[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
"The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater <t>problem</t>: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "problem" here.

The sentence is: "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers."

The context explains that the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers is concerned about declining numbers of bell ringers. The "problem" being referred to is "lack of ringers" - a practical, real-world difficulty that needs to be addressed.

Now let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. Sense 1 (problem%1:26:00::): "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" | Examples: "she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him"
   - This refers to a state of difficulty, personal or interpersonal
   - The examples are about relationship problems and difficulty contacting someone

2. Sense 2 (problem%1:10:00::): "a question raised for consideration or solution" | Examples: "our homework consisted of ten problems to solve"
   - This is about mathematical or academic problems - questions to be solved
   - Specific to educational/intellectual problems

3. Sense 3 (problem%1:09:00::): "a source of difficulty" | synonyms: trouble | Examples: "one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?"
   - This is about something that causes difficulty
   - The examples show practical difficulties

In the context, "lack of ringers" is a source of difficulty - it's a practical problem that's causing difficulty for the church and the bell ringing organizations. This is not an academic problem (sense 2), and while it could fit sense 1, sense 3 seems most appropriate as it emphasizes the "source of difficulty" aspect.

Looking at the example "one trouble after another delayed the job" - this is very similar to our context where the lack of ringers is delaying/preventing the continuation of bell ringing activities.
Sense 3 best captures what's happening here—the shortage of ringers is an obstacle creating real impediment to the bell ringing work.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
"The sound of bells is a net to draw people into the church, "he says. "I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of <t>ringers</t>. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates that "ringers" refers to people who ring church bells. The passage discusses "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers," trained bellringers, and the shortage of people to ring church bells. This directly corresponds to sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)."

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "ringer" is being used.

The context discusses:
- Bell ringing and church bells
- "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers" - a parliament of ringing groups
- Discussion about people who ring bells in churches
- Training bellringers
- "only 40,000 of them still ring" - referring to trained bellringers

The target word "ringers" appears in: "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers."

In this context, it's clearly referring to people who ring church bells. The passage is entirely about church bell ringing, bell ringers, and the lack of people trained to ring church bells.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - This fits perfectly with the context about church bell ringers, the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, and trained bellringers.

2. "a person who is almost identical to another" - This doesn't fit the context at all.

3. "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - This doesn't fit either.

4. "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg" - This is about horseshoes, not church bells.

The answer is clearly sense 1, which is indexed as sense_index 1 (or 0 if zero-indexed, but typically WordNet uses 1-indexing).

Since the task asks me to return only the index, and the sense is "ringer%1:18:02::" which appears to be sense 1 (the first one listed), I should return {"sense_index": 1}.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survey
Target surface form: survey
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One <t>survey</t> says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survey%1:04:02:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=study
2. sense_key=survey%1:10:00:: | definition=short descriptive summary (of events) | synonyms=sketch, resume
3. sense_key=survey%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of looking or seeing or observing | synonyms=view, sight | examples=he tried to get a better view of it; his survey of the battlefield was limited

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "survey" refers to a detailed investigation or study that gathered statistical data about bell ringers in England. In this context, it's clearly a systematic study that examined a population (trained bell ringers) and produced findings/conclusions about how many still actively ring bells. This matches sense 1 - "a detailed critical inspection" with the synonym "study" - rather than sense 2 (a brief summary) or sense 3 (simply observing/looking).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "survey" in this passage.

The sentence is: "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring."

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=survey%1:04:02:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=study
   - This refers to a detailed critical inspection or study

2. sense_key=survey%1:10:00:: | definition=short descriptive summary (of events) | synonyms=sketch, resume
   - This refers to a short descriptive summary

3. sense_key=survey%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of looking or seeing or observing | synonyms=view, sight
   - This refers to the act of looking, seeing, or observing

In the context, "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring" - this is clearly referring to a study or investigation that provides statistical information about bell ringers. This is more like a systematic study or poll that collects data and makes observations/conclusions.

This best fits sense 1 - "a detailed critical inspection" or "study" - because surveys are methodical investigations that examine a population or subject in detail to gather information.

It's not sense 2 (short descriptive summary) because a survey involves more than just summarizing events.

It's not sense 3 (the act of looking or seeing) in the simple sense - while surveys do involve observation, the usage here is clearly about a structured study/investigation.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey <t>says</t> that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The phrase "One survey says that..." is using "says" in the sense of "have or contain a certain wording or form." The survey is presenting or containing information/findings, similar to the example "What does the law say?" Here, the survey (like a written report or set of data) contains or conveys a particular statement or finding about the number of bellringers.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring."

