[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: take
Context:
The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to <t>take</t> the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The phrase "ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern" uses "take" in the sense of adopting or assuming a particular form or characteristic. This matches sense 5's definition "take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect" with the synonyms "assume, acquire, adopt, take on." The example "The story took a new turn" has parallel structure to the target usage, where an entity assumes or adopts a particular pattern or form.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "take" appears:

"Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level."

The sentence is saying that ticket splitting "takes" (adopts/assumes) the same peculiar pattern. This is about taking on a particular form or characteristic.

Looking at the candidate senses:

5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn

This matches perfectly. The sentence says "ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern" which means it assumes or takes on that pattern. The example "The story took a new turn" is very similar in structure to our usage.

Other possibilities I should consider:
- Sense 1 (carry out) - doesn't fit; we're not talking about carrying out an action
- Sense 22 (occupy or take on) - could work, but sense 5 is more specific and better
- Sense 30 (take on a certain form) - this is the same as sense 5 essentially

The best match is sense 5, which specifically deals with "take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect" with the synonym "take on" and example "The story took a new turn" which parallels our usage "take the same peculiar pattern."

The answer is 5.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the <t>same</t> peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level" uses "same" to indicate that the pattern is closely similar or comparable in kind and quality between two contexts. This matches sense 2 ("closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree"), as exemplified by constructions like "curtains the same color as the walls" where identical characteristics are being compared across different entities.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "same" appears:

"Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level."

The word "same" here is describing a "peculiar pattern" - it's saying the pattern at the state government level is the same as the pattern at the federal level.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "same in identity" - meaning the exact same object/entity. Example: "the same man I saw yesterday" - this refers to identical individuals.

2. "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree" - meaning similar in characteristics. Example: "two girls of the same age"

3. "equal in amount or value" - meaning equivalent quantity/value. Example: "like amounts"

4. "unchanged in character or nature" - meaning it hasn't changed. Example: "the village stayed the same"

In the context, "the same peculiar pattern" at state vs. federal level means the pattern has the same characteristics/qualities in both places. It's not about identity (like the same person), it's not specifically about amount, and it's not about something being unchanged.

The best fit is sense 2 - "closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree" - because the pattern is comparable/similar in nature between the two levels of government.

Actually, let me reconsider. Could it be sense 1? "The same peculiar pattern" - the pattern is identical/the same in both contexts. This could suggest identity.

But sense 2 seems more appropriate because we're talking about patterns being similar in kind/quality, not necessarily the exact same identical pattern (which would require sense 1).

Actually, thinking more carefully - "the same pattern" does suggest it's identical/the same entity or characteristic. But sense 2 is about "closely similar or comparable" which also works.
The phrasing "the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level" indicates the pattern is identical in both places. The comparison structure mirrors examples like "curtains the same color as the walls," where identical qualities are being matched. Sense 2 fits best here.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government <t>level</t> as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "level" is used to refer to different hierarchical tiers within government structure (state government level vs. federal level). This matches sense 2, which defines level as "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" with the synonym "tier." This captures the usage where state and federal represent different hierarchical positions within governmental organization.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "level" is being used.

The sentence reads: "Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government <t>level</t> as it does at the federal level."

This is talking about different hierarchical positions or tiers in government - state government level vs federal level. The word is used to refer to a specific position or rank within a hierarchy or administrative structure.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: - "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" (degree, grade)
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: - "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" (grade, tier)
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: - "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" (degree, stage, point)
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: - "height above ground" (physical location)
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: - "indicator that establishes the horizontal" (spirit level - tool)
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: - "a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line" (horizontal surface)
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: - "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" (layer, stratum)
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: - "a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale" (floor, storey, story)

In the context, "state government level" and "federal level" refer to different hierarchical positions or tiers in the governmental structure.

