[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reflect
Target surface form: reflect
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes <t>reflect</t> national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reflect%2:39:01:: | definition=manifest or bring back | examples=This action reflects his true beliefs
2. sense_key=reflect%2:31:00:: | definition=reflect deeply on a subject | synonyms=chew over, think over, meditate, ponder, excogitate, contemplate | examples=I mulled over the events of the afternoon; philosophers have speculated on the question of God for thousands of years
3. sense_key=reflect%2:39:00:: | definition=to throw or bend back (from a surface) | synonyms=reverberate | examples=Sound is reflected well in this auditorium
4. sense_key=reflect%2:43:00:: | definition=be bright by reflecting or casting light | synonyms=shine | examples=Drive carefully--the wet road reflects
5. sense_key=reflect%2:39:02:: | definition=show an image of | examples=her sunglasses reflected his image
6. sense_key=reflect%2:32:01:: | definition=give evidence of a certain behavior | examples=His lack of interest in the project reflects badly on him
7. sense_key=reflect%2:32:00:: | definition=give evidence of the quality of | examples=The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "reflect" is used:

"Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

In this sentence, "reflect" means "are indicative of" or "represent" or "show evidence of". The votes are being described as representative of/indicative of national policy making.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. **manifest or bring back** - "This action reflects his true beliefs" - This is about showing/manifesting something about someone. This could work.

2. **reflect deeply on a subject** - This is about contemplation/meditation. Doesn't fit the context.

3. **to throw or bend back (from a surface)** - Physical reflection. Doesn't fit.

4. **be bright by reflecting or casting light** - Physical reflection. Doesn't fit.

5. **show an image of** - Physical reflection of images. Doesn't fit.

6. **give evidence of a certain behavior** - "His lack of interest in the project reflects badly on him" - This is about showing evidence of behavior or character.

7. **give evidence of the quality of** - "The mess in his dorm room reflects on the student" - Similar to 6, about showing evidence.

Looking at the context again: "such votes reflect national policy making" means the votes are indicative of/show evidence of national policy making.

Between senses 1, 6, and 7:
- Sense 1 "manifest or bring back" with example "This action reflects his true beliefs" - shows an action manifesting beliefs
- Sense 6 "give evidence of a certain behavior" - reflects badly on him
- Sense 7 "give evidence of the quality of" - reflects on the student

The phrase "votes reflect national policy making" parallels "action reflects beliefs" most closely, making sense 1 the strongest match.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: national
Target surface form: national
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect <t>national</t> policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country | examples=national hero; national anthem
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation | examples=national interests; isolationism is a strictly national policy
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country | examples=the national government; national elections
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government | examples=national parks
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country | synonyms=home, interior, internal | examples=the British Home Office has broader responsibilities than the United States Department of the Interior; the nation's internal politics
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation | examples=a national trait
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality | examples=national origin

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context uses "national policy making" in contrast with "local benefit-seeking," indicating that national refers to policies that apply to or concern the entire nation as a whole rather than individual districts or regions. Sense 3 ("concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country") best captures this meaning of comprehensive, nationwide applicability.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "national" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect <t>national</t> policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

The context is discussing how roll-call votes reflect "national policy making" as opposed to "local benefit-seeking." This suggests that "national" here refers to something that applies to or concerns the entire nation/country as a whole.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=national%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or belonging to a nation or country
2. sense_key=national%3:00:00:: | definition=limited to or in the interests of a particular nation
3. sense_key=national%3:00:01:: | definition=concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country
4. sense_key=national%5:00:00:public:00 | definition=owned or maintained for the public by the national government
5. sense_key=national%5:00:00:domestic:00 | definition=inside the country
6. sense_key=national%3:01:02:: | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to the people of a nation
7. sense_key=national%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to nationality

In the context, "national policy making" is contrasted with "local benefit-seeking." National policy making refers to policies that apply to or concern the entire nation, not just local interests.

