[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: govern
Target surface form: governed
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are <t>governed</t> by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=govern%2:41:02:: | definition=bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations | synonyms=regulate, regularize, regularise, order | examples=We cannot regulate the way people dress; This town likes to regulate
2. sense_key=govern%2:41:01:: | definition=direct or strongly influence the behavior of | examples=His belief in God governs his conduct
3. sense_key=govern%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authority over; as of nations | synonyms=rule | examples=Who is governing the country now?
4. sense_key=govern%2:42:00:: | definition=require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood | examples=most transitive verbs govern the accusative case in German

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes schools that "are governed by a powerful head," meaning the principal exercises authority over the school and its operations. This aligns with sense 3: "exercise authority over; as of nations" with the synonym "rule." The passage emphasizes that the best schools are those where authority is concentrated in the hands of a strong administrator, which directly matches this sense of governance as the exercise of authority.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "governed" in this passage.

The sentence reads: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The context is about schools and their administration. The sentence is saying that the best schools are those that are:
1. Free of outside interference
2. Governed by a powerful head (principal/administrator)

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=govern%2:41:02:: - "bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations" - This is about imposing regulations/rules. While there's some overlap with leadership, this seems more about enforcing rules rather than exercising authority.

2. sense_key=govern%2:41:01:: - "direct or strongly influence the behavior of" - Examples: "His belief in God governs his conduct". This is about influencing behavior. This could fit, but seems more about indirect influence.

3. sense_key=govern%2:41:00:: - "exercise authority over; as of nations" - Synonyms: rule. Examples: "Who is governing the country now?". This sense is about exercising authority. In the context of schools "governed by a powerful head," this fits very well - the principal exercises authority over the school.

4. sense_key=govern%2:42:00:: - "require to be in a certain grammatical case, voice, or mood" - This is a grammatical sense, clearly not applicable here.

The best fit is sense 3: "exercise authority over; as of nations" (govern%2:41:00::). The passage is discussing how schools should be run by a powerful head who exercises authority, and studies show that schools governed by (under the authority of) a powerful head are the best schools.

Sense 3 is the most appropriate choice.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: powerful
Target surface form: powerful
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a <t>powerful</t> head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=powerful%3:00:00:: | definition=having great power or force or potency or effect | examples=the most powerful government in western Europe; his powerful arms
2. sense_key=powerful%5:00:02:strong:00 | definition=strong enough to knock down or overwhelm | synonyms=knock-down | examples=a knock-down blow
3. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having great influence | synonyms=potent
4. sense_key=powerful%5:00:01:strong:00 | definition=(of a person) possessing physical strength and weight; rugged and powerful | synonyms=brawny, hefty, muscular, sinewy | examples=a hefty athlete; a muscular boxer
5. sense_key=powerful%5:00:00:superhuman:00 | definition=displaying superhuman strength or power | synonyms=herculean | examples=herculean exertions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes a school principal who has authority over faculty, curriculum, and discipline. The word "powerful" here refers to the principal's significant influence and authority over school governance—not physical force or strength. This aligns with sense 3, "having great influence," which is reinforced by the synonym "potent" and the discussion of how schools governed by such a principal function best when free from outside interference.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "powerful" is being used.

The sentence is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a <t>powerful</t> head."

Here, "powerful head" refers to a school principal with authority. The context makes clear that this authority encompasses:
- Authority over the faculty
- Authority over the curriculum
- Authority over matters of student discipline

The text is describing that schools function best when governed by someone with significant authority and influence.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "having great power or force or potency or effect" - This is a general definition about having power. The examples given are about government and physical arms. This could fit, but it's quite broad.

2. "strong enough to knock down or overwhelm" - This doesn't fit. The context is about school governance, not about physical force.

3. "having great influence" - This fits very well. A "powerful head" in the context of schools means someone with great influence over decision-making regarding faculty, curriculum, and discipline. The synonym "potent" also suggests influence/effectiveness.

4. "(of a person) possessing physical strength and weight" - This clearly doesn't fit. We're not talking about the principal's physical strength.

5. "displaying superhuman strength or power" - This is too extreme and doesn't fit the context of school governance.

The best fit is sense 3: "having great influence". In the context of school governance, a "powerful head" means the principal has significant influence over how the school is run - not necessarily through brute force, but through authority and decision-making power.

