. The context makes clear this is about a particular woman from Sheffield who has 60 years of ringing experience, not about women as a relational role, not about a domestic worker, and not about women as a collective class. Sense 1, the basic definition of "an adult female person," is the most appropriate.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the target word "women" in this passage about bell-ringing.

The sentence in question is: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing..."

Looking at the context:
- The passage discusses the ban on women joining a bell-ringing group
- It mentions women who ring bells (female bell-ringers)
- The specific example talks about "another women" (though there's a grammatical error - should be "woman") who wrote a letter about her 60 years of ringing experience
- This is clearly referring to an individual woman who is a bell-ringer

Now let me examine each sense:

1. **sense_key=woman%1:18:00:**: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" - This is the basic, general sense referring to any adult female person. The example "the woman kept house while the man hunted" shows a straightforward use of woman as an adult female. This fits our context perfectly - we're talking about an adult female person who is a bell-ringer.

2. **sense_key=woman%1:18:01:**: "a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man" - This is specifically about relational roles to men. The context doesn't mention any such relationship; it's about a woman as a bell-ringer.

3. **sense_key=woman%1:18:02:**: "a human female employed to do housework" - This is about domestic work. While earlier there's mention of "making tea at meetings," the woman in question is identified as a bell-ringer, not a houseworker.

4. **sense_key=woman%1:14:00:**: "women as a class" - This refers to women in general as a collective group. However, the sentence is talking about one specific individual woman who wrote a letter, not women as a class.
The first sense is the correct match here. The passage uses "women" in its most straightforward meaning—simply denoting an adult female person—and the context makes clear we're discussing a particular individual who happens to be a bell-ringer, not any relational role or collective category.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: write
Target surface form: wrote
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women <t>wrote</t> from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=write%2:36:00:: | definition=produce a literary work | synonyms=compose, pen, indite | examples=She composed a poem; He wrote four novels
2. sense_key=write%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate or express by writing | examples=Please write to me every week
3. sense_key=write%2:36:02:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=publish | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career
4. sense_key=write%2:32:08:: | definition=communicate (with) in writing | synonyms=drop a line | examples=Write her soon, please!
5. sense_key=write%2:32:01:: | definition=communicate by letter | examples=He wrote that he would be coming soon
6. sense_key=write%2:36:04:: | definition=write music | synonyms=compose | examples=Beethoven composed nine symphonies
7. sense_key=write%2:36:01:: | definition=mark or trace on a surface | examples=The artist wrote Chinese characters on a big piece of white paper; Russian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet
8. sense_key=write%2:32:03:: | definition=record data on a computer | synonyms=save | examples=boot-up instructions are written on the hard disk
9. sense_key=write%2:36:03:: | definition=write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word) | synonyms=spell | examples=He spelled the word wrong in this letter
10. sense_key=write%2:36:10:: | definition=create code, write a computer program | examples=She writes code faster than anybody else

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context shows "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that..." - she is communicating a message through writing (expressing her view about female ringers and fainting in the belfry). This matches sense 5 "communicate by letter," which captures the act of expressing a message through written correspondence, as exemplified by the pattern "wrote that [message content]."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "wrote" in the passage.

The sentence in question is: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.'"

The context shows that a woman wrote from Sheffield. She is expressing a message/opinion in response to the letters that appeared in "The Ringing World" newspaper. The sentence structure "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that..." indicates she is communicating or expressing a message through writing.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. produce a literary work (compose, pen) - This is about creating a literary work, which doesn't fit here
2. communicate or express by writing - This fits well. She's expressing/communicating her opinion through writing
3. have written work issued for publication - Not applicable here
4. communicate (with) in writing (drop a line) - Similar to sense 2, about communicating through writing
5. communicate by letter - She's writing to the newspaper/writing to express her opinion
6. write music - Not applicable
7. mark or trace on a surface - Not what's happening here
8. record data on a computer - Not applicable
9. write or name the letters (spell) - Not applicable
10. create code - Not applicable

Now let me distinguish between senses 2, 4, and 5:

Sense 2: "communicate or express by writing" - This is about expressing/communicating through the medium of writing
Sense 4: "communicate (with) in writing" - Similar, with synonym "drop a line"
Sense 5: "communicate by letter" - This is more specific about letter writing

The context says "wrote from Sheffield to say that..." - she's communicating/expressing her view. This is most clearly sense 2 (communicate or express by writing) or sense 5 (communicate by letter).
The key distinction is that sense 5's examples follow the pattern "wrote that [message]," which matches the structure here. Since the woman is conveying a specific message through her writing to the newspaper, sense 5 best captures this usage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to <t>say</t> that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The woman "wrote...to say that" she had never known a lady to faint in the belfry. In this context, "say" means to express or communicate a statement in words. The woman is asserting/expressing a factual claim from her experience. This is the basic sense of "say" meaning "express in words," which matches sense 1 perfectly, as shown in the example "tell me what is bothering you."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "say" is being used.

