[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
Those actions are really against the sporting spirit, which is part of the strategic decisions that favor taking advantages allowed by the rules. Regarding this assumption, the players did not act in order to avoid the application of the sanction (this would have been a clear case of legal fraud), but rather chosen when to obey it. They made a strategic decision without avoiding the punishment. Although the border between the wittiness and the law fraud is diffuse, in this occasion I believe it was a clear case of wittiness. The controversy seems to arise from two factors: because it was about two auto expulsions and the way the transmission of the directive was carried out to cause them. The <t>damage</t> brought about to the principles of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "damage" in this context refers to "the occurrence of a change for the worse" to the principles of the sport. The passage describes how certain actions brought about a harmful change or deterioration in sporting principles, which the author characterizes as more of an aesthetic issue than an ethical one. This sense (harm, impairment) best captures the meaning of the resulting negative effect on the sport's principles, rather than the act itself (sense 3) or legal/military-specific meanings (senses 2 and 5).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine the best sense of "damage" in this sentence:

"The <t>damage</t> brought about to the principles of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic."

Looking at the context:
- The passage discusses sporting actions, their ethical/legal implications
- It talks about actions that go against "sporting spirit"
- The "damage" refers to harm done to "the principles of the sport"
- The sentence contrasts ethical vs aesthetic dimensions of this damage

Now let me examine each candidate sense:

1. **sense_key=damage%1:11:00::** "the occurrence of a change for the worse" | synonyms: harm, impairment
   - This is about a change for the worse
   - In context, the actions brought about a change for the worse to sporting principles
   - This fits well - the damage is described as affecting principles of sport

2. **sense_key=damage%1:11:01::** "loss of military equipment" | synonyms: equipment casualty
   - This is about military context
   - Doesn't fit - this is about sports, not military equipment

3. **sense_key=damage%1:04:00::** "the act of damaging something or someone" | synonyms: harm, hurt, scathe
   - This is about the act/action of damaging
   - Could work, but the context focuses on the result/occurrence rather than the act itself

4. **sense_key=damage%1:21:00::** "the amount of money needed to purchase something" | synonyms: price, terms
   - This is completely wrong - there's no monetary context here

5. **sense_key=damage%1:04:01::** "any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right" | synonyms: wrong, legal injury
   - This is specifically about legal violations
   - The passage mentions it's not purely legal fraud, so this doesn't fit best

The phrase "damage brought about" points to the resulting harm rather than the action itself. Sense 1 best captures how these sporting actions caused a degradation of the sport's principles.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: principle
Target surface form: principles
Context:
Those actions are really against the sporting spirit, which is part of the strategic decisions that favor taking advantages allowed by the rules. Regarding this assumption, the players did not act in order to avoid the application of the sanction (this would have been a clear case of legal fraud), but rather chosen when to obey it. They made a strategic decision without avoiding the punishment. Although the border between the wittiness and the law fraud is diffuse, in this occasion I believe it was a clear case of wittiness. The controversy seems to arise from two factors: because it was about two auto expulsions and the way the transmission of the directive was carried out to cause them. The damage brought about to the <t>principles</t> of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=principle%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=rule | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
2. sense_key=principle%1:09:01:: | definition=a rule or standard especially of good behavior | examples=a man of principle; he will not violate his principles
3. sense_key=principle%1:09:00:: | definition=a basic truth or law or assumption | examples=the principles of democracy
4. sense_key=principle%1:09:04:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=rule | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
5. sense_key=principle%1:10:00:: | definition=rule of personal conduct | synonyms=precept
6. sense_key=principle%1:09:02:: | definition=(law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons (especially an explanation of the working of some device in terms of laws of nature) | synonyms=rationale | examples=the rationale for capital punishment; the principles of internal-combustion engines

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "principles" in the phrase "principles of the sport" refers to the fundamental truths, laws, and standards that define the sport itself. This is analogous to the example "the principles of democracy" provided in sense 3. The context discusses how certain actions damage the core standards and values that should govern sporting conduct, making this sense the most appropriate fit.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "principles" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "The damage brought about to the <t>principles</t> of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic."