The answer should be 3.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: head
Target surface form: head
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=head%1:08:00:: | definition=the upper part of the human body or the front part of the body in animals; contains the face and brains | synonyms=caput | examples=he stuck his head out the window
2. sense_key=head%1:05:00:: | definition=a single domestic animal | examples=200 head of cattle
3. sense_key=head%1:09:00:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, brain, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=head%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who is in charge | synonyms=chief, top dog | examples=the head of the whole operation
5. sense_key=head%1:14:00:: | definition=the front of a military formation or procession | examples=the head of the column advanced boldly; they were at the head of the attack
6. sense_key=head%1:19:00:: | definition=the pressure exerted by a fluid | examples=a head of steam
7. sense_key=head%1:15:00:: | definition=the top of something | examples=the head of the stairs; the head of the page
8. sense_key=head%1:15:01:: | definition=the source of water from which a stream arises | synonyms=fountainhead, headspring | examples=they tracked him back toward the head of the stream
9. sense_key=head%1:10:03:: | definition=(grammar) the word in a grammatical constituent that plays the same grammatical role as the whole constituent | synonyms=head word
10. sense_key=head%1:26:00:: | definition=the tip of an abscess (where the pus accumulates)
11. sense_key=head%1:23:00:: | definition=the length or height based on the size of a human or animal head | examples=he is two heads taller than his little sister; his horse won by a head
12. sense_key=head%1:20:00:: | definition=a dense cluster of flowers or foliage | synonyms=capitulum | examples=a head of cauliflower; a head of lettuce
13. sense_key=head%1:18:01:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=principal, school principal, head teacher | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
14. sense_key=head%1:18:03:: | definition=an individual person | examples=tickets are $5 per head
15. sense_key=head%1:18:02:: | definition=a user of (usually soft) drugs | examples=the office was full of secret heads
16. sense_key=head%1:17:02:: | definition=a natural elevation (especially a rocky one that juts out into the sea) | synonyms=promontory, headland, foreland
17. sense_key=head%1:17:01:: | definition=a rounded compact mass | examples=the head of a comet
18. sense_key=head%1:17:00:: | definition=the foam or froth that accumulates at the top when you pour an effervescent liquid into a container | examples=the beer had a large head of foam
19. sense_key=head%1:15:02:: | definition=the part in the front or nearest the viewer | synonyms=forefront | examples=he was in the forefront; he was at the head of the column
20. sense_key=head%1:11:01:: | definition=a difficult juncture | synonyms=pass, straits | examples=a pretty pass; matters came to a head yesterday
21. sense_key=head%1:11:00:: | definition=forward movement | synonyms=headway | examples=the ship made little headway against the gale
22. sense_key=head%1:10:01:: | definition=a V-shaped mark at one end of an arrow pointer | synonyms=point | examples=the point of the arrow was due north
23. sense_key=head%1:10:02:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=question | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
24. sense_key=head%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about | synonyms=heading, header | examples=the heading seemed to have little to do with the text
25. sense_key=head%1:08:01:: | definition=the rounded end of a bone that fits into a rounded cavity in another bone to form a joint | examples=the head of the humerus
26. sense_key=head%1:08:02:: | definition=that part of a skeletal muscle that is away from the bone that it moves
27. sense_key=head%1:06:05:: | definition=(computer science) a tiny electromagnetic coil and metal pole used to write and read magnetic patterns on a disk | synonyms=read/write head
28. sense_key=head%1:06:04:: | definition=(usually plural) the obverse side of a coin that usually bears the representation of a person's head | examples=call heads or tails!
29. sense_key=head%1:06:03:: | definition=the striking part of a tool | examples=the head of the hammer
30. sense_key=head%1:06:02:: | definition=(nautical) a toilet on board a boat or ship
31. sense_key=head%1:06:00:: | definition=a projection out from one end; , | examples=the head of the nail; a pinhead is the head of a pin
32. sense_key=head%1:06:01:: | definition=a membrane that is stretched taut over a drum | synonyms=drumhead
33. sense_key=head%1:04:00:: | definition=oral stimulation of the genitals | synonyms=oral sex | examples=they say he gives good head