Here, "says" is being used with "survey" as the subject. The survey is reporting or conveying information/a statement about bellringers. The survey is presenting a fact or claim about the number of bellringers.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. express in words - "He said that he wanted to marry her" - This is about expressing something verbally
2. report or maintain - "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - This is about reporting or claiming something
3. express a supposition - "Let us say that he did not tell the truth" - This is about supposing
4. have or contain a certain wording or form - "The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?" - This is about what is written/stated
5. give instructions - This is about ordering/commanding
6. speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way - This is about pronunciation
7. communicate or express nonverbally - "What does this painting say?" - This is about non-verbal communication
8. utter aloud - She said 'Hello'
9. state as one's opinion or judgement - "I say let's forget this whole business"
10. recite or repeat a fixed text
11. indicate - "The clock says noon"

In the context "One survey says that...", the survey is presenting information or making a claim. The survey is effectively reporting something. This seems closest to sense 2 (report or maintain) or sense 4 (have or contain a certain wording or form) or even sense 1 (express in words).

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 4 with the example "What does the law say?" - this fits well when we say "the survey says" because the survey contains/presents certain information or findings.
Sense 4 appears most fitting—the survey contains and presents specific findings, much like asking what the law states. While sense 2 captures the reporting aspect, sense 4 better captures how the survey functions as a vessel of information being consulted for what it contains.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell_ringer
Target surface form: bellringers
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained <t>bellringers</t> in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell_ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, ringer
2. sense_key=bell_ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who plays musical handbells
3. sense_key=bell_ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=something that exactly succeeds in achieving its goal | synonyms=bull's eye, mark, home run | examples=the new advertising campaign was a bell ringer; scored a bull's eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to people who ring church bells. The passage discusses "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers," mentions "the joys of bell ringing," references "trained bellringers in England," and discusses where "the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches." This is unambiguously about people who ring church bells to summon congregations, which matches sense 1.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "bellringers".

The context discusses:
- "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers" - a parliament of ringing groups
- Aims to improve relations with vicars
- Speaks about "the joys of bell ringing"
- A survey mentions "100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring"
- References to "ringers" who "do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches"

Let me examine each sense:

1. "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - This fits perfectly. The context is about church bell ringers, church bell ringing, and the discussion about trained bellringers in England who ring bells in churches.

2. "someone who plays musical handbells" - This refers to musical handbells specifically. While this could be related to bell ringing, the context here is specifically about church bells that are rung to summon congregations, not musical handbells.

3. "something that exactly succeeds in achieving its goal" - This is a figurative/metaphorical sense. The context here is literal - it's talking about actual people who ring actual church bells.

The context clearly indicates sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)". This is about church bell ringers in England, the Council of Church Bell Ringers, and the discussion of trained bellringers who ring bells in churches.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: today
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England <t>today</t>, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "today" in this context refers to the present time or current era ("the present time or age"), not to the specific calendar day. The sentence uses "today" to indicate the current period when surveys show the state of bellringing in England, contrasting with the past when there may have been more active ringers. This aligns with sense 1's definition and examples like "the world of today; today we have computers."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "today" is being used.

The sentence is: "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring."

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. "the present time or age" - This refers to the current era or period in general, often used to contrast with other time periods (past or future).

2. "the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow)" - This refers to the specific calendar day we are currently in.

In the context, "today" is being used to indicate the current time period when this survey was conducted - it's talking about how many bellringers are trained "today" (in the present time/era) versus historical numbers. The phrase "of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today" is referring to the present era/time period, not literally just this one calendar day.

If it were sense 2, we'd expect it to be talking about something that happened specifically on this one day. But instead, it's talking about the current state of affairs in the present era.

This is sense 1: "the present time or age" - examples include "the world of today; today we have computers" which is very similar to our usage here: "the bellringers in England today."

So the answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, <t>only</t> 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "only" in the context "only 40,000 of them still ring" is used to indicate that 40,000 is the sole or limited number remaining, meaning "and nothing more" or "just." The synonyms "merely" and "just" fit this usage perfectly, as it expresses a restriction or limitation on the count of active bell ringers despite there being 100,000 trained ones. This matches sense 1's definition and examples.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "only":

The sentence is: "One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring."

This is stating that 40,000 is the total number of active ringers out of 100,000 trained ones. The word "only" is being used to indicate exclusivity or a limitation - that just 40,000 (and no more) still ring, despite there being 100,000 trained.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "and nothing more" - synonyms: merely, simply, just, but. This is about something being simple or minimal in nature. Example: "I was merely asking" - this fits the meaning of "only" as "just" or "simply."