The context is discussing unsporting behavior in sports, specifically about players making strategic decisions that exploit the rules in ways that might be considered against the "spirit" of the sport.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=principle%1:09:03:: - "a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct" with synonyms like "rule"
   Examples: "their principles of composition characterized all their works"

2. sense_key=principle%1:09:01:: - "a rule or standard especially of good behavior"
   Examples: "a man of principle; he will not violate his principles"

3. sense_key=principle%1:09:00:: - "a basic truth or law or assumption"
   Examples: "the principles of democracy"

4. sense_key=principle%1:09:04:: - "a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system"
   Examples: "the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion"

5. sense_key=principle%1:10:00:: - "rule of personal conduct"

6. sense_key=principle%1:09:02:: - "(law) an explanation of the fundamental reasons"

In the context, "principles of the sport" refers to the fundamental rules, standards, or values that define what the sport should be about. The text mentions "sporting spirit" earlier, suggesting moral/ethical standards.

This is talking about fundamental rules, standards, and values that define proper conduct in a sport. Looking at the senses:
- Sense 3 (basic truth or law or assumption) fits well with "principles of democracy"
- Sense 2 (rule or standard especially of good behavior) aligns with the ethical and moral dimensions being discussed. Sense 1 (basic generalization accepted as true) also captures how "principles of the sport" function as foundational standards. The reference to "sporting spirit" and ethical implications points toward sense 2, though sense 3 works equally well for describing fundamental standards like "principles of democracy" or "principles of a sport." Sense 3 appears most fitting—the fundamental truths or assumptions that define a sport—since "principles of the sport" operate as the core standards that establish what the sport is, much like how principles establish the foundation of any system.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: action
Target surface form: actions
Context:
Those actions are really against the sporting spirit, which is part of the strategic decisions that favor taking advantages allowed by the rules. Regarding this assumption, the players did not act in order to avoid the application of the sanction (this would have been a clear case of legal fraud), but rather chosen when to obey it. They made a strategic decision without avoiding the punishment. Although the border between the wittiness and the law fraud is diffuse, in this occasion I believe it was a clear case of wittiness. The controversy seems to arise from two factors: because it was about two auto expulsions and the way the transmission of the directive was carried out to cause them. The damage brought about to the principles of the sport by these <t>actions</t> is not as much ethical as aesthetic.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=action%1:04:02:: | definition=something done (usually as opposed to something said) | examples=there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions
2. sense_key=action%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=activity, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=action%1:04:03:: | definition=a military engagement | synonyms=military action | examples=he saw action in Korea
4. sense_key=action%1:22:00:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, activity | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
5. sense_key=action%1:10:00:: | definition=the series of events that form a plot | examples=his novels always have a lot of action
6. sense_key=action%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active and energetic and forceful | examples=a man of action
7. sense_key=action%1:06:00:: | definition=the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism | synonyms=action mechanism | examples=the piano had a very stiff action
8. sense_key=action%1:04:01:: | definition=a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong | synonyms=legal action, action at law
9. sense_key=action%1:04:04:: | definition=an act by a government body or supranational organization | examples=recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues
10. sense_key=action%1:04:00:: | definition=the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field | examples=the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds; gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses strategic deeds performed by players in a sporting context—specific things they did in the game that affected the sport's principles. Sense 1 ("something done") is the most fundamental and appropriate interpretation, capturing the meaning of concrete acts or deeds performed by the players, as opposed to merely words or abstract concepts.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "actions" fits best.

The sentence is: "The damage brought about to the principles of the sport by these actions is not as much ethical as aesthetic."

Looking at the context more broadly, we're discussing strategic decisions made by players in sports - specifically about taking advantages allowed by the rules, timing when to obey rules, making strategic decisions regarding punishment/sanction, and ultimately actions that are against the sporting spirit but are described as "wittiness" rather than "legal fraud."

The "actions" here refer to things that were done by the players - specific deeds or things they performed. The passage discusses:
1. Two auto expulsions (actions that caused expulsions)
2. Strategic decisions (actions taken based on strategic thinking)
3. Things that damage the principles of sport

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. "something done (usually as opposed to something said)" - This is the basic, most common sense. The actions are things the players did.