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 13}
```

The context clearly indicates that "head" refers to the person in charge of a school with authority over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline. This directly aligns with sense 13, which defines "head" as "the educator who has executive authority for a school" with synonyms including "principal" and "head teacher." The passage is discussing school governance and specifically mentions principals and authority structures in educational institutions.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the correct sense of "head" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful <t>head</t>."

The context is about schools, principals, authority over faculty and curriculum. The passage mentions:
- "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline"
- "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head"
- "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

So "head" here refers to someone in charge of a school - someone with authority over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline. This is clearly referring to a school principal or the person leading the school.

Looking at the candidate senses:
- Sense 4: "a person who is in charge" (synonyms: chief, top dog)
- Sense 13: "the educator who has executive authority for a school" (synonyms: principal, school principal, head teacher)

Sense 13 is the most specific and directly matches the context. It explicitly mentions "educator who has executive authority for a school" and includes "principal" and "head teacher" as synonyms. The context of schools and principals makes this the perfect fit.

The answer should be sense 13.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that <t>authority</t>, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to the power and right of principals to make decisions and give orders regarding faculty, curriculum, and student discipline. The phrase "a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline" directly indicates the power or right to make decisions, which is sense 1. The passage emphasizes that powerful school heads (with this decision-making authority) produce better outcomes, making this about the executive power to govern, not about expertise, confidence, or organizational units.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "authority" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

The passage emphasizes that principals need "a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." The context also mentions that "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

This is clearly about the power or right to make decisions and give orders. The principal has authority OVER the faculty, curriculum, and student discipline matters. This is about power and the right to make decisions.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: - "the power or right to give orders or make decisions" - This fits perfectly. The principal has the power/right to make decisions about faculty, curriculum, and discipline.

2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: - "persons who exercise administrative control" - This doesn't fit because "authority" here is a property/right, not persons.

3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: - "an expert whose views are taken as definitive" - This doesn't fit. The passage isn't about expertise but about power.

4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: - "freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities" - This doesn't fit. The context isn't about confidence or self-assurance.

5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: - "an administrative unit of government" - This doesn't fit. The school isn't being referred to as an authority.

6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: - "official permission or approval" - This is close but less precise than sense 1. It's more about permission/approval rather than the broader power to make decisions.
The remaining senses don't apply—an authoritative written work has no relevance here. The clearest match is sense 1, which captures the principal's power and right to make decisions, with related concepts like authorization and dominance fitting the context of governance and accountability.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_with
Target surface form: goes
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, <t>goes</t> an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_with%2:42:01:: | definition=be present or associated with an event or entity | synonyms=attach to, accompany, come with | examples=French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by distruction of heart tissue
2. sense_key=go_with%2:42:00:: | definition=go or occur together | synonyms=collocate with, construe with, cooccur with | examples=The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows that accountability "goes with" authority—meaning accountability is present or associated with having authority. This matches sense 1, which defines the phrase as "be present or associated with an event or entity" with synonyms like "accompany" and "come with." The sentence structure parallels the example "French fries come with the hamburger," where one thing is paired with another. Sense 2 is more appropriate for linguistic co-occurrence patterns, which doesn't fit this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "goes" (target lemma "go_with").

The sentence is: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

This is saying that accountability comes along with/accompanies authority. Let me look at the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "be present or associated with an event or entity" - synonyms: attach to, accompany, come with. Examples: "French fries come with the hamburger; heart attacks are accompanied by destruction of heart tissue"

Sense 2: "go or occur together" - synonyms: collocate with, construe with, cooccur with. Examples: "The word 'hot' tends to cooccur with 'cold'"

In the context, "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability" means that accountability is associated with/accompanies authority. This is about something being present or associated with something else.

Sense 1 fits better because:
- It talks about something being "present or associated with"
- The examples show items that come together (fries with hamburger, heart disease with tissue destruction)
- Accountability comes with/is associated with authority

Sense 2 is more about linguistic or statistical co-occurrence patterns (collocate, cooccur), which doesn't fit as well in this context. The sentence is not talking about words or abstract patterns occurring together, but rather about a real relationship between authority and accountability.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unambiguous