Sense 3 seems to fit best: "concerned with or applicable to or belonging to an entire nation or country" - this captures the idea that national policy applies to the whole nation.
The other senses don't align with this usage. Sense 1 lacks specificity, sense 2 carries isolationist implications, sense 4 refers to government-owned facilities, sense 5 means domestic/internal, sense 6 describes national characteristics, and sense 7 relates to nationality itself. Sense 3 is the clearest match.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: policy
Target surface form: policy
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national <t>policy</t> making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: | definition=a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group | examples=it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies
2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: | definition=a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government | examples=they debated the policy or impolicy of the proposed legislation
3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: | definition=written contract or certificate of insurance | synonyms=insurance policy, insurance | examples=you should have read the small print on your policy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses "national policy making" in relation to legislative voting and government action. The word "policy" here refers to a plan of action adopted at the government level, which aligns with sense 1: "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group." The phrase "national policy making" specifically denotes the process of developing governmental plans of action, rather than an insurance contract (sense 3) or a line of argument justifying action (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "policy" is being used.

The sentence is: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

The word "policy" appears in "national policy making" and "participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking."

Let me look at the three senses:

1. sense_key=policy%1:09:00:: - "a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group" with examples like "it was a policy of retribution; a politician keeps changing his policies"

2. sense_key=policy%1:10:00:: - "a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government" with examples about debating the policy or impolicy of proposed legislation

3. sense_key=policy%1:10:02:: - "written contract or certificate of insurance" - clearly not relevant here

The context is about government action and legislative voting. It's discussing "national policy making" - referring to the creation and making of government policies/courses of action. This is about government action and national matters.

Sense 1 ("a plan of action adopted by an individual or social group") seems most appropriate here. The context is talking about national-level government decisions and making, which would be a plan of action. The phrase "national policy making" refers to the process of developing plans of action at the national level.

Sense 2 could also apply since it mentions "line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a government," but this is more about the argument itself rather than the policy as a plan.

Given the context of "national policy making," this refers to the creation of plans of action on national issues. Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: making
Target surface form: making
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy <t>making</t> and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans
2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree
3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "making" appears:

"...to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

Here, "making" is used in the phrase "policy making" which refers to the process or act of creating policies.

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=making%1:04:00:: | definition=the act that results in something coming to be | synonyms=devising, fashioning | examples=the devising of plans; the fashioning of pots and pans

This sense describes the act/process of creating or producing something. "Policy making" would mean the act of creating/producing policies. This fits perfectly with the context where it's contrasted with "local benefit-seeking" as a different kind of legislative activity.

2. sense_key=making%1:07:00:: | definition=an attribute that must be met or complied with and that fits a person for something | synonyms=qualification | examples=her qualifications for the job are excellent; one of the qualifications for admission is an academic degree

This sense is about qualifications or requirements for something. This doesn't fit "policy making" at all.

3. sense_key=making%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) the components needed for making or doing something | examples=the recipe listed all the makings for a chocolate cake

This sense is about the components or ingredients needed for something. This doesn't fit the context either.

The best fit is sense 1, which describes "the act that results in something coming to be" - this matches perfectly with "policy making" as the process/act of creating policies.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vote
Target surface form: votes
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such <t>votes</t> takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vote%1:04:00:: | definition=a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative | synonyms=ballot, voting, balloting | examples=there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion; they allowed just one vote per person
2. sense_key=vote%1:04:01:: | definition=the opinion of a group as determined by voting | examples=they put the question to a vote
3. sense_key=vote%1:07:00:: | definition=a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment to the US Constitution; guaranteed to women by the 19th amendment | synonyms=right to vote, suffrage | examples=American women got the vote in 1920
4. sense_key=vote%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of voters who have the same interests | examples=he failed to get the Black vote
5. sense_key=vote%1:09:00:: | definition=the total number of voters who participated | synonyms=voter turnout | examples=they are expecting a large vote

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "votes" in this context refers to "roll-call votes" in Congress - discrete voting events where legislators make choices on specific policy measures. The passage discusses "attendance rates on roll-call votes" and "participating in such votes," which clearly refers to individual voting acts/decisions that are counted. This matches sense 1: "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative," as exemplified by "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "votes" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making..."

The context is about "roll-call votes" - these are voting procedures in Congress where legislators vote on specific measures/policies. The passage is discussing voting behavior in Congress as it relates to national policy making.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative" - This is about individual voting acts/decisions. Examples given are "there were only 17 votes in favor of the motion" - this fits with roll-call votes as discrete voting events.

