[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strike
Target surface form: strikes
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often <t>strikes</t> multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strike%2:35:00:: | definition=deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon | examples=The teacher struck the child; the opponent refused to strike
2. sense_key=strike%2:37:00:: | definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=affect, impress, move | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd
3. sense_key=strike%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=hit, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
4. sense_key=strike%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=hit | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
5. sense_key=strike%2:32:00:: | definition=indicate (a certain time) by striking | examples=The clock struck midnight; Just when I entered, the clock struck
6. sense_key=strike%2:35:02:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
7. sense_key=strike%2:41:00:: | definition=stop work in order to press demands | synonyms=walk out | examples=The auto workers are striking for higher wages; The employees walked out when their demand for better benefits was not met
8. sense_key=strike%2:42:00:: | definition=touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly | synonyms=fall, shine | examples=Light fell on her face; The sun shone on the fields
9. sense_key=strike%2:41:02:: | definition=attain | synonyms=come to | examples=The horse finally struck a pace
10. sense_key=strike%2:35:03:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=hit | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
11. sense_key=strike%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to form (an electric arc) between electrodes of an arc lamp | examples=strike an arc
12. sense_key=strike%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across, chance on | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
13. sense_key=strike%2:36:00:: | definition=produce by ignition or a blow | examples=strike fire from the flintstone; strike a match
14. sense_key=strike%2:35:08:: | definition=remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line | synonyms=scratch, expunge, excise | examples=Please strike this remark from the record; scratch that remark
15. sense_key=strike%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=hit, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
16. sense_key=strike%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=hit | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
17. sense_key=strike%2:38:08:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, take, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
18. sense_key=strike%2:36:02:: | definition=form by stamping, punching, or printing | synonyms=mint, coin | examples=strike coins; strike a medal
19. sense_key=strike%2:35:10:: | definition=smooth with a strickle | synonyms=strickle | examples=strickle the grain in the measure
20. sense_key=strike%2:35:09:: | definition=pierce with force | examples=The bullet struck her thigh; The icy wind struck through our coats
21. sense_key=strike%2:31:00:: | definition=arrive at after reckoning, deliberating, and weighing | examples=strike a balance; strike a bargain

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The word "strikes" in this context means that breast cancer "affects or afflicts" multiple members of certain families suddenly and adversely. This matches sense 6 ("affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely"), which is supported by the synonyms "hit" and the example "He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager" — directly parallel to the cancer context in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "strikes" in this passage about cancer genetics.

The sentence is: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

In this context, "strikes" means that breast cancer "affects" or "hits" (in the sense of afflicting) multiple members of families. The cancer suddenly or unexpectedly affects people in families.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. deliver a sharp blow - No, not physical blows
2. have an emotional or cognitive impact - Could work, but not quite the right meaning
3. hit against; come into sudden contact - Physical collision, not applicable
4. make a strategic, offensive assault - Military context, not applicable
5. indicate time by striking - About clocks, not applicable
6. affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely - THIS FITS! "We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer..." This is about sudden affliction, which matches the cancer striking families.
7. stop work to press demands - Labor strikes, not applicable
8. touch or seem as if touching visually/audibly - Not applicable
9. attain - Not applicable
10. produce by manipulating musical instruments - Not applicable
11. cause to form electric arc - Not applicable
12. find unexpectedly - Not applicable
13. produce by ignition - Not applicable
14. remove by erasing - Not applicable
15. cause to experience suddenly - Could work, similar to 6
16. drive something violently - Not applicable
17. occupy or take on - Not applicable
18. form by stamping - Not applicable
19. smooth with a strickle - Not applicable
20. pierce with force - Not applicable
21. arrive at after deliberation - Not applicable

The best fit is sense 6: "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely" - this directly matches the meaning of breast cancer afflicting/hitting families unexpectedly. The examples even include "He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager" which is very similar to the context here.
The answer is 6.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: member
Target surface form: members
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple <t>members</t> of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty
2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "members" in the context "multiple members of certain families" refers to individual people who belong to a family group. This matches sense 1, which defines members as "one of the persons who compose a social group." Families are social groups, and the sentence is discussing individual family members who may inherit the damaged p53 gene. This is the most appropriate sense compared to the others, which refer to body parts, abstract set membership, organizations, or euphemistic meanings.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "members" in this sentence:

"The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

Here "members" refers to people who belong to families. It's talking about family members - individuals within a family group.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: - "one of the persons who compose a social group" - This refers to people who are part of a social group or organization. This could fit, as families are social groups.