Target surface form: unambiguous
Context:
They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an <t>unambiguous</t> accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:00:: | definition=having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning; - Mario Vargas Llosa | examples=As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous
2. sense_key=unambiguous%3:00:04:: | definition=admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion | synonyms=unequivocal, univocal | examples=unequivocal evidence; took an unequivocal position

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

In the context "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability," the word describes accountability that is clear, definite, and admits of no doubt or misunderstanding. The sentence emphasizes that authority must be paired with clear, unmistakable accountability—not ambiguous responsibility. This aligns with Sense 2, which defines "unambiguous" as "admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion," with synonyms like "unequivocal."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "unambiguous."

The target word is "unambiguous" used in the sentence: "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability."

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "having or exhibiting a single clearly defined meaning" with example "As a horror, apartheid...is absolutely unambiguous"
- This sense seems more focused on linguistic meaning - how a word or concept has a single, clear meaning.

Sense 2: "admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion" with synonyms "unequivocal, univocal"
- This sense is broader and means something is clear, not open to doubt or multiple interpretations, leading to a single conclusion.

In the context "With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability," the word is referring to accountability that is clear and cannot be doubted or misunderstood. It's saying that when authority is given, there must also be clear, undeniable accountability - not ambiguous accountability.

This usage fits better with Sense 2 because:
1. It's about accountability being unambiguous (clear, not open to doubt/misunderstanding)
2. The word is used to describe a concept/property, not necessarily linguistic meaning
3. The context emphasizes clarity and lack of doubt in the responsibility attached to authority

Sense 1 is more specifically about linguistic meaning or how something is expressed/defined, while Sense 2 is about something being clear and not admitting doubt.

The answer should be sense_index: 2


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: Schools
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. <t>Schools</t> that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses schools as institutions that need proper governance structures, with principals having authority over faculty, curriculum, and discipline. The focus is on schools as organizational entities and their institutional effectiveness, which aligns with sense 1: "an educational institution."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "Schools" to determine the correct sense.

The context discusses:
- American students' poor performance in math
- The importance of schools having principals with authority
- Studies showing the best schools are those free from outside interference
- How schools should be structured to produce better student performance

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "an educational institution" - This fits the context. Schools are being discussed as institutions that need principals with authority.

2. "a building where young people receive education" - This could fit, but the context is more about schools as institutions rather than just physical buildings.

3. "the process of being formally educated at a school" - This doesn't fit. The context is not about the process of education, but about schools as organizational entities.

4. "a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style" - This doesn't fit. This is about artistic schools, not educational institutions.

5. "the period of instruction in a school" - This doesn't fit. The context is not about the time period, but about schools themselves.

6. "an educational institution's faculty and students" - This could fit, as the context mentions principals having authority over faculty and the impact on students.

7. "a large group of fish" - This clearly doesn't fit.

The key distinction is between sense 1 ("an educational institution") and sense 6 ("an educational institution's faculty and students").

Looking at the context more carefully: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline" and "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

The context is discussing schools as organizations/institutions that need governance and structure. It's about how schools as institutions should be run, not specifically about the faculty and students as a collective body. Sense 1 seems more appropriate as it refers to schools as institutions.

However, sense 6 mentions "the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game" - which suggests a collective of people. But the context here is more about the institution itself rather than the people in it.
Sense 1 best captures the meaning here—the passage treats schools as institutional entities requiring proper governance structures and administrative authority, not as collections of people.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this <t>way</t> produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "way" in this context means "manner" or "mode"—referring to how schools are structured. The sentence "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale..." uses "way" to indicate the method or fashion in which the organizational structure is implemented (with powerful principals having authority and freedom from interference). This matches sense 1's definition of "how something is done or how it happens."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "way" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

In this context, "way" refers to the manner or method in which schools are structured - specifically, the manner described earlier in the text about having principals with authority, being free of outside interference, and being governed by a powerful head.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "how something is done or how it happens" - manner, mode, style, fashion - This fits well. The schools are structured "in this way" means "in this manner"

2. "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" - means, agency - This could work but is more about the means to achieve something

3. "a line leading to a place or point" - direction - Doesn't fit, this is about physical direction

