[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "copies" in this context refers to the two duplicate versions of chromosome 3 that humans inherit (one from each parent). This matches sense 2, which defines a copy as "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." The chromosomes are essentially identical copies of each other, making this the appropriate biological usage of the term.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine which sense of "copies" is being used.

The sentence is: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two <t>copies</t> of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

In this context, "copies" refers to the duplicate versions of chromosome 3 that humans inherit - one from each parent. This is talking about genetic material - each person has two copies of each chromosome.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
   - This is about copies of documents/records. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
   - This is a general sense meaning something that is similar or identical to another thing. The chromosomes here are similar/identical copies of each other. This seems to fit.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
   - This is about printed/written material. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
   - This is about journalistic material. Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 2, which defines a copy as "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." In biology, when we talk about "two copies of chromosome 3," we're referring to the two versions of that chromosome (one from each parent) that are identical or nearly identical to each other. This matches the definition in sense 2.
{"sense_index": 2}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are <t>especially</t> prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "especially":

The target word is "especially" in the sentence: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Let me look at the two senses:

1. Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" with synonyms "particularly, peculiarly, specially" and examples like "he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack"

2. Sense 2: "in a special manner" with synonyms "specially" and examples "a specially arranged dinner"

In the context, "especially prone to lung cancer" means that people with this defective gene are MORE prone/susceptible to lung cancer compared to the general population - it's emphasizing a greater degree or extent than is common. This fits perfectly with sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common."

If it were sense 2 ("in a special manner"), it would mean they are prone to lung cancer in a special/particular way, which doesn't quite capture the meaning here. The context is clearly comparing the degree of proneness to the general population.

The answer should be sense 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others <t>reported</t> that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes scientists announcing findings from their research about the retinoblastoma suppressor gene. The verb "reported" is used to communicate the results of their investigation/research. Sense 2 ("announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding") is the best match, particularly given the example "The team reported significant advances in their research," which directly parallels the research announcement in the sentence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "reported" to determine the best sense.

Context: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."

The sentence indicates that scientists are announcing findings from their research/experience. They are presenting the results of their investigation.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "to give an account or representation of in words" - This is general descriptive use
2. "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" - This fits perfectly. Scientists are announcing findings from their research
3. "announce one's presence" - This is about showing up somewhere, not applicable
4. "make known to the authorities" - This is about reporting to authorities/officials, not applicable here
5. "be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism" - This would be more about journalism/media coverage
6. "complain about; make a charge against" - This is about making a complaint, not applicable

The context clearly shows that scientists are announcing findings from their research ("he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved..."). This is announcing results of an investigation/research finding.

Sense 2 is the best fit: "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" with examples like "Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research"

The last example is particularly relevant as it matches the context perfectly - a team reporting advances in research.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be <t>involved</t> in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes a gene being implicated in or associated with lung cancers. The phrase "involved in some lung cancers" means the retinoblastoma suppressor gene is connected with or participates in lung cancer development through association. This matches sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use," which is exemplified by phrases like "the problems involved" (the problems associated with/connected to the situation).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "involved" is correct.

The sentence is: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."

The context is discussing genes and their association with different types of cancer. The retinoblastoma gene is "involved in" lung cancers - meaning it participates in or is associated with lung cancers.

Let me review each sense:

1. "connected by participation or association or use" - This fits well. The gene is connected to/associated with lung cancers through participation (it's implicated in causing/contributing to lung cancer).

2. "entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about something being tangled or hindered.

3. "emotionally involved" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about emotional involvement.

4. "highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious" - This doesn't fit. The complexity of the gene isn't being discussed here.

5. "enveloped" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about something being enveloped.

The best sense is clearly sense 1, which describes participation or association. The gene is "involved in" (associated with/participates in) lung cancer. The example "we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved" shows this exact usage - "the problems involved" means the problems that are associated/connected with the situation.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "other" in this context means "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied." The sentence structure "...involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers" uses "other" to refer to additional, distinct cancers beyond those already mentioned. This directly matches the definition and examples provided in sense 1 (e.g., "other public works" referring to additional types of public works).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "other" in this sentence:

"Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several <t>other</t> more common cancers, too."