2. "the opinion of a group as determined by voting" - This is about collective opinion, not individual voting acts.

3. "a legal right guaranteed by the 15th amendment" - This is about the right to vote/suffrage, not actual voting events.

4. "a body of voters who have the same interests" - This is about a group of voters, not voting events.

5. "the total number of voters who participated" - This is about voter turnout, the total count of participation.

In the context "roll-call votes" and discussing "attendance rates on roll-call votes" - these are clearly referring to individual voting events/decisions in Congress. When they say "participating in such votes" they mean participating in voting events.

Sense 1 is the best fit: it refers to "a choice that is made by counting the number of people in favor of each alternative" - this matches roll-call votes in Congress where legislators make choices that are counted.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the <t>time</t> a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
2. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
3. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
4. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | examples=it is time to go
5. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past
6. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
7. sense_key=time%1:28:03:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
8. sense_key=time%1:28:04:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension
9. sense_key=time%1:07:01:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre
10. sense_key=time%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows "time" being used as a resource that is consumed by activities. The phrase "takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking" presents time as something available to be allocated among different tasks. This matches sense 2: "a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something," as exemplified by "take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "time" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking."

The phrase is "takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking."

This is referring to TIME as a resource - a period of time that is available to be spent on activities. The legislator has a certain amount of time available, and time spent on roll-call votes takes away from the time that could be used for local benefit-seeking.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "an instance or single occasion for some event" - No, this is not about a single occasion
2. "a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something" - YES, this fits perfectly. Time here is being treated as a resource that the legislator has available
3. "an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities)" - Possibly, but sense 2 is more specific about it being a resource
4. "a suitable moment" - No, not about a suitable moment
5. "the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past" - No, this is too abstract/philosophical
6. "a person's experience on a particular occasion" - No, not about experience on a particular occasion
7. "a reading of a point in time as given by a clock" - No, not about clock time
8. "the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event" - No, not the physics dimension of time
9. "rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration" - No, not about rhythm
10. "the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned" - No, not about imprisonment

Sense 2 is the clear answer. The passage treats time as a finite resource that legislators must allocate between competing activities—roll-call votes versus local benefit-seeking—which aligns with the example "take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: devote
Target surface form: devote
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise <t>devote</t> to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=devote%2:32:00:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=give, dedicate, consecrate, commit | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
2. sense_key=devote%2:31:00:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=give, pay | examples=give thought to; give priority to
3. sense_key=devote%2:40:00:: | definition=set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use | examples=this land was devoted to mining

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes allocating time toward a specific purpose ("devote to local benefit-seeking"). Sense 3, "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use," best captures this meaning of apportioning a resource (time) for a particular activity, similar to how land is "devoted to mining" in the example provided.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "devote" in this passage.

The sentence is: "participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=devote%2:32:00:: - "give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause" - This emphasizes giving entirely or completely to something. The examples include "She committed herself to the work of God" and "give one's talents to a good cause."

2. sense_key=devote%2:31:00:: - "dedicate" - synonyms are "give, pay" and examples are "give thought to; give priority to"

3. sense_key=devote%2:40:00:: - "set aside or apart for a specific purpose or use" - This is about allocating or setting aside something for a specific use. Example: "this land was devoted to mining"

In the context, the sentence is saying that legislators could allocate their time to local benefit-seeking. The key phrase is "time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit-seeking."

This is about allocating or dedicating time to a particular purpose. Let me think about which sense fits best:

- Sense 1 (devote%2:32:00) emphasizes "give entirely" which suggests complete commitment
- Sense 2 (devote%2:31:00) is about "dedicate" with examples like "give thought to"
- Sense 3 (devote%2:40:00) is about "set aside or apart for a specific purpose"

In this context, the legislator is dedicating/allocating their time to local benefit-seeking. The phrase "time could devote to" suggests allocating time for a specific purpose.