2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: - "anything that belongs to a set or class" - This is more general, about things belonging to a set or class (like "snakes are members of the class Reptilia")

3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: - "an external body part that projects from the body" - This is about body parts like limbs. This doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: - "an organization that is a member of another organization" - This is about organizations, not people. Doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: - The male organ of copulation - This doesn't fit at all.

The key context is "multiple members of certain families" - this is clearly referring to individual people who are part of a family. Sense 1 (member%1:18:00::) is the best fit because it specifically refers to "one of the persons who compose a social group" and families are social groups. The example "only members will be admitted" shows people being referred to as members.

Sense 2 could theoretically work, but it's more about things belonging to abstract sets or classes. Sense 1 is more specifically about people in social groups/organizations, which is more appropriate for family members.

The answer is sense 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of <t>certain</t> families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "certain" is used:

"The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

In this context, "certain" means "some, but not specified" or "indefinite but known to exist". The scientists are talking about multiple members of some families (particular families, but not specified which ones) who are struck by breast cancer.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "definite but not specified or identified" - "set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree" - This seems to match. "Certain families" means specific families but not identified/named.

2. "having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured" - This doesn't fit. The scientists aren't expressing confidence here.

3. "established beyond doubt or question; definitely known" - Doesn't fit the context.

4. "certain to occur; destined or inevitable" - Doesn't fit.

5. "established irrevocably" - Doesn't fit.

6. "reliable in operation or effect" - Doesn't fit.

7. "exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance" - Doesn't fit.

The best fit is sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified". When we say "certain families", we mean specific families (definite in that sense) but we're not identifying which ones. This matches the definition and the examples given ("set aside a certain sum each week").

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: families
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain <t>families</t>, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context discusses breast cancer striking "multiple members of certain families" with inherited genetic predisposition (a damaged p53 gene passed through generations). This clearly refers to people descended from common ancestors sharing a family lineage, matching sense 4 ("people descended from a common ancestor") rather than other senses referring to household units, immediate family units, or other meanings.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "families" is being used.

The context is about breast cancer and the p53 gene. The relevant sentence is: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

In this context, "families" refers to groups of people who are related by blood - meaning multiple generations of people descended from common ancestors who share a genetic predisposition to breast cancer.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: - "a social unit living together" (household, house, home, menage) - This is about people living together physically
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: - "primary social group; parents and children" - This is about the immediate family unit
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: - "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" - This is about things, not people
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: - "people descended from a common ancestor" (family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry) - This is about lineage and ancestry
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: - "a person having kinship with another or others" - This is about individual kinship relations
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: - "(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera" - This is about biological taxonomy
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: - "a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities" - This is about organized crime
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: - "an association of people who share common beliefs or activities" - This is about shared beliefs/activities

Given the context about inherited genetic predisposition to cancer across multiple generations, the best fit is sense 4: "people descended from a common ancestor" - because the text is talking about cancer running through family lines, with inheritance of genes from ancestors.
The correct answer is sense 4, or index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when <t>inherited</t> in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes the p53 gene being passed through families in a damaged form, affecting multiple family members. This is explicitly about genetic transmission - inheriting traits through genes from one generation to the next. Sense 3 ("receive by genetic transmission") is the best fit, as evidenced by the example "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother," which directly parallels the biological inheritance discussed in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "inherit" is being used.

The sentence reads: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

The context is discussing genetic transmission. The gene is being passed down through families. This is clearly about biological/genetic inheritance - passing of traits from one generation to another through genes.

Let me examine the three senses:

1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: - "obtain from someone after their death" - This refers to inheriting property or possessions after someone dies. Example: "I inherited a castle from my French grandparents"

2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: - "receive from a predecessor" - This is about receiving something (like problems) from someone who came before you. Example: "The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair"

3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: - "receive by genetic transmission" - This is about receiving traits or characteristics through genes. Example: "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother"

In the context of discussing the p53 gene being "inherited in a damaged form" and affecting multiple family members through genetic transmission, sense 3 is clearly the best fit. This is explicitly about genetic inheritance - the passing of genes from parents to offspring.