The word "other" is used here to refer to additional types of cancers that are being mentioned alongside lung cancers. The sentence structure is "...involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers..."

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: - "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" with examples like "today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works"

This sense fits well. The word "other" is used to refer to additional cancers that are different from (and distinct from) the lung cancers already mentioned. It's saying there are additional cancers beyond the lung cancers discussed. The example "the construction of highways and other public works" is very similar in structure - referring to additional items beyond those already mentioned.

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 - "recently past" - This doesn't fit. The context isn't about time; it's about different types of cancers.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 - "belonging to the distant past" - This also doesn't fit for the same reason.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 - "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" - This could potentially work in the sense that the cancers are "different," but the primary meaning here is simply referring to additional cancers, not that they are strange or unusual.

The best fit is sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied." This is the standard usage of "other" meaning "additional" or "different ones."

The answer should be index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other <t>more</t> common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "more" in "more common cancers" is functioning as a comparative marker that modifies the adjective "common." It forms the comparative degree of the adjective, matching sense 1 which describes this exact usage pattern (forming the comparative of adjectives and adverbs, as in "more interesting; more beautiful").

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense for "more" in this sentence:

"Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."

In this context, "more common" is describing the cancers. The phrase is comparing cancer types - some are lung cancers, and then there are "more common cancers" (implying cancers that are more common than lung cancer).

The word "more" is being used to modify the adjective "common". Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: - "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" with examples "more interesting; more beautiful"
   - This describes using "more" as a comparative marker for adjectives

2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: - "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" with examples "he works more now; they eat more than they should"
   - This describes using "more" to indicate a greater degree or extent, often with verbs or uncountable nouns

In the context sentence, "more common" is using "more" to form the comparative of the adjective "common" (more common = more common than others). This matches sense 1 precisely.

Sense 2 is more about quantity or degree with verbs or uncountable nouns (like "eat more"), not about forming comparatives of adjectives.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more <t>common</t> cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "common" here refers to cancers that are "widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual." The context is contrasting lung cancers (being investigated by Dr. Minna) with "several other more common cancers," meaning cancers that occur frequently in the general population. This is an epidemiological usage describing the prevalence and ordinariness of certain cancer types.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "common" fits best.

The sentence is: "Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too."

Here, "common cancers" refers to cancers that are widely encountered, frequently occurring, or prevalent in the population. The term is being used to distinguish these cancers from more rare or specific types.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. "belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public" - This is about shared ownership or public nature, not really applicable here.

2. "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual" - This fits well. The cancers are described as "common" in the sense that they are widely encountered, ordinary, or usual.

3. "common to or shared by two or more parties" - This is about something being shared between parties, not applicable here.

4. "commonly encountered" - This fits. The cancers are commonly encountered.

5. "being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language" - Not applicable.

6. "of or associated with the great masses of people" - Could fit in that common cancers affect many people, but this is more about class.

7. "of low or inferior quality or value" - Not applicable.

8. "lacking refinement or cultivation or taste" - Not applicable.

9. "to be expected; standard" - This could fit, but it's more about standardness.

The best fit seems to be sense 2 or sense 4. Sense 2 says "widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual" while sense 4 says "commonly encountered." Both are very similar.

Looking at the context, the text is discussing cancers that are prevalent/frequently occurring. Sense 2 is broader and includes "widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual" which encompasses the idea that these are frequent, ordinary cancers as opposed to rare ones.
Sense 2 captures this best—it encompasses the full range of what makes these cancers "common" in the passage: they're ordinary, frequently seen, and lack the special distinction of rarer cancer types.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common <t>cancers</t>, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the passage is discussing cancer as a medical condition - specifically various types of cancers including kidney cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer. The passage talks about tumor-suppressor genes and their involvement in these cancers.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" - This is clearly about cancer as a disease/medical condition.