Sense 3 seems to fit best because it's about setting aside or allocating something (time in this case) for a specific purpose or use (local benefit-seeking). This sense captures the idea of apportioning one's time to a particular activity.
Sense 2 also works with its "give priority to" framing, but sense 3 more precisely captures the notion of carving out time resources for a specific activity, much like land is set aside for mining purposes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: local
Target surface form: local
Context:
Since local benefit - seeking matters more and national policy making matters less in the lower chamber of Congress, this is precisely the pattern one would expect if Republicans are less willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Democratic counterparts. Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to <t>local</t> benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=local%3:00:01:: | definition=relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area | examples=local taxes; local authorities
2. sense_key=local%3:01:01:: | definition=of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood | examples=local customs; local schools
3. sense_key=local%3:00:02:: | definition=affecting only a restricted part or area of the body | examples=local anesthesia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context contrasts "local benefit-seeking" with "national policy making," establishing a clear geographic/administrative scope distinction. The phrase refers to congressional attention to district-level constituent concerns and interests versus broader national legislation. Sense 1, which relates to administration of a city/town/district rather than a larger area, perfectly captures this meaning. The examples (local taxes, local authorities) further reinforce this administrative/governmental interpretation, whereas sense 2 (characteristic of a particular locality) would be too vague, and sense 3 (medical) is irrelevant here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "local" is being used.

The passage is discussing congressional behavior regarding "local benefit-seeking." The text mentions:
1. "local benefit-seeking" vs "national policy making"
2. "lower chamber of Congress" where "local benefit-seeking matters more"
3. "narrow constituent concerns" as related to local benefit-seeking
4. "national policy making" is contrasted with local benefit-seeking

The candidate senses are:
1. Sense 1: relating to administration of a city/town/district rather than a larger area (local taxes, local authorities)
2. Sense 2: of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood (local customs, local schools)
3. Sense 3: affecting only a restricted part/area of the body (local anesthesia)

Sense 3 is clearly medical and not relevant here.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 emphasizes administrative/governmental scope (relating to lower-level government administration)
- Sense 2 emphasizes geographic/characteristic aspects

In this political context, "local benefit-seeking" refers to representatives focusing on the interests and needs of their specific districts/constituencies rather than broader national policy. This is clearly about the geographic/administrative scope - the local district/town level vs. the national level.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate because it explicitly mentions "relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area" - which directly corresponds to the contrast between local (district-level) benefit-seeking and national policy making.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: indicate
Target surface form: indicate
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data <t>indicate</t>, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=indicate%2:32:01:: | definition=be a signal for or a symptom of | synonyms=bespeak, betoken, point, signal | examples=These symptoms indicate a serious illness; Her behavior points to a severe neurosis
2. sense_key=indicate%2:32:03:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=point, designate, show | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
3. sense_key=indicate%2:32:00:: | definition=to state or express briefly | examples=indicated his wishes in a letter
4. sense_key=indicate%2:32:02:: | definition=give evidence of | synonyms=argue | examples=The evidence argues for your claim; The results indicate the need for more work
5. sense_key=indicate%2:32:04:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=suggest | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The word "indicate" in this context means "give evidence of" or "show." The sentence is stating that the data provides evidence supporting the hypothesis about legislative behavior differences between Democrats and Republicans. This usage aligns with sense 4, where "indicate" means to demonstrate or provide evidence of something, which is the appropriate interpretation in this academic/empirical context discussing what data demonstrates about the theory.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "indicate" in this sentence:

"This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House."

The sentence is discussing evidence about attendance rates at roll-call votes. The data shows that Democratic House attendance rates have not exceeded Republican House attendance rates since 1959. The phrase "what the data indicate" means the data shows or demonstrates this evidence.

Let me examine each sense:

1. **sense 1** (be a signal for or a symptom of): This would mean the data is a signal or symptom of something. This could work - the data is signaling/showing what we're discussing.

2. **sense 2** (indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively): This is about pointing to or designating something specific. Not quite the right fit here.

3. **sense 3** (to state or express briefly): This means to express briefly. This doesn't quite fit - the data isn't expressing something; rather, it's showing or demonstrating it.

4. **sense 4** (give evidence of): This means to provide evidence or suggest. This fits well - "what the data indicate" means "what the data gives evidence of" or "what the data suggests/shows."

5. **sense 5** (suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine): This is medical usage. Not applicable here.