2. "the state of being active" - Not applicable here; we're not talking about being in a state of activity.

3. "a military engagement" - Not applicable; this is sports context, not military.

4. "a process existing in or produced by nature" - Not applicable; these are human actions, not natural processes.

5. "the series of events that form a plot" - Not applicable; this is not about narrative/plot.

6. "the trait of being active and energetic and forceful" - Not applicable; this is not about a trait.

7. "the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism" - Not applicable; mechanical context doesn't fit.

8. "a judicial proceeding" - Not applicable; while there's mention of legal concepts, the actions aren't judicial proceedings.
The remaining senses—government acts, organizational proceedings, or focal points of activity—don't apply here either. These are individual player moves, not institutional decisions. The first definition clearly fits: the passage is about specific deeds the players performed, contrasted with what they said or claimed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possibility
Target surface form: possibility
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises <t>possibility</t> of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possibility%1:09:03:: | definition=a future prospect or potential | examples=this room has great possibilities
2. sense_key=possibility%1:26:00:: | definition=capability of existing or happening or being true | synonyms=possibleness | examples=there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired
3. sense_key=possibility%1:09:00:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, theory | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
4. sense_key=possibility%1:09:01:: | definition=a possible alternative | synonyms=possible action, opening | examples=bankruptcy is always a possibility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes how the discovery of an arsenic-tolerant microbe expands what "can exist or happen" regarding new types of life. This matches sense 2 ("capability of existing or happening or being true"), where the sentence is expressing that new life forms becoming a viable or feasible reality is now more likely. The parallel example "there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired" uses the same meaning—expressing whether something can actually occur or be true.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "possibility" is being used.

The sentence is: "Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises <t>possibility</t> of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere"

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=possibility%1:09:03:: - "a future prospect or potential" - examples: "this room has great possibilities" - This refers to potential or capacity for development.

2. sense_key=possibility%1:26:00:: - "capability of existing or happening or being true" - examples: "there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired" - This is about whether something can happen or be true.

3. sense_key=possibility%1:09:00:: - "a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena" - This is about a hypothesis or theory.

4. sense_key=possibility%1:09:01:: - "a possible alternative" - This refers to an option among choices.

In the context: "Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth"

This is saying that the discovery of an arsenic-tolerant microbe opens up or raises the likelihood/capability of new types of life existing. The word "possibility" here refers to the potential or capability of something existing or happening.

This best matches sense 2: "capability of existing or happening or being true" - The possibility refers to whether new types of life can exist/happen (as a result of the discovery of arsenic-tolerant microbes).

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: type
Target surface form: types
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new <t>types</t> of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere"

The word "types" is used to refer to different kinds or categories of life forms. The bacteria discovered can use arsenic as a nutrient, which is unusual and suggests it might belong to a different category or type of life.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing" - This is about different kinds within a category. Example: "what type of sculpture do you prefer?" This seems relevant - "types of life" would mean different kinds of life.

2. "a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities)" - This is about characterizing people, not relevant here since we're talking about life forms/microbes.

3. "(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon" - This is a specific biological term about taxonomy. While the context mentions microbes, this seems too specific and technical for the general usage here.

4. "printed characters" - Not relevant, this is about typography.

5. "all of the tokens of the same symbol" - This is about linguistic symbols/characters, not relevant.

6. "a small metal block bearing a raised character" - This is about printing/typography, not relevant.

The most appropriate sense is clearly sense 1: "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing" - meaning different categories or kinds of life. The phrase "types of life" means different kinds or categories of life forms.

Sense 3 is about biological taxonomy, but sense 1 is the more general and appropriate meaning here - simply referring to different kinds or categories of life.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The <t>discovery</t> of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context "The discovery of a strange bacteria" refers to the act of discovering or uncovering this bacteria. The sentence structure "the discovery of X" is describing the finding/uncovering process itself, which is the primary meaning of sense 1. This is further supported by the mention that this finding "widens the scope for finding new forms of life" - emphasizing the act of discovery and its implications.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "discovery":

Context: "The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond."