2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - This is about people born under the astrological sign Cancer.

3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini" - This is about the constellation.

4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - "the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22" - This is about the zodiac sign.

5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - "type genus of the family Cancridae" - This is about the genus Cancer (a type of crab).

The context is clearly about medical cancers - kidney cancers, brain cancers, skin cancers, lung cancers, colon cancers. These are all referring to the disease/medical condition, not astrological signs or zoological/astronomical terms.

The answer is sense 1 - cancer as a malignant growth or tumor.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these <t>discoveries</t> will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "discoveries" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."

This is in the context of discussing scientific findings about tumor-suppressor genes and their involvement in various cancers. The scientists have found genes related to colon cancer, lung cancer, etc.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case

The context clearly refers to scientific findings about genes. The scientists are rushing to pinpoint tumor-suppressor genes and have made findings about their involvement in cancer.

Sense 4 is about legal discovery - not relevant here.

Between 1, 2, and 3:
- Sense 1 is about the act/process of discovering
- Sense 2 is about the thing that was discovered
- Sense 3 is about a productive insight/breakthrough

In the context "Where these discoveries will lead," the word refers to the things that have been found/discovered (the genes and their relationships to cancer). The text also says "the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests" - these are the findings themselves.

This is clearly sense 2 - "something that is discovered" - because it refers to the actual findings (the genes and their cancer relationships) rather than the process of discovering them or merely the insight/breakthrough aspect.

Actually, let me reconsider sense 3. A "productive insight" could also fit - these gene discoveries are indeed productive insights. But sense 2 seems more direct - the discoveries are the things that were discovered (the genes).
Sense 2 is the best fit here. The passage treats discoveries as the concrete findings themselves—the identified genes and their cancer associations—rather than the process or abstract insight behind them.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "only" in "scientists can only speculate" means "can merely/simply speculate" or "can do nothing more than speculate." This matches sense 1's definition of "and nothing more" with synonyms "merely, simply, just." The structure is directly comparable to the example "I was merely asking."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the sentence where "only" appears:

"Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can <t>only</t> speculate."

This means "scientists can merely/simply speculate" or "scientists can do nothing but speculate."

Let me check each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
   - This fits well. "Scientists can only speculate" = "scientists can merely/simply speculate" = "scientists can do nothing more than speculate"

2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone
   - This would mean "scientists can exclusively/solely speculate" - possible but less natural

3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result
   - This doesn't fit. There's no "nevertheless" aspect here.

4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome
   - This doesn't fit well for this context.

5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that
   - This doesn't fit.

6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when
   - This doesn't fit.

7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as
   - This doesn't fit at all.

The best fit is sense 1, which defines "only" as "and nothing more" with synonyms "merely, simply, just, but". The example "I was merely asking" is very similar in structure to "scientists can only speculate."
While sense 2 could technically work with an "exclusively" reading, sense 1 is far more natural and idiomatic here, aligning perfectly with the synonyms "merely" and "simply."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: speculate
Target surface form: speculate
Context:
At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only <t>speculate</t>. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=speculate%2:31:01:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=theorize, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=speculate%2:32:00:: | definition=talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason to reach a conclusion | examples=We were speculating whether the President had to resign after the scandal
3. sense_key=speculate%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
4. sense_key=speculate%2:40:00:: | definition=invest at a risk | synonyms=job | examples=I bought this house not because I want to live in it but to sell it later at a good price, so I am speculating

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate" indicates that scientists are reflecting deeply on or contemplating the future implications of their research. This aligns with sense 3's definition of "reflect deeply on a subject" and its synonyms like "ponder," "meditate," and "contemplate." The phrase suggests an ongoing process of thoughtful consideration about uncertain future outcomes, rather than merely forming beliefs (sense 1), casual discussion (sense 2), or financial investment (sense 4).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "speculate" in this sentence:

"Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate."