The answer should be sense 3 (or index 3).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a <t>damaged</t> form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "damaged" in this context refers to the p53 gene that has been "harmed or injured" in its structure or function due to mutation. The phrase "inherited in a damaged form" describes a non-functional or mutated version of the gene that has lost its cancer-suppressing capability. This matches sense 1 (harmed or injured or spoiled) rather than sense 2, which pertains to reputational damage. The biological/genetic context makes it clear this is about physical/functional impairment, not disrepute.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "damaged" in the given context.

The context is about the p53 gene and cancer. The sentence reads: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

Here, "damaged" is used to describe the genetic form of the p53 gene. The context is about a mutated or non-functional form of the gene that has lost its cancer-suppressing ability.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled" with examples about physical damage (damaged goods, damaged buildings). This refers to physical damage or injury.

2. Sense 2: "being unjustly brought into disrepute" with synonyms "discredited" and examples about a discredited politician or damaged reputation. This refers to reputational damage.

In the context of the p53 gene, "damaged" refers to the gene being non-functional or mutated - it's been harmed in its biological function. This is not about reputation or disrepute, but rather about the physical/functional integrity of the gene being compromised.

Sense 1 is the best fit because it captures the meaning of something being harmed or spoiled in its form or function. The "damaged form" of the gene refers to a form that has been harmed, altered, or made non-functional.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged <t>form</t>, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

The target word "form" in the context "the gene, when inherited in a damaged form" refers to a particular manifestation or mode of expression of the p53 gene. This matches sense 11: "a particular mode in which something is manifested," exemplified by "his resentment took the form of extreme hostility." In the biological context, the damaged form represents a particular state or variant way in which the gene is expressed.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "form" in this passage.

The sentence is: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged <t>form</t>, may predispose women to the cancer."

Here, "form" is being used to describe a particular manifestation or variant of the p53 gene. The context makes clear that we're talking about a "damaged form" of the gene - meaning a particular version or state of the gene.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. form%1:10:00:: - phonological/orthographic appearance of a word - NOT applicable here
2. form%1:09:01:: - a category of things distinguished by common characteristic - This could work, but not the best fit
3. form%1:09:00:: - a perceptual structure/shape/pattern - Not really applicable
4. form%1:07:01:: - spatial attributes/shape/configuration - Not applicable
5. form%1:08:00:: - body of human being - Not applicable
6. form%1:03:00:: - spatial arrangement as distinct from substance - Could fit somewhat
7. form%1:07:00:: - visual appearance - Not applicable
8. form%1:10:01:: - printed document with spaces - Not applicable
9. form%1:14:02:: - (biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways - This could be relevant to biology
10. form%1:10:02:: - an arrangement of elements in composition - Not really applicable
11. form%1:07:03:: - a particular mode in which something is manifested - THIS SEEMS LIKE THE BEST FIT
12. form%1:26:00:: - (physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter - Not really applicable here
13. form%1:14:00:: - a body of students - Not applicable
14. form%1:07:02:: - an ability to perform well - Not applicable
15. form%1:06:00:: - a life-size dummy - Not applicable
16. form%1:06:01:: - a mold for setting concrete - Not applicable

Sense 11 best captures the meaning here. The gene manifests in a damaged state when inherited, similar to how resentment takes the form of hostility. The answer is sense index 11.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose <t>women</t> to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses how a damaged gene inherited from affected family members "may predispose women to the cancer." This refers to adult female persons as individuals who might inherit and be affected by the genetic mutation. It is a straightforward reference to women as a group of adult female people, not women as a class or social category (sense 4), and not in the context of housework (sense 3) or romantic relationships (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "women" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

This is discussing how a damaged gene may predispose women (as a group) to breast cancer. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: - "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" - This is the basic definition of an adult female.

2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: - "a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man" - This is about a woman in relation to a man's life. Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: - "a human female employed to do housework" - This is about a housemaid/cleaning person. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: - "women as a class" with synonyms "womanhood, fair sex" - This refers to women collectively as a group or class.