Sense 2 (grade, tier) seems most appropriate as it refers to "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" - state and federal are different tiers/positions in government hierarchy.
Sense 3 could also apply as a position within a continuum, and sense 7 works with "layer" as a synonym. However, sense 2 best captures the meaning here since it explicitly references "tier," which directly describes the governmental hierarchy where state and federal represent distinct ranks.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: federal
Target surface form: federal
Context:
The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the <t>federal</t> level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=federal%5:00:00:national:01 | definition=national; especially in reference to the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units | examples=the Federal Bureau of Investigation; federal courts
2. sense_key=federal%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to the central government of a federation | examples=a federal district is one set aside as the seat of the national government
3. sense_key=federal%5:00:00:northern:02 | definition=being of or having to do with the northern United States and those loyal to the Union during the American Civil War | synonyms=Union | examples=Union soldiers; Federal forces
4. sense_key=federal%3:00:00:: | definition=characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities | examples=a federal system like that of the United States; federal governments often evolved out of confederations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context compares ticket splitting patterns at "the state government level" with patterns "at the federal level." This clearly refers to the national government of the United States as distinct from state governments, which directly matches sense 1: "national; especially in reference to the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "federal" is being used.

The target word "federal" appears in this context: "Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level."

This sentence is comparing ticket splitting patterns at the state government level with those at the federal level. The text is discussing political behavior - specifically, how voters split their votes between different parties for different offices.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "national; especially in reference to the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units" - This would mean the federal level refers to the national government of the United States.

2. Sense 2: "of or relating to the central government of a federation" - This is about central government in a federal system.

3. Sense 3: "being of or having to do with the northern United States and those loyal to the Union during the American Civil War" - This is historical, about the Civil War era. This doesn't fit the context at all.

4. Sense 4: "characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between one central and several regional authorities" - This is about the structure of government (federal system).

In context, the passage is comparing the state government level with the federal level. This is clearly referring to the national/central government of the United States (the federal government) as distinct from state governments.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate because it specifically mentions "the government of the United States as distinct from that of its member units" (member units would be states). The examples given are "the Federal Bureau of Investigation; federal courts" which are clearly national institutions.

Sense 2 is also about central government, but it's more general about federations, while Sense 1 is specifically about the US context which matches the passage.

Sense 4 is about the form of government itself, not referring to a specific level of government.
Sense 1 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal <t>level</t>. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

The word "level" in this context ("at the state government level as it does at the federal level") refers to different strata or layers within an abstract hierarchical system—specifically the governmental hierarchy. This matches sense 7, which defines level as "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" with synonyms "layer, stratum" and examples like "a good actor communicates on several levels," capturing the stratified nature of governmental organization.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "level" appears:

"Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level."

Here, "level" is being used to refer to a position or stratum within a hierarchy - specifically comparing "state government level" with "federal level".

Let me examine each sense:

1. **sense_key=level%1:07:00** - "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" - degree, grade. Examples: moderate grade of intelligence; high level of care. This could work but seems more about intensity.

2. **sense_key=level%1:26:01** - "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" - grade, tier. This is about hierarchical positioning.

3. **sense_key=level%1:26:00** - "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - degree, stage, point. This emphasizes position within a series.

4. **sense_key=level%1:07:01** - "height above ground" - physical height. Not applicable here.

5. **sense_key=level%1:06:00** - "indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid" - spirit level. Physical tool, not applicable.

6. **sense_key=level%1:06:03** - "a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line" - horizontal surface. Not applicable.

7. **sense_key=level%1:09:00** - "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" - layer, stratum. Examples: "a good actor communicates on several levels" or "a simile has at least two layers of meaning". This seems very fitting for the hierarchical/stratification sense.