2. "without any others being included or involved" - synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone. This is about exclusivity or alone. Example: "was entirely to blame" - this suggests exclusive involvement.

3. "with nevertheless the final result" - This is about arriving to find something unexpected happened. This doesn't fit.

4. "in the final outcome" - about upset consequences. Doesn't fit.

5. "except that" - used as a conjunction meaning "but." Doesn't fit the context.

6. "never except when" - conditional sense. Doesn't fit.

7. "as recently as" - temporal sense. Doesn't fit.

Now, looking at the context: "of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring."

The word "only" here means that out of 100,000, just 40,000 remain active. This is a restriction or limitation. It's saying "no more than" or "just" 40,000.
Both senses 1 and 2 could apply here. Sense 1 captures the idea that 40,000 is all that's left—nothing more—while sense 2 emphasizes that these 40,000 are the exclusive group still ringing. The synonyms "just" and "merely" from sense 1 align most closely with how "only" functions in this sentence, expressing a minimal or restricted quantity.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: still
Target surface form: still
Context:
"I live in hopes that the ringers themselves will be drawn into that fuller life. "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them <t>still</t> ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=still%4:02:01:: | definition=with reference to action or condition; without change, interruption, or cessation | examples=it's still warm outside; will you still love me when we're old and grey?
2. sense_key=still%4:02:04:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
3. sense_key=still%4:02:00:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, yet | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=still%4:02:02:: | definition=without moving or making a sound | synonyms=stock-still | examples=he sat still as a statue; time stood still

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "still" in this sentence:

"One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them <t>still</t> ring."

The sentence is saying that 40,000 trained bellringers continue to ring bells (even though there are 100,000 trained bellringers in total). The word "still" here means "continue to do so" or "up to this time" or "without change."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=still%4:02:01:: "with reference to action or condition; without change, interruption, or cessation" - Examples: "it's still warm outside; will you still love me when we're old and grey?" This fits perfectly. The context is asking whether these trained bellringers continue to ring (ongoing action without cessation).

2. sense_key=still%4:02:04:: "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)" - Examples show concessive use like "although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it" - This doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=still%4:02:00:: "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" - Examples: "looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem" - This is about comparative degree, which doesn't fit here.

4. sense_key=still%4:02:02:: "without moving or making a sound" - Examples: "he sat still as a statue; time stood still" - This is about physical stillness, which doesn't fit.

The best answer is sense 1 (sense_key=still%4:02:01::), which means the trained bellringers continue to ring without cessation/interruption. The index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, <t>ringers</t> do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "ringers" is being used.

The context is about:
- Church Bell Ringers (Central Council of Church Bell Ringers)
- Bell ringing
- Bell ringers in England
- A discussion about lack of ringers
- Ringers in small rural parishes and inner-city churches
- A program to attract and train ringers

The passage is clearly discussing church bell ringers - people who ring church bells.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
   - This is clearly about church bell ringers, which matches the context perfectly.

2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
   - This is about someone who looks like someone else. Not relevant to the context.

3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
   - This is about someone entering a competition fraudulently. Not relevant.

4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg
   - This is about horseshoes/quoits game. Not relevant.

The context is unambiguously about church bell ringers. The passage talks about "bellringers" explicitly, discusses the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, and discusses training ringers to ring bells in churches.

The best match is sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: always
Target surface form: always
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not <t>always</t> live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=always%4:02:00:: | definition=at all times; all the time and on every occasion | synonyms=ever, e'er | examples=I will always be there to help you; always arrives on time
2. sense_key=always%4:02:04:: | definition=without variation or change, in every case | synonyms=constantly, invariably | examples=constantly kind and gracious; he always arrives on time
3. sense_key=always%4:02:03:: | definition=without interruption | synonyms=constantly, forever, perpetually, incessantly | examples=the world is constantly changing
4. sense_key=always%4:02:02:: | definition=at any time or in any event | examples=you can always resign if you don't like it; you could always take a day off
5. sense_key=always%4:02:01:: | definition=forever; throughout all time | examples=we will always be friends; I shall treasure it always

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung" means that it is not the case in every situation or instance that ringers live in the necessary locations. This aligns with sense 2's definition of "without variation or change, in every case" (invariably), expressing that they don't invariably/consistently live where needed—not all cases have ringers present where required.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "always" is being used.

The sentence is: "Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches."

This is saying that ringers don't necessarily always live in locations where they're needed. The phrase "do not always live" means "it's not necessarily the case that they live" or "they don't consistently/invariably live."

Let me look at each sense:

1. "at all times; all the time and on every occasion" - This means continuously/perpetually. This fits the meaning of "not at all times" or "not on every occasion."

