[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they <t>just</t> drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "just" in the sentence:

"They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they <t>just</t> drift away."

The phrase is "they just drift away."

Let me consider each sense:

1. "and nothing more" - synonyms: merely, simply, only, but. This would mean "they merely drift away" - this makes sense.

2. "indicating exactness or preciseness" - "they drift away exactly" - doesn't fit well.

3. "only a moment ago" - "they just now drift away" - doesn't make sense in this context. This is about a habitual pattern, not something that happened a moment ago.

4. "absolutely" - "they absolutely drift away" - could work, but seems less natural.

5. "only a very short time before" - barely, hardly, scarcely - doesn't fit.

6. "exactly at this moment or the moment described" - doesn't fit with the continuous or habitual nature of "drift away."

The best fit is sense 1: "and nothing more" or "merely, simply, only." The sentence means "they simply drift away" or "they merely drift away" - capturing the idea that the youngsters don't stick with bell ringing, they just drift away from it. This fits the synonyms "merely" and "simply" perfectly.

So the answer is sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: drift
Target surface form: drift
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just <t>drift</t> away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=drift%2:38:02:: | definition=be in motion due to some air or water current | synonyms=float, be adrift, blow | examples=The leaves were blowing in the wind; the boat drifted on the lake
2. sense_key=drift%2:38:04:: | definition=wander from a direct course or at random | synonyms=stray, err | examples=The child strayed from the path and her parents lost sight of her; don't drift from the set course
3. sense_key=drift%2:38:01:: | definition=move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment | synonyms=roll, wander, swan, stray, tramp, roam | examples=The gypsies roamed the woods; roving vagabonds
4. sense_key=drift%2:42:03:: | definition=vary or move from a fixed point or course | examples=stock prices are drifting higher
5. sense_key=drift%2:42:00:: | definition=live unhurriedly, irresponsibly, or freely | synonyms=freewheel | examples=My son drifted around for years in California before going to law school
6. sense_key=drift%2:38:05:: | definition=move in an unhurried fashion | examples=The unknown young man drifted among the invited guests
7. sense_key=drift%2:38:06:: | definition=cause to be carried by a current | examples=drift the boats downstream
8. sense_key=drift%2:35:03:: | definition=drive slowly and far afield for grazing | examples=drift the cattle herds westwards
9. sense_key=drift%2:30:10:: | definition=be subject to fluctuation | examples=The stock market drifted upward
10. sense_key=drift%2:30:00:: | definition=be piled up in banks or heaps by the force of wind or a current | examples=snow drifting several feet high; sand drifting like snow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context shows Mr. Hammond describing how young people are abandoning their commitment to bell-ringing because they're distracted by discos and dances. The phrase "drift away" indicates they're living their lives without responsibility to the bell-ringing tradition. Sense 5 ("live unhurriedly, irresponsibly, or freely") best captures this meaning of gradually departing from obligations and commitments to pursue other interests, as supported by the similar example of someone drifting around California before settling into law school.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "drift" in the sentence:

"We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away."

Mr. Hammond is describing how young people are leaving the bell-ringing group - they get distracted by other activities (discos and dances) and gradually leave/abandon the activity.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "be in motion due to some air or water current" - Not applicable here, no water/air current
2. "wander from a direct course or at random" - Somewhat applicable, but not the best fit
3. "move about aimlessly or without any destination, often in search of food or employment" - This is about general aimless movement
4. "vary or move from a fixed point or course" - Could work, but seems more about slight variations
5. "live unhurriedly, irresponsibly, or freely" - This seems very applicable. The example "My son drifted around for years in California" shows someone not committing to responsibilities
6. "move in an unhurried fashion" - About manner of movement
7. "cause to be carried by a current" - Not applicable
8. "drive slowly and far afield for grazing" - Not applicable
9. "be subject to fluctuation" - Not applicable
10. "be piled up in banks or heaps by the force of wind or a current" - Not applicable

The phrase "drift away" in context means the youngsters are gradually leaving/departing from the group, living their lives without commitment to bell-ringing. This best matches sense 5: "live unhurriedly, irresponsibly, or freely" - which captures the idea of them living their lives without responsibility to the bell-ringing tradition, distracted by discos and dances.