4. "the condition of things generally" - "that's the way it is" - This could fit; it's about how things are

5. "a course of conduct" - path, way of life - This is about a lifestyle or course of action

6. "any artifact consisting of a road or path" - physical path - Doesn't fit

7. "a journey or passage" - Doesn't fit

8. "space for movement" - room, elbow room - Doesn't fit

9. "the property of distance in general" - Doesn't fit

10. "doing as one pleases or chooses" - Doesn't fit

11. "a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of'" - Doesn't fit, this is "in the way of"

12. "a portion of something divided into shares" - Doesn't fit

The best match is sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" (manner, mode, style, fashion). The sentence "Schools that are structured in this way" means "Schools that are structured in this manner/mode/fashion."
The sense being used here is clearly the "manner" or "fashion" sense of "way" - how the schools are organized and run.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: produce
Target surface form: produce
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way <t>produce</t> students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "produce" in this context means "cause to happen, occur or exist." Schools structured with strong principal authority "cause" or "bring about" the result of students having higher morale and superior academic performance. This matches the definition and synonyms "bring about, give rise" with examples like "This procedure produces a curious effect."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "produce" in this sentence:

"Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

The context is about how schools with strong principals create/cause students to have higher morale and academic performance.

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
   - This is about natural yielding of things like fruit, not applicable here

2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
   - This is about manufacturing products, doesn't fit the context

3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
   - This fits! Schools cause/bring about students with higher morale and superior academic performance

4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
   - This is about displaying/showing things, not applicable

5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
   - This is about cultivation/farming, not the right context

The remaining senses about releasing products to market or acquiring physical features don't apply here either. The answer is clearly sense 3—the schools generate the outcome of higher morale and academic performance in their students.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce <t>students</t> with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes schools producing "students with higher morale and superior academic performance." This clearly refers to learners enrolled in educational institutions (sense 1), not scholars who have achieved mastery through long study (sense 2). The passage discusses students in the context of American schools and educational systems, and compares students across different countries' educational systems—all indicators of the first sense meaning pupils or learners in educational programs.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "student" is being used in the target passage.

The context discusses how schools with proper management and authority structures "produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Let me examine the two senses:

1. Sense 1 (student%1:18:00::): "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" - synonyms include pupil, educatee
   - This refers to people enrolled in schools or educational programs
   - The key characteristic is being enrolled in an educational institution

2. Sense 2 (student%1:18:01::): "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines" - synonyms include scholar, scholarly person, bookman
   - This refers to someone who is a serious scholar or has achieved mastery through study
   - This is more about someone who has dedicated themselves to learning

In the given context: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

The passage is talking about schools (educational institutions) that are well-managed producing students with better academic performance and morale. The context is clearly about learners who are enrolled in schools/educational institutions. The passage mentions "American students," "British, French, German or Japanese students," and talks about schools and teaching methods - all pointing to current learners in educational systems, not scholars or learned persons in the deeper sense.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice - it's referring to pupils/learners enrolled in educational institutions.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high
Target surface form: higher
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with <t>higher</t> morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "higher" in "higher morale" refers to morale that is greater in degree or intensity compared to other schools. This matches sense 1's definition of "greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount." The context shows students in well-structured schools having comparatively better (greater) morale, not describing a literal physical elevation or any other meaning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "higher" in the phrase "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Looking at the sentence, "higher morale" means morale that is greater in degree/intensity compared to morale in other schools. The phrase is contrasted with "superior academic performance" - so it's about something being greater or more elevated in degree.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount" - This fits well. "Higher morale" means greater morale, increased in degree. Examples include "a high temperature; a high price" which show degree/intensity.

2. "being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension" - This is literal spatial meaning, doesn't fit for "morale"

3. "standing above others in quality or position" - This could work but is more about position/status

4. "high in pitch or frequency" - Clearly not about sounds/voices

5. "happy and excited and energetic" - "high spirits" could mean morale, but this is about the state of being elated rather than the degree of morale

6. About spoiled meat - clearly not relevant

7. Intoxicated - not relevant

The best fit is sense 1: "greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount" because "higher morale" literally means morale that is greater in degree/intensity. This is a comparative form indicating more of something in terms of quantity or degree.