The best fit is **sense 4** - "give evidence of" because the context is about what the data demonstrates or provides evidence for. The synonyms include "argue" and the examples show evidence-based usage. In this context, "the data indicate" means "the data gives evidence of" or "the data shows."

Actually, let me reconsider sense 1 as well: "be a signal for or a symptom of" - the data is signaling what the theory predicts. But sense 4 "give evidence of" is more directly applicable in this academic/evidential context.
Sense 4 is the most appropriate choice here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: case
Context:
Is there any empirical support for this theory? Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the <t>case</t> of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "in the case of" here means "in the instance of" or "in the particular instance of the House." This usage refers to a specific occurrence or example being discussed—the House's attendance rates. This matches sense 1 (an occurrence of something; instance, example) most directly, as shown in its example "another instance occurred yesterday."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "case" appears:

"This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House."

The phrase "in the case of" is a common idiom meaning "in the situation of" or "as for" or "with respect to" - it's referring to a particular instance or situation.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "an occurrence of something" | instance, example - This could fit, as it refers to a particular instance
2. "a special set of circumstances" | event - This could also fit, as it refers to a particular situation/event
3. Lawsuit - No, doesn't fit
4. "the actual state of things" - Possibly
5. Container - No
6-8. Medical/legal cases - No
9. Argument/statement - No
10. Grammatical case - No
11. State of mind - No
12-20. Other definitions - No

The phrase "in the case of" typically means "in the situation/instance of" or "in the event of". Looking at sense 1 and 2:

Sense 1: "an occurrence of something" with synonyms "instance, example"
Sense 2: "a special set of circumstances" with synonyms "event"

In the context "in the case of the House", this is referring to a particular instance or situation. The phrase "in the case of" most naturally aligns with sense 1 (instance/occurrence) or sense 2 (special set of circumstances/event).

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 2 with example "it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled" - this shows "case" being used in the sense of a situation/circumstance.
Comparing the examples, sense 1 demonstrates the word functioning as a straightforward instance or occurrence, like "it was a case of bad judgment." Given that "in the case of the House" refers to a specific instance being discussed, sense 1 appears to be the most fitting match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democratic
Target surface form: Democratic
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The <t>Democratic</t> House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democratic%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality; ; ; - George du Maurier | examples=democratic government; a democratic country
2. sense_key=democratic%3:01:00:: | definition=belong to or relating to the Democratic Party | examples=Democratic senator
3. sense_key=democratic%5:00:00:common:01 | definition=representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large | synonyms=popular | examples=democratic art forms; a democratic or popular movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly indicates that "Democratic" refers to the Democratic Party, not the principles of democracy. The passage contrasts "Democratic legislators" with "Republican colleagues," discusses "Democratic senator[s]," and compares voting patterns between the "Democratic House" and "Republican House." This party-affiliation usage matches sense 2: "belong to or relating to the Democratic Party."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "Democratic" is being used.

The target word is "Democratic" appearing in the phrase "The Democratic House attendance rate..."

Looking at the context:
- The passage discusses Democratic legislators vs Republican colleagues
- It contrasts "Democratic" with "Republican" - these are clearly political party designations
- The passage talks about "GOP senators" and "Democrats" explicitly
- The passage is discussing voting patterns and staffing patterns of Democratic and Republican parties
- Other mentions include "Democratic legislators," "Democrats," and "Democratic House"

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=democratic%3:00:00:: - "characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality" - This is about democracy as a system of governance

2. sense_key=democratic%3:01:00:: - "belong to or relating to the Democratic Party" - This is about membership/affiliation with the Democratic Party
   Examples given: "Democratic senator"

3. sense_key=democratic%5:00:00:common:01 - "representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large" - This is about popular appeal

The context makes it very clear that we're talking about the Democratic Party specifically, not democracy in general. The passage compares Democratic legislators with Republican colleagues/senators. The phrase "Democratic House" refers to the House of Representatives when Democrats are in control or referring to Democratic party members in the House.

This is clearly sense 2 - referring to the Democratic Party, not the concept of democracy itself.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House <t>attendance</t> rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "attendance" fits best.

The sentence reads: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."