The answer should be sense index 5.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: away
Target surface form: away
Context:
Like most of the other 6,000 churches in Britain with sets of bells, St. Michael once had its own "band "of ringers, who would herald every Sunday morning and evening service. Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift <t>away</t>. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=away%4:02:00:: | definition=from a particular thing or place or position (`forth' is obsolete) | synonyms=off, forth | examples=ran away from the lion; wanted to get away from there
2. sense_key=away%4:02:01:: | definition=from one's possession | synonyms=out | examples=he gave out money to the poor; gave away the tickets
3. sense_key=away%4:02:03:: | definition=out of the way (especially away from one's thoughts) | synonyms=aside | examples=brush the objections aside; pushed all doubts away
4. sense_key=away%4:02:04:: | definition=out of existence; ; - H.E.Scudder | examples=the music faded away; tried to explain away the affair of the letter
5. sense_key=away%4:02:08:: | definition=at a distance in space or time | synonyms=off | examples=the boat was 5 miles off (or away); the party is still 2 weeks off (or away)
6. sense_key=away%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating continuing action; continuously or steadily | examples=he worked away at the project for more than a year; the child kept hammering away as if his life depended on it
7. sense_key=away%4:02:09:: | definition=so as to be removed or gotten rid of | examples=cleared the mess away; the rotted wood had to be cut away
8. sense_key=away%4:02:10:: | definition=freely or at will | examples=fire away!
9. sense_key=away%4:02:07:: | definition=in or into a proper place (especially for storage or safekeeping) | examples=put the toys away; her jewels are locked away in a safe
10. sense_key=away%4:02:06:: | definition=in a different direction | synonyms=aside | examples=turn aside; turn away one's face
11. sense_key=away%4:02:02:: | definition=in reserve; not for immediate use | synonyms=aside, by | examples=started setting aside money to buy a car; put something by for her old age

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The youngsters in the context "drift away" from bell-ringing, meaning they gradually depart or leave the group/activity. This matches sense 1's definition of "from a particular thing or place or position," with the synonyms and examples (e.g., "ran away from...") indicating motion away from someone or something. While sense 4 ("out of existence") has superficial appeal with "faded away," the context here emphasizes the youngsters leaving the group rather than something ceasing to exist.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "drift away" is used:

"We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away."

The context is that the youngsters are leaving the group - they're not continuing with the bell-ringing activity. When they "drift away," it means they gradually leave or depart from the group/activity.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "from a particular thing or place or position" - This would fit with physical leaving. The examples "ran away from the lion" and "wanted to get away from there" show leaving a place or thing. This could fit.

2. "from one's possession" - This is about giving away or losing possession. Not quite right for "drift away."

3. "out of the way (especially away from one's thoughts)" - About being removed from thoughts/consciousness. Could fit somewhat.

4. "out of existence" - The examples show things fading away or disappearing. This could fit the idea of the youngsters leaving/disappearing from the group.

5. "at a distance in space or time" - About being far away. Not the best fit.

6. "indicating continuing action; continuously or steadily" - This is about persistent action. Not really what we want.

7. "so as to be removed or gotten rid of" - This is about clearing away or removing. Could fit.

8. "freely or at will" - About doing something without restraint. Not relevant.

9. "in or into a proper place (especially for storage or safekeeping)" - Not relevant here.

10. "in a different direction" - Turning away. Not quite right.

11. "in reserve; not for immediate use" - Not relevant.

I think the best fit is sense 1: "from a particular thing or place or position." The youngsters are leaving/departing from the bell-ringing group/activity. "Drift away" suggests gradually leaving, and this fits with the definition of moving away from something/someone.

The motion away from something is clearly shown in examples like "ran away from the lion" and "wanted to get away from there." While sense 4 about things fading away captures the gradual quality of "drift," the primary meaning here is the youngsters departing from the group itself, which aligns with sense 1's focus on leaving a particular place or position.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worry
Target surface form: worries
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond <t>worries</t> that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worry%2:37:00:: | definition=be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy | examples=I worry about my job
2. sense_key=worry%2:37:12:: | definition=be concerned with | synonyms=care | examples=I worry about my grades
3. sense_key=worry%2:37:01:: | definition=disturb the peace of mind of; afflict with mental agitation or distress | synonyms=vex | examples=I cannot sleep--my daughter's health is worrying me
4. sense_key=worry%2:42:00:: | definition=be on the mind of | synonyms=concern, interest, occupy | examples=I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift
5. sense_key=worry%2:35:00:: | definition=lacerate by biting | examples=the dog worried his bone
6. sense_key=worry%2:35:01:: | definition=touch or rub constantly | examples=The old man worried his beads

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows Mr. Hammond experiencing anxiety and concern about the diminishing ranks of the bell ringers due to aging and youth leaving. The phrase "worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks" clearly indicates he is in a state of worry or anxiety about a future possibility. This matches sense 1 perfectly: "be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy," with the example "I worry about my job" being directly parallel in structure and meaning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "worries" in the sentence:

"Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."

The context shows that Mr. Hammond is concerned about something - specifically about old age and youth reducing the number of people in the ringing group.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=worry%2:37:00:: | definition=be worried, concerned, anxious, troubled, or uneasy | examples=I worry about my job
   - This means to experience worry/anxiety about something
   - The example "I worry about my job" fits the context well

2. sense_key=worry%2:37:12:: | definition=be concerned with | synonyms=care | examples=I worry about my grades
   - This is similar to sense 1, about being concerned with something

3. sense_key=worry%2:37:01:: | definition=disturb the peace of mind of; afflict with mental agitation or distress | synonyms=vex | examples=I cannot sleep--my daughter's health is worrying me
   - This is more about the external effect of worry (something causing worry to someone)
   - Here, the sentence structure is "Mr. Hammond worries that..." - Mr. Hammond is the one experiencing the worry, not being affected by it