The word "discovery" here refers to the act of discovering a bacteria, or more specifically, it refers to the newly discovered bacteria itself - the thing that was discovered.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
   - This is about the act/process of discovering something

2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
   - This is about the object/thing that was discovered

3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
   - This is about an insight or breakthrough

4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case
   - This is a legal term, not applicable here

Looking at the context: "The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic..."

The phrase structure "the discovery of X" can mean either:
- The act of discovering X (sense 1)
- The thing X that was discovered (sense 2)

However, in this context, it seems to be referring to both the act and the result. The sentence structure "the discovery of a strange bacteria" is describing what was discovered. The word "discovery" here is used to refer to both the finding and the thing found (the bacteria).

Given that it says "the discovery of a strange bacteria" and then talks about how this widens the scope for finding new forms of life, it seems like "discovery" is being used to refer to the finding itself and the insight it provides. The bacteria itself is characterized as something that "widens the scope" and "shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements."
The phrasing "the discovery of a strange bacteria" most naturally points to the act of discovering rather than the bacteria itself. While the breakthrough aspect is present, sense 1 captures the core meaning—the finding itself is what expands our understanding of possible life forms.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use <t>arsenic</t> as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context indicates that bacteria uses arsenic "as one of its nutrients," referring to arsenic as a chemical element that organisms can metabolize. Sense 2 defines arsenic as "a very poisonous metallic element" with the chemical symbol As and atomic number 33—the elemental form. Sense 1 refers specifically to arsenic trioxide, a processed compound form used in manufacturing and pesticides, which is not what the bacteria is utilizing. The sentence discusses arsenic in its elemental capacity as a nutrient source, making sense 2 the best fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "arsenic" is being used.

The context is: "The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life..."

The bacteria is using arsenic as one of its nutrients. This is referring to arsenic as a chemical element that can be utilized by living organisms.

Let me look at the two senses:

1. Sense 1 (arsenic%1:27:01::): "a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer"
   - This is a specific compound form of arsenic (arsenic trioxide)
   - Synonyms: arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
   - This is more specific to the oxide form

2. Sense 2 (arsenic%1:27:00::): "a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar"
   - This is the chemical element arsenic itself
   - Synonyms: As, atomic number 33
   - This is the elemental form

In the context, the bacteria is using arsenic "as one of its nutrients." Since the bacteria is treating arsenic as a nutrient/element that it can metabolize, we're talking about the elemental form of arsenic (As), not specifically a processed compound like arsenic trioxide.

Sense 2 is the correct choice because:
- It refers to arsenic as a chemical element (As, atomic number 33)
- The bacteria would be utilizing the element itself
- This is the broader, more general sense that encompasses all forms of arsenic

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nutrient
Target surface form: nutrients
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its <t>nutrients</t> widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nutrient%1:03:00:: | definition=any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue | synonyms=food
2. sense_key=nutrient%1:03:01:: | definition=any substance (such as a chemical element or inorganic compound) that can be taken in by a green plant and used in organic synthesis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes bacteria using arsenic as a nutrient - a substance required for metabolism and growth. While sense 1's gloss specifically mentions "animals," it captures the broader concept of nutrients as substances that can be metabolized to provide energy and support growth in organisms. This is more applicable to bacteria than sense 2, which is narrowly focused on substances taken in by green plants through organic synthesis. Bacteria, like animals, metabolize inorganic and organic compounds for energy and biomass production, making sense 1 the better fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "nutrients" is being used.

The context is about bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients. The key phrase is "bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients."

Sense 1: "any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tissue" - This is specifically about substances that can be metabolized by animals to provide energy and build tissue.

Sense 2: "any substance (such as a chemical element or inorganic compound) that can be taken in by a green plant and used in organic synthesis" - This is specifically about substances that can be taken in by green plants.

In the context, we're talking about bacteria using arsenic as a nutrient. Bacteria are not animals (they're not covered by sense 1), and they're not green plants (they're not covered by sense 2). However, bacteria are microorganisms that need substances to metabolize for energy and growth, similar to animals.

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1 is specifically about substances metabolized by "animals"
- Sense 2 is specifically about substances taken in by "green plants"

The context is about bacteria, which are microorganisms. Bacteria need nutrients - substances they can metabolize for energy and growth. This is more aligned with sense 1's concept of substances that provide energy and build tissue, even though sense 1 specifically says "animal." Bacteria operate on similar principles - they metabolize substances for energy and growth.

