[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: became
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie <t>became</t> pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "became pregnant" in the context means Bonnie entered or assumed the state of being pregnant. This matches sense 1 ("enter or assume a certain state or condition"), which is further supported by the synonym "get" (as in "got pregnant") and the similar example structure "He became annoyed" showing a transition into a state.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "became" in this sentence:

"The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987..."

Here, "became" is used to mean "entered into a state of being pregnant." The person (Bonnie) transitions from not being pregnant to being pregnant.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - This fits. "Became pregnant" means she entered the state of being pregnant. The synonyms "go, get" fit here too ("got pregnant" is commonly used). Examples like "He became annoyed" show entering a state.

2. "undergo a change or development" - This could also fit somewhat, as pregnancy is a change/development, but it's more about the transformation rather than entering a state.

3. "come into existence" - This doesn't fit well. Being pregnant isn't really "coming into existence."

4. "enhance the appearance of" - This clearly doesn't fit. Pregnancy doesn't enhance appearance in this technical/medical context.

The best fit is sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition." The phrase "became pregnant" clearly indicates entering or assuming the condition of pregnancy. This is also very close to how we'd say "got pregnant" (using the synonym "get" provided).

The answer should be sense index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pregnant
Target surface form: pregnant
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became <t>pregnant</t> in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pregnant%3:00:00:: | definition=carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life
2. sense_key=pregnant%5:00:00:meaningful:00 | definition=rich in significance or implication | synonyms=meaning, significant | examples=a meaning look
3. sense_key=pregnant%5:00:00:full:00 | definition=filled with or attended with | synonyms=fraught | examples=words fraught with meaning; an incident fraught with danger

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates the literal biological meaning of "pregnant." Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 and was going to have a child who could inherit a genetic disorder (retinoblastoma). The sentence discusses carrying developing offspring and genetic inheritance patterns, which unambiguously supports the primary sense of "pregnant" as carrying developing offspring within the body.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "pregnant" appears:

"The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became <t>pregnant</t> in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

In this sentence, "pregnant" is used to describe Bonnie becoming pregnant in 1987, which clearly refers to carrying a developing offspring within the body. The context discusses the birth risk of their child, genetic inheritance, and the disease that could be passed to offspring.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=pregnant%3:00:00:: | definition=carrying developing offspring within the body or being about to produce new life
   - This is the literal, biological meaning of pregnant

2. sense_key=pregnant%5:00:00:meaningful:00 | definition=rich in significance or implication | synonyms=meaning, significant | examples=a meaning look
   - This is a metaphorical/figurative meaning

3. sense_key=pregnant%5:00:00:full:00 | definition=filled with or attended with | synonyms=fraught | examples=words fraught with meaning; an incident fraught with danger
   - This is also a metaphorical/figurative meaning

The context clearly uses "pregnant" in its literal biological sense - Bonnie is carrying a developing offspring. The sentence explicitly discusses genetic risk to their child, which confirms this is about actual pregnancy/childbearing.

The answer is sense 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: child
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any <t>child</t> of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses Bill and Bonnie Quinlan's potential biological offspring and their genetic risk. The phrase "any child of theirs" clearly refers to their human offspring (son or daughter), not merely a young person in general. Sense 2 ("a human offspring of any age") best captures this meaning, as it encompasses the parent-child biological relationship being discussed in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

In the passage, it says: "any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma"

The context is about Bill and Bonnie Quinlan, a couple. They're discussing the probability of their offspring (a biological child - son or daughter) having a certain genetic condition.

The question is asking about whether "child" means:
1. A young person of either sex (kids, youngsters)
2. A human offspring (son or daughter) of any age
3. An immature/childish person
4. A member of a clan or tribe

In the context, Bill and Bonnie are discussing their potential offspring. The key phrase is "any child of theirs" - meaning any biological offspring they might have. The context mentions Mr. Quinlan is 30 years old and Bonnie became pregnant in 1987, so this is about their biological son or daughter.

Sense 2 ("a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age") is the most appropriate because:
- It refers to biological offspring
- The examples include "they had three children" and "they were able to send their kids to college" which match the context of parents talking about their offspring
- The phrase "child of theirs" specifically refers to their biological offspring

Sense 1 would be about young people in general, not necessarily their own offspring.