The context is about scientific research into tumor-suppressor genes and where the discoveries will lead. Scientists are being asked to express their thoughts about the future direction of these discoveries, but the exact outcome is uncertain.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" - This is about forming a belief on uncertain grounds. The context does fit this somewhat, as scientists would be forming beliefs about where discoveries will lead.

2. Sense 2: "talk over conjecturally, or review in an idle or casual way and with an element of doubt or without sufficient reason" - This is about discussing things conjecturally with doubt. The context could fit this, as scientists are being asked to discuss/consider where things will lead.

3. Sense 3: "reflect deeply on a subject" - This is about deep reflection and contemplation. The context does fit this - scientists would be reflecting on where the discoveries might lead. Synonyms include ponder, meditate, contemplate.

4. Sense 4: "invest at a risk" - This is clearly about financial investment, which doesn't fit the context at all.

Looking at the sentence more carefully: "Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate" - the verb here suggests scientists are engaging in thought/reflection about the future. This seems to align best with sense 3 (reflect deeply) or sense 1 (believe on uncertain grounds).

The phrase "can only speculate" suggests that scientists are limited to reflecting on or contemplating the possibilities. This is more about the process of reflection rather than just forming a belief. Sense 3 with its synonyms "ponder," "meditate," "contemplate" seems like the best fit.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two <t>major</t> pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%3:00:06:: | definition=of greater importance or stature or rank | examples=a major artist; a major role
2. sense_key=major%3:00:02:: | definition=greater in scope or effect | examples=a major contribution; a major improvement
3. sense_key=major%3:00:01:: | definition=greater in number or size or amount | examples=a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major
4. sense_key=major%3:00:05:: | definition=of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes | examples=his major field was mathematics
5. sense_key=major%3:00:04:: | definition=of a scale or mode | examples=major scales; the key of D major
6. sense_key=major%3:00:07:: | definition=of greater seriousness or danger | examples=a major earthquake; a major hurricane
7. sense_key=major%3:00:03:: | definition=of full legal age
8. sense_key=major%5:00:00:senior:00 | definition=of the elder of two boys with the same family name | examples=Jones major

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "major" in "two major pharmaceutical companies" refers to pharmaceutical companies of greater importance and stature. Bristol-Myers Squibb and Hoffmann-La Roche are being characterized as significant, prominent players in the pharmaceutical industry. This matches sense 1 (of greater importance or stature or rank), rather than sense 2 (scope/effect) or sense 3 (number/size), because the emphasis is on their standing and prominence in the field.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "major" in this sentence:

"Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters..."

The phrase is "major pharmaceutical companies". I need to determine what "major" means here.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "of greater importance or stature or rank" - examples: a major artist; a major role - This could fit, as it's about importance/stature
2. "greater in scope or effect" - examples: a major contribution; a major improvement - Could fit
3. "greater in number or size or amount" - examples: a major portion (a majority) of the population; Ursa Major - This could fit if it's about size
4. "of the field of academic study in which one concentrates or specializes" - Not applicable here
5. "of a scale or mode" - Not applicable here (music)
6. "of greater seriousness or danger" - examples: a major earthquake; a major hurricane - Not the primary meaning here
7. "of full legal age" - Not applicable here
8. "of the elder of two boys with the same family name" - Not applicable here

The context says "two major pharmaceutical companies" - these are described as important/significant players in the field (Bristol-Myers Squibb and Hoffmann-La Roche are indeed large, important companies).

The word "major" here is describing companies that are:
- Large/important in the pharmaceutical industry
- Significant players

This best fits sense 1 "of greater importance or stature or rank" because the companies are being characterized as important/significant pharmaceutical companies.