4. sense_key=worry%2:42:00:: | definition=be on the mind of | synonyms=concern, interest, occupy | examples=I worry about the second Germanic consonant shift
   - This is similar to senses 1 and 2

The physical senses involving biting or rubbing don't apply here. Since the structure is "Mr. Hammond worries that..." with Mr. Hammond as the subject, this is clearly an intransitive usage where he's experiencing anxiety. Senses 1, 2, and 4 all capture this meaning of being worried or concerned about something, with examples like worrying about a job, grades, or abstract concepts that all parallel the sentence's meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: youth
Target surface form: youth
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of <t>youth</t> will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=youth%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person (especially a young man or boy) | synonyms=young person, younker, spring chicken
2. sense_key=youth%1:14:00:: | definition=young people collectively | synonyms=young | examples=rock music appeals to the young; youth everywhere rises in revolt
3. sense_key=youth%1:28:00:: | definition=the time of life between childhood and maturity
4. sense_key=youth%1:26:00:: | definition=early maturity; the state of being young or immature or inexperienced
5. sense_key=youth%1:28:01:: | definition=an early period of development | synonyms=early days | examples=during the youth of the project
6. sense_key=youth%1:07:00:: | definition=the freshness and vitality characteristic of a young person | synonyms=youthfulness, juvenility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes "the flightiness of youth" as something that contrasts with "old age" and causes young people to drift away from bell ringing. The phrase refers to the characteristic state or quality of being young and inexperienced - their immaturity and instability that makes them unreliable in their commitments. This aligns with sense 4, which defines youth as "the state of being young or immature or inexperienced," rather than referring to young people as individuals or collectively, or to a specific life period.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "youth" in the target sentence:

"Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of <t>youth</t> will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."

The context is discussing how young people are drifting away from bell ringing because "they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away." Mr. Hammond is contrasting "old age" with "youth."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "a young person (especially a young man or boy)" - This would refer to individual young people
2. "young people collectively" - This refers to youth as a collective group of young people
3. "the time of life between childhood and maturity" - This refers to the period/stage of life
4. "early maturity; the state of being young or immature or inexperienced" - This refers to a state or quality
5. "an early period of development" - This is more about development phases of things
6. "the freshness and vitality characteristic of a young person" - This refers to a quality/attribute

In the sentence, "the flightiness of youth" is being contrasted with "old age." The text mentions that young people are drifting away because of their social activities (discos and dances).

The phrase "the flightiness of youth" seems to be referring to the characteristic quality or state of being young - their carefree, changeable nature. However, it could also refer to young people as a collective group.

Looking at sense 2: "young people collectively" with examples "rock music appeals to the young; youth everywhere rises in revolt" - this shows youth being used to refer to young people as a group.

Looking at sense 4: "early maturity; the state of being young or immature or inexperienced" - this is about the state/quality of being young.
"Flightiness" describes an unreliable, frivolous quality—the very nature that characterizes young people. This points toward sense 6, which captures the distinctive attributes of youth itself, rather than just the state of being young or a collective group. The passage emphasizes the inherent characteristics that make young people abandon bell ringing for other pursuits.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rank
Target surface form: ranks
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the <t>ranks</t> of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rank%1:14:00:: | definition=a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another | examples=the entrance was guarded by ranks of policemen
2. sense_key=rank%1:26:00:: | definition=relative status | examples=his salary was determined by his rank and seniority
3. sense_key=rank%1:14:01:: | definition=the ordinary members of an organization (such as the enlisted soldiers of an army) | synonyms=rank and file | examples=the strike was supported by the union rank and file; he rose from the ranks to become a colonel
4. sense_key=rank%1:26:01:: | definition=position in a social hierarchy | synonyms=social station, social status, social rank | examples=the British are more aware of social status than Americans are
5. sense_key=rank%1:14:02:: | definition=the body of members of an organization or group | synonyms=membership | examples=they polled their membership; they found dissension in their own ranks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The word "ranks" in this context refers to the collective body of members in the East Anglian bell ringers' group. Mr. Hammond worries that the membership will diminish due to aging and youth departing. Sense 5 ("the body of members of an organization or group") best captures this usage, as "diminish the ranks" means to reduce the size of the membership, which aligns with the synonym "membership" provided in the definition.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "ranks" in this sentence:

"Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the <t>ranks</t> of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing."

The context is about a group of church bell ringers. Mr. Hammond is concerned that the number of people in this group will diminish due to old age and youth leaving.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "a row or line of people (especially soldiers or police) standing abreast of one another" - This refers to a literal physical arrangement of people in lines.

2. "relative status" - This is about someone's position or level in terms of status.

3. "the ordinary members of an organization (such as the enlisted soldiers of an army)" - This refers to regular members as opposed to leadership. The synonym is "rank and file."

4. "position in a social hierarchy" - This is about social status/position.

5. "the body of members of an organization or group" - This refers to the collective membership of a group. The synonym is "membership."