So the answer should be sense 2, which is index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chance
Target surface form: chance
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% <t>chance</t> of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chance%1:26:00:: | definition=a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances | synonyms=opportunity | examples=the holiday gave us the opportunity to visit Washington; now is your chance
2. sense_key=chance%1:19:00:: | definition=an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another | synonyms=luck, fortune, hazard | examples=bad luck caused his downfall; we ran into each other by pure chance
3. sense_key=chance%1:04:00:: | definition=a risk involving danger | examples=you take a chance when you let her drive
4. sense_key=chance%1:07:00:: | definition=a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; a number expressing the ratio of favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible | synonyms=probability | examples=the probability that an unbiased coin will fall with the head up is 0.5
5. sense_key=chance%1:26:01:: | definition=the possibility of future success | synonyms=prospect | examples=his prospects as a writer are excellent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context uses "50% chance" to express a mathematical probability of whether a child will be at risk for retinoblastoma. This is explicitly a measure of how likely an event is to occur, expressed as a numerical ratio (50%), which directly corresponds to sense 4's definition of probability.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses carefully.

The context sentence is: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% <t>chance</t> of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births."

The key part is "50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma". This is clearly referring to a probability or likelihood - a mathematical measure of how likely an event is to occur.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=chance%1:26:00:: - "a possibility due to a favorable combination of circumstances" with synonym "opportunity". The examples are about opportunities/chances to do something. This doesn't fit - the context is not about an opportunity.

2. sense_key=chance%1:19:00:: - "an unknown and unpredictable phenomenon that causes an event to result one way rather than another" with synonyms "luck, fortune, hazard". This is about randomness/luck. This doesn't fit perfectly either.

3. sense_key=chance%1:04:00:: - "a risk involving danger". While there is risk here, the context is more about the mathematical probability.

4. sense_key=chance%1:07:00:: - "a measure of how likely it is that some event will occur; a number expressing the ratio of favorable cases to the whole number of cases possible" with synonym "probability" and example "the probability that an unbiased coin will fall with the head up is 0.5". This is clearly the best fit because:
   - The context explicitly mentions a percentage (50%)
   - It's describing a ratio/measure of likelihood
   - The example in the sense is directly analogous (0.5 probability)

There's also sense 5 (chance%1:26:01::) about "the possibility of future success" or "prospect", but that doesn't match either. The answer is sense 4, which captures the statistical probability meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an <t>eye</t> cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "eye" in this context refers to the physical organ of sight. The passage discusses retinoblastoma, which is a cancer of the eye (the anatomical structure), and mentions that Mr. Quinlan "lost an eye to the rare tumor." This clearly indicates the literal, anatomical meaning of eye as the organ responsible for vision, not any figurative or metaphorical sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "eye" in this passage.

The context mentions "retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births." The passage also mentions "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old."

This is clearly referring to the physical organ of sight - the anatomical structure that allows vision. The passage discusses:
- An "eye cancer" (retinoblastoma)
- Losing "an eye" to a tumor

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually)
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle)

The context is clearly about the physical organ of sight - retinoblastoma is a cancer of the eye (the physical organ), and the passage mentions losing an eye as a result of this tumor. This is definitely sense 1, which defines "eye" as "the organ of sight."

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye <t>cancer</t> that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to cancer as a medical disease—specifically retinoblastoma, an eye tumor. The passage discusses tumor-suppressor genes, cell growth control, and abnormal cell division, all of which align with sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division." The other senses refer to zodiacal and astronomical meanings, which are entirely irrelevant to this biomedical context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "cancer" in the sentence "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye <t>cancer</t> that occurs about once every 20,000 births."

The context is clearly discussing a medical/biological disease. The passage talks about:
- Tumor-suppressor genes
- Cell growth control
- Defective genes
- Malignant tumors
- Retinoblastoma (specifically named as an eye cancer)
- Cell division

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This is a medical/biological sense
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - "a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - Astrology/zodiac sense
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - "a small zodiacal constellation" - Astronomy/constellation sense
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - "the fourth sign of the zodiac" - Astrology/zodiac sense
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - "type genus of the family Cancridae" - Biology/crab genus sense

The context is clearly about a disease (retinoblastoma is an eye cancer/tumor). This is unambiguously sense 1, which defines cancer as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division."

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occurs
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that <t>occurs</t> about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes retinoblastoma occurring "about once every 20,000 births," which indicates a frequency of occurrence—referring to an event that happens or comes to pass. This matches sense 1 (come to pass), where "occurs" means the cancer develops/happens with a certain frequency. While sense 3 (to be found to exist) could seem plausible, the frequency specification "about once every 20,000 births" emphasizes the event-like nature of occurrence rather than mere existence, making sense 1 the better fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "occurs" in the sentence: "an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births."