Alternatively, it could be sense 2 "greater in scope or effect" because these major companies have broader operations.
Sense 1 captures the intended meaning most accurately—these are prominent, influential pharmaceutical companies rather than minor or lesser-known ones.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unit
Target surface form: unit
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unit%1:23:00:: | definition=any division of quantity accepted as a standard of measurement or exchange | synonyms=unit of measurement | examples=the dollar is the United States unit of currency; a unit of wheat is a bushel
2. sense_key=unit%1:24:00:: | definition=an individual or group or structure or other entity regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole | examples=the reduced the number of units and installations; the word is a basic linguistic unit
3. sense_key=unit%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization regarded as part of a larger social group | synonyms=social unit | examples=the coach said the offensive unit did a good job; after the battle the soldier had trouble rejoining his unit
4. sense_key=unit%1:09:00:: | definition=a single undivided whole | examples=an idea is not a unit that can be moved from one brain to another
5. sense_key=unit%1:17:00:: | definition=a single undivided natural thing occurring in the composition of something else | synonyms=building block | examples=units of nucleic acids
6. sense_key=unit%1:03:00:: | definition=an assemblage of parts that is regarded as a single entity | synonyms=whole | examples=how big is that part compared to the whole?; the team is a unit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The phrase "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co." refers to a division or subsidiary that is part of the larger pharmaceutical company. This matches sense 3, which defines "unit" as "an organization regarded as part of a larger social group." The Squibb unit is a business organization that functions as a constituent part of the larger Bristol-Myers Squibb corporation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "unit" in this passage.

The context is: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb <t>unit</t> of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters..."

In this sentence, "unit" refers to a part or division of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. - specifically, the Squibb division/subsidiary/branch that is part of the larger Bristol-Myers Squibb company.

Let me look at each sense:

1. A standard of measurement or exchange - Not applicable here
2. An individual or group or structure regarded as a structural or functional constituent of a whole - This could work, referring to Squibb as a component of Bristol-Myers Squibb
3. An organization regarded as part of a larger social group - This fits well! The Squibb unit is a business organization that's part of the larger Bristol-Myers Squibb company
4. A single undivided whole - Not applicable
5. A single undivided natural thing in composition - Not applicable here
6. An assemblage of parts regarded as a single entity - Not applicable (it's a part, not the whole)

Sense 3 seems most appropriate because:
- "the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co." clearly refers to an organizational division
- It's described as part of a larger social/organizational group
- The synonym "social unit" aligns with how organizations can be referred to as units
- The example "the coach said the offensive unit did a good job" shows a similar usage where a unit is a division/group within a larger organization

Sense 2 could also work, but sense 3 is more specific to organizational contexts, which is what we have here.
The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: collaborate
Target surface form: collaborating
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are <t>collaborating</t> with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:00:: | definition=work together on a common enterprise of project | synonyms=join forces, cooperate, get together | examples=The soprano and the pianist did not get together very well; We joined forces with another research group
2. sense_key=collaborate%2:41:01:: | definition=cooperate as a traitor | examples=he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows pharmaceutical companies working together with gene hunters on a shared scientific enterprise—developing predictive tests and new therapies. This is straightforward professional collaboration on a common project, not cooperation with an enemy or traitor activity. Sense 1 ("work together on a common enterprise of project") is the clear fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "collaborating" to determine which sense is most appropriate.

Context analysis:
"Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

In this context, the pharmaceutical companies are working together with gene hunters in a professional capacity to develop medical tests and therapies. This is clearly a positive, legitimate cooperative effort in scientific research.

Let me examine the two senses:

Sense 1: "work together on a common enterprise of project" with synonyms like "join forces, cooperate, get together" and examples of researchers joining forces.
- This fits the context perfectly. The pharmaceutical companies are working together with gene hunters on a common enterprise (developing predictive tests and therapies).

Sense 2: "cooperate as a traitor" - This refers to collaborating with an enemy or occupying force, as in the example "he collaborated with the Nazis when they occupied Paris."
- This is clearly not applicable. The context is about legitimate scientific collaboration, not treason or betrayal.