In the context, "diminish the ranks" clearly means to reduce the number of members in the group. The group is the East Anglian bell ringers. The worry is that there won't be enough people to keep the bells ringing.

Sense 5 seems like the best fit: "the body of members of an organization or group" with the synonym "membership." This is about the collective membership of the bell ringers' group.

Sense 3 is also possible, as it refers to "ordinary members" and has examples like "the strike was supported by the union rank and file" which involves regular members. However, sense 5 is more directly about the body/group as a whole.

I think sense 5 is the best answer because it most directly refers to the collective body of members of the organization/group, and "diminish the ranks" means to reduce the number of members in that group.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian <t>group</t> that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word refers to a collection of bell ringers (15 people) who work together to keep the church bells ringing. This matches sense 1: "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit," which captures the basic meaning of a group of people organized around a shared activity. The chemistry (sense 2) and mathematical (sense 3) definitions are not relevant to the social context here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "group" is being used.

The context discusses:
- Derek Hammond is part of a group
- This group consists of 15 ringers (bell ringers)
- The group includes octogenarians and youngsters
- They drive every Sunday from church to church
- The group keeps bells sounding in East Anglia
- The text refers to "the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing"

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
   - This is a general sense meaning a collection of things considered together as one unit

2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
   - This is a chemistry term, clearly not applicable here

3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group
   - This is a mathematical/abstract algebra term, not applicable here

The context clearly refers to a social group - a collection of bell ringers who work together. This is the most basic, general sense of "group" as a collection of people considered as a unit.

The answer is sense 1, which matches the definition "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: keep
Target surface form: keeps
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that <t>keeps</t> the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=keep%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=maintain, hold | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=keep%2:42:07:: | definition=continue a certain state, condition, or activity | synonyms=continue, go on, proceed, go along | examples=Keep on working!; We continued to work into the night
3. sense_key=keep%2:40:00:: | definition=retain possession of | synonyms=hold on | examples=Can I keep my old stuffed animals?; She kept her maiden name after she married
4. sense_key=keep%2:41:01:: | definition=stop (someone or something) from doing something or being in a certain state | synonyms=prevent | examples=We must prevent the cancer from spreading; His snoring kept me from falling asleep
5. sense_key=keep%2:41:03:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=observe | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises
6. sense_key=keep%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=observe, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
7. sense_key=keep%2:40:01:: | definition=look after; be the keeper of; have charge of | examples=He keeps the shop when I am gone
8. sense_key=keep%2:32:00:: | definition=maintain by writing regular records | synonyms=maintain | examples=keep a diary; maintain a record
9. sense_key=keep%2:42:01:: | definition=supply with room and board | examples=He is keeping three women in the guest cottage; keep boarders
10. sense_key=keep%2:41:02:: | definition=allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature | synonyms=retain, continue, keep on | examples=We cannot continue several servants any longer; She retains a lawyer
11. sense_key=keep%2:34:00:: | definition=supply with necessities and support | synonyms=sustain, maintain | examples=She alone sustained her family; The money will sustain our good cause
12. sense_key=keep%2:42:03:: | definition=fail to spoil or rot | synonyms=stay fresh | examples=These potatoes keep for a long time
13. sense_key=keep%2:41:05:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=observe, celebrate | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
14. sense_key=keep%2:41:00:: | definition=keep under control; keep in check | synonyms=restrain, keep back, hold back | examples=suppress a smile; Keep your temper
15. sense_key=keep%2:42:02:: | definition=maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger | synonyms=preserve | examples=May God keep you
16. sense_key=keep%2:42:12:: | definition=raise | examples=She keeps a few chickens in the yard; he keeps bees
17. sense_key=keep%2:40:09:: | definition=retain rights to | synonyms=keep open, hold open, save | examples=keep my job for me while I give birth; keep my seat, please
18. sense_key=keep%2:40:13:: | definition=store or keep customarily | examples=Where do you keep your gardening tools?
19. sense_key=keep%2:40:12:: | definition=have as a supply | examples=I always keep batteries in the freezer; keep food for a week in the pantry
20. sense_key=keep%2:40:10:: | definition=maintain for use and service | synonyms=maintain | examples=I keep a car in the countryside; She keeps an apartment in Paris for her shopping trips
21. sense_key=keep%2:35:10:: | definition=hold and prevent from leaving | examples=The student was kept after school
22. sense_key=keep%2:30:10:: | definition=prevent (food) from rotting | synonyms=preserve | examples=preserved meats; keep potatoes fresh

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The phrase "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" refers to maintaining the bells in a state of active ringing. The group sustains this activity by driving to churches every Sunday to ring the bells. This matches sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" (maintain, hold), which captures the meaning of preserving and maintaining an ongoing condition or activity. The bells need to be kept in the state of "pealing" (ringing continuously).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that <t>keeps</t> the Aslacton bells pealing."

The subject is "the East Anglian group" and "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" means they maintain the activity of ringing the bells so they keep producing sound.