The sentence is stating that an eye cancer (retinoblastoma) happens/takes place about once every 20,000 births. This is saying something about the frequency of occurrence of this disease.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
   - This sense means "come to pass" or "happen"
   - The synonyms include "happen" which seems very relevant
   - This fits the context where we're saying a disease "happens" or "occurs" in a certain frequency

2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
   - This is about something coming to mind - mental occurrence
   - This doesn't fit because we're talking about a disease happening in the physical world, not something coming to mind

3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil
   - This sense means "to be found to exist"
   - The examples show things that exist or are found in certain places/situations
   - This could fit - we're saying retinoblastoma occurs/exists at a certain frequency

Between senses 1 and 3:
- Sense 1 is about something happening/coming to pass
- Sense 3 is about something being found to exist
- The frequency context ("about once every 20,000 births") points toward sense 1, which treats the cancer as an event that takes place rather than a condition that exists in a location. Sense 3 would be more appropriate for describing where retinoblastoma is found geographically.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs <t>about</t> once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "about" in "occurs about once every 20,000 births" is being used to indicate approximation. The phrase means approximately or roughly once every 20,000 births—not an exact figure but a close estimate. This matches sense 1, which defines "about" as "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct" with synonyms like "approximately," "roughly," and examples such as "lasted approximately an hour."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the right sense of "about" in the sentence:

"an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births"

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute

2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help

3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around

4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about

5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around

6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play

7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

In the sentence "occurs about once every 20,000 births," the word "about" is clearly being used to indicate an approximation. It means approximately, roughly - not exactly once every 20,000 births, but close to that.

This matches sense 1 perfectly: "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct" with synonyms like "approximately, close to, just about, roughly, more or less" and examples like "lasted approximately an hour."
The correct answer is sense index 1, which captures the approximate nature of the frequency being described.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about <t>once</t> every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "once" in the phrase "occurs about once every 20,000 births" means "one time" or "on one occasion," describing the frequency at which retinoblastoma occurs. This matches the first sense definition "on one occasion" with synonyms "one time, in one case."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context in which "once" appears:

"an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births"

This is describing how frequently retinoblastoma occurs - approximately one time per every 20,000 births.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "on one occasion" | synonyms: one time, in one case | examples: once I ran into her
   - This means something happened a single time on one occasion
   - In the sentence, "once every 20,000 births" means it happens one time (in that frequency)

2. "as soon as" | examples: once we are home, we can rest
   - This is a temporal conjunction meaning "immediately when"
   - Doesn't fit the context

3. "at a previous time" | synonyms: formerly, at one time, erstwhile | examples: at one time he loved her
   - This is about the past
   - Doesn't fit the context

The phrase "occurs about once every 20,000 births" is clearly using "once" to mean "one time" or "on one occasion per frequency." This matches sense 1 perfectly. The context is saying the cancer occurs one time in every 20,000 births - it's describing frequency with "one time per."

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: birth
Target surface form: births
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 <t>births</t>. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=birth%1:28:00:: | definition=the time when something begins (especially life) | examples=they divorced after the birth of the child; his election signaled the birth of a new age
2. sense_key=birth%1:11:00:: | definition=the event of being born | synonyms=nativity, nascency, nascence | examples=they celebrated the birth of their first child
3. sense_key=birth%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of giving birth | synonyms=parturition, giving birth, birthing
4. sense_key=birth%1:24:00:: | definition=the kinship relation of an offspring to the parents | synonyms=parentage
5. sense_key=birth%1:18:00:: | definition=a baby born; an offspring | examples=the overall rate of incidence of Down's syndrome is one in every 800 births

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context describes a statistical frequency: "occurs about once every 20,000 births." This is counting births as discrete countable events in a population-based epidemiological statement. Sense 5 ("a baby born; an offspring") is the only sense that treats births as countable discrete events, which is confirmed by the provided example with identical structure: "one in every 800 births" referring to disease incidence rates.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "births" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births."

Let me examine each sense:

1. **sense_key=birth%1:28:00::** - "the time when something begins (especially life)" - This refers to the temporal aspect of birth, the moment when something begins.

2. **sense_key=birth%1:11:00::** - "the event of being born" - This is the event or occurrence of being born.

3. **sense_key=birth%1:22:00::** - "the process of giving birth" - This is the biological/medical process of childbirth.

4. **sense_key=birth%1:24:00::** - "the kinship relation of an offspring to the parents" - This refers to the genealogical relationship.

5. **sense_key=birth%1:18:00::** - "a baby born; an offspring" - This defines birth as the actual baby/offspring, and gives the example "the overall rate of incidence of Down's syndrome is one in every 800 births"

The context says: "retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births."

This is referring to the frequency of occurrence in a population - the cancer occurs once in every 20,000 births. This is counting the number of births (events or occurrences of being born), not the time when birth begins, not the process, not the kinship relation.

Sense 5 directly addresses this usage with the example: "the overall rate of incidence of Down's syndrome is one in every 800 births" - which is structurally identical to our context sentence.

Sense 5 treats "births" as countable events - babies born/offspring - which matches our usage perfectly where we're counting births as discrete events in a statistical context.
The answer is 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, <t>knew</t> he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows that Mr. Quinlan "knew he carried a damaged gene" - indicating he possessed knowledge or information about this fact. This matches sense 1, which defines "know" as "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about." The example "I know that the President lied to the people" parallels the sentence structure where knowledge of a factual statement is conveyed.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "knew" appears:

"Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, <t>knew</t> he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old"

The sentence is saying that Mr. Quinlan knew (understood/was aware) that he carried a damaged gene.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" - This seems very fitting. He was aware of the fact that he carried a damaged gene.

2. "know how to do or perform something" - Not applicable. This is about knowing a skill.

3. "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" - This could work, but it's more about certainty and conviction. He knew it as a fact.

4. "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" - Not applicable. This is about knowing people or objects.

5. "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" - Not really applicable. He didn't experience carrying the gene firsthand, he knew about it.

6. "accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority" - Not applicable.

7. "have fixed in the mind" - Could work, but this seems more about memorization or retention.

8. "have sexual intercourse with" - Definitely not applicable.

9. "know the nature or character of" - Not applicable here.

10. "be able to distinguish, recognize as being different" - Not applicable.