Sense 2 is about green plants specifically taking in chemical elements/compounds. While bacteria can use inorganic compounds, this sense is too narrow and specific to plants.

I think sense 1 is the better choice because it describes nutrients more broadly as substances that can be metabolized for energy and build tissue, which applies to bacteria even though the gloss says "animal."
Sense 1 captures the broader biological principle—organisms metabolizing substances for energy and growth—which fits bacteria better than sense 2's plant-specific definition. Even though sense 1 mentions animals, it's the more general framework that applies here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scope
Target surface form: scope
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the <t>scope</t> for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scope%1:07:00:: | definition=an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: | synonyms=range, reach, orbit, compass, ambit | examples=the range of a supersonic jet; a piano has a greater range than the human voice
2. sense_key=scope%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of the environment in which a situation exists | synonyms=setting, background | examples=you can't do that in a university setting
3. sense_key=scope%1:06:02:: | definition=a magnifier of images of distant objects | synonyms=telescope
4. sense_key=scope%1:06:01:: | definition=electronic equipment that provides visual images of varying electrical quantities | synonyms=oscilloscope, cathode-ray oscilloscope, CRO

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "scope" in the context "widens the scope for finding new forms of life" refers to the range or extent of possibilities. This matches sense 1, which defines scope as "an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control" with synonyms including "range" and "reach." The sentence indicates that the discovery expands the range/possibilities for finding new life forms, which perfectly aligns with this sense of scope.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "scope."

The sentence is: "The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond."

In this context, "scope" refers to the range or extent of possibilities or opportunities for finding new forms of life. The phrase "widens the scope for finding" means it expands the possibilities or range of what we can find.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=scope%1:07:00:: - "an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control" with synonyms "range, reach, orbit, compass, ambit". The examples given are about the range of physical objects. This definition fits well because "scope" here means the range or extent of possibilities.

2. sense_key=scope%1:26:00:: - "the state of the environment in which a situation exists" with synonyms "setting, background". This doesn't fit the context. The sentence isn't talking about environmental settings.

3. sense_key=scope%1:06:02:: - "a magnifier of images of distant objects" (telescope). This is clearly not the right sense - we're not talking about telescopes.

4. sense_key=scope%1:06:01:: - "electronic equipment that provides visual images of varying electrical quantities" (oscilloscope). This is also not the right sense - we're not talking about electronic equipment.

The best fit is sense 1, which defines scope as "an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control" with synonyms like "range, reach, orbit, compass, ambit". This perfectly matches the usage in the sentence where "scope" means the range or extent of possibilities for finding new forms of life.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: forms
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new <t>forms</t> of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses "new forms of life," which refers to different types or kinds of life. The phrase directly parallels the synonyms "kind, sort, variety" provided in sense 2. The sentence is about discovering different categories or types of organisms distinguished by their characteristics, not about physical shapes, biological strains, or other meanings of "form."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "forms" is being used.

The sentence is: "The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond."

The phrase "forms of life" refers to different types or kinds of organisms/life. Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. Phonological/orthographic sound - Not relevant here
2. "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" with synonyms "kind, sort, variety" - This could fit! "Forms of life" could mean "kinds of life"
3. "a perceptual structure" with synonyms "shape, pattern" - Could mean the physical shape/pattern, but less likely
4. "any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline)" - About shape/outline
5. "alternative names for the body of a human being" - Not relevant
6. "the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance" - About shape
7. "the visual appearance of something or someone" - About visual appearance/shape
8. "a printed document with spaces in which to write" - Not relevant
9. "(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups" - This could also fit! It's specifically about biological variants
10. "an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse" - Not relevant
11. "a particular mode in which something is manifested" - Could mean "ways in which life manifests"
12. "(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter" - Not relevant
13. "a body of students who are taught together" - Not relevant
14. "an ability to perform well" - Not relevant
15. "a life-size dummy used to display clothes" - Not relevant
16. "a mold for setting concrete" - Not relevant

The best fits are:
- Sense 2: "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" with synonyms "kind, sort, variety" - This directly matches "forms of life" = "kinds of life"
- Sense 9 refers to biological variants within a species, but the passage is discussing broader categories of life itself. Since we're looking for entirely new types of organisms rather than minor variations within a species, sense 2 is the stronger match.