The sentence is: "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, 'I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry.'"

The structure here is "wrote...to say that..." This means the woman wrote in order to convey/express that something is the case. She is writing to communicate or state a fact/assertion.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "express in words" - This is the most basic sense. The examples are "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you"

2. "report or maintain" - This suggests alleging or asserting something. Examples include "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war"

3. "express a supposition" - This is for hypothetical statements like "Let us say that..."

4. "have or contain a certain wording or form" - This is more about documents/texts containing text

5. "give instructions to or direct somebody" - This is about commands/orders

6. "speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way" - This is about how something is pronounced

7. "communicate or express nonverbally" - This is about nonverbal communication

8. "utter aloud" - This is about speaking something aloud

9. "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - This is about stating opinion

10. "recite or repeat a fixed text" - This is about repeating memorized text

11. "indicate" - This is about signaling/indicating

In this context, "wrote...to say that" means she wrote in order to express/state that something is true. This is most closely aligned with sense 1 "express in words" - the core meaning of saying something. The woman is expressing her statement in writing (but the "say" refers to what she's communicating).
Though sense 2 could apply since she's asserting something from personal experience, sense 1 is the foundational meaning that best captures what's happening here. The woman is fundamentally expressing her claim through writing.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 <t>years</t> of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "in her 60 years of ringing" refers to a duration measured in calendar years—a standard temporal measurement of approximately 365 days per year. The woman is indicating she has been ringing for 60 such yearly periods. This matches sense 1, which defines a year as "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days," with the example "she is 4 years old" demonstrating an analogous usage of measuring elapsed time in years.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "years" and I need to find the best WordNet sense based on the context.

Let me analyze the context:
"in her 60 years of ringing"

This is referring to a time period of 60 years - the period of time the woman has been ringing bells. This is a measure of elapsed time spanning 60 calendar years.

Let me look at the senses:

1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920

This is the standard sense of "year" as a calendar year - a period of approximately 365 days.

2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year

This refers to a specific period used for a particular activity, like a school year.

3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days

This is about planetary years, not relevant here.

4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

This refers to a cohort of students, not relevant here.

In "her 60 years of ringing", the phrase refers to 60 calendar years or cycles. The woman is saying that over a 60-year period of her ringing experience, she has never seen a lady faint.
This matches sense 1 - the standard calendar year definition. The example "she is 4 years old" parallels this usage, measuring duration in years. The answer is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: never
Target surface form: never
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have <t>never</t> known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=never%4:02:00:: | definition=not ever; at no time in the past or future | synonyms=ne'er | examples=I have never been to China; I shall never forget this day
2. sense_key=never%4:02:01:: | definition=not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances | examples=never fear; bringing up children is never easy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "never" in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."

This is a statement from a woman ringer with 60 years of experience saying that in all her years of ringing, she has never (not once, at no time) known a lady to faint.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "not ever; at no time in the past or future" with examples like "I have never been to China; I shall never forget this day"
   - This sense indicates a negation across time - something that hasn't happened at any point in time.

2. Sense 2: "not at all; certainly not; not in any circumstances" with examples like "never fear; bringing up children is never easy"
   - This sense indicates a different usage where "never" means something is not true in any circumstance or way.

Looking at the context: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry" - this is clearly talking about a temporal negation. The speaker is saying that across her 60 years of ringing, she has never (at no point in time) known a lady to faint. This is not about saying something is "not at all" possible or easy - it's about time.

This matches Sense 1 perfectly: "not ever; at no time in the past or future"

The example "I have never been to China" is structurally very similar to "I have never known a lady to faint."

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: known
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never <t>known</t> a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The phrase "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry" means the speaker has never experienced or observed a lady fainting. This matches sense 5, which refers to having firsthand knowledge through direct experience. The structural parallel with the example "have you ever known hunger?" (meaning have you ever experienced hunger?) makes this the best fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the sentence where "known" appears:

"I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry."

This is in the context of a woman ringer from Sheffield discussing her 60 years of bell-ringing experience, responding to claims that women faint during bell-ringing.

The sentence structure is "I have never known X to do Y" which means "I have never experienced/observed X doing Y" or "I have never had the experience of X doing Y."

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information" - This could work but seems more about possessing knowledge of a fact.

2. "know how to do or perform something" - Not applicable here.

3. "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something" - Possible, but this is more about believing in the truth of something.