The correct sense is clearly Sense 1, which describes normal cooperative work on a shared project.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hunter
Target surface form: hunters
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene <t>hunters</t> to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hunter%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who hunts game | synonyms=huntsman
2. sense_key=hunter%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who searches for something | examples=a treasure hunter
3. sense_key=hunter%1:17:00:: | definition=a constellation on the equator to the east of Taurus; contains Betelgeuse and Rigel | synonyms=Orion
4. sense_key=hunter%1:06:00:: | definition=a watch with a hinged metal lid to protect the crystal | synonyms=hunting watch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "hunters" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

The context is clearly about cancer research and genetic discoveries. The phrase "gene hunters" refers to researchers/scientists who are searching for genes (specifically genes related to cancer).

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "someone who hunts game" (huntsman) - This is about hunting animals, which doesn't fit the context at all.

2. "a person who searches for something" with example "a treasure hunter" - This is clearly the right sense. The "gene hunters" are people searching for genes, just like a "treasure hunter" searches for treasure. This is a metaphorical use of "hunter" to mean someone who searches for something.

3. "a constellation on the equator" (Orion) - This is an astronomical sense, completely irrelevant.

4. "a watch with a hinged metal lid" - This is a specific type of watch, irrelevant to the context.

The best sense is clearly sense 2: "a person who searches for something". This fits perfectly with "gene hunters" - scientists/researchers searching for genes related to cancer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to <t>turn</t> the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 16}
```

The phrase "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies" indicates a transformation or conversion of one thing into another. Sense 16 ("cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics") with examples like "The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold" directly matches this context of converting discoveries into tests and therapies.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word "turn" appears in:

"Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

So the phrase is "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and new therapies."

This is clearly about transforming or converting something. The pattern "turn X into Y" indicates a transformation or conversion.

Looking at the candidate senses:

16. "cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics" with examples "The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold"

This is exactly the sense we need. The context is about converting/transforming discoveries into tests and therapies, which matches sense 16 perfectly. The syntax "turn [something] into [something else]" is characteristic of this sense.

Sense 2 (change to a contrary position) doesn't fit.
Sense 3 (undergo a change - intransitive) doesn't fit because "turn" here is transitive.
Sense 16 is clearly the best match with its definition "cause to change or turn into something different" and examples using "turn into".

The answer should be sense_index 16.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discoveries
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of <t>discoveries</t> into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes pharmaceutical companies collaborating "to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies." The word "discoveries" refers to the concrete findings and results of genetic research—the genes and insights about cancer that have been identified. This is best captured by sense 2, "something that is discovered," rather than the act of discovering (sense 1) or a productive insight/breakthrough (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "discoveries" in this sentence:

"Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of <t>discoveries</t> into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

The context is about genetic discoveries related to cancer research. The passage discusses:
- Finding genes involved in colon cancer and lung cancer
- The retinoblastoma suppressor gene's involvement in various cancers
- Scientists speculating about where these findings will lead
- Pharmaceutical companies wanting to turn these discoveries into predictive tests and therapies

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. **sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering**
   - This refers to the act or process of discovering
   - This could fit, as the context talks about turning discoveries into tests

2. **sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered**
   - This refers to the thing that is discovered (the findings themselves)
   - This fits well: the "discoveries" are the genes and insights about cancer genes that have been found

3. **sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find**
   - This refers to a breakthrough or productive insight
   - This could also fit, as these discoveries represent breakthroughs in cancer research

4. **sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case**
   - This is clearly a legal term
   - This doesn't apply to the context at all

The key is distinguishing between senses 1, 2, and 3.

Looking at the context "turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests," the discoveries are being treated as concrete results/findings that can be turned into something else. This suggests sense 2 or possibly sense 3.