The three candidate senses are:
1. the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) - attending
2. the frequency with which a person is present - with example about a student's attendance being important for grades
3. the number of people that are present - with example about attendance being up by 50 percent

In the context, we're talking about "attendance rate" in the context of roll-call votes in Congress. The sentence discusses how frequently (or how often) Democratic and Republican legislators are present for these votes. The phrase "attendance rate" suggests a measure of how frequently something occurs.

Looking at the context more carefully:
- "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making"
- "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959"

This is talking about a rate - specifically, how often (with what frequency) Democratic representatives are present for roll-call votes compared to Republicans.

Sense 2 ("the frequency with which a person is present") fits perfectly - it's about how frequently/regularly people are present. The example even mentions "a student's attendance is an important factor" which relates to tracking how often someone shows up, just like this context tracks how often legislators show up for votes.

Sense 3 ("the number of people that are present") would be about counting how many people showed up, not their rate/frequency.

Sense 1 is about the act of being present, which is more general.

The best fit is sense 2 - the frequency with which a person is present.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance <t>rate</t> has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 4}

The phrase "Democratic House attendance rate" refers to the proportion of attendance relative to total roll-call votes possible. This matches sense 4, which defines rate as "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure," with examples like "literacy rate" and "retention rate" that parallel the usage of "attendance rate" in this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "rate" is being used.

The target surface form is "rate" in the phrase "Democratic House attendance rate."

Looking at the context:
- "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do"
- "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959"

The word "rate" here refers to the proportion or percentage of attendance - how many times representatives attended votes compared to the total possible votes, expressed as a proportion or percentage.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit" - Examples are about speed (55 miles per hour) and rate of change. This doesn't fit well.

2. "amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis" - This is about costs/fees. Not relevant here.

3. "the relative speed of progress or change" - This talks about pace. This could partially fit, but it's not the best match. The examples mention "fast pace" and "great rate" which suggest speed of progress.

4. "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure" - Examples are "literacy rate" and "retention rate". This perfectly matches "attendance rate" - it's a proportion/percentage of attendance over total possible attendance.

Sense 4 is clearly the best match. "Attendance rate" is a proportion/percentage, just like "literacy rate" or "retention rate" mentioned in the examples.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the <t>Republican</t> House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to party affiliation. The passage compares "Democratic legislators" with "Republican colleagues," discusses "GOP senators" and "congressional Republicans," and uses "Republican House" to refer to members of the Republican Party. This aligns with sense 1, which describes the adjective as relating to or belonging to the Republican Party, not with sense 2, which refers to a form of government based on popular sovereignty.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "Republican" is being used.

The sentence is: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the <t>Republican</t> House attendance rate since 1959."

Looking at the context:
- The passage discusses Democratic legislators vs Republican colleagues
- It mentions "GOP senators" (Republican Party)
- It talks about "congressional Republicans"
- The comparison is between Democratic and Republican House members
- The context is about political philosophy and party affiliation

The two candidate senses are:
1. Relating to or belonging to the Republican Party (with examples like "a Republican senator; Republican party politics")
2. Having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens (democratic/republican form of government)

In this context, "Republican House" is clearly referring to House members who belong to the Republican Party, not to the concept of republican government or democracy. The passage is comparing two political parties - Democrats and Republicans.

The phrase "Republican House attendance rate" refers to the attendance rate of Republican Party members in the House of Representatives, which matches sense 1: "relating to or belonging to the Republican Party."

Sense 2 would be about the form of government (republican vs monarchical), which is not what's being discussed here.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: attendance
Target surface form: attendance
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House <t>attendance</t> rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses "attendance rate" in reference to how frequently legislators are present at roll-call votes. The passage states that "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do," which is comparing the frequency or regularity of presence. This matches sense 2 (the frequency with which a person is present), rather than sense 1 (the act of being present) or sense 3 (the count of people present). The example provided with sense 2 ("a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade") similarly captures this notion of frequency/regularity of presence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "attendance" is being used.

The target word "attendance" appears in the sentence: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."

Looking at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=attendance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.) | synonyms=attending
   - This refers to the act of being present

2. sense_key=attendance%1:28:00:: | definition=the frequency with which a person is present | examples=a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade
   - This refers to how often/frequently a person is present (frequency measure)

3. sense_key=attendance%1:14:00:: | definition=the number of people that are present | examples=attendance was up by 50 per cent
   - This refers to the count/total number of people present

In the context, "attendance rate" is being discussed - specifically comparing Democratic vs Republican House attendance rates. The passage states "Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making."