8. **sense_key=level%1:06:01** - "a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale" - floor, storey, story. This is about physical levels of buildings.
The phrase contrasts different governmental strata—state versus federal—which aligns with sense 7's notion of abstract layers within a hierarchical system. The example of an actor communicating "on several levels" parallels how government operates across distinct organizational strata. This makes sense 7 the best fit, capturing the stratified nature of governmental hierarchy.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: line
Target surface form: lines
Context:
Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature <t>lines</t> than the reverse. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=line%1:14:03:: | definition=a formation of people or things one beside another | examples=the line of soldiers advanced with their bayonets fixed; they were arrayed in line of battle
2. sense_key=line%1:10:01:: | definition=a mark that is long relative to its width | examples=He drew a line on the chart
3. sense_key=line%1:14:01:: | definition=a formation of people or things one behind another | examples=the line stretched clear around the corner; you must wait in a long line at the checkout counter
4. sense_key=line%1:25:00:: | definition=a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point
5. sense_key=line%1:10:02:: | definition=text consisting of a row of words written across a page or computer screen | examples=the letter consisted of three short lines; there are six lines in every stanza
6. sense_key=line%1:19:00:: | definition=a single frequency (or very narrow band) of radiation in a spectrum
7. sense_key=line%1:15:02:: | definition=a fortified position (especially one marking the most forward position of troops) | examples=they attacked the enemy's line
8. sense_key=line%1:09:01:: | definition=a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood; the methodical process of logical reasoning | synonyms=argumentation, logical argument, argument, line of reasoning | examples=I can't follow your line of reasoning
9. sense_key=line%1:06:01:: | definition=a conductor for transmitting electrical or optical signals or electric power | synonyms=cable, transmission line
10. sense_key=line%1:14:02:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=course | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
11. sense_key=line%1:15:00:: | definition=a spatial location defined by a real or imaginary unidimensional extent
12. sense_key=line%1:25:01:: | definition=a slight depression in the smoothness of a surface | synonyms=wrinkle, furrow, crease, crinkle, seam | examples=his face has many lines; ironing gets rid of most wrinkles
13. sense_key=line%1:06:06:: | definition=a pipe used to transport liquids or gases | synonyms=pipeline | examples=a pipeline runs from the wells to the seaport
14. sense_key=line%1:06:03:: | definition=the road consisting of railroad track and roadbed | synonyms=railway line, rail line
15. sense_key=line%1:06:07:: | definition=a telephone connection | synonyms=telephone line, phone line, telephone circuit, subscriber line
16. sense_key=line%1:04:01:: | definition=acting in conformity | examples=in line with; he got out of line
17. sense_key=line%1:14:00:: | definition=the descendants of one individual | synonyms=lineage, line of descent, descent, bloodline, blood, pedigree | examples=his entire lineage has been warriors
18. sense_key=line%1:06:00:: | definition=something (as a cord or rope) that is long and thin and flexible | examples=a washing line
19. sense_key=line%1:04:00:: | definition=the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money | synonyms=occupation, business, job, line of work | examples=he's not in my line of business
20. sense_key=line%1:15:01:: | definition=in games or sports; a mark indicating positions or bounds of the playing area
21. sense_key=line%1:10:05:: | definition=(often plural) a means of communication or access | synonyms=channel, communication channel | examples=it must go through official channels; lines of communication were set up between the two firms
22. sense_key=line%1:06:08:: | definition=a particular kind of product or merchandise | synonyms=product line, line of products, line of merchandise, business line, line of business | examples=a nice line of shoes
23. sense_key=line%1:06:05:: | definition=a commercial organization serving as a common carrier
24. sense_key=line%1:23:00:: | definition=space for one line of print (one column wide and 1/14 inch deep) used to measure advertising | synonyms=agate line
25. sense_key=line%1:21:00:: | definition=the maximum credit that a customer is allowed | synonyms=credit line, line of credit, bank line, personal credit line, personal line of credit
26. sense_key=line%1:10:03:: | definition=a succession of notes forming a distinctive sequence | synonyms=tune, melody, air, strain, melodic line, melodic phrase | examples=she was humming an air from Beethoven
27. sense_key=line%1:10:06:: | definition=persuasive but insincere talk that is usually intended to deceive or impress | examples=`let me show you my etchings' is a rather worn line; he has a smooth line but I didn't fall for it
28. sense_key=line%1:10:04:: | definition=a short personal letter | synonyms=note, short letter, billet | examples=drop me a line when you get there
29. sense_key=line%1:09:00:: | definition=a conceptual separation or distinction | synonyms=dividing line, demarcation, contrast | examples=there is a narrow line between sanity and insanity
30. sense_key=line%1:06:09:: | definition=mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it | synonyms=production line, assembly line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 29}
```

The word "lines" in the context "split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines" refers to conceptual divisions or demarcations between political parties. This is a figurative use referring to a "dividing line" between different political structures, which matches sense 29's definition of "a conceptual separation or distinction."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "lines" in the sentence:

"State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature <t>lines</t> than the reverse."

The sentence is discussing how state governments are politically divided or split. The word "lines" here refers to political dividing lines or distinctions between different parties.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1 (people/things beside each other) - Not applicable
2. Sense 2 (mark on chart) - Not applicable
3. Sense 3 (people/things in a line) - Not applicable
4. Sense 4 (geometric line) - Not applicable
5. Sense 5 (text rows) - Not applicable
6. Sense 6 (radiation frequency) - Not applicable
7. Sense 7 (fortified position) - Not applicable
8. Sense 8 (course of reasoning) - Not applicable
9. Sense 9 (electrical conductor) - Not applicable
10. Sense 10 (connected series of events/actions) - Possibly relevant, talks about "course"
11. Sense 11 (spatial location) - Not quite right
12. Sense 12 (wrinkles) - Not applicable
13. Sense 13 (pipeline) - Not applicable
14. Sense 14 (railroad track) - Not applicable
15. Sense 15 (telephone connection) - Not applicable
16. Sense 16 (conformity) - Not applicable
17. Sense 17 (lineage) - Not applicable
18. Sense 18 (cord/rope) - Not applicable
19. Sense 19 (occupation/job) - Not applicable
20-28. Various other senses (sports marks, communication means, product lines, commercial organizations, advertising space, credit lines, musical notes, insincere talk, personal letters) - None of these apply. Sense 29 (conceptual separation or distinction) captures the intended meaning perfectly—"dividing line, demarcation, contrast"—which aligns with how the sentence uses "lines" to describe the political boundary between Republican governors and Democratic legislatures.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reverse
Target surface form: reverse
Context:
Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the <t>reverse</t>. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reverse%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation of direct opposition | synonyms=contrary, opposite | examples=we thought Sue was older than Bill but just the reverse was true
2. sense_key=reverse%1:06:00:: | definition=the gears by which the motion of a machine can be reversed | synonyms=reverse gear
3. sense_key=reverse%1:11:01:: | definition=an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes; something that is thwarting or frustrating | synonyms=reversal, setback, blow, black eye
4. sense_key=reverse%1:06:02:: | definition=the side of a coin or medal that does not bear the principal design | synonyms=verso
5. sense_key=reverse%1:04:00:: | definition=(American football) a running play in which a back running in one direction hands the ball to a back running in the opposite direction
6. sense_key=reverse%1:04:01:: | definition=turning in the opposite direction | synonyms=reversion, reversal, turnabout, turnaround

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "reverse" in this context refers to "the opposite pattern" of state government division. The sentence contrasts Republican-governor/Democratic-legislature with "the reverse," meaning the opposite configuration (Democratic-governor/Republican-legislature). This matches sense 1, which defines "reverse" as "a relation of direct opposition" with synonyms "contrary, opposite," and is exemplified by a similar usage: "we thought Sue was older than Bill but just the reverse was true."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "reverse" in this sentence:

"State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the <t>reverse</t>."

The sentence is comparing two patterns of state government division:
1. Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines
2. The reverse (the opposite pattern)

The "reverse" here refers to the opposite pattern, which would be Democratic-governor / Republican-legislature lines.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=reverse%1:24:00:: - "a relation of direct opposition" with synonyms "contrary, opposite" and example "we thought Sue was older than Bill but just the reverse was true"
   - This means the opposite or contrary state of something

2. sense_key=reverse%1:06:00:: - "the gears by which the motion of a machine can be reversed"
   - This is about machinery/gears, not relevant

3. sense_key=reverse%1:11:01:: - "an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes"
   - This is about setbacks, not relevant

4. sense_key=reverse%1:06:02:: - "the side of a coin or medal that does not bear the principal design"
   - This is about physical objects, not relevant

5. sense_key=reverse%1:04:00:: - "(American football) a running play..."
   - This is about football, not relevant

6. sense_key=reverse%1:04:01:: - "turning in the opposite direction"
   - This is about directional change in movement

In this context, "the reverse" is used as a noun meaning "the opposite" - referring to the opposite pattern of state government division (Democratic-governor / Republican-legislature instead of Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature).

This best matches sense 1: "a relation of direct opposition" with synonyms "contrary, opposite". The example given is very similar: "we thought Sue was older than Bill but just the reverse was true" - where "reverse" means the opposite state.
The correct sense is sense 1, as it directly captures the meaning of "the opposite" in this political context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: investigation
Target surface form: investigation
Context:
An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse. A cross-state econometric <t>investigation</t>, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate. In sum, at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly irrational behavior voters display in the voting booth may have an exceedingly rational explanation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=investigation%1:09:00:: | definition=an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities | synonyms=probe | examples=there was a congressional probe into the scandal
2. sense_key=investigation%1:04:00:: | definition=the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and systematically | synonyms=investigating

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

The context describes "a cross-state econometric investigation" that systematically examines the relationship between state tax rates and voting patterns. This is a methodical, analytical inquiry conducted through econometric analysis. This aligns with sense 2, which defines investigation as "the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and systematically." Sense 1 refers to investigating suspicious or questionable activities (like a criminal probe), which does not fit the academic, analytical context of this cross-state econometric study.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "investigation" is being used.

The target sentence is: "A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the difference between a state's major-party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate."

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1 (investigation%1:09:00): "an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities" - examples include congressional probes into scandals. This sense emphasizes investigating something suspicious or problematic.

2. Sense 2 (investigation%1:04:00): "the work of inquiring into something thoroughly and systematically" - this is about the process of inquiring systematically.

In the given context, the "cross-state econometric investigation" is describing a systematic analysis or study examining the relationship between state tax rates and voting patterns. The author is conducting a thorough, systematic examination of data using econometric methods.

This is not about investigating something suspicious or questionable (which would be Sense 1). Rather, it's about conducting a thorough and systematic inquiry or examination, which aligns with Sense 2.

The context is academic/analytical, focusing on a methodical examination of data and patterns, not on investigating misconduct or questionable activities.

Therefore, the best choice is Sense 2 (investigation%1:04:00), which is indexed as sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: holding
Context:
An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, <t>holding</t> other factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate. In sum, at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly irrational behavior voters display in the voting booth may have an exceedingly rational explanation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "holding other factors constant" is a standard econometric/statistical expression meaning to maintain other variables in a fixed state while analyzing the relationship between other variables. This corresponds to sense 1 (keep in a certain state, position, or activity), which has synonyms "keep" and "maintain" that directly match the meaning required in this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "holding" in the sentence:

"A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate."

The phrase "holding other factors constant" is a statistical/econometric terminology meaning "keeping other variables fixed" or "treating other variables as unchanged" while analyzing the relationship between variables.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: - keep in a certain state, position, or activity (synonyms: keep, maintain) - This seems very relevant. "Holding other factors constant" = "keeping other factors constant"

The phrase "holding other factors constant" is indeed equivalent to "keeping other factors constant" or "maintaining other factors in a constant state."

This matches sense 1 best: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., keep clean; hold in place"

The definition explicitly includes "keep" as a synonym and "maintain" as a synonym, and the example "hold in place" fits with the idea of keeping something constant.

So the best sense is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding <t>other</t> factors constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate. In sum, at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly irrational behavior voters display in the voting booth may have an exceedingly rational explanation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "holding other factors constant" uses "other" to mean "the remaining ones" or "those not specifically mentioned or already under examination." This matches sense 1, which defines "other" as "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied," with the example "the construction of highways and other public works" showing this same usage pattern of referring to additional or remaining items beyond those explicitly stated.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "other" in the context provided.

The phrase is: "holding <t>other</t> factors constant"

This is a common phrase used in statistical analysis and research methodology. When researchers say "holding other factors constant," they mean treating or controlling for all the remaining variables/factors besides the one being specifically examined.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: - "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - This fits the usage of "other factors" meaning "the remaining factors" or "additional factors" - "the construction of highways and other public works" shows this usage where "other" means additional/different ones.

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 - "recently past" - "the other evening" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about a recent time period.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 - "belonging to the distant past" - This also doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 - "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" - This doesn't fit either.

The correct sense is definitely sense 1. In the phrase "holding other factors constant," "other" means "the remaining ones" or "those not mentioned" - it refers to factors other than the specific ones being examined. This aligns perfectly with the first sense: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied."

The example "the construction of highways and other public works" is very similar - it refers to additional public works besides highways, or the remaining types of public works.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: factor
Target surface form: factors
Context:
An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other <t>factors</t> constant, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate. In sum, at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly irrational behavior voters display in the voting booth may have an exceedingly rational explanation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=factor%1:11:00:: | definition=anything that contributes causally to a result | examples=a number of factors determined the outcome
2. sense_key=factor%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, constituent, element, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony
3. sense_key=factor%1:23:00:: | definition=one of two or more integers that can be exactly divided into another integer | synonyms=divisor | examples=what are the 4 factors of 6?
4. sense_key=factor%1:18:00:: | definition=a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission | synonyms=agent, broker
5. sense_key=factor%1:23:01:: | definition=any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
6. sense_key=factor%1:09:01:: | definition=an independent variable in statistics
7. sense_key=factor%1:08:00:: | definition=(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity | synonyms=gene, cistron | examples=genes were formerly called factors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "factors" in this sentence:

"A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the difference between a state's major-party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate."

The phrase "holding other factors constant" is a common statistical/econometric phrase. The text is discussing variables in a statistical analysis - they're examining how one variable (the difference between votes) depends on another variable (the state tax rate) while controlling for other variables.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=factor%1:11:00:: | definition=anything that contributes causally to a result | examples=a number of factors determined the outcome
   - This is a general sense meaning something that contributes to a result. Could apply here.

2. sense_key=factor%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, constituent, element, ingredient
   - This is about abstract parts/components. Could apply.

3. sense_key=factor%1:23:00:: | definition=one of two or more integers that can be exactly divided into another integer | synonyms=divisor
   - Mathematical sense (divisors). Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=factor%1:18:00:: | definition=a businessman who buys or sells for another in exchange for a commission
   - Business agent sense. Not relevant here.

5. sense_key=factor%1:23:01:: | definition=any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
   - Mathematical sense. Not relevant here.

6. sense_key=factor%1:09:01:: | definition=an independent variable in statistics
   - This is specifically about independent variables in statistics. The phrase "holding other factors constant" is standard statistical language, and this context is clearly about econometric analysis (explicitly mentioned as "econometric investigation").
   - Genetic sense doesn't apply here. The most precise fit is sense 6 because the passage explicitly frames this as an econometric investigation where variables are being controlled in a statistical model.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constant
Target surface form: constant
Context:
An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors <t>constant</t>, the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate. In sum, at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly irrational behavior voters display in the voting booth may have an exceedingly rational explanation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constant%5:00:00:invariable:00 | definition=unvarying in nature | synonyms=changeless, invariant, unvarying | examples=maintained a constant temperature; principles of unvarying validity
2. sense_key=constant%3:00:00:: | definition=steadfast in purpose or devotion or affection | examples=a man constant in adherence to his ideals; a constant lover
3. sense_key=constant%5:00:00:continuous:01 | definition=uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing | synonyms=ceaseless, incessant, never-ending, perpetual, unceasing, unremitting | examples=the ceaseless thunder of surf; in constant pain

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "holding other factors constant" is a statistical control technique meaning to keep other variables fixed or unchanged. In this context, "constant" means "unvarying in nature" or "invariant"—maintaining the same value across the analysis. This directly aligns with sense 1 (unvarying in nature; synonyms: changeless, invariant, unvarying), which is commonly used in technical and scientific writing to denote fixed or unchanging conditions.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "constant" appears:

"A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors <t>constant</t>, the difference between a state's major-party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate."

The phrase "holding other factors constant" is a technical/statistical phrase. It means "keeping other factors fixed" or "with other factors remaining unchanged/fixed."

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=constant%5:00:00:invariable:00 | definition=unvarying in nature | synonyms=changeless, invariant, unvarying | examples=maintained a constant temperature; principles of unvarying validity
   - This means not changing, staying the same
   - The phrase "holding other factors constant" means keeping them fixed/not changing
   - This fits well with "unvarying" and "invariant"

2. sense_key=constant%3:00:00:: | definition=steadfast in purpose or devotion or affection | examples=a man constant in adherence to his ideals; a constant lover
   - This is about being loyal or unwavering in dedication
   - Doesn't fit the context

3. sense_key=constant%5:00:00:continuous:01 | definition=uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing | synonyms=ceaseless, incessant, never-ending, perpetual, unceasing, unremitting
   - This is about continuous/uninterrupted duration
   - Doesn't fit the context

The best fit is sense 1, which means "unvarying in nature" or "invariant". The phrase "holding other factors constant" is a statistical control phrase meaning to keep other variables fixed/unchanged. This aligns with the definition of "unvarying" and the synonym "invariant."
The answer is index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the <t>difference</t> between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate. In sum, at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly irrational behavior voters display in the voting booth may have an exceedingly rational explanation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The target word "difference" appears in an econometric analysis context where it refers to the numerical gap between two measurable quantities: a state's major-party vote for the Republican gubernatorial candidate versus the Republican share of the lower state house. In this mathematical/statistical context, "difference" denotes the quantitative result of comparing two values—the number that results from subtraction—which matches sense 5.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "difference" in the phrase:

"the difference between a state's major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate"

Looking at the sentence, the word "difference" is being used in a mathematical/analytical sense. It refers to the quantitative gap or variation between two values:
1. A state's major-party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate
2. The Republican share of the lower state house

The passage is discussing econometric analysis, which is statistical analysis. The "difference" here is something that can be measured and is being treated as a dependent variable in their analysis.

Let me check each sense:

1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: - "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" - This is about qualitative distinction, not quite right for a mathematical context.

2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: - "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm" - This could work, as the difference is a variation between two values.

3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: - "a disagreement or argument" - This is clearly not right; there's no disagreement or argument.

4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: - "a significant change" - This doesn't quite fit the mathematical context.

5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: - "the number that remains after subtraction" - This is the mathematical sense of difference, which is exactly what we have here - we're looking at the numerical gap between two values.

Given the econometric/mathematical context, sense 5 seems most appropriate as it's specifically about the numeric result of subtraction. However, sense 2 (variation/deviation) could also work.

Actually, looking more carefully at the context, this is clearly a mathematical/statistical context where "difference" means the numerical gap between two quantities.

Sense 5 is the most fitting choice here—it directly captures the arithmetic meaning of the gap between the two voting percentages.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse. A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the difference between a <t>state</t>'s major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate. In sum, at both the federal and state government levels at least part of the seemingly irrational behavior voters display in the voting booth may have an exceedingly rational explanation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "state" refers to a constituent administrative district of the United States. The context discusses gubernatorial candidates, state houses, and state tax rates—all clearly referring to individual US states as political and administrative units, not to a nation as a whole or to any other meaning. This matches the definition "the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation" with the example "his state is in the deep south."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "state" appears. The target word is in this sentence:

"A cross-state econometric investigation, furthermore, reveals that, holding other factors constant, the difference between a <t>state</t>'s major - party vote going to the Republican gubernatorial candidate and the Republican share of the lower state house is a positive function of the state tax rate."

The context is discussing state governments, gubernatorial candidates, and state tax rates. The passage discusses differences between states (like "states conducting a Senate election," "holding other factors constant," "at the state government level").

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: - "the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation" - This refers to a state as a constituent administrative district (like US states). The example is "his state is in the deep south"

2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: - "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" - This is about condition/status

3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: - "the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state" - This refers to the governing body/government

4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: - "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - This is about a nation/country

5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: - chemistry definition about states of matter

6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: - "a state of depression or agitation"

7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: - "the territory occupied by a nation" - Similar to 1 but for a nation

8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: - "the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies"

The context talks about "a state's major-party vote," "gubernatorial candidate," "lower state house," and "state tax rate." This is clearly referring to one of the US states as a political unit.

The passage references "state government," "states conducting a Senate election," and compares Republican governors versus Democratic legislatures at "the state level." Sense 1 fits best—it describes an administrative district within a nation, matching the usage pattern here. Sense 4 would apply to sovereign nations, which doesn't align with the discussion of US states. The answer is sense 1.