4. "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" - Not quite right, as we're not talking about being acquainted with a lady who faints.

5. "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations; experience" - This seems very fitting! The woman is saying she has never experienced/observed ladies fainting in her 60 years of ringing.

6. "accept (someone) to be what is claimed" - Not applicable.

7. "have fixed in the mind" - Not the best fit.

8. "have sexual intercourse with" - Not applicable.

9. "know the nature or character of" - Not applicable.

10. "be able to distinguish, recognize as being different" - Not applicable.

11. "perceive as familiar" - Not quite right.

The phrase "I have never known a lady to faint" means "I have never experienced/observed a lady fainting" or "I have never had the experience of a lady fainting." This is sense 5: "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations; experience."
The parallel structure with the example "have you ever known hunger?" confirms this—both ask whether someone has experienced something firsthand. So the answer is sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lady
Target surface form: lady
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a <t>lady</t> to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lady%1:18:02:: | definition=a polite name for any woman | examples=a nice lady at the library helped me
2. sense_key=lady%1:18:01:: | definition=a woman of refinement | synonyms=dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman | examples=a chauffeur opened the door of the limousine for the grand lady
3. sense_key=lady%1:18:00:: | definition=a woman of the peerage in Britain | synonyms=noblewoman, peeress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows a bell-ringer using "lady" as a polite, respectful term for women in her bell-ringing community. She is simply contrasting women (referred to respectfully as "lady") with men in the context of their bell-ringing activities and fainting episodes. This is a general, polite reference to any woman, not an expression of refinement or nobility, making it clearly sense 1.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the target word "lady" in the sentence:

"I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."

This is from a woman ringer in Sheffield talking about her 60 years of ringing experience. She's contrasting the behavior of women (referred to as "lady") with men in the context of bell-ringing activities.

Let me consider the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=lady%1:18:02:: - "a polite name for any woman" - This is a general, polite term for any woman. Example: "a nice lady at the library helped me"

2. sense_key=lady%1:18:01:: - "a woman of refinement" - This suggests a woman with good manners, cultivation, or sophistication. Synonyms include dame, madam, ma'am, gentlewoman. Example: "a grand lady" with a chauffeur.

3. sense_key=lady%1:18:00:: - "a woman of the peerage in Britain" - This refers to a woman of noble or aristocratic status (noblewoman, peeress).

In the context, the woman is saying she has never known a "lady" to faint in the belfry. Given that she's speaking about 60 years of ringing experience and referring to women ringers, the most natural interpretation is simply a polite or respectful term for a woman. She's contrasting the fainting behavior claimed for women with the actual deaths she's seen in men.

The word "lady" here seems to be used as a polite, general term for "woman" rather than implying refinement or nobility. The context is about bell-ringers, not high society or aristocracy.

So the best sense is sense 1: "a polite name for any woman" - which is the most general and neutral use of "lady" as a respectful term for any woman.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: belfry
Target surface form: belfry
Context:
They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the <t>belfry</t>. I have seen one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=belfry%1:06:01:: | definition=a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building | synonyms=campanile
2. sense_key=belfry%1:06:00:: | definition=a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context indicates that the speaker is referring to the location where bell-ringing activities take place. The phrase "in the belfry" describes where ringers work during their bell-ringing sessions. This corresponds to sense 2: "a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung," which is the actual physical space where bell-ringers conduct their activities. Sense 1, describing a standalone bell tower unattached to a building, is not appropriate here since the discussion concerns bell-ringing in major churches.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "belfry" is being used.

The target sentence is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."

This is from a woman ringer (bell-ringer) talking about her 60 years of experience ringing bells.

The context is about bell-ringing in churches. Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=belfry%1:06:01:: | definition=a bell tower; usually stands alone unattached to a building | synonyms=campanile
2. sense_key=belfry%1:06:00:: | definition=a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung

The woman is talking about ringing bells - bell-ringing activity. She's discussing experiences during "peals" (ringing sessions). The phrase "in the belfry" refers to the location where bell-ringing happens.

In bell-ringing, ringers go to the bell tower to ring the bells. The bells are hung in a tower, and the ringers work in the room where the bells are hung. They pull ropes that are connected to the bells.

So the location where bell-ringers work and where the experience of ringing takes place would be the room where the bells are hung - sense 2.

Sense 1 describes a bell tower that stands alone unattached to a building, which is not really applicable here since we're talking about bell-ringing in churches (St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, etc.).

Sense 2 - "a room (often at the top of a tower) where bells are hung" - this is the space where bell-ringers actually work and would have their experiences. This makes more sense in the context of someone describing their experiences "in the belfry" during bell-ringing.
The correct sense is sense 2, indexed as sense_index 2.