Let me look at the relevant senses:

1. "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - maintain, hold - examples: keep clean; hold in place
2. "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" - continue, go on - examples: Keep on working!
3. "retain possession of" - hold on
4. "stop someone or something from doing something" - prevent
5. "conform one's action or practice to" - observe
6. "stick to correctly or closely" - observe, maintain
7. "look after; be the keeper of; have charge of" - examples: He keeps the shop
8. "maintain by writing regular records" - keep a diary
10. "allow to remain in a place or position or maintain a property or feature" - retain, continue
11. "supply with necessities and support" - sustain, maintain
15. "maintain in safety from injury, harm, or danger" - preserve

The key meaning here is that the group maintains/sustains the activity of bell-ringing so the bells keep pealing. This is about keeping something going/continuing.

Sense 1 says "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" with examples "keep clean; hold in place" - this could fit. It's maintaining an activity.

Sense 2 says "continue a certain state, condition, or activity" with examples "Keep on working!" - this seems very close to what we need.

Actually, looking more carefully: "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing" means they maintain the bells in a pealing state, or they keep the activity of pealing bells going. This seems like sense 1 "keep in a certain state, position, or activity."
Sense 1 is more precise here—the phrase describes keeping the bells in a particular state of pealing rather than simply continuing an activity. The group sustains the bells in their ringing condition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Now, only one local ringer remains: 64-year-old Derek Hammond. The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton <t>bells</t> pealing. History, after all, is not on his side.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to the physical metal bells hung in church belfries that bell ringers strike to produce sound. The passage mentions "keep the bells sounding in the many belfries" and "the Aslacton bells pealing," which are references to the actual metal instruments used in church bell ringing, not the sound itself or any other meaning. This matches sense 1 perfectly.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The text discusses church bell ringers and their effort to keep "the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia." The context specifically mentions:
- "bell ringers" - people who ring bells
- "keep the bells sounding in the many belfries"
- "keeps the Aslacton bells pealing"

This is clearly about church bells - the physical devices made of metal that are hung in church towers (belfries) and are struck to produce sound.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This is a physical bell, the actual metal instrument
2. "a push button at an outer door" - This is a doorbell, not relevant
3. "the sound of a bell being struck" - This is the sound, not the physical object
4. "nautical time signals" - Not relevant
5. "the shape of a bell" - Not relevant
6, 7, 8 - These are proper names - not relevant
9. "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" - This could be relevant, but the context is specifically about church bells in belfries
10. "the flared opening of a tubular device" - Not relevant

The context makes it clear we're talking about the actual metal bells that are hung in church belfries (towers) and rung by bell ringers. This matches sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck."

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: history
Target surface form: History
Context:
The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. <t>History</t>, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=history%1:28:00:: | definition=the aggregate of past events | examples=a critical time in the school's history
2. sense_key=history%1:10:00:: | definition=a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=account, chronicle, story | examples=a history of France; he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president
3. sense_key=history%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings | examples=he teaches Medieval history; history takes the long view
4. sense_key=history%1:28:02:: | definition=the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future | examples=all of human history
5. sense_key=history%1:09:01:: | definition=all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing; a body of knowledge | examples=the dawn of recorded history; from the beginning of history

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "History, after all, is not on his side" uses "History" to mean the aggregate of past events and their implications. The context shows that the historical trend (nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung) demonstrates that past developments do not favor Mr. Hammond's efforts to maintain bell-ringing traditions. This is sense 1: the collection of past events viewed as evidence of a pattern or trend that works against his position.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the use of "History" in this passage.

The full sentence is: "History, after all, is not on his side."

This is an idiomatic expression meaning that the trends or patterns of the past (the historical record) do not support or favor his position. Mr. Hammond is worried about the decline in bell ringers, and the statement is saying that historical trends are not in his favor - in fact, the article provides evidence that nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung because there aren't enough ringers.

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. "the aggregate of past events" - This refers to all events that have happened. The expression "history is not on his side" could mean that the pattern of past events doesn't support him.

2. "a record or narrative description of past events" - This is about written accounts or stories of the past. This doesn't quite fit the expression "history is not on his side."

3. "the discipline that records and interprets past events involving human beings" - This is about the academic field of history. This doesn't fit well either.

4. "the continuum of events occurring in succession leading from the past to the present and even into the future" - This is similar to sense 1, the flow of events over time.

5. "all that is remembered of the past as preserved in writing; a body of knowledge" - This is about recorded knowledge of the past.

The expression "history is not on his side" is an idiomatic way of saying that the pattern/trends of past events or the historical record don't support his position. It's referring to the aggregate of past events and their implications for the present situation.

Sense 1 ("the aggregate of past events") seems to be the best fit. It captures the idea that the collection of past events (the declining number of bell ringers) is not supporting his hopes.