In the context, "women" is being discussed as a group that may be predisposed to cancer due to inheritance. The sentence is not talking about individual women in specific relationships (sense 2), nor about housemaids (sense 3).

It could be sense 1 (adult female persons) or sense 4 (women as a class). However, the fact that it says "women to the cancer" in a context about genetic predisposition affecting a group suggests sense 1 might be more appropriate - it's talking about women in general who might inherit this damaged gene.

Actually, let me reconsider. The phrase "may predispose women to the cancer" is referring to women generally - members of the female sex who might inherit this gene.

The most fitting interpretation is sense 1 - the plural form of "an adult female person" used to reference female individuals generally who could inherit the damaged gene and develop cancer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the <t>cancer</t>. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to cancer as a malignant disease involving tumors and abnormal cell growth. The passage discusses p53 genes, cancer cells, breast tumors, genetic mutations, and inherited predisposition to cancer—all medical/biological terminology indicating the disease sense, not any astronomical or zoological meanings.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cancer" is being used.

The passage discusses:
- The p53 gene and cancer
- Growth and suppression in relation to cancer
- Cancer cells
- Breast tumors
- Cancer striking multiple family members
- Lung cancer
- Genetic mutations related to cancer

The word "cancer" appears in various contexts throughout, referring to malignant tumors and diseases. The target instance is in the phrase "may predispose women to the cancer" at the end.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - (astrology) a person born while the sun is in Cancer
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - a small zodiacal constellation
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - the fourth sign of the zodiac
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - type genus of the family Cancridae (a genus of crabs)

This is clearly a medical/biological context about a disease. The context explicitly mentions:
- malignant growth
- tumors
- cell division
- abnormal growth
- breast cancer, lung cancer
- genetic mutations

This is unambiguously referring to the disease cancer, not the zodiacal sign, constellation, person's birth sign, or the genus of crabs.

The best match is sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"

The index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: implicate
Target surface form: implicated
Context:
Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been <t>implicated</t> in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=implicate%2:42:01:: | definition=bring into intimate and incriminating connection | examples=He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government
2. sense_key=implicate%2:42:00:: | definition=impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result | synonyms=entail | examples=What does this move entail?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes scientific findings about the p53 gene's involvement in various cancers. When the sentence states "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer," it means the gene has been found to be involved or connected with lung cancer as a causal or contributing factor. This aligns with sense 2, which means "involve or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result." The gene is implicated in the disease through scientific association and causal relationship, not through any incriminating or criminal connection (which would be sense 1).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "implicated" in this passage about the p53 gene and cancer.

The sentence in question is: "The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "bring into intimate and incriminating connection" - Example: "He is implicated in the scheme to defraud the government"
   This sense typically refers to someone being connected to a crime or wrongdoing, suggesting guilt or involvement in something negative.

2. Sense 2: "impose, involve, or imply as a necessary accompaniment or result" - Synonym: entail - Example: "What does this move entail?"
   This sense refers to something being involved or implicated in a logical consequence or necessary accompaniment.

In the context of this sentence about the p53 gene being implicated in lung cancer, the meaning is that the gene has been found to be involved or connected with lung cancer. This is a scientific context where they're saying the gene is involved in causing or being associated with lung cancer.

This is more consistent with sense 2 - it's about the gene being involved in (as a cause or factor) lung cancer development. It's not about incriminating connection or criminal wrongdoing, but rather about logical/causal involvement.

The phrase "what disease is implicated in the pathology" means "what disease is involved in causing or associated with the pathology" - this fits sense 2 better.

So the answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a <t>report</t> out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "a report out last week" from John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute presenting their research findings about the p53 gene in lung cancer cells. This is clearly referring to a written document describing research findings - a scientific report or publication. This matches sense 1: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group," with synonyms like "study" and "written report."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "report" in this passage.