The context is about how frequently/regularly legislators attend roll-call votes. It's measuring the rate at which they are present - not just the act of being present, but how often they are present. This is the frequency of presence.

This matches sense 2: "the frequency with which a person is present" - as shown in the example "a student's attendance is an important factor in her grade" which also deals with frequency/regularity of presence.

Sense 3 would be about the total number of people present, which doesn't fit because we're talking about rates comparing two groups, not the absolute number of people.

Sense 1 is just the act of being present, which is too basic and doesn't capture the frequency aspect that "rate" implies.
The correct answer is sense 2, since the passage measures how regularly legislators show up for votes rather than counting total attendees or simply noting presence itself.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rate
Target surface form: rate
Context:
Three pieces of evidence corroborate the key assumption that Democratic legislators are more willing to engage in local benefit - seeking than their Republican colleagues. First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance <t>rate</t> since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: | definition=a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit | examples=they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected
2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: | definition=amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis | synonyms=charge per unit | examples=a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5
3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: | definition=the relative speed of progress or change | synonyms=pace | examples=he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate
4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: | definition=a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure | examples=the literacy rate; the retention rate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The target word "rate" in "attendance rate" refers to a proportional measurement - the proportion of roll-call votes in which representatives were present. This matches sense 4: "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure." The examples given for this sense ("literacy rate"; "retention rate") follow the same pattern as "attendance rate," where a specific metric is expressed as a proportion of a total.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "rate" in this passage.

The sentence is: "The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959."

I need to determine which sense of "rate" is being used here.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=rate%1:28:00:: - "a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit" - Examples: "they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour; the rate of change was faster than expected"

2. sense_key=rate%1:21:00:: - "amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis" - Examples: "a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5"

3. sense_key=rate%1:07:00:: - "the relative speed of progress or change" - synonyms=pace - Examples: "he lived at a fast pace; he works at a great rate"

4. sense_key=rate%1:24:00:: - "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure" - Examples: "the literacy rate; the retention rate"

In the context "Democratic House attendance rate" and "Republican House attendance rate", we're talking about a proportion - specifically the proportion of time/instances when representatives attend roll-call votes. This is a measurement that's expressed as a proportion of the total possible attendances.

The passage also mentions "literacy rate" and "retention rate" in the context of similar proportional measurements. These examples are specifically given for sense 4.

"Attendance rate" is clearly a proportional measurement - it's the number of attendances divided by the total number of roll calls (or some similar proportion). This is exactly what sense 4 describes: "a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure."

Sense 1 is about frequency relative to time unit, which isn't quite right here.
Sense 2 deals with charges or payments, which doesn't apply. Sense 3 refers to pace or speed of change, also not fitting. The clearest match is sense 4, which directly parallels "attendance rate" with examples like "literacy rate" and "retention rate."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as <t>shown</t> in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

The context uses "shown in the table" to indicate that the table provides evidence or documentation of the staffing allocation differences being discussed. Sense 10 ("give evidence of, as of records") is the most precise fit, as a table is a formal record that demonstrates/evidences the data being referenced.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "shown" is used:

"Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices..."

The word "shown" here is being used to refer to what appears in the table. The speaker is pointing to what the table displays/demonstrates/indicates.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "give an exhibition of to an interested audience" - Not quite right. The table isn't being exhibited.
2. "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - This could work, as the table is demonstrating/proving something.
3. "provide evidence for" - This fits. The table provides evidence for the claim.
4. "make visible or noticeable" - This could work. The table makes visible what the data indicates.
5. "show in, or as in, a picture" - Not really, the table isn't a picture in the art sense.
6. "give expression to" - No, not expressing emotion here.
7. "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively" - This fits. The table indicates/points to the data.
8. "be or become visible or noticeable" - This is intransitive, but we have a transitive use here.
9. "indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments" - The table could be like an instrument showing data.
10. "give evidence of, as of records" - This fits well! The table as a record gives evidence.
11. "take (someone) to their seats" - No, not relevant.
12. "finish third or better in a horse or dog race" - No, not relevant.