2. "without variation or change, in every case" / "invariably" - This also fits. "Don't always live" = "don't invariably live" = they don't live there in every case.

3. "without interruption" / "constantly, forever, perpetually, incessantly" - This is similar to sense 1, emphasizing continuous action without interruption.

4. "at any time or in any event" - This is used in conditional contexts like "you can always resign." This doesn't fit here.

5. "forever; throughout all time" - This refers to eternal time. Doesn't fit here.

Looking at the context more carefully: "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung"

This is essentially saying: "It is not the case that ringers always (at all times/in all cases/invariably) live where the bells need to be rung."

The most natural interpretation is sense 1 or 2. Both work, but:
- Sense 1 emphasizes "all the time and on every occasion"
- Sense 2 emphasizes "in every case" and uses "invariably"

Given the context of living in different places, sense 2 (without variation or change, in every case / invariably) seems most appropriate because it's about the consistency or lack thereof across different cases/situations.
Sense 1 and 2 are quite similar in practice. Looking at how they're used—"always arrives on time" works for both—the distinction is subtle. But in this context about ringers and where they live, the focus is on whether they live in the needed location across different situations, which aligns more with sense 2's emphasis on "in every case" rather than just temporal frequency.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: live
Target surface form: live
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always <t>live</t> where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=live%2:42:08:: | definition=inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of | synonyms=populate, dwell, inhabit | examples=People lived in Africa millions of years ago; The people inhabited the islands that are now deserted
2. sense_key=live%2:42:06:: | definition=lead a certain kind of life; live in a certain style | examples=we had to live frugally after the war
3. sense_key=live%2:42:04:: | definition=continue to live through hardship or adversity | synonyms=survive, last, live on, go, endure, hold up | examples=We went without water and food for 3 days; These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America
4. sense_key=live%2:42:01:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=exist, survive, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?
5. sense_key=live%2:42:00:: | definition=have life, be alive | synonyms=be | examples=Our great leader is no more; My grandfather lived until the end of war
6. sense_key=live%2:31:00:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=know, experience | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
7. sense_key=live%2:42:07:: | definition=pursue a positive and satisfying existence | examples=You must accept yourself and others if you really want to live

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context indicates that bell ringers "do not always live where the bells need to be rung." This clearly refers to where people reside or are located geographically, matching the definition "inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of" with synonyms like dwell and inhabit. This is distinct from the other senses which relate to lifestyle, survival, or existence more broadly.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches."

The word "live" here is being used to mean "reside" or "inhabit" - where the bell ringers are located/situated. The article is discussing the problem that trained bell ringers don't reside in the places where the bells that need ringing are located.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of" - This fits! The example "People lived in Africa millions of years ago" shows this meaning of being located in/inhabiting a place.

2. "lead a certain kind of life; live in a certain style" - This is about how one lives their life, not about location/residence.

3. "continue to live through hardship or adversity" - This is about surviving, not about location.

4. "support oneself" - This is about making a living financially, not about location.

5. "have life, be alive" - This is the most basic sense of being alive, not about location.

6. "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" - This is about experiencing, not location.

7. "pursue a positive and satisfying existence" - This is about lifestyle, not location.

The best fit is clearly sense 1 (sense_key=live%2:42:08::), which means "inhabit or live in; be an inhabitant of". The context shows that ringers don't live (reside/inhabit) where the bells need to be rung.

So the answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the <t>bells</t> need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "bells" is being used.

The context is about the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, discussing bell ringing in churches. Specifically, the passage mentions:
- "The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers"
- "about the joys of bell ringing"
- "100,000 trained bellringers in England today"
- "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches"

The word "bells" in context refers to the physical church bells that are rung in churches. The text is discussing the actual bells themselves in church buildings.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This is the basic definition of a bell as a physical object
2. "a push button at an outer door" (doorbell) - Not relevant
3. "the sound of a bell being struck" - This is about the sound, not the physical bell
4. Nautical bells - Not relevant in this church context
5. "the shape of a bell" - Not about the actual bells being rung
6-8. These are about people named Bell - Not relevant
9. "percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" (chime) - This is about musical bells, not church bells
10. "the flared opening of a tubular device" - Not relevant

The context clearly refers to the actual church bells as physical objects that are rung in churches. This matches sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - which is the definition of a bell as a physical object.

Sense 3 (the sound of bells) would be about "the bells" as the sounds, not the physical objects.

The best match is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: need
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells <t>need</t> to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "need" in "the bells need to be rung" refers to a requirement or necessity. The bells require to be rung—ringing is necessary for them. This matches sense 1, which defines the word as "require as useful, just, or proper" with the synonym "require." The context shows that ringing is a necessary function for the bells, particularly in rural parishes and inner-city churches.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "need" in the sentence:

"Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches."

In this context, "need to be rung" means that the bells require or are required to be rung. Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work

This sense means "require" and is used when something requires or necessitates something else. The examples show "takes nerve" and "requires hard work" - both indicating that something is needed/required.

2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner

This sense means to lack something or to have a need for something. The example shows a piano that "wants attention" - meaning it lacks attention and needs it.

3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

This sense is about having or feeling a need for something - a more personal or emotional need.

In the context "the bells need to be rung," this is saying that the bells require to be rung, or that ringing is required/necessary for the bells. This is more about a requirement or necessity rather than a personal need or lack.

Sense 1 (require as useful, just, or proper) seems most appropriate. The bells need (require, necessitate) to be rung. This is about what is necessary or required for the bells.

Sense 2 is also possible, as it can mean "have need of" - the bells have a need to be rung. But sense 1 seems more precisely about the requirement/necessity aspect.
Sense 1 captures the core meaning here—it's fundamentally about what's necessary or obligatory for the bells, not about a personal lack or desire.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ring
Target surface form: rung
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be <t>rung</t> -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ring%2:39:00:: | definition=sound loudly and sonorously | synonyms=peal | examples=the bells rang
2. sense_key=ring%2:39:04:: | definition=ring or echo with sound | synonyms=resound, echo, reverberate | examples=the hall resounded with laughter
3. sense_key=ring%2:39:01:: | definition=make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification | synonyms=knell | examples=Ring the bells; My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church
4. sense_key=ring%2:32:00:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=call, telephone, call up, phone | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
5. sense_key=ring%2:35:03:: | definition=extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle | synonyms=surround, environ, skirt, border | examples=The forest surrounds my property
6. sense_key=ring%2:35:00:: | definition=attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify | synonyms=band | examples=ring birds; band the geese to observe their migratory patterns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 3
}
```

The context is explicitly about bell ringing in churches. The phrase "where the bells need to be rung" refers to the act of causing bells to ring as part of church bell-ringing practice. Sense 3 specifically defines the meaning as "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification," which directly matches both the target word and the surrounding context about trained bell ringers and church bell ringing. The example "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church" further supports this sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "rung," which is the past participle of "ring."

The context is about bell ringers and church bells. The specific sentence is: "Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be <t>rung</t> -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches."

This is clearly talking about bells being rung (made to ring), in the context of church bell ringing.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "sound loudly and sonorously" - This is about the bells producing sound. This could fit, but the focus is on causing the bells to ring.

2. "ring or echo with sound" - This is about the sound echoing/reverberating. This is more passive and about the resulting sound.

3. "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification" - This is specifically about making bells ring, and the example mentions "Ring the bells" and "My uncle rings every Sunday at the local church." This seems like the most direct match. The definition explicitly mentions making bells ring, and the context is about bell ringing.

4. "get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone" - This is clearly about telephone calls, not relevant.

5. "extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle" - This is about surrounding, not relevant.

6. "attach a ring to the foot of, in order to identify" - This is about birds or other animals being banded, not relevant.

The best match is clearly sense 3, which is specifically about making bells ring. The context is about bell ringers and whether bells need to be rung in certain places. This aligns perfectly with "make (bells) ring, often for the purposes of musical edification."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: small
Target surface form: small
Context:
The Central Council of Church Bell Ringers, a sort of parliament of ringing groups, aims to improve relations with vicars, says John C. Baldwin, president. It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in <t>small</t>, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=small%3:00:00:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=little | examples=a little dining room; a little house
2. sense_key=small%5:00:00:limited:00 | definition=limited in size or scope | synonyms=minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size, pocket-sized | examples=a small business; a newspaper with a modest circulation
3. sense_key=small%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=little | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
4. sense_key=small%5:00:00:little:03 | definition=slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope | examples=a series of death struggles with small time in between
5. sense_key=small%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, low, lowly, modest | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
6. sense_key=small%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=little, minuscule | examples=little a; small a
7. sense_key=small%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=little | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
8. sense_key=small%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=have fine or very small constituent particles | examples=a small misty rain
9. sense_key=small%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=not large but sufficient in size or amount | synonyms=modest | examples=a modest salary; modest inflation
10. sense_key=small%5:00:00:decreased:00 | definition=made to seem smaller or less (especially in worth) | synonyms=belittled, diminished | examples=her comments made me feel small

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "small" in the phrase "small, rural parishes" describes parishes that are limited in size or scope. This aligns with sense 2, which defines "small" as "limited in size or scope" and provides similar examples like "a small business." The context indicates that certain parishes are small geographic or organizational units where bell ringers may not be available.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "small" in this sentence:

"Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches."

The word "small" is describing parishes. We need to determine which sense of "small" applies here.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent" - This is a general definition that could work
2. "limited in size or scope" - This fits well with describing parishes as small in size or scope
3. "(of children and animals) young, immature" - Not applicable, parishes aren't young
4. "slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope" - Could work, but less specific
5. "low or inferior in station or quality" - Not applicable to size
6. "lowercase" - Not applicable
7. "(of a voice) faint" - Not applicable
8. "have fine or very small constituent particles" - Not applicable
9. "not large but sufficient in size or amount" - Could work
10. "made to seem smaller or less" - Not the right meaning

In the context of "small, rural parishes," the word "small" is describing the physical size or scope of the parishes. The most appropriate sense is one that describes something being limited in size or scope.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate: "limited in size or scope" with the example "a small business" which parallels "small parishes."

However, Sense 1 is also very general and could work. But Sense 2 is more specific to the use case of describing organizations/places.

Let me reconsider: Sense 2 talks about "limited in size or scope" and includes examples like "a small business; a newspaper with a modest circulation." The phrase "small parishes" fits well within this sense, as parishes are organizations/geographic areas that can be described as limited in size or scope.
Sense 2 is the best fit here. The example of "a small business" directly parallels how "small parishes" describes organizations with limited geographic or administrative scope.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: council
Target surface form: council
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the <t>council</t>'s program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=council%1:14:01:: | definition=a body serving in an administrative capacity | examples=student council
2. sense_key=council%1:14:02:: | definition=(Christianity) an assembly of theologians and bishops and other representatives of different churches or dioceses that is convened to regulate matters of discipline or doctrine
3. sense_key=council%1:14:00:: | definition=a meeting of people for consultation | examples=emergency council

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The council in this context is an administrative body responsible for organizing programs to attract and train bell ringers, conducting surveys, and publishing instructional materials. This matches the definition of "a body serving in an administrative capacity" rather than either a theological assembly (sense 2) or a temporary meeting (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "council" in this passage.

The passage is about bell ringing in churches. It mentions:
- Mr. Baldwin speaking about the Council's program
- The council has a program to attract and train ringers
- The council publishes booklets and surveys
- The council has plans to speak to students at theological colleges

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a body serving in an administrative capacity" - This is a general administrative body. The council in this context appears to be an administrative body responsible for bell ringing programs.

2. "(Christianity) an assembly of theologians and bishops and other representatives of different churches or dioceses that is convened to regulate matters of discipline or doctrine" - This is specifically about religious councils that regulate doctrine and discipline. While this is a church-related context, the passage doesn't indicate that the council is about doctrine or discipline in this theological sense. It's about bell ringing, not doctrine.

3. "a meeting of people for consultation" - This refers to a temporary meeting, not an ongoing organization.

Given the context:
- The council has programs, surveys, and publications
- It's an organization that operates over time (it has programs, publishes booklets, conducts surveys)
- It's related to bell ringing in churches, but not about theological doctrine or discipline
- It's described as having an ongoing "program" to attract and train ringers

This best matches sense 1 - "a body serving in an administrative capacity" - referring to what appears to be the Central Council of Church Bell Ringers or a similar administrative body.

Sense 2 doesn't fit because the council is not about regulating doctrine or discipline.

Sense 3 doesn't fit because this is clearly an ongoing organization, not a meeting.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's <t>program</t> to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

The context describes a council's coordinated initiative "to attract and train ringers" designed to address the public need of having insufficient trained bell ringers, particularly in rural parishes and inner-city churches. This matches sense 2, which defines "program" as "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need." The examples given (public works, day care program) are comparable to this church bell-ringing recruitment and training initiative.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "program" in this sentence:

"But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

The context is about:
- A council trying to attract and train bell ringers
- The council has a specific initiative/plan to achieve this goal
- The program is described as "only partly successful"

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished" - synonyms: plan, programme. This is about a general plan/series of steps.

2. "a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need" - synonyms: programme. Examples include public works, day care program. This is about a system designed to address a public need.

3. "a radio or television show" - Not relevant here.

4. "a document stating the aims and principles of a political party" - Not relevant.

5. "an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event" - Not relevant.

6. "an integrated course of academic studies" - Not relevant.

7. "(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute" - Not relevant.

8. "a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation" - Not relevant.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 is about a plan/series of steps
- Sense 2 is about a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need

The council's "program to attract and train ringers" is both a plan AND it's meant to serve a public need (helping churches with their bell ringing). It's a coordinated initiative with multiple components (attracting ringers, training ringers).

Sense 2 seems more appropriate because it emphasizes the systematic nature of the program and that it's designed to meet a specific public need (the shortage of bell ringers in churches). It's not just a simple plan, but a "system of projects or services intended to meet a public need."
Sense 2 is the correct answer. The council's initiative goes beyond a basic plan—it's a structured system of coordinated projects (recruitment and training) designed to address a genuine public need (the shortage of bell ringers).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attract
Target surface form: attract
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to <t>attract</t> and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attract%2:35:00:: | definition=direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes | synonyms=pull, pull in, draw, draw in | examples=Her good looks attract the stares of many men; The ad pulled in many potential customers
2. sense_key=attract%2:37:00:: | definition=be attractive to | synonyms=appeal | examples=The idea of a vacation appeals to me; The beautiful garden attracted many people
3. sense_key=attract%2:35:01:: | definition=exert a force on (a body) causing it to approach or prevent it from moving away | examples=the gravitational pull of a planet attracts other bodies

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes a council program working to "attract and train ringers" - actively drawing in new participants to bell ringing. This matches sense 1, which emphasizes the directional pulling or drawing aspect ("pull in," "draw in") used to recruit people toward an activity. The program is using psychological and motivational means to direct people toward bell ringing, similar to how "The ad pulled in many potential customers" in the provided example.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "attract" is being used.

The sentence is: "But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes" - synonyms: pull, pull in, draw, draw in. Examples: "Her good looks attract the stares of many men; The ad pulled in many potential customers"

2. Sense 2: "be attractive to" - synonyms: appeal. Examples: "The idea of a vacation appeals to me; The beautiful garden attracted many people"

3. Sense 3: "exert a force on (a body) causing it to approach or prevent it from moving away" - examples about gravitational pull

In this context, the council's program is trying to "attract and train ringers" - meaning they want to draw people into bell ringing, to get people interested in becoming bell ringers. This is about making something appealing or drawing people toward it.

This fits best with sense 1 or sense 2.

Sense 1 talks about "directing toward itself by means of psychological power or physical attributes" - the program is trying to draw/direct people toward bell ringing.

Sense 2 talks about "be attractive to" - meaning something is appealing to people.

The context suggests that the program is trying to draw people in and get them interested. The use of "pull, pull in, draw, draw in" as synonyms in sense 1 aligns well with the idea of recruiting new bell ringers.

Sense 3 is clearly about physical/gravitational forces, not applicable here.

Between sense 1 and 2, I think sense 1 is more appropriate because it emphasizes the active drawing/directing aspect ("pull in", "draw in") which matches the context of a program actively trying to recruit new ringers. Sense 2 is more passive ("be attractive to").
The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: train
Target surface form: train
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and <t>train</t> ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=train%2:31:01:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=develop, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
2. sense_key=train%2:31:00:: | definition=undergo training or instruction in preparation for a particular role, function, or profession | synonyms=prepare | examples=She is training to be a teacher; He trained as a legal aid
3. sense_key=train%2:41:02:: | definition=develop (children's) behavior by instruction and practice; especially to teach self-control | synonyms=discipline, check, condition | examples=Parents must discipline their children; Is this dog trained?
4. sense_key=train%2:41:00:: | definition=educate for a future role or function | synonyms=prepare, groom | examples=He is grooming his son to become his successor; The prince was prepared to become King one day
5. sense_key=train%2:41:01:: | definition=teach or refine to be discriminative in taste or judgment | synonyms=educate, school, cultivate, civilize, civilise | examples=Cultivate your musical taste; Train your tastebuds
6. sense_key=train%2:33:00:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, take, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
7. sense_key=train%2:32:00:: | definition=teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach (to), as in sports | synonyms=coach | examples=He is training our Olympic team; She is coaching the crew
8. sense_key=train%2:29:00:: | definition=exercise in order to prepare for an event or competition | examples=She is training for the Olympics
9. sense_key=train%2:41:03:: | definition=cause to grow in a certain way by tying and pruning it | examples=train the vine
10. sense_key=train%2:38:00:: | definition=travel by rail or train | synonyms=rail | examples=They railed from Rome to Venice; She trained to Hamburg
11. sense_key=train%2:35:04:: | definition=drag loosely along a surface; allow to sweep the ground | synonyms=trail | examples=The toddler was trailing his pants; She trained her long scarf behind her

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes a program to "attract and train ringers" - that is, to teach people the skill of bell ringing. Sense 1 ("create by training and teaching") best captures this meaning, as it involves instructing people to develop expertise in a particular craft or skill, similar to the example "The old master is training world-class violinists."

reasoning_content:
The target word is "train" in this context:

"But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

This is referring to training bell ringers - teaching them the skill of bell ringing.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=train%2:31:01:: - create by training and teaching | develop, prepare, educate | Examples: "The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future"

2. sense_key=train%2:31:00:: - undergo training or instruction in preparation for a particular role | prepare | Examples: "She is training to be a teacher; He trained as a legal aid"

3. sense_key=train%2:41:02:: - develop (children's) behavior by instruction and practice | discipline, check, condition | Examples: "Parents must discipline their children; Is this dog trained?"

4. sense_key=train%2:41:00:: - educate for a future role or function | prepare, groom | Examples: "He is grooming his son to become his successor; The prince was prepared to become King one day"

5. sense_key=train%2:41:01:: - teach or refine to be discriminative in taste or judgment | educate, school, cultivate, civilize | Examples: "Cultivate your musical taste; Train your tastebuds"

6. sense_key=train%2:33:00:: - point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects) towards | aim, take, direct

7. sense_key=train%2:32:00:: - teach and supervise (someone); act as a trainer or coach | coach | Examples: "He is training our Olympic team; She is coaching the crew"

The remaining senses cover physical training for competition, horticultural applications, rail travel, and dragging objects—none of which apply here. Since "train ringers" specifically means instructing people in the craft of bell ringing, I need to identify which sense best captures teaching a skill to develop competence in a particular practice.

Both sense 1 (creating skilled people through training and teaching) and sense 7 (teaching and supervising someone as a coach) are plausible. Sense 1 emphasizes the creation of trained practitioners—like "The old master is training world-class violinists"—while sense 7 focuses more on the coaching and supervisory role. For a council program aimed at teaching people bell-ringing techniques, sense 1 seems more fitting since it directly addresses the instructional creation of skilled ringers.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train <t>ringers</t> is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is entirely about church bell ringing, with repeated references to "bell ringing," "trained bellringers in England," and the need to attract people to ring bells in churches. The target word "ringers" clearly refers to people who ring church bells in religious congregations, matching the first sense definition.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "ringer" is being used in the sentence "But the council's program to attract and train <t>ringers</t> is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

The context is all about:
- Bell ringing in churches
- Lack of church bell ringers
- A survey about trained bellringers in England
- Problems attracting people to ring bells in churches
- The council's program to train people for this purpose

The passage repeatedly mentions:
- "bell ringing"
- "100,000 trained bellringers in England"
- "only 40,000 of them still ring"
- "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung"
- "we keep one new ringer out of 10" - clearly referring to bell ringers

This is clearly about people who ring church bells.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - This perfectly matches the context
2. "a person who is almost identical to another" (dead ringer) - Not relevant
3. "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - Not relevant
4. "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit" - Not relevant

The answer is clearly sense 1, which defines "ringer" as a person who rings church bells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It hopes to speak to students at theological colleges about the joys of bell ringing and will shortly publish a booklet for every vicar in the country entitled, "The Bells in Your Care. "Says Mr. Baldwin, "We recognize that we may no longer have as high a priority in church life and experience. "Mr. Baldwin is also attacking the greater problem: lack of ringers. One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is <t>only</t> partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "only" in this context modifies "partly successful" to mean "merely" or "just partly successful" — emphasizing that the program is not fully successful, but only to a limited degree. This matches sense 1's definition "and nothing more" with its synonyms "merely, simply, just," which is consistent with how "only" is being used to qualify the extent of success.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "only" in this sentence:

"But the council's program to attract and train ringers is <t>only</t> partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin."

Here, "only" is modifying "partly successful" - it means "just" or "merely" in the sense of "nothing more than" or "merely."

Let me check each sense:

1. "and nothing more" with synonyms merely, simply, just - This fits the context. It suggests the program is merely/just partly successful, not fully successful.

2. "without any others being included or involved" - This is about exclusivity, like "exclusively" or "solely" - doesn't fit here.

3. "with nevertheless the final result" - This is about ironic outcomes like "arrived only to find" - doesn't fit.

4. "in the final outcome" - Similar to 3, about final results - doesn't fit.

5. "except that" - This is a conjunction sense - doesn't fit.

6. "never except when" - This is conditional - doesn't fit.

7. "as recently as" - This is about time - doesn't fit.

The context "only partly successful" means "merely partly successful" or "just partly successful" - it's emphasizing that it's not fully successful, just partly.

Sense 1 with definition "and nothing more" and synonyms "merely, simply, just" is the best fit. The examples "I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time" show similar usage where "only/merely/simply" means "and nothing more."

The answer should be sense 1.