The context is: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

The word "report" here is being used to describe a written document or publication that describes research findings. Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - This seems to fit well. It mentions "study, written report" as synonyms and gives examples like "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"

2. "the act of informing by verbal report" - This is about verbal communication, not written documents

3. "a short account of the news" - This would be more like a news story, not a research report

4. "a sharp explosive sound" - Clearly not applicable

5. "a written evaluation of a student's scholarship" - This is specifically about school reports

6. "an essay (especially one written as an assignment)" - This could fit, but it's more about student essays

7. "the general estimation that the public has for a person" - Not applicable

Given the context where John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute have published research findings about lung cancer and the p53 gene, the best fit is sense 1, which describes "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group." This is clearly a research report/publication describing scientific findings.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out <t>last</t> week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "out last week" refers to the immediately preceding week (the report was published in the previous week). This directly parallels the example "last Thursday" in sense 1, which describes the immediately past time period.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "last" appears in this sentence:

"In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

The phrase is "out last week" - meaning the report came out in the week that just passed (the previous week).

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "immediately past" - examples: "last Thursday; the last chapter we read" - This fits! "last week" refers to the immediately preceding week.

2. "coming after all others in time or space" - This could also apply, but it's more about being final/ultimate rather than recently past.

3. "occurring at or forming an end or termination" - This is about concluding/final events, not about recent time.

4. "most unlikely or unsuitable" - Doesn't fit.

5. "occurring at the time of death" - Doesn't fit.

6. "conclusive in a process or progression" - Doesn't fit this context.

7. "highest in extent or degree" - Doesn't fit.

8. "not to be altered or undone" - Doesn't fit.

9. "lowest in rank or importance" - Doesn't fit.

The best fit is sense 1: "immediately past" with examples like "last Thursday" which directly parallels "last week". Both refer to the immediately preceding time period.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last <t>week</t>, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context "In a report out last week" uses "week" in its general temporal sense, referring to a recent period of seven consecutive days. This is the basic, most general sense of the word (sense 1). It is not referring specifically to a workweek (sense 2) or a calendar week with a specific starting day (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "week" is being used.

The target phrase is: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say..."

This is referring to a period of time when a report came out - specifically the most recent week before the time of writing/speaking.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "any period of seven consecutive days" - This is the most general sense, meaning any 7-day period. This would fit the context.

2. "hours or days of work in a calendar week" - This is specifically about workweek, which refers to the working days in a week. The context is talking about "a report out last week," which isn't about work hours.

3. "a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday" - This is a specific type of week that starts on Sunday and is a calendar week.

The context "In a report out last week" is using "week" in a general temporal sense - referring to a recent 7-day period. It's not specifically talking about working hours (sense 2) or necessarily implying it starts on Sunday (sense 3).

Sense 1 is the most general and best fits the context. It's a general reference to a period of seven consecutive days without any special constraints about it being a workweek or calendar week specifically.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "say" appears in the context of researchers reporting their scientific findings: "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

This usage fits sense 2: "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver." The researchers are asserting/maintaining a claim about their research results. The example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" demonstrates a similar use of "say" as stating an assertion or claim, which matches the context where scientists are reporting their findings about gene mutations in lung cancer tissue.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "say" in this passage.

The target word appears in: "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute <t>say</t> that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

The context shows that researchers are making a claim or reporting findings about their research results. They are stating/asserting/reporting their findings.

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. "express in words" - This is a general sense, but it's more about expressing something in words without the specific meaning of reporting findings.

2. "report or maintain" - This seems very relevant. The researchers are reporting/maintaining that about half the cells are missing the gene. This is about stating a claim or assertion about scientific findings.

3. "express a supposition" - This involves saying "let's say" or hypotheticals. That's not what's happening here - this is reporting actual findings, not suppositions.

4. "have or contain a certain wording or form" - This is about what something reads as, not applicable here.

5. "give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority" - Not applicable, not giving instructions.

6. "speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way" - This is about pronunciation/articulation, not applicable.

7. "communicate or express nonverbally" - Not applicable, this is verbal communication.

8. "utter aloud" - Too general and doesn't capture the meaning of reporting.

9. "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - Could apply, but it's more about personal opinion/judgment.

10. "recite or repeat a fixed text" - Not applicable.

11. "indicate" - Not the right fit.

The best fit is sense 2: "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver". The example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" is similar - stating a claim or assertion. This captures the meaning of the researchers reporting/asserting their findings.
Sense 2 is the most precise choice here since it specifically denotes reporting findings rather than the broader notion of expressing something in words.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that <t>about</t> half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "about" in this context is used to indicate an approximate quantity—"about half the cells" means approximately half, not exactly half. This matches sense 1, which defines the usage as "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct" with synonyms "approximately" and "roughly." The example "lasted approximately an hour" parallels the usage pattern in the target sentence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "about" is being used.