The emphasis on transforming these discoveries into practical applications—therapies and diagnostic tests—points toward sense 3, where "breakthrough" captures the significance of these genetic findings. While sense 2 (the genes themselves as discovered objects) is also valid, the passage frames these discoveries as major advances with productive value, making the breakthrough interpretation more fitting.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, <t>new</t> therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The context describes pharmaceutical companies developing therapies based on new genetic discoveries. The phrase "new therapies" refers to therapies that would be newly created or recently developed as a result of these genetic advances. This matches sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." The example "a new law; new cars" parallels the usage of therapies that would be recently developed.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "new" is used:

"Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies."

The context is about pharmaceutical companies developing therapies based on genetic discoveries. The "new therapies" refers to therapies that don't currently exist - therapies that would be created/developed as a result of these genetic discoveries.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being" - This could fit, as the therapies would be recently created.

2. "original and of a kind not seen before" (novel) - This could fit, as these would be novel/unprecedented therapies based on new genetic discoveries.

3. "lacking training or experience" - Doesn't fit.

4. "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" (unprecedented) - This could fit, as these would be novel therapies.

5. "other than the former one(s); different" - This could fit.

6. "unaffected by use or exposure" - Doesn't fit in this context.

7. "gratuitously new" (newfangled) - Doesn't fit.

8-11. Not relevant.

The most fitting sense appears to be sense 1 or 2. Sense 1 emphasizes that something has "just come into being or been made" which matches the idea of therapies that would be developed. Sense 2 emphasizes "original and of a kind not seen before" which matches the idea that these would be novel therapies based on unprecedented genetic discoveries.

Given the context about "anticipated cascade of discoveries" leading to "new therapies," sense 2 (original and of a kind not seen before) seems most appropriate because these therapies would be novel discoveries based on genetic research. However, sense 1 is also very plausible.
Sense 1 best captures the meaning here—these therapies would be newly created things emerging from the genetic research, making the straightforward interpretation of "recently come into being" the most fitting.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers <t>say</t> new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "say" to determine the best sense.

Context: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

In this sentence, the researchers are reporting or maintaining that new cancer drugs may be based on certain proteins. They're expressing a viewpoint or claim about what might happen with cancer drugs.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "express in words" (state, tell) - General meaning of saying something
2. "report or maintain" (allege, aver) - To report or claim something
3. "express a supposition" (suppose) - Express a hypothetical or guess
4. "have or contain a certain wording or form" (read) - About text/written form
5. "give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority" (order, tell) - Commanding
6. "speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way" (pronounce, articulate) - About pronunciation
7. "communicate or express nonverbally" - Non-verbal communication
8. "utter aloud" - Speaking words
9. "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - Opinion/judgment
10. "recite or repeat a fixed text" - Reciting
11. "indicate" - To point out or show

In the context, "researchers say new cancer drugs... may be based on..." - the researchers are expressing a belief, opinion, or claim about cancer drugs. This seems to fit best with:

- Sense 2: "report or maintain" - They're reporting a view about cancer drugs
- Sense 1: "express in words" - General expression
- Sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - Declaring their opinion
- Looking at the examples provided, sense 2 shows "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war" which matches this pattern of reporting a claim. However, sense 1 is the most fundamental—"express in words" with examples like "He said that he wanted to marry her"—and captures the basic act of the researchers articulating their position about cancer drugs.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say <t>new</t> cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "new" in this sentence:

"Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

The phrase "new cancer drugs" refers to drugs that have not yet been created or discovered - they are anticipated, as mentioned in the context ("turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies").

Let me examine each sense:

1. "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - This fits. These drugs are in development, not yet existing.

2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - This could fit, but it emphasizes originality/novelty rather than recency.

3. "lacking training or experience" - Doesn't fit; the drugs aren't inexperienced.

4. "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" - Possible, but the context doesn't emphasize this.

5. "other than the former one(s); different" - Doesn't fit well in this context.

6. "unaffected by use or exposure" - Doesn't fit; not about physical condition.

7. "gratuitously new/newfangled" - Doesn't fit; not expressing disdain.

8. "in use after medieval times" - Not relevant.

9. "being the current stage in its development" - Not relevant.

10. "harvested at an early stage of development" - Not relevant.

11. "unfamiliar" - Could fit, but less precise than option 1.

The best fit is sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." The context talks about drugs that are anticipated based on discoveries, meaning they are in the process of being developed but don't yet exist in common use.

This aligns with how "new" describes something that has recently been made or discovered rather than something established or familiar.