The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earth
Target surface form: Earth
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in <t>Earth</t>, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earth%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=world, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
2. sense_key=earth%1:27:00:: | definition=the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface | synonyms=ground | examples=they dug into the earth outside the church
3. sense_key=earth%1:17:01:: | definition=the solid part of the earth's surface | synonyms=land, dry land, ground, solid ground, terra firma | examples=the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land; the earth shook for several minutes
4. sense_key=earth%1:15:00:: | definition=the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell) | examples=it was hell on earth
5. sense_key=earth%1:27:01:: | definition=once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
6. sense_key=earth%1:09:00:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, world | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
7. sense_key=earth%1:06:00:: | definition=a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage) | synonyms=ground

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to Earth as the planet we live on. The phrase "new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere" discusses life on our planet in contrast with other potential locations in space, and the capitalized form "Earth" confirms it's referring to the celestial body. Sense 1 (the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on) is the only appropriate match.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth..."

The target word "Earth" appears capitalized, which is a strong indicator it's referring to the planet. The context mentions:
- "new types of life on Earth"
- "life on Earth and possibly beyond"
- "discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth"

The phrase "life on Earth" is a classic astronomical/planetary reference, indicating the planet we live on. The capitalization also confirms this.

Let me check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earth%1:17:00:: - "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on" - This is about the planet
2. sense_key=earth%1:27:00:: - "the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface" - This is soil/ground
3. sense_key=earth%1:17:01:: - "the solid part of the earth's surface" - This is about land/ground
4. sense_key=earth%1:15:00:: - "the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell)" - This is poetic/religious
5. sense_key=earth%1:27:01:: - "once thought to be one of four elements" - This is an archaic/philosophical sense
6. sense_key=earth%1:09:00:: - "the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife" - This is abstract
7. sense_key=earth%1:06:00:: - electrical connection - Not relevant here

The context is clearly about the planet Earth, where life exists.

The phrase "new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere" contrasts life on our planet with life on other planets, making it unambiguous that this refers to the 3rd planet from the sun. The answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that <t>life</t> has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

The context discusses how the discovery of arsenic-tolerant bacteria expands our understanding of what qualifies as "life" itself—the fundamental organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms. The phrase "life has possibilities beyond the major elements" refers to life as a scientific concept or phenomenon, not as a state of being, a time period, or a biographical narrative. Sense 11 best captures this meaning: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "This organism has dual capability." appears in a context about discovering bacteria that can use arsenic as nutrients, and how this "widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond."

The specific usage of "life" here is: "life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential."

Let me consider each sense:

1. A characteristic state or mode of living - Not quite right
2. The experience of being alive; course of human events - Not right, too focused on human experience
3. The course of existence of an individual - Too focused on individual
4. The condition of living or the state of being alive - This could work - it's about what makes something alive
5. The period during which something is functional - Too focused on time period
6. The period between birth and the present time - Time period, not right
7. The period from the present until death - Time period, not right
8. A living person - Not right
9. Animation and energy in action or expression - Not right
10. Living things collectively - Could work - but the phrase is singular "life"
11. The organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones - This seems very fitting! "Life has possibilities" - discussing what life is as a phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving
12. An account of the series of events - Not right
13. A motive for living - Not right
14. A prison term - Not right

The context is discussing how bacteria can use arsenic as a nutrient, which expands what we consider "life" to be - the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms. This is talking about life as a concept, as the property that makes something alive.

Sense 11 seems best: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones" with example "there is no life on the moon" - this matches the scientific context of discussing what counts as life.
The answer is sense 11.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possibility
Target surface form: possibilities
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has <t>possibilities</t> beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possibility%1:09:03:: | definition=a future prospect or potential | examples=this room has great possibilities
2. sense_key=possibility%1:26:00:: | definition=capability of existing or happening or being true | synonyms=possibleness | examples=there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired
3. sense_key=possibