[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a <t>recent</t> math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "a recent math major at Harvard" describes Caleb Nelson as someone who has newly completed or is currently pursuing a mathematics degree. The context emphasizes the fresh, new status of this qualification. This aligns with sense 1 ("new") rather than sense 2 ("of the immediate past"), particularly given the provided example "recent graduates" which matches this usage pattern precisely.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "recent" in this passage.

The target phrase is: "Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard)"

This is describing Caleb Nelson as a recent math major at Harvard. The context suggests that Nelson has recently graduated from Harvard with a major in mathematics, or is currently/recently a student there.

Now let me consider the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "new" - with examples "recent graduates; a recent addition to the house"
   - This sense emphasizes something that is new or has recently come into existence

2. Sense 2: "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" - with synonyms "late" and examples "a late development; their late quarrel"
   - This sense emphasizes something from the near past

In the context "a recent math major at Harvard," we're talking about someone who has recently completed their major or who is currently/recently studying there. This is describing someone whose status as a math major is fresh or new - either they just graduated or are currently in that position.

Both senses could potentially apply here, but let me think more carefully:
- Sense 1 "new" fits the idea of something newly acquired or in a fresh state
- Sense 2 "of the immediate past" also fits the idea of something that happened not long ago

The example "recent graduates" in Sense 1 is actually very similar to our context - someone who has recently graduated. The word "graduates" itself implies completion, and "recent graduates" means those who just completed their degree.

Sense 2's example "a late development" or "their late quarrel" suggests something from the past (using "late" as a synonym).

I think Sense 1 is the better fit here. The phrase "recent math major" is describing someone whose status as a math major is new or just happened - they are a newly minted graduate or current student. This aligns with the "new" definition and the example "recent graduates."
The answer is sense_index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: major
Target surface form: major
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math <t>major</t> at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=major%1:18:00:: | definition=a commissioned military officer in the United States Army or Air Force or Marines; below lieutenant colonel and above captain
2. sense_key=major%1:18:02:: | definition=British statesman who was prime minister from 1990 until 1997 (born in 1943) | synonyms=John Major, John R. Major, John Roy Major
3. sense_key=major%1:18:01:: | definition=a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject | examples=she is a linguistics major
4. sense_key=major%1:09:00:: | definition=the principal field of study of a student at a university | examples=her major is linguistics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "major" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math <t>major</t> at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."

The context clearly indicates that "major" refers to Caleb Nelson, who is a recent math major at Harvard. The phrase "a recent math major" refers to a student whose principal field of study is mathematics.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=major%1:18:00:: - A commissioned military officer. This doesn't fit the context at all.

2. sense_key=major%1:18:02:: - British statesman John Major. This is clearly not relevant here.

3. sense_key=major%1:18:01:: - "a university student who is studying a particular field as the principal subject" with example "she is a linguistics major". This fits perfectly! The context says "a recent math major at Harvard" which describes a student studying mathematics as their principal subject.

4. sense_key=major%1:09:00:: - "the principal field of study of a student at a university" with example "her major is linguistics". This is the field of study itself, not the student. While "major" can refer to the subject, in the phrase "math major," it's referring to the student who is majoring in math.

The best fit is sense 3 (major%1:18:01::) because it refers to a university student studying a particular field as their principal subject, which matches "a recent math major at Harvard."

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: Most
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- <t>Most</t> important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "Most important of all" uses "Most" to form the superlative degree of the adjective "important," meaning "the most important" or "to the highest degree important." This matches sense 1, which describes the use of "most" to form the superlative, with the example "the king cobra is the most dangerous snake" following the same grammatical pattern.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the three candidate senses for the word "Most" in this passage.

The target sentence is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
   - This is the superlative form, like "the most dangerous" in the example
   - In the sentence "Most important of all" - this is indeed forming a superlative of "important"

2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
   - This means "very" - like "a very welcome relief"
   - "Most important" could mean "very important"

3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually
   - This means "almost" - like "the job is almost done"
   - This doesn't fit "Most important of all"

In the phrase "Most important of all," the word "Most" is being used to form the superlative of "important" - it's saying "the most important of all [considerations]" or "most crucially." This is clearly sense 1, as it's forming the superlative degree.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most <t>important</t> of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "Most important of all" expresses that the point about principals having authority is of great significance or value. This directly matches sense 1's definition ("of great significance or value") and is used similarly to the example "the important questions of the day" - emphasizing the critical nature of the topic being discussed.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "important" to determine the best sense.

The sentence is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

The phrase "Most important of all" is being used to emphasize that what follows is of great significance or value. The speaker is saying that this particular point (about principals having authority) is the most significant point being made.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. "of great significance or value" - synonyms: of import; examples: important people; the important questions of the day
   - This fits perfectly. The speaker is emphasizing that this point is of great significance.

2. "important in effect or meaning" - synonyms: significant; examples: a significant change in tax laws
   - This could work but is similar to sense 1.

3. "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis" - synonyms: crucial; examples: a crucial moment
   - This is too strong and specific to crises/critical moments.

4. "having authority or ascendancy or influence" - examples: an important official
   - This is about the person/thing being important because they have authority, not about the proposition being important.

5. "having or suggesting a consciousness of high position" - This is about bearing/attitude, which doesn't fit.

The context clearly shows "important" meaning "of great significance or value" - the speaker is emphasizing that something is of great importance/significance.

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, <t>schools</t> should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses schools having principals with authority over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline. This refers to schools as **educational institutions**—organizational entities with administrative structures and governance. This aligns with sense 1's definition of "an educational institution," which captures the institutional nature of schools referenced in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "schools" in the sentence:

"Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

The context is discussing:
- Schools having principals
- Principals having authority over faculty
- Principals controlling curriculum
- Student discipline

This is clearly talking about educational institutions as organizations/establishments where teaching and learning occur, with administrative structures (principals, faculty, curriculum).

Let me consider each sense:

1. "an educational institution" - This fits well. Schools as institutions.
2. "a building where young people receive education" - This is more about the physical structure/building itself.
3. "the process of being formally educated at a school" - This is the process, not the institution itself.
4. "a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style" - Not applicable here.
5. "the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session" - Not what's meant here.
6. "an educational institution's faculty and students" - This is about the people/community in the school.
7. "a large group of fish" - Not applicable.

The context talks about schools having principals with authority over faculty and curriculum. This suggests schools as institutions or organizations.

Sense 1 (educational institution) and Sense 6 (faculty and students) are the most plausible. However, sense 1 focuses on the institution itself, while sense 6 focuses on the people within it.

Given the context mentions "principals...over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline," it seems to refer to the school as an institution/organization. Sense 1 seems more appropriate than sense 6, as the passage is discussing schools as institutional entities with governance structures.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: principal
Target surface form: principals
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have <t>principals</t> with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=principal%1:21:01:: | definition=the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated
2. sense_key=principal%1:18:00:: | definition=the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=school principal, head teacher, head | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal
3. sense_key=principal%1:18:01:: | definition=an actor who plays a principal role | synonyms=star, lead
4. sense_key=principal%1:21:02:: | definition=capital as contrasted with the income derived from it | synonyms=corpus, principal sum
5. sense_key=principal%1:18:03:: | definition=(criminal law) any person involved in a criminal offense, regardless of whether the person profits from such involvement
6. sense_key=principal%1:18:02:: | definition=the major party to a financial transaction at a stock exchange; buys and sells for his own account | synonyms=dealer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is about schools needing better leadership. The passage states "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

The word "principals" in this context refers to the administrators or leaders of schools. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "the original amount of a debt on which interest is calculated" - This is a financial term, not relevant here.

2. "the educator who has executive authority for a school | synonyms=school principal, head teacher, head | examples=she sent unruly pupils to see the principal" - This matches perfectly. The context talks about principals having authority over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline, which are exactly the responsibilities of a school principal (educator with executive authority).

3. "an actor who plays a principal role | synonyms=star, lead" - This is about theater/acting, not relevant.

4. "capital as contrasted with the income derived from it" - This is a financial term, not relevant.

5. "(criminal law) any person involved in a criminal offense" - This is about criminal law, not relevant.

6. "the major party to a financial transaction at a stock exchange" - This is a financial term, not relevant.

The answer is clearly sense 2, which is about school principals with executive authority.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: measure
Target surface form: measure
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large <t>measure</t> of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill | examples=they held a public hearing on the bill
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration | examples=the measurements were carefully done; his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone | examples=the schools comply with federal standards; they set the measure for all subsequent work
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar | examples=the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "a large measure of authority" uses "measure" to mean a quantity or amount of something. In this context, the principal needs a considerable quantity/amount of authority. This is clearly sense 2: "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify" (synonyms: quantity, amount).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "measure" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

The phrase is "a large measure of authority" - this means a significant amount or quantity of authority.

Let me check each sense:

1. "step" / "maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal" - doesn't fit. We're not talking about an action or step.

2. "quantity, amount" - This seems like a strong candidate. "A measure of authority" means "a quantity/amount of authority". The phrase "a large measure of" is being used to mean "a considerable amount of."

3. "statute in draft" - doesn't fit, clearly not about legislation.

4. "the act or process of assigning numbers" - doesn't fit, not about measuring things.

5. "basis for comparison; standard, criterion" - Could fit partially ("measure" as in standard), but the phrase "a large measure of authority" is not primarily about it being a standard or criterion.

6. "accent in a metrical foot of verse" - doesn't fit, not about poetry.

7. "musical notation for repeating pattern" - doesn't fit, not about music.

8. "measuring instrument" - doesn't fit, not talking about a physical tool.

9. "container of standard capacity" - doesn't fit, not talking about a container.

The best fit is sense 2: "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify" (quantity, amount).

"A large measure of authority" = "a large quantity/amount of authority" - this is the idiomatic use of measure meaning a quantity or amount of something.

So the answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authority
Target surface form: authority
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of <t>authority</t> over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authority%1:07:00:: | definition=the power or right to give orders or make decisions | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, potency, dominance, say-so | examples=he has the authority to issue warrants; deputies are given authorization to make arrests
2. sense_key=authority%1:18:01:: | definition=(usually plural) persons who exercise (administrative) control over others | examples=the authorities have issued a curfew
3. sense_key=authority%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert whose views are taken as definitive | examples=he is an authority on corporate law
4. sense_key=authority%1:09:00:: | definition=freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities | synonyms=assurance, self-assurance, confidence, self-confidence, sureness | examples=his assurance in his superiority did not make him popular; after that failure he lost his confidence
5. sense_key=authority%1:14:00:: | definition=an administrative unit of government | synonyms=agency, federal agency, government agency, bureau, office | examples=the Central Intelligence Agency; the Census Bureau
6. sense_key=authority%1:07:02:: | definition=official permission or approval | synonyms=authorization, authorisation, sanction | examples=authority for the program was renewed several times
7. sense_key=authority%1:10:00:: | definition=an authoritative written work | examples=this book is the final authority on the life of Milton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates that principals need "authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline." This refers to the **power or right to give orders or make decisions**, which is the core meaning of sense 1. The passage emphasizes that schools should be "governed by a powerful head" with decision-making power, not simply staffed by experts (sense 3) or referring to administrative bodies (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "authority" here.

The sentence is: "Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

The context emphasizes that:
1. Principals should have "authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline"
2. The text mentions "governed by a powerful head"
3. Best schools are "free of outside interference"

This is clearly referring to the POWER or RIGHT to give orders and make decisions. The principal should have the power/right to make decisions about faculty, curriculum, and student discipline.

Let me check the candidate senses:

1. "the power or right to give orders or make decisions" - This matches perfectly. Principals having authority over faculty and curriculum clearly means having the power/right to make decisions.

2. "persons who exercise (administrative) control over others" - This is about who the authorities are (plural), not about authority as a quality. Doesn't fit well.

3. "an expert whose views are taken as definitive" - Not about expertise here, about power/right to govern.

4. "freedom from doubt; belief in yourself and your abilities" - This is about confidence/assurance, not relevant.

5. "an administrative unit of government" - This is about organizational structure, not about power/right to govern.

6. "official permission or approval" - Close to sense 1, but more about approval/permission rather than the broad power to govern.

7. "an authoritative written work" - Not relevant here.

Sense 1 is the best fit. It's about the power or right to give orders or make decisions, which is exactly what principals need "over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: faculty
Target surface form: faculty
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the <t>faculty</t>, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=faculty%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind | synonyms=mental faculty, module
2. sense_key=faculty%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=staff | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly indicates that "faculty" refers to the body of teachers and administrators at a school. The passage states that principals should have authority "over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline," which uses "faculty" as a collective noun for school staff. This matches sense 2's definition of "the body of teachers and administrators at a school," whereas sense 1 (inherent cognitive powers) would be inappropriate in this institutional context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "faculty" in this passage.

The passage is discussing the importance of school leadership. The key sentence is:
"Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the <t>faculty</t>, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

In this context, "faculty" refers to the group of people who teach and work in schools - the teachers and administrators. This is clearly referring to a collective noun for the body of educators at a school.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=faculty%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind | synonyms=mental faculty, module
   - This sense refers to mental or cognitive powers, like "the faculty of memory" or "the faculty of reason"
   - This doesn't fit the context

2. sense_key=faculty%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of teachers and administrators at a school | synonyms=staff | examples=the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university
   - This sense refers to the collective body of teachers and administrators
   - The example mentions "the dean addressed the letter to the entire staff of the university"
   - This clearly matches the context where principals should have authority over the faculty (the teaching staff)

The answer is clearly sense 2 (faculty%1:14:00::).

Since the instruction asks for "sense_index" and we have two candidate senses numbered 1 and 2, the correct sense_index would be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: matter
Target surface form: matters
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all <t>matters</t> of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: | definition=that which has mass and occupies space | examples=physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: | definition=a problem | examples=is anything the matter?
5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: | definition=(used with negation) having consequence | examples=they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: | definition=written works (especially in books or magazines) | examples=he always took some reading matter with him on the plane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "matters" in "all matters of student discipline" refers to concerns or affairs related to student discipline. This aligns with sense 1 ("a vaguely specified concern"), where "affair" is a direct synonym and the example "several matters to attend to" demonstrates identical usage—referring to various concerns requiring attention.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all <t>matters</t> of student discipline."

The word "matters" here is being used to refer to issues or concerns related to student discipline. Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=matter%1:09:01:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=affair, thing | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
   - This fits well - "matters of student discipline" would be concerns or affairs related to discipline

2. sense_key=matter%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, issue | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
   - This could also work - matters as subjects/issues related to student discipline

3. sense_key=matter%1:03:00:: | definition=that which has mass and occupies space | examples=physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
   - This is clearly not relevant - it's the physical science sense

4. sense_key=matter%1:09:02:: | definition=a problem | examples=is anything the matter?
   - This could fit - "matters" could mean problems, though it's less direct

5. sense_key=matter%1:07:00:: | definition=(used with negation) having consequence | examples=they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
   - This doesn't fit in this context

6. sense_key=matter%1:10:00:: | definition=written works (especially in books or magazines) | examples=he always took some reading matter with him on the plane
   - This doesn't fit

Looking at senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 emphasizes "concern" with "affair" and "thing"
- Sense 2 emphasizes "topic, subject, issue"

The phrase "matters of student discipline" aligns most directly with sense 1 - "a vaguely specified concern." The synonym "affair" fits perfectly here, as "matters of discipline" essentially means "affairs of discipline" or concerns about how discipline is handled. The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
-- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of <t>student</t> discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "student discipline" in the context of school administration refers to discipline policies affecting learners enrolled in educational institutions. This matches Sense 1 (a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution), not Sense 2 (a learned person/scholar), which would be inappropriate for discussing school discipline matters.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "student" is being used.

The target phrase is "student discipline" in the context: "schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline."

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" (synonyms: pupil, educatee)
2. Sense 2: "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines" (synonyms: scholar, scholarly person, bookman)

In the context "student discipline," this is clearly referring to discipline matters concerning students who are enrolled in schools - learners in educational institutions. The passage discusses school policies and administration, principals having authority, etc. This is about managing the behavior and discipline of school-enrolled learners.

Sense 1 is the appropriate choice here because:
- It refers to learners enrolled in educational institutions
- The context is about schools and educational management
- "Student discipline" refers to discipline imposed on or concerning students (pupils) in schools
- Sense 2 would be about a "learned person" or "scholar," which doesn't fit the context of school discipline policies

The answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: Study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. <t>Study</t> after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "Study" in the phrase "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The key context is:
- "Study after study" - referring to multiple studies
- "the most recent from the Brookings Institution" - this is the Brookings Institution
- The phrase is about what these studies tell us regarding school governance

This is clearly referring to research reports or documents describing findings. The phrase "Study after study...tells us" means multiple research reports/documents are conveying information.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: - "a detailed critical inspection" (survey) - not quite right
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: - "applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject" - this is the act of studying, not what we're looking at
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: - "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with examples "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" - THIS MATCHES! We're talking about documents/reports from the Brookings Institution
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: - "a state of deep mental absorption" - not applicable
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: - "a room used for reading and writing and studying" - not applicable
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: - "a branch of knowledge" - not applicable
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: - "preliminary drawing for later elaboration" - not applicable
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: - "attentive consideration and meditation" - not applicable
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: - "someone who memorizes quickly and easily" - not applicable
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: - "a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique" - not applicable

The best match is sense 3 (study%1:10:00::) - "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" because the context talks about research reports conveying findings about school governance, which directly aligns with this definition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after <t>study</t> -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The phrase "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us..." refers to written research reports or documents describing findings. This matches sense 3 (a written document describing the findings of some individual or group), which is further confirmed by the example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" that parallels the contextual usage here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The phrase "Study after study" refers to multiple research findings or reports. The next phrase clarifies "the most recent from the Brookings Institution" - this refers to research reports from the Brookings Institution.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique

In this context, "Study after study" refers to written research documents/reports. The phrase "tells us" and "the most recent from the Brookings Institution" strongly suggests these are written research reports.
Sense 3 fits perfectly—it defines study as "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group," which directly matches the usage here of multiple research reports from institutions like Brookings. The answer is sense index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "most" in "the most recent from the Brookings Institution" is used to form the superlative of the adjective "recent." This is sense 1, which defines "most" as "used to form the superlative" with examples like "the king cobra is the most dangerous snake." The phrase "most recent" makes "recent" superlative, indicating the single most recent study rather than using "most" as an intensifier meaning "very."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "most" in the context provided.

The sentence is: "Study after study -- the <t>most</t> recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us..."

Here, "most recent" is being used to mean "the most recent" or "the very recent one" - it's forming the superlative of the adjective "recent."

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "used to form the superlative" with definition about "to the highest degree" and example "the king cobra is the most dangerous snake" - This is exactly what we have. "Most recent" uses "most" to form the superlative of "recent."

2. Sense 2: "very" - This would be like "a most welcome relief" - it's an adverbial use meaning "very" or "extremely." The example shows this usage.

3. Sense 3: "slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but" - This doesn't fit at all.

In "the most recent from the Brookings Institution," the word "most" is forming the superlative of "recent" - making it "the most recent" (superlative form). This is clearly sense 1.

The difference between sense 1 and sense 2:
- Sense 1: Forming the superlative (the most recent)
- Sense 2: Being an intensifier meaning "very" (a most recent study would mean "a very recent study")

In the context "the most recent," this is definitely the superlative formation, not an intensifier. So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tells
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- <t>tells</t> us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The verb "tells" in this context means that the studies are making known or communicating information to the reader. The studies are informing us ("tell us") about the characteristics of the best schools. This matches sense 2: "let something be known," which describes the action of communicating or conveying information to an audience.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Here, "tells" is used in the sense of "communicates information" or "informs". The studies are conveying or communicating findings to "us" (the readers/audience).

Let me examine each sense:

1. "express in words" - This is about expressing something in words, saying something. The studies are indeed expressing/communicating findings.

2. "let something be known" - This means to make something known or communicate information. This seems to fit - the studies are letting us know something about the best schools.

3. "narrate or give a detailed account of" - This is about telling a story or narrative account. While studies do give accounts, this sense is more about narrative storytelling.

4. "give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority" - This is about giving orders or instructions. Not applicable here.

5. "discern or comprehend" - This is about understanding or perceiving. Not what's meant here.

6. "inform positively and with certainty and confidence" - This is about asserting something with certainty. Could fit, but the examples suggest a more emphatic tone.

7. "give evidence" - About providing evidence. Could fit since studies provide evidence.

8. "mark as different" - About distinguishing things. Not applicable.

The best match seems to be sense 2: "let something be known" because the studies are communicating or making known information about schools. Alternatively, sense 1 "express in words" could work.

Looking at the example for sense 2: "Tell them that you will be late" - this is similar to our context where studies tell us (communicate) something.

I think sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the <t>best</t> schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "best" in the context "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head" is clearly used in the superlative form meaning schools with the most positive qualities. The sentence is describing schools that are superior to others because they have certain characteristics (freedom from outside interference and strong leadership). This directly matches sense 1: "(superlative of 'good') having the most positive qualities."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "best" to find the correct sense.

The sentence is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Here, "best" is used to describe schools. The sentence is saying that the schools with certain characteristics (free of outside interference, governed by a powerful head) are the "best" schools - they have the most positive qualities.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "best%3:00:00::" - (superlative of 'good') having the most positive qualities | examples: the best film of the year; the best solution

This sense is clearly about something being superior or having the most positive qualities. In the context, "the best schools" means schools that have the most positive qualities - they are the most effective or have the best outcomes.

2. "best%5:00:00:advisable:00" - (comparative and superlative of 'well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable

This would mean it's advisable, but that's not what "the best schools" means here.

The context clearly uses "best" to mean "having the most positive qualities" or "superior to all others" - which is sense 1. This is the superlative form of "good" describing schools that are superior to others.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best <t>schools</t> are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The context discusses schools as organizational entities governed by principals who have authority over faculty and student discipline. The phrase "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head" treats schools as institutional bodies comprising faculty and students, which best matches sense 6: "an educational institution's faculty and students."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "schools" in the phrase "the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

The sentence is discussing educational institutions that should have principals with authority over faculty, curriculum, and student discipline. The sentence refers to "schools" as organizations that are governed by a powerful head (principal).

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
   - This refers to schools as institutions in a broad sense

2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
   - This is specifically about the physical building

3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
   - This is about the process/activity of being educated

4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
   - This is about artistic/intellectual movements

5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
   - This is about the time period

6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
   - This refers to schools as a body of people (faculty and students)
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by
   - This is about groups of fish

Given the passage emphasizes principals exercising authority over faculty and student discipline while remaining independent from external control, sense 6 fits best—it captures schools as institutional communities of people rather than just physical structures or abstract concepts. Sense 1 could work as a general alternative, but the specific focus on governance of faculty and students makes the more precise definition preferable.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: outside
Target surface form: outside
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of <t>outside</t> interference and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=outside%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit | examples=an outside margin
2. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extrinsic:00 | definition=coming from the outside | synonyms=external, extraneous | examples=extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph; relying upon an extraneous income
3. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:external:00 | definition=originating or belonging beyond some bounds: | examples=the outside world; outside interests
4. sense_key=outside%3:00:04:: | definition=located, suited for, or taking place in the open air | synonyms=outdoor, out-of-door | examples=outdoor clothes; badminton and other outdoor games
5. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:extramural:00 | definition=functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit | examples=extramural hospital care and treatment; extramural studies
6. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:exterior:00 | definition=leading to or from the outside | examples=an outside door
7. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:foreign:02 | definition=from or between other countries | synonyms=external, international | examples=external commerce; international trade
8. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=very unlikely | synonyms=remote | examples=an outside chance; a remote possibility
9. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:outer:00 | definition=on or toward an outer edge | examples=an outer lane; the outside lane
10. sense_key=outside%5:00:00:inaccurate:00 | definition=(of a baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter | synonyms=away | examples=the pitch was away (or wide); an outside pitch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "outside interference" in the context refers to interference that originates from sources external to the school system. Sense 2 ("coming from the outside") with its synonyms "external" and "extraneous" best captures this meaning. The school should be "free of outside interference," meaning free from external influences that originate beyond the school's governance structure. This matches the definition of coming from sources beyond the boundaries of the school as an organized unit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "outside."

The relevant sentence is: "Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside interference and are governed by a powerful head."

Here, "outside interference" refers to interference coming from sources external to the school system. The word "outside" is being used as an adjective modifying "interference."

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. Relating to or being on or near the outer side or limit - This is a physical spatial sense, doesn't fit well.

2. Coming from the outside; external, extraneous - This fits well. "Outside interference" means interference that comes from external sources.

3. Originating or belonging beyond some bounds - This also fits. "Outside interference" would be interference that originates from beyond the school's boundaries.

4. Located, suited for, or taking place in the open air - This doesn't fit.

5. Functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit - This fits well. "Outside interference" would be interference from outside the school's precincts.

6. Leading to or from the outside - This doesn't fit as well.

7. From or between other countries - This is too specific for the context.

8. Very unlikely - This doesn't fit at all.

9. On or toward an outer edge - This is more spatial, doesn't fit well.

10. (Baseball pitch) on the far side of home plate from the batter - This is too specific.

The best fit seems to be either sense 2, 3, or 5. These are all quite similar:
- Sense 2: "coming from the outside" with synonyms external, extraneous
- Sense 3: "originating or belonging beyond some bounds"
- Sense 5: "functioning outside the boundaries or precincts of an organized unit"

Sense 5 seems most precise for this context because it specifically mentions "functioning outside the boundaries" of an organized unit (which the school is). This captures the idea that the interference comes from outside the school's governance structure.
Reconsidering the distinction between these senses, sense 5 emphasizes where the functioning occurs, while sense 2 and 3 focus on the origin or source. For "outside interference," the key meaning is that it originates from external sources. Sense 2 is the strongest match because it explicitly uses "coming from the outside" and includes synonyms like "extraneous," with examples such as "extraneous light" that demonstrate external origins.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: interference
Target surface form: interference
Context:
The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline. Study after study -- the most recent from the Brookings Institution -- tells us that the best schools are those that are free of outside <t>interference</t> and are governed by a powerful head. With that authority, of course, goes an unambiguous accountability.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=interference%1:10:00:: | definition=a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=interference%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance
3. sense_key=interference%1:11:00:: | definition=electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication | synonyms=noise, disturbance
4. sense_key=interference%1:04:01:: | definition=(American football) blocking a player's path with your body | examples=he ran interference for the quarterback
5. sense_key=interference%1:06:00:: | definition=any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome | synonyms=hindrance, hinderance, hitch, preventive, preventative, encumbrance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes schools that are "free of outside interference," meaning they are unobstructed by external obstruction or hindrance. This clearly refers to the act of hindering, obstructing, or impeding—sense 2. The passage is about school governance and autonomy from external obstruction, not about international politics (sense 1), electrical disturbance (sense 3), football tactics (sense 4), or general physical obstructions (sense 5).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for the word "interference."

The context is about schools and their organization. The passage states: "the best schools are those that are free of outside <t>interference</t> and are governed by a powerful head."

The key phrase is "free of outside interference" - this is talking about schools being free from external obstruction or hindrance to their operations.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=interference%1:10:00:: - "a policy of intervening in the affairs of other countries" - This is about international politics/diplomacy. While the word "interference" is used in a political sense, the context here is about schools, not countries. Not the best fit.

2. sense_key=interference%1:04:00:: - "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding" - This is about blocking or obstructing something. The context says schools should be "free of outside interference" - meaning free from obstruction/hindrance. This is a very good match.

3. sense_key=interference%1:11:00:: - "electrical or acoustic activity that can disturb communication" - This is about technical/signal interference. Not relevant to schools.

4. sense_key=interference%1:04:01:: - "(American football) blocking a player's path with your body" - This is specific to American football. Not relevant to schools.

5. sense_key=interference%1:06:00:: - "any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome" - This is also about obstruction/hindrance, very similar to sense 2.

Between sense 2 and sense 5, they both refer to hindrance/obstruction. Sense 2 is "the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding" while sense 5 is "any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome."

In the context of schools being "free of outside interference," we're talking about the act or state of being hindered/obstructed, not just a physical obstruction.

Sense 2 captures this better since it emphasizes the active process of hindering or obstructing school operations, rather than a static obstruction. The answer is sense 2.