The most fitting senses are 2, 3, 7, and 10.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 2: "establish the validity of something" - The table demonstrates/establishes the point about staffing allocation
- Sense 3 works as a more general way of framing how the table supports the claim. Sense 10 seems most precise since it specifically references records, and a table functions as a data record. Between these options, sense 10 captures the idea most directly—the table, functioning as a record, provides evidence for the staffing allocation claim.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: table
Target surface form: table
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the <t>table</t>, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=table%1:14:00:: | definition=a set of data arranged in rows and columns | synonyms=tabular array | examples=see table 1
2. sense_key=table%1:06:01:: | definition=a piece of furniture having a smooth flat top that is usually supported by one or more vertical legs | examples=it was a sturdy table
3. sense_key=table%1:06:02:: | definition=a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal laid out on it | examples=I reserved a table at my favorite restaurant
4. sense_key=table%1:17:00:: | definition=flat tableland with steep edges | synonyms=mesa | examples=the tribe was relatively safe on the mesa but they had to descend into the valley for water
5. sense_key=table%1:14:01:: | definition=a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game | examples=he entertained the whole table with his witty remarks
6. sense_key=table%1:13:01:: | definition=food or meals in general | synonyms=board | examples=she sets a fine table; room and board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "table" in this context refers to a visual presentation of data. The phrase "as shown in the table" indicates the author is referencing a data arrangement displaying statistics about staffing allocations. This clearly corresponds to sense 1: "a set of data arranged in rows and columns," which explicitly includes the example "see table 1."

reasoning_content:
The context is about congressional budgeting and staffing decisions. The phrase "as shown in the table" refers to a data presentation. This is clearly referring to a tabular presentation of data - likely a chart or table showing the allocation of staffing decisions being discussed.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. "a set of data arranged in rows and columns" - definition of a table in the data/information sense
2. "a piece of furniture" - a physical table for furniture
3. "a piece of furniture with tableware for a meal" - a dining table with place settings
4. "flat tableland with steep edges" (mesa) - geographical feature
5. "a company of people assembled at a table for a meal or game" - the people at a table
6. "food or meals in general" - sustenance

The context clearly states "as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion..." This is referring to a table as a visual presentation or arrangement of data/statistics.

This is unambiguously sense 1 - "a set of data arranged in rows and columns" with examples like "see table 1"

The sense index would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: democrat
Target surface form: Democrats
Context:
First, economists James Bennett and Thomas DiLorenzo find that GOP senators turn back roughly 10% more of their allocated personal staff budgets than Democrats do. To the extent that the primary duty of personal staff involves local benefit - seeking, this indicates that political philosophy leads congressional Republicans to pay less attention to narrow constituent concerns. Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, <t>Democrats</t> allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=democrat%1:18:01:: | definition=a member of the Democratic Party
2. sense_key=democrat%1:18:00:: | definition=an advocate of democratic principles | synonyms=populist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context makes clear reference to Democrats as members of the Democratic Party, comparing them with Republicans and GOP senators, discussing their party control ("their majority-party status"), and analyzing differences in their legislative behavior and staffing patterns. This is explicitly about the political party and its members, not advocates of democratic principles in general.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "Democrat" is being used.

The target word is "Democrats" in the context of a passage discussing:
- GOP senators vs Democrats' personal staff budgets
- Congressional Republicans vs Democrats' attendance rates on roll-call votes
- Democratic House vs Republican House attendance rates
- Democrats allocating personal staffs to district offices
- Control of the Senate changing party hands

The context is clearly discussing:
1. The Democratic Party (a political party)
2. Members of Congress from the Democratic Party
3. Comparisons between Democrats (party members) and Republicans (party members)

The two candidate senses are:
1. "a member of the Democratic Party" - This is a member of the specific political party
2. "an advocate of democratic principles" - This refers to someone who advocates for democratic governance principles

Given the context explicitly mentions:
- "Democratic Party"
- Comparisons with "GOP senators"
- "Republican House"
- References to "their majority-party status"

This is clearly referring to members of the Democratic Party (the actual political party), not general advocates of democratic principles.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct answer: "a member of the Democratic Party"