Sense 4 could also work, but sense 1 seems more directly aligned with the meaning here.
The answer is sense 1 - the accumulated events of the past don't favor his position.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: side
Target surface form: side
Context:
The others here today live elsewhere. They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his <t>side</t>. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=side%1:15:02:: | definition=a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location | examples=they always sat on the right side of the church; he never left my side
2. sense_key=side%1:14:00:: | definition=one of two or more contesting groups | examples=the Confederate side was prepared to attack
3. sense_key=side%1:08:00:: | definition=either the left or right half of a body | examples=he had a pain in his side
4. sense_key=side%1:15:00:: | definition=a surface forming part of the outside of an object | synonyms=face | examples=he examined all sides of the crystal; dew dripped from the face of the leaf
5. sense_key=side%1:06:00:: | definition=an extended outer surface of an object | examples=he turned the box over to examine the bottom side; they painted all four sides of the house
6. sense_key=side%1:09:00:: | definition=an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect) | examples=he was on the heavy side; he is on the purchasing side of the business
7. sense_key=side%1:15:01:: | definition=a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure | examples=the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side
8. sense_key=side%1:14:01:: | definition=a family line of descent | examples=he gets his brains from his father's side
9. sense_key=side%1:13:00:: | definition=a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass used for food | synonyms=side of meat
10. sense_key=side%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=position | examples=there are two sides to every question
11. sense_key=side%1:17:01:: | definition=an elevated geological formation | synonyms=slope, incline | examples=he climbed the steep slope; the house was built on the side of a mountain
12. sense_key=side%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=English

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "side" in this sentence:

"History, after all, is not on his side."

The phrase "on his side" is an idiomatic expression that means supporting him, being in his favor, or on his behalf in a conflict or dispute.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. A place within a region - doesn't fit
2. One of two or more contesting groups - this could fit in terms of being part of a group in a conflict
3. Either the left or right half of a body - doesn't fit
4. A surface forming part of the outside of an object - doesn't fit
5. An extended outer surface of an object - doesn't fit
6. An aspect of something - doesn't fit
7. A line segment forming part of the perimeter - doesn't fit
8. A family line of descent - doesn't fit
9. A lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass - doesn't fit
10. An opinion held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute - this could fit! The phrase "on his side" means history is not supporting his position/argument
11. An elevated geological formation - doesn't fit
12. Sports term about spin - doesn't fit

The best fit is sense 10: "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute". The phrase "on his side" means supporting his position or opinion in the context of the argument about keeping the bells ringing. History is not supporting his cause/position.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 2 as well. "One of two or more contesting groups" - could work if we think of "side" as meaning "team" or "faction" in a conflict. But the more idiomatic reading is about supporting an opinion/position, which is sense 10.

I think sense 10 is the best choice here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survey
Target surface form: survey
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide <t>survey</t> taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survey%1:04:02:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=study
2. sense_key=survey%1:10:00:: | definition=short descriptive summary (of events) | synonyms=sketch, resume
3. sense_key=survey%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of looking or seeing or observing | synonyms=view, sight | examples=he tried to get a better view of it; his survey of the battlefield was limited

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "a nationwide survey taken a year ago" that collected data about the state of England's church bells. This is a systematic study or investigation—a detailed examination of a particular topic through data collection. This matches sense 1 ("a detailed critical inspection"), not the visual observation of sense 3 or the summary of sense 2.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the word "survey" to determine which sense is most appropriate.

In the sentence: "According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays..."

The word "survey" here refers to a systematic collection of information or data - specifically about the state of church bells in England. It's described as being "taken a year ago," suggesting a research study or poll.

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=survey%1:04:02:: - "a detailed critical inspection" with synonyms "study"
   - This refers to examining something carefully and critically

2. sense_key=survey%1:10:00:: - "short descriptive summary (of events)" with synonyms "sketch, resume"
   - This is more about summarizing or describing events

3. sense_key=survey%1:04:01:: - "the act of looking or seeing or observing" with synonyms "view, sight"
   - This is more literal/visual observation

In the context, "survey" clearly refers to a systematic study or investigation - a research survey/poll that collects data about England's church bells. The phrase "a nationwide survey taken a year ago" indicates a formal research study.

Sense 1 (survey%1:04:02::) - "a detailed critical inspection" with synonym "study" - fits best here. A survey in this context is indeed a study where data is collected systematically about a topic.

Sense 2 is about summarizing events, which doesn't fit.

Sense 3 is about visual observation, which also doesn't fit the context of a research survey.

The best answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey <t>taken</t> a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "taken" in "a nationwide survey taken a year ago" means "carried out" or "conducted." The survey was performed/executed a year ago. This matches sense 1 "carry out" with its examples "take action; take steps," which are semantically parallel to "take a survey" (i.e., conduct/perform a survey).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "taken" in this sentence:

"According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."

The phrase is "a nationwide survey taken a year ago" - this means the survey was "conducted" or "performed" a year ago. It's describing when the survey was done/executed.

Let me look at the relevant senses:

1. "carry out" - take action; take steps - This could work, as "taking a survey" means conducting/carrying out a survey.