11. "perceive as familiar" - Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" - He was aware of/possessed knowledge about the fact that he carried a damaged gene.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: carry
Target surface form: carried
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he <t>carried</t> a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=carry%2:35:02:: | definition=move while supporting, either in a vehicle or in one's hands or on one's body | synonyms=transport | examples=You must carry your camping gear; carry the suitcases to the car
2. sense_key=carry%2:42:01:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=pack, take | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
3. sense_key=carry%2:38:03:: | definition=transmit or serve as the medium for transmission | synonyms=impart, conduct, transmit, convey, channel | examples=Sound carries well over water; The airwaves carry the sound
4. sense_key=carry%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a means for expressing something | synonyms=convey, express | examples=The painting of Mary carries motherly love; His voice carried a lot of anger
5. sense_key=carry%2:35:09:: | definition=bear or be able to bear the weight, pressure,or responsibility of | examples=His efforts carried the entire project; How many credits is this student carrying?
6. sense_key=carry%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
7. sense_key=carry%2:42:03:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, bear, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. sense_key=carry%2:41:00:: | definition=extend to a certain degree | examples=carry too far; She carries her ideas to the extreme
9. sense_key=carry%2:30:05:: | definition=continue or extend | synonyms=extend | examples=The civil war carried into the neighboring province; The disease extended into the remote mountain provinces
10. sense_key=carry%2:42:02:: | definition=be necessarily associated with or result in or involve | examples=This crime carries a penalty of five years in prison
11. sense_key=carry%2:33:01:: | definition=win in an election | examples=The senator carried his home state
12. sense_key=carry%2:31:12:: | definition=include, as on a list | examples=How many people are carried on the payroll?
13. sense_key=carry%2:41:01:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, bear, deport, conduct, comport | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
14. sense_key=carry%2:40:00:: | definition=have on hand | synonyms=stock, stockpile | examples=Do you carry kerosene heaters?
15. sense_key=carry%2:36:00:: | definition=include as the content; broadcast or publicize | synonyms=run | examples=We ran the ad three times; This paper carries a restaurant review
16. sense_key=carry%2:35:08:: | definition=propel, | synonyms=dribble | examples=Carry the ball; dribble the ball
17. sense_key=carry%2:32:07:: | definition=pass on a communication | examples=The news was carried to every village in the province
18. sense_key=carry%2:42:13:: | definition=have as an inherent or characteristic feature or have as a consequence | examples=This new washer carries a two year guarantee; The loan carries a high interest rate
19. sense_key=carry%2:42:15:: | definition=be conveyed over a certain distance | examples=Her voice carries very well in this big opera house
20. sense_key=carry%2:42:14:: | definition=keep up with financial support | examples=The Federal Government carried the province for many years
21. sense_key=carry%2:42:12:: | definition=have or possess something abstract | examples=I carry her image in my mind's eye; I will carry the secret to my grave
22. sense_key=carry%2:42:08:: | definition=be equipped with (a mast or sail) | examples=This boat can only carry a small sail
23. sense_key=carry%2:41:02:: | definition=win approval or support for | synonyms=persuade, sway | examples=Carry all before one; His speech did not sway the voters
24. sense_key=carry%2:41:06:: | definition=compensate for a weaker partner or member by one's own performance | examples=I resent having to carry her all the time
25. sense_key=carry%2:41:12:: | definition=take further or advance | examples=carry a cause
26. sense_key=carry%2:40:10:: | definition=have on the surface or on the skin | examples=carry scars
27. sense_key=carry%2:40:04:: | definition=capture after a fight | examples=The troops carried the town after a brief fight
28. sense_key=carry%2:40:13:: | definition=transfer (entries) from one account book to another | synonyms=post
29. sense_key=carry%2:38:10:: | definition=transfer (a number, cipher, or remainder) to the next column or unit's place before or after, in addition or multiplication | examples=put down 5 and carry 2
30. sense_key=carry%2:38:07:: | definition=pursue a line of scent or be a bearer | examples=the dog was taught to fetch and carry
31. sense_key=carry%2:36:08:: | definition=bear (a crop) | examples=this land does not carry olives
32. sense_key=carry%2:35:12:: | definition=propel or give impetus to | examples=The sudden gust of air propelled the ball to the other side of the fence
33. sense_key=carry%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=hold | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
34. sense_key=carry%2:34:01:: | definition=be able to feed | examples=This land will carry ten cows to the acre
35. sense_key=carry%2:33:04:: | definition=have a certain range | examples=This rifle carries for 3,000 feet
36. sense_key=carry%2:33:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance or advance beyond | examples=The drive carried to the green
37. sense_key=carry%2:33:02:: | definition=secure the passage or adoption (of bills and motions) | examples=The motion carried easily
38. sense_key=carry%2:33:12:: | definition=be successful in | examples=She lost the game but carried the match
39. sense_key=carry%2:32:00:: | definition=sing or play against other voices or parts | examples=He cannot carry a tune
40. sense_key=carry%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 21}
```

The context indicates that Mr. Quinlan "carried a damaged gene" - meaning he possessed this genetic trait. This refers to having or possessing something abstract (the defective gene), which matches sense 21: "have or possess something abstract." This sense captures the biological/genetic meaning of carrying an inherited trait that is not a physical object but rather genetic information.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old"

The context is about genetics and disease. Mr. Quinlan "carried a damaged gene" - this means he had the gene in his body, that he possessed it.

Let me look at the relevant senses:

2. sense_key=carry%2:42:01:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=pack, take | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money

7. sense_key=carry%2:42:03:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, bear, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water

21. sense_key=carry%2:42:12:: | definition=have or possess something abstract | examples=I carry her image in my mind's eye; I will carry the secret to my grave

The most appropriate seems to be sense 21 (carry%2:42:12), which means "have or possess something abstract." A gene is something abstract/intangible that is inherited and possessed. The example "I will carry the secret to my grave" is very similar in structure to "he carried a damaged gene" - both indicate possession of something intangible.

Actually, sense 2 could also work (have with oneself), but sense 21 seems more specific to abstract things like genes.

Wait, let me reconsider. Sense 7 is about "contain or hold; have within" - this could also work since genes are contained within the body.

But I think sense 21 is the best fit because:
1. It specifically deals with abstract possession
2. A gene is abstract/intangible
3. The definition "have or possess something abstract" directly matches the meaning in context
4. The parallel structure with the example about carrying secrets reinforces this interpretation

Sense 21 is the answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a <t>damaged</t> gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "damaged" in this context refers to a gene that is impaired or defective at the molecular level. This matches sense 1 (harmed or injured or spoiled), which describes physical or functional impairment of something. The gene carries a mutation that compromises its function, similar to how damaged goods or damaged buildings are physically compromised. Sense 2 about reputation or disrepute does not apply here.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "damaged" and I need to find the best sense from the two given options.

Let me analyze the context:
"Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old"

The context is talking about a genetic mutation or defect - a gene that has been impaired or compromised at the molecular level. The person carried this damaged gene that was related to cancer susceptibility.

Now let me look at the two senses:

1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
   - This is about physical damage - goods that are spoiled, buildings that are damaged by storms
   - In this sense, "damaged" refers to something that is hurt, injured, or spoiled physically

2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation
   - This is about reputation or moral status being harmed
   - This refers to something being brought into disrepute

In the sentence about the gene, the word "damaged" refers to a gene that is mutated or defective - it has a physical/biological impairment. This is more aligned with sense 1 (harmed or injured) rather than sense 2 (which is about reputation/disrepute).

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lost
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having <t>lost</t> an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes Mr. Quinlan losing an eye to cancer at a very young age. The word "lost" here means he ceased to have/no longer possesses that eye - it was removed due to the tumor. Sense 1 ("fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense") best captures this meaning of permanently ceasing to have a physical part of one's body.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for the word "lost" in this sentence:

"Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old"

The context is saying that Mr. Quinlan lost an eye - meaning he no longer has that eye because it was removed due to retinoblastoma (an eye cancer).

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense" - This could apply, but it's vague about the nature of losing something.

2. "fail to win" - Not applicable here.

3. "suffer the loss of a person through death or removal" - This is specifically about losing a person, not a body part.

4. "place (something) where one cannot find it again" - Not applicable; he didn't misplace his eye.

5. "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of" - Not quite right; he didn't lose sight of it.

6. "allow to go out of sight" - Not applicable.

7. "fail to make money in a business" - Not applicable.

8. "fail to get or obtain" - Not applicable.

9. "retreat" - Not applicable.

10. "fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind" - Not applicable.

11. "be set at a disadvantage" - Not applicable.

The most appropriate sense is sense 3: "suffer the loss of a person through death or removal" - but wait, he lost an eye, not a person. However, the definition says "person through death or removal" - and while an eye is not a person, the definition uses "removal" which could apply to the removal of an eye.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 1 seems more general: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense" with the example "She lost her purse" - this demonstrates losing a physical object/body part.
Since the eye was surgically removed due to the tumor, sense 1 best captures the meaning—it's the broadest definition covering the loss of a physical part that Mr. Quinlan no longer possesses.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an <t>eye</t> to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes Mr. Quinlan losing an eye to retinoblastoma cancer, referring to the physical anatomical organ of sight that was surgically removed due to the tumor. This is a literal, physical reference to the body part, not a metaphorical sense related to perception, attention, or any other meaning.

reasoning_content:
The context is discussing retinoblastoma, an eye cancer. The sentence states: "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an <t>eye</t> to the rare tumor when he was only two months old"

In this context, "lost an eye" means he had to have his eye removed due to the cancer (retinoblastoma). This is clearly referring to the physical organ of sight - the anatomical eye.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
   - This is the physical organ of sight

2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
   - This refers to perceptual ability or talent

3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
   - This refers to directing attention or gaze

4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
   - This is a metaphorical sense (like the eye of a hurricane)

5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye
   - This is a small opening

The text clearly refers to the physical organ that was lost (removed surgically due to cancer). So the answer is sense 1, the organ of sight.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was <t>only</t> two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In the context "when he was only two months old," the word "only" means "merely" or "just," emphasizing that he was extremely young—merely two months old—when he lost his eye to the tumor. This matches sense 1 ("and nothing more") with its synonyms "merely, simply, just."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "only" in the sentence:

"Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old"

In this context, "only" is modifying the time expression "two months old". The meaning is that he was extremely young - just two months old - when he lost his eye.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just, but) - This could fit, meaning "merely" or "just"
2. "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely) - This doesn't fit well
3. "with nevertheless the final result" - This doesn't fit
4. "in the final outcome" - This doesn't fit
5. "except that" - This doesn't fit
6. "never except when" - This doesn't fit
7. "as recently as" - This could fit, referring to a short time ago

Wait, let me reconsider. The phrase is "when he was only two months old." This is saying he was just/merely two months old. The sense "and nothing more" (sense 1) with synonyms "merely, simply, just" fits perfectly here. The word "only" emphasizes that he was just a young age - two months old, nothing more than that.

Sense 7 "as recently as" could also work, but it typically refers to time in the past relative to now, like "I spoke to him only an hour ago." Here it's talking about when something happened in his life, and it fits with the meaning of recently/just/merely.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 1 "and nothing more" with the synonyms "merely, simply, just, but" is the best fit. The sentence is emphasizing that he was merely/just two months old when this happened - the "only" emphasizes the youth of the age.
The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mother
Target surface form: mother
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his <t>mother</t> had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mother%1:18:00:: | definition=a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother) | synonyms=female parent | examples=the mother of three children
2. sense_key=mother%1:27:00:: | definition=a stringy slimy substance consisting of yeast cells and bacteria; forms during fermentation and is added to cider or wine to produce vinegar
3. sense_key=mother%1:18:02:: | definition=a term of address for an elderly woman
4. sense_key=mother%1:18:01:: | definition=a term of address for a mother superior
5. sense_key=mother%1:09:00:: | definition=a condition that is the inspiration for an activity or situation | examples=necessity is the mother of invention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to Bill Quinlan's biological mother—a woman who gave birth to him and transmitted the defective retinoblastoma gene. The passage discusses her family medical history, stating "his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby," establishing her as his female parent. This matches sense 1: "a woman who has given birth to a child."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "mother".

In the sentence: "after his <t>mother</t> had suffered the same fate when she was a baby."

The context is discussing Bill Quinlan's family history with retinoblastoma. The sentence clearly refers to his biological mother - a woman who gave birth to him. The passage mentions that Bill lost an eye to a tumor when he was two months old, "after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a woman who has given birth to a child (also used as a term of address to your mother)" - This is the standard definition of mother as a parent.

2. "a stringy slimy substance consisting of yeast cells and bacteria" - This is the definition of "mother" in the context of vinegar-making. Clearly not relevant here.

3. "a term of address for an elderly woman" - Not relevant; the context is discussing a biological parent.

4. "a term of address for a mother superior" - Not relevant; there's no religious context.

5. "a condition that is the inspiration for an activity or situation" - Not relevant; this is a metaphorical usage.

The clear answer is sense 1, which defines "mother" as a woman who has given birth to a child. This matches the biological/parental meaning in the context perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suffer
Target surface form: suffered
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had <t>suffered</t> the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suffer%2:39:01:: | definition=undergo or be subjected to | synonyms=endure | examples=He suffered the penalty; Many saints suffered martyrdom
2. sense_key=suffer%2:29:01:: | definition=undergo (as of injuries and illnesses) | synonyms=sustain, have, get | examples=She suffered a fracture in the accident; He had an insulin shock after eating three candy bars
3. sense_key=suffer%2:37:00:: | definition=experience (emotional) pain | examples=Every time her husband gets drunk, she suffers
4. sense_key=suffer%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, stand | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
5. sense_key=suffer%2:30:00:: | definition=get worse | examples=His grades suffered
6. sense_key=suffer%2:29:00:: | definition=feel pain or be in pain | synonyms=hurt
7. sense_key=suffer%2:39:00:: | definition=feel physical pain | synonyms=hurt, ache | examples=Were you hurting after the accident?
8. sense_key=suffer%2:29:03:: | definition=feel unwell or uncomfortable | examples=She is suffering from the hot weather
9. sense_key=suffer%2:42:04:: | definition=be given to | examples=She suffers from a tendency to talk too much
10. sense_key=suffer%2:39:02:: | definition=undergo or suffer | synonyms=meet | examples=meet a violent death; suffer a terrible fate
11. sense_key=suffer%2:30:02:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=lose | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The sentence describes Mr. Quinlan's mother having experienced the same disease (retinoblastoma, an eye cancer) that he did. "Suffered the same fate" indicates undergoing the same illness. Sense 2 "undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)" with examples like "She suffered a fracture in the accident" is the most precise fit for this medical context where someone experiences a specific disease or condition.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand what "suffered" means in this sentence:

"Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby."

The phrase "suffered the same fate" refers to experiencing the same outcome - having a tumor and losing an eye (or being affected by retinoblastoma). His mother "suffered the same fate" means she experienced the same illness/condition (retinoblastoma) when she was a baby.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "undergo or be subjected to" - This means to experience something unpleasant. The mother "suffered the same fate" = experienced/underwent the same outcome. This fits well.

2. "undergo (as of injuries and illnesses)" - This is specifically about injuries and illnesses. Retinoblastoma is an illness, and the mother experienced it. This fits.

3. "experience (emotional) pain" - This is about emotional pain, but the context is about physical illness.

4. "put up with something or somebody unpleasant" - This means tolerate, not necessarily experience a condition.

5. "get worse" - Doesn't apply here.

6. "feel pain or be in pain" - This is about subjective pain feeling.

7. "feel physical pain" - Similar to above.

8. "feel unwell or uncomfortable" - Could apply, but less specific.

9. "be given to" - Doesn't apply.

10. "undergo or suffer" - Similar to sense 1, refers to experiencing a fate/condition.

11. "be set at a disadvantage" - Not the best fit.

The key context is "suffered the same fate" where "fate" refers to the disease (retinoblastoma). The most direct meaning is that the mother underwent/experienced the same medical condition that Mr. Quinlan did.
Since the passage explicitly describes a medical condition—retinoblastoma—sense 2 ("undergo as of injuries and illnesses") captures the meaning most precisely. Sense 1 also works well as a general expression of undergoing an experience, but the illness-specific language in sense 2 aligns most directly with the context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the <t>same</t> fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "suffered the same fate" refers to Mr. Quinlan's mother experiencing the identical type of fate as his own—losing an eye to retinoblastoma at a young age. The word "same" here identifies the fate as the identical event/outcome experienced by both people, consistent with "same in identity" rather than just comparable or similar circumstances.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "same" is being used here.

The sentence reads: "after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby."

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. "same in identity" - This refers to identical things, the exact same object/person. Example: "the same man I saw yesterday"

2. "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree" - This refers to things that are similar but not necessarily identical. Example: "two girls of the same age"

3. "equal in amount or value" - This refers to equivalence in quantity/value. Example: "like amounts; equivalent amounts"

4. "unchanged in character or nature" - This refers to something remaining constant. Example: "the village stayed the same"

In the context: "after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby"

The word "same" here is referring to the same type of fate/fate of the same kind - both Mr. Quinlan and his mother suffered from retinoblastoma at a young age. It's not about them being the literally identical person (sense 1), nor about something unchanged (sense 4), nor about equal amounts or value (sense 3).

The closest fit is sense 2: "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree" - they both suffered the same type of fate (the fate of having retinoblastoma as a young child). This is about similarity or comparability in kind.

Actually, looking more carefully, it could also be sense 1, where "the same fate" means the identical fate (the fate of losing an eye to retinoblastoma at a young age). But sense 2 also works well - they suffered similar/comparable fates.

I think sense 1 is actually the better fit here because "the same fate" suggests the identical same type of event/fate happening to both people. This is more about identity of the type/kind of fate rather than just similarity.
Reconsidering the definition of sense 1 - "same in identity" with the example "the same man I saw yesterday" - it points to an identical entity. "The same fate" would mean the identical fate, the same type of event occurring to both people. This aligns with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fate
Target surface form: fate
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same <t>fate</t> when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fate%1:11:00:: | definition=an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future | synonyms=destiny
2. sense_key=fate%1:18:00:: | definition=the ultimate agency regarded as predetermining the course of events (often personified as a woman) | synonyms=destiny | examples=we are helpless in the face of destiny
3. sense_key=fate%1:26:00:: | definition=your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you) | synonyms=fortune, destiny, luck, lot, circumstances, portion | examples=whatever my fortune may be; deserved a better fate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "fate" in this context refers to Mr. Quinlan's and his mother's shared circumstance—both suffered from retinoblastoma and lost an eye to it. This uses "fate" to mean "your overall circumstances or condition in life," which aligns with sense 3. The phrase "suffered the same fate" indicates a similar life condition or misfortune befalling both individuals, rather than an inevitable future event (sense 1) or an abstract predetermining force (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "fate" appears:

"Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same <t>fate</t> when she was a baby."

The word "fate" here is referring to the same experience/event that happened to both Mr. Quinlan and his mother - they both suffered from and lost an eye to retinoblastoma. The "fate" refers to the experience or circumstance of having this disease and losing an eye to it.

Let me examine the three senses:

1. **sense_key=fate%1:11:00::** "an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future" | synonyms=destiny
   - This definition emphasizes future events that will inevitably happen.

2. **sense_key=fate%1:18:00::** "the ultimate agency regarded as predetermining the course of events (often personified as a woman)" | examples=we are helpless in the face of destiny
   - This is more about fate as an abstract force that predetermines events.

3. **sense_key=fate%1:26:00::** "your overall circumstances or condition in life (including everything that happens to you)" | synonyms=fortune, destiny, luck, lot, circumstances, portion | examples=whatever my fortune may be; deserved a better fate
   - This definition focuses on circumstances and condition in life.

In the context, "suffered the same fate" refers to the circumstance or condition that befell both mother and son - contracting the disease and losing an eye. This is best captured by sense 3, which emphasizes "overall circumstances or condition in life" and includes synonyms like "fortune," "lot," and "circumstances."

The answer should be sense_index: 3