The sentence is: "John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that <t>about</t> half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

Here, "about" is being used to indicate an approximate quantity - "about half" means approximately half, roughly half, not exactly half but close to half.

Let me check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
   - This is about approximation of quantities

2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
   - This is about spatial positioning all around

3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
   - This is about being in an area/vicinity

4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
   - This is about movement without direction

5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
   - This is about direction/rotation

6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
   - This is about succession/rotation

7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded
   - This is about something being almost done

In the context "about half the cells", I'm describing an approximate quantity. Sense 1 directly matches this usage with its definition of imprecise but fairly close quantities, including synonyms like "approximately" and "roughly" that fit perfectly here. The answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the <t>cells</t> taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cells" and it appears in this context:

"In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

This is clearly a biological/scientific context. The passage is discussing cancer, genes, and tissue. The "cells" being referred to are biological cells - the basic structural and functional units of organisms. The cells are being taken from lung cancer tissue and are being analyzed to see if they're missing the p53 gene.

Let me check the candidate senses:
1. "any small compartment" - examples: cells of a honeycomb - This is too general
2. "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals" - This is exactly right for the biological context
3. "a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction" - This is about batteries, not relevant
4. "a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement" - Not relevant
5. "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone" - Not relevant
6. "small room in which a monk or nun lives" - Not relevant
7. "a room where a prisoner is kept" - Not relevant

Clearly, sense 2 is the best fit. It's the biological sense of cell - the basic unit of living organisms. The context is about lung cancer tissue cells missing a gene.

The sense index for sense 2 would be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells <t>taken</t> from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The phrase "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" refers to cells that were physically obtained or extracted from the tissue sample. This matches sense 4 ("get into one's hands, take physically"), which describes the act of obtaining or acquiring something in a concrete, physical manner.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "taken" appears:

"In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells <t>taken</t> from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

The phrase is "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" - this means cells that were obtained/removed from lung cancer tissue.

Let me look at the relevant senses:

Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - examples: Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
Sense 17: "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract" - examples: remove a threat; remove a wrapper

In this context, "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" means cells that were obtained/removed from the lung cancer tissue sample. This is about obtaining or removing cells from a tissue source.

Sense 4 seems more about physically grasping or obtaining something.
Sense 17 is about removing something, which fits well here - the cells were removed from the tissue.

Actually, looking more carefully, "taken from" in this context means "obtained from" or "derived from". The cells were taken (obtained/extracted) from the tissue.

Sense 4 (get into one's hands, take physically) seems most appropriate - it means to obtain or take possession of something physically. The cells were obtained/taken from the tissue.

Sense 17 is also possible but emphasizes removal/withdrawal, while sense 4 emphasizes obtaining/taking.

I think sense 4 is the best fit here - "get into one's hands, take physically" - the cells were physically taken/obtained from the tissue.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer <t>tissue</t> they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to biological tissue from cancer patients. The passage discusses "cells taken from lung cancer tissue" and "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers," which are references to living bodily tissue containing cancer cells. This is the biological sense of tissue as an aggregate of cells with similar structure and function, not tissue paper.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "tissue" is being used.

The target sentence is: "In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

The context discusses:
- Cancer research
- P53 suppressor gene
- Breast tumors, lung cancer, kidney/brain/skin cancers
- Cells taken from cancer tissue
- Gene mutations

Let me consider the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: - "part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function" - This is the biological sense referring to living tissue in an organism.

2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: - "a soft thin (usually translucent) paper" - This is paper tissue, like tissue paper.

In this context, the scientists are taking cells from "lung cancer tissue" for research. They're studying biological/living tissue from cancer patients. This is clearly referring to actual bodily tissue, not paper tissue.

The passage repeatedly mentions:
- "cells taken from lung cancer tissue"
- "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers"
- These are biological tissues that contain cancer cells

This is definitely sense 1 - the biological/anatomical definition of tissue as an aggregate of cells with similar structure and function.