2. "require (time or space)" - doesn't fit

3. "take somebody somewhere" - doesn't fit

4. "get into one's hands, take physically" - doesn't fit in this context

5. "take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect" - doesn't fit

6. "interpret something in a certain way" - doesn't fit

16. "make a film or photograph of something" - This could fit! A survey being "taken" could mean it was recorded/made. "Take a photo/survey" would mean to conduct/make it.

24. "ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial" - This could fit! Taking a survey means conducting measurements/gathering data.

Actually, looking more carefully:

The most natural interpretation is "take a survey" = "conduct a survey" or "perform a survey".

Sense 1 "carry out" with examples "take action; take steps" seems most appropriate. "Take action" is similar to "take a survey" - both mean to conduct/perform/carry out.

Sense 24 "ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial" with example "take a pulse" is also very relevant - taking a survey is similar to taking measurements/readings.
Sense 1 appears to be the strongest match because the examples "take action" and "take steps" directly parallel how we use "take a survey" to mean executing or performing an action. The parallel structure makes this the most fitting sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: year
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a <t>year</t> ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "a year ago" refers to a specific point in time measured by a standard 365/366-day period from the present moment. This matches the first sense definition of a "period of time containing 365 (or 366) days," which is the most common usage of "year" as a measure of elapsed time.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "year" appears:

"According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."

The phrase "a year ago" refers to a point in time that was one year (12 months) before the present moment. This is referring to a period of 12 months/365 days.

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: - "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days" with examples "she is 4 years old; in the year 1920". This fits perfectly for "a year ago" - referring to a 365/366-day period.

2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: - "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity" (like a school year). This is more specific to particular activities.

3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: - "the period of time that it takes for a planet to make a complete revolution around the sun". This is about planetary orbits, not relevant here.

4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: - "a body of students who graduate together" (like a class year). This doesn't fit the context.

The best fit is sense 1, which refers to the standard 365/366-day period. The phrase "a year ago" clearly indicates a standard yearly period in the past.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's <t>church</t> bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context refers to "church bells" that are "no longer rung on Sundays." This is discussing the physical buildings and structures where worship takes place - the bells are located in these buildings. The phrase "church bells" specifically references bells that are part of the church buildings/places of worship, not referring to a religious organization, service, or congregation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "church" is being used.

The sentence is: "According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's <t>church</t> bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."

The key phrase here is "church bells" - these are bells that are located in churches. The bells belong to the buildings/places of worship, not to a religious organization or denomination.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship" - This refers to a denomination or sect of Christianity. This doesn't fit the context of "church bells."

2. "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" - This refers to the physical building or place of worship. "Church bells" are the bells in these buildings. This fits well.

3. "a service conducted in a house of worship" - This refers to a service/ceremony. "Church bells" wouldn't refer to bells of a service, but rather bells in a building.

4. "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church" - This refers to the congregation. "Church bells" wouldn't refer to bells belonging to a congregation.

The phrase "church bells" clearly refers to bells located in church buildings. When we talk about bells being rung for services, we're talking about bells in the physical buildings where services are held.

The best sense is sense 2: "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" - because church bells are the bells in these buildings/places of worship.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church <t>bells</t> are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is clearly about physical church bells that are rung by bell ringers in belfries. The passage discusses people ringing these bells on Sundays and the challenge of maintaining this tradition. Sense 1 - "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - is the appropriate interpretation of the actual bell objects being rung, as opposed to the sound they produce (sense 3) or other specialized types of bells.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "bells" in this sentence.

The context is about church bell ringers in East Anglia. The passage discusses:
- "ringers" who ring bells
- "bells sounding in the many belfries"
- "Aslacton bells pealing"
- "church bells are no longer rung on Sundays"

The target word "bells" appears in: "nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."

This is clearly referring to actual physical bells in churches that are rung/struck to produce sound. The context is about bell ringing as an activity - people ring these bells.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: - "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This is the most basic definition of a bell as a physical object that is rung.

2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: - doorbell/buzzer - No, these are not church bells

3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: - "the sound of a bell being struck" - This is the sound, not the physical bell itself

4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: - ship's bell/nautical time - No, these are church bells

5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: - bell shape - No, the context is about ringing bells

6-8. Personal names - Not relevant

9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: - percussion instrument set of tuned bells - This could be possible, but the context suggests individual church bells, not a set of musical bells

10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: - flared opening of tubular device - Not relevant

The best sense is #1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - this refers to the physical church bells that are rung by the bell ringers.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: no
Target surface form: no
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are <t>no</t> longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=no%4:02:02:: | definition=referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present | synonyms=no more | examples=he was no heavier than a child
2. sense_key=no%4:02:01:: | definition=not in any degree or manner; not at all | examples=he is no better today
3. sense_key=no%4:02:00:: | definition=used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement | examples=no, you are wrong

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "no" appears in the phrase "are no longer rung." This usage refers to the degree/extent to which the bells are rung—specifically, they are rung to zero degree or not at all anymore. This matches sense 1, which includes the synonym "no more" and captures the meaning of negating a duration or state. The example "he was no heavier than a child" shows a parallel structure where "no" modifies an adjective to indicate an absence or minimal degree of that quality.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "no" in the given context.

The sentence is: "According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."

The target is the word "no" in "no longer rung".

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=no%4:02:02:: | definition=referring to the degree to which a certain quality is present | synonyms=no more | examples=he was no heavier than a child

2. sense_key=no%4:02:01:: | definition=not in any degree or manner; not at all | examples=he is no better today

3. sense_key=no%4:02:00:: | definition=used to express refusal or denial or disagreement etc or especially to emphasize a negative statement | examples=no, you are wrong

In the phrase "no longer rung", the word "no" is functioning as an adverb that indicates negation. The phrase "no longer" means "not any longer" or "not anymore".

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "he was no heavier than a child" - This uses "no" to indicate degree comparison
- Sense 2: "he is no better today" - This uses "no" to negate an adjective
- Sense 3: "no, you are wrong" - This is the interjection form, used for refusal/denial

In the context "no longer rung", the "no" is negating the word "longer" (or the whole phrase). It's saying they are NOT longer rung, or NOT rung anymore.

This seems to fit with sense 2 (not in any degree or manner; not at all) or possibly sense 1. But sense 1 has the synonym "no more" which matches "no longer" very closely. And the example "he was no heavier than a child" shows a similar structure.
The phrase "no longer" parallels "no more" quite closely—both convey the idea of cessation. Since sense 1 explicitly includes "no more" as a synonym and demonstrates the same grammatical pattern with "no heavier," this appears to be the most appropriate match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ring
Target surface form: rung
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer <t>rung</t> on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes church bells that are "no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them." This refers to the action of making bells ring for religious/musical purposes, which matches sense 3: "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification." The example "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church" directly parallels the context of the passage about regular church bell-ringing.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "rung" to find the best sense.

The sentence in question is: "According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer <t>rung</t> on Sundays because there is no one to ring them."

The context is about church bells and bell-ringing. The word "rung" is the past participle of "ring" in this context.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "sound loudly and sonorously" - This refers to the sound that bells make when they ring.

2. "ring or echo with sound" - This refers to the sound resonating or echoing.

3. "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification" - This is specifically about actively making bells ring. The example says "Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church"

4. "get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone" - This is about telephone calls, not relevant here.

5. "extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle" - This is about surrounding something, not relevant here.

6. "attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify" - This is about putting rings on birds, not relevant here.

The sentence says "the church bells are no longer rung on Sundays" - this is saying that the bells are no longer being made to ring. This is a passive construction where someone would normally ring the bells (make them ring), but there's no one to do it.

This matches sense 3 best: "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification" because:
- It specifically mentions bells
- It's about the action of making bells ring
- The example shows regular bell-ringing at church ("My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church")
- The passage emphasizes the tradition of ringing bells on Sundays, which aligns with the sense of making bells ring for musical or ceremonial purposes. The problem isn't that the bells can't produce sound, but that no one is actively performing the act of ringing them.

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sunday
Target surface form: Sundays
Context:
They belong to a group of 15 ringers -- including two octogenarians and four youngsters in training -- who drive every Sunday from church to church in a sometimes-exhausting effort to keep the bells sounding in the many belfries of East Anglia. "To ring for even one service at this tower, we have to scrape, "says Mr. Hammond, a retired water-authority worker. "We've tried to train the youngsters, but they have their discos and their dances, and they just drift away. "Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on <t>Sundays</t> because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sunday%1:28:00:: | definition=first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians | synonyms=Lord's Day, Dominicus, Sun
2. sense_key=sunday%1:18:00:: | definition=United States evangelist (1862-1935) | synonyms=Billy Sunday, William Ashley Sunday

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to the day of the week when church bells are traditionally rung for religious services. The phrase "rung on Sundays" indicates the first day of the week observed for worship, not the evangelist Billy Sunday. This matches sense 1's definition of "first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians."

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Sundays" and I need to find the best sense from the two provided options:

1. sense_key=sunday%1:28:00:: | definition=first day of the week; observed as a day of rest and worship by most Christians | synonyms=Lord's Day, Dominicus, Sun

2. sense_key=sunday%1:18:00:: | definition=United States evangelist (1862-1935) | synonyms=Billy Sunday, William Ashley Sunday

Looking at the context:
"According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on <t>Sundays</t> because there is no one to ring them."

The context is clearly talking about church bells being rung on Sundays, which refers to the day of the week when church services traditionally occur. It's about the first day of the week, not about the evangelist Billy Sunday.

The synonyms in sense 1 ("Lord's Day, Dominicus, Sun") all refer to the day of the week, which fits perfectly with the context of church services and ringing bells.

Sense 2 is about a person (Billy Sunday, the evangelist), which makes no sense in this context.

The best sense is clearly sense 1 (sunday%1:28:00::), which refers to the first day of the week.

I should return the sense index, which would be 1.