Actually, looking more carefully at the definitions:
- Sense 1 talks about degree or intensity or amount
- "Higher morale" = greater morale = morale that is more intense/greater in degree

This is definitely sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: morale
Target surface form: morale
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher <t>morale</t> and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=morale%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose
2. sense_key=morale%1:07:00:: | definition=the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed | synonyms=esprit de corps, team spirit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes how schools with strong leadership and clear authority "produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance." This refers to the collective spirit and motivation of the student body as a group within the school environment. The phrase is discussing how institutional structure affects the group's overall motivation and cohesion, which aligns with sense 2's definition of "the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed" and its synonyms of esprit de corps and team spirit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "morale" is being used.

The context says: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1 (morale%1:26:00::): "a state of individual psychological well-being based upon a sense of confidence and usefulness and purpose"
   - This refers to an individual's personal psychological state
   - The definition emphasizes confidence, usefulness, and purpose at the individual level

2. Sense 2 (morale%1:07:00::): "the spirit of a group that makes the members want the group to succeed"
   - This refers to the collective spirit of a group
   - Synonyms: esprit de corps, team spirit
   - This emphasizes group dynamics and collective motivation

Looking at the sentence: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

The text is talking about schools as institutions and how their structure affects students. The reference to "students" (plural) and the context of how schools are "structured" suggests we're talking about group morale rather than individual morale.

However, the phrase could refer to the morale of individual students. But given the broader educational context and the emphasis on how schools produce this result through their organization and authority structure, sense 2 (group morale/esprit de corps) seems more appropriate. The author is describing how a well-organized school with clear authority produces better group cohesion and motivation.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Students with higher morale" - this is referring to students as a collective group. The school structure produces students (as a group) with higher morale and better academic performance. This suggests group morale.

Sense 2 is the best fit - it's about the collective spirit that makes members (students) want the group (school/class) to succeed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: superior
Target surface form: superior
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and <t>superior</t> academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=superior%3:00:02:: | definition=of high or superior quality or performance | examples=superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students
2. sense_key=superior%3:00:01:: | definition=of or characteristic of high rank or importance | examples=a superior ruler
3. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:dominant:01 | definition=(sometimes followed by `to') not subject to or influenced by | examples=overcome by a superior opponent; trust magnates who felt themselves superior to law
4. sense_key=superior%3:00:00:: | definition=written or printed above and to one side of another character | synonyms=superscript
5. sense_key=superior%3:00:03:: | definition=having an orbit farther from the sun than the Earth's orbit | examples=Mars and Jupiter are the closest in of the superior planets
6. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=having a higher rank | synonyms=ranking, higher-ranking | examples=superior officer
7. sense_key=superior%5:00:00:unaffected:00 | definition=(often followed by `to') above being affected or influenced by | examples=he is superior to fear; an ignited firework proceeds superior to circumstances until its blazing vitality fades

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "superior" appears:

"Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and <t>superior</t> academic performance."

The context is discussing school structure and outcomes. The passage is comparing schools that are well-organized (with a powerful principal and clear authority) versus those without such structure. It's saying that schools with this structure produce students with:
1. higher morale
2. superior academic performance

Here "superior" means "better in quality" or "of high quality." It's describing the academic performance as being better/higher quality.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "of high or superior quality or performance" - examples include "superior wisdom derived from experience; superior math students" - This seems to fit perfectly. Superior here means having high quality or excellence in academic performance.

2. "of or characteristic of high rank or importance" - This would suggest superior rank, like a superior officer, but that's not the meaning here.

3. "not subject to or influenced by" - This doesn't fit the context.

4. "written or printed above and to one side" - This is the typography definition, not applicable.

5. "having an orbit farther from the sun" - This is an astronomy definition, not applicable.

6. "having a higher rank" - This refers to rank/hierarchy, like a superior officer.

7. "above being affected or influenced by" - This is not the intended meaning here.

The best fit is sense 1: "of high or superior quality or performance" because:
- The context explicitly says "superior academic performance"
- The examples include "superior math students" which directly relates to academic performance
- This is clearly describing quality/excellence of the performance

The answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior <t>academic</t> performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "academic performance" refers to students' performance in their studies and coursework within educational institutions. This clearly aligns with sense 1, "associated with academia or an academy," which includes the example "the academic curriculum." The context discusses school structures producing superior student performance in their academic work.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "academic" in the sentence:

"Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

The context is about school performance, specifically referring to how well students perform in their schoolwork. The term "academic performance" refers to how well students do in their academic studies - in their courses, tests, etc.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "associated with academia or an academy" | definition includes "the academic curriculum; academic gowns" - This would refer to things related to schools and academic institutions. "Academic performance" would be performance in academic settings/studies.

2. "hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result" | examples "an academic discussion; an academic question" - This sense means something that is theoretical/impractical. "Academic performance" doesn't really mean "theoretical performance" in this context.

3. "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects" | synonyms "donnish, pedantic" - This would mean pedantic or overly focused on trivial aspects of learning. This doesn't fit "academic performance."

In the context of "superior academic performance," the word is being used to mean performance in academic work/studies. This is clearly the first sense - "associated with academia or an academy." The phrase "academic performance" is a standard phrase meaning how well students perform in their school subjects and studies.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic <t>performance</t>. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "performance" in this passage about American education.

The sentence reads: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance."

In this context, "performance" is being used in reference to academic achievement or accomplishment - how well students do in their academic work.

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: - "a dramatic or musical entertainment" - This is about entertainment performances like plays or concerts. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: - "the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment" - This is also about theatrical/musical performances. Not applicable.

3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: - "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" - Examples include "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance" - This is about how well someone does something, their execution or accomplishment.

4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: - "any recognized accomplishment" - Examples include "they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe" - This is about specific accomplishments or achievements.

5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: - "process or manner of functioning or operating" - This is about how something functions mechanically/operationally.

The phrase "superior academic performance" is talking about how well students do academically - their achievement or accomplishment in their academic work. This fits best with sense 3, which is about doing something successfully and using knowledge, or sense 4, which is about recognized accomplishment.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 3 is broader - "the act of performing; of doing something successfully" - this includes the general concept of how well one does something
- Sense 4 is more specific - "any recognized accomplishment" - this focuses on particular achievements

Since the passage discusses academic performance broadly as a general outcome of good school structure rather than highlighting specific achievements, sense 3 aligns better. The example "experience generally improves performance" particularly resonates with the educational context being described.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a <t>fact</t> -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "fact" is being used.

The sentence is: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

The speaker is making an assertion about schools and their outcomes. They're claiming this is a "fact" - meaning it's something that is true/verified, based on studies (mentioned earlier - "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that...").

Let me look at the senses:

1. "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" - This is about information/data about circumstances or events.

2. "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" - This is about a statement/assertion of verified information.

3. "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - This is about actual events or things that existed.

4. "a concept whose truth can be proved" - This is about a concept whose truth can be proven.

In context, the speaker is saying "This is a fact" referring to the claim that schools structured with principal authority produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. They're asserting this as verified information based on studies.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" - the example "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts" also aligns well with how facts are being used here in an argumentative context.

Sense 1 could work too, but it seems more about the information itself rather than the assertion.

Sense 3 is more about events/things that happened, which doesn't fit as well.
Sense 4 involves provable concepts, which could apply but feels less precise than sense 2. The speaker is presenting a verified claim supported by research, making sense 2 the strongest match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ruffle
Target surface form: ruffled
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are <t>ruffled</t> by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:00:: | definition=stir up (water) so as to form ripples | synonyms=ripple, riffle, cockle, undulate
2. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:00:: | definition=trouble or vex | examples=ruffle somebody's composure
3. sense_key=ruffle%2:38:01:: | definition=to walk with a lofty proud gait, often in an attempt to impress others | synonyms=tittup, swagger, prance, strut, sashay, cock | examples=He struts around like a rooster in a hen house
4. sense_key=ruffle%2:37:01:: | definition=discompose | examples=This play is going to ruffle some people; She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues
5. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:03:: | definition=twitch or flutter | synonyms=flick, riffle | examples=the paper flicked
6. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:04:: | definition=mix so as to make a random order or arrangement | synonyms=shuffle, mix | examples=shuffle the cards
7. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:01:: | definition=erect or fluff up | synonyms=fluff | examples=the bird ruffled its feathers
8. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:02:: | definition=disturb the smoothness of | synonyms=ruffle up, rumple, mess up | examples=ruffle the surface of the water
9. sense_key=ruffle%2:35:00:: | definition=pleat or gather into a ruffle | synonyms=pleat | examples=ruffle the curtain fabric

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The phrase "feathers that are ruffled by this fact" is an idiomatic expression meaning that people are upset or disturbed. Sense 4 ("discompose") is the best match, as it directly corresponds to the figurative meaning of upsetting or disturbing people. The sense even includes the exact example "She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues," which matches the metaphorical usage in the context.

reasoning_content:
The context is about schools with powerful heads, and the phrase is "in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact".

The phrase "ruffled feathers" is an idiomatic expression meaning to upset or annoy someone. When someone's feathers are ruffled, it means they are disturbed, annoyed, or upset.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. stir up water - no, not about water here
2. trouble or vex - this could work, but the example is about composure
3. walk with lofty gait - no, completely different
4. discompose - this means to disturb or upset. Example: "She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues" - this is directly about ruffling feathers!
5. twitch or flutter - no
6. mix randomly - no
7. erect or fluff up - this is literally about feathers, but doesn't fit the metaphorical usage
8. disturb the smoothness of - about physical disturbance
9. pleat or gather - about fabric

The best match is sense 4: "discompose" with the example "She has a way of ruffling feathers among her colleagues". This is exactly the usage in the context - "feathers that are ruffled by this fact" means the people (feathers being a metaphor for people) are upset/discomposed by this fact.

While sense 2 "trouble or vex" is also reasonable, sense 4 is more specific and has the exact example about ruffling feathers.

The answer is sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this <t>fact</t>, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context uses "This is a fact" to refer to the claim that schools structured with principal authority produce superior academic performance. The author is asserting that this is verified information backed by studies ("Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us..."). This aligns with sense 2, which defines fact as "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened." The author is making an assertion supported by empirical evidence from multiple studies, rather than referring to a raw piece of information (sense 1) or a concrete event (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "fact" in this passage.

The passage is discussing how schools with principals who have authority over faculty, curriculum, and discipline produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. The author then states "This is a fact" - referring to what has been asserted about school performance.

The key sentence is: "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: - "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred"
   - This emphasizes information about circumstances/events

2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: - "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened"
   - This emphasizes a statement/assertion of verified information
   - Examples mention "supporting arguments with facts"

3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: - "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed"
   - This emphasizes an actual event or thing that exists
   - Examples: "your fears have no basis in fact" - distinguishing fact from fiction

4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: - "a concept whose truth can be proved"
   - This emphasizes provable truth

In this context, the author is asserting that "Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance" is a fact. They're saying this is a verified piece of information or assertion about reality that is true.

The usage here is more about claiming something is true/verified (sense 2) or about something that actually exists/happened (sense 3). Between these two, sense 2 seems most appropriate because the author is making an assertion/statement about verified information - "This is a fact" means "This assertion I'm making is verified/true."
The author is grounding this claim in research findings that support the assertion. Sense 2 (fact%1:10:01::) best captures this usage—the author treats the statement about school structure and student outcomes as verified information backed by evidence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: one
Context:
Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability. Schools that are structured in this way produce students with higher morale and superior academic performance. This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that <t>one</t> hears so little about it. Mr. Kristol, an American Enterprise Institute fellow, co-edits The Public Interest and publishes The National Interest.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

In the context "it is not surprising that one hears so little about it," the word "one" functions as an indefinite pronoun referring to people in general or anyone. This is sense 2 (one%1:09:00::) - "a single person or thing" - which captures the pronominal usage of "one" as a generic reference to a person or persons, rather than the numerical sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "one" in the sentence:

"This is a fact -- though, in view of all the feathers that are ruffled by this fact, it is not surprising that one hears so little about it."

Here, "one" is being used as an indefinite pronoun meaning "a person" or "people in general". The sentence is saying "it is not surprising that [a person/people] hear so little about it" - this is a generic use where "one" refers to people generally or anyone.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1 (one%1:23:00::) - the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number
   - Synonyms: 1, I, ace, single, unity
   - Examples: "he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one"
   - This is clearly the numerical sense

2. Sense 2 (one%1:09:00::) - a single person or thing
   - Examples: "he is the best one; this is the one I ordered"
   - This is a pronominal sense

In the context "one hears so little about it", "one" is functioning as an indefinite pronoun meaning "people" or "anyone". This matches sense 2 - "a single person or thing" - because it's referring to a person (anyone/people in general).

The answer should be sense 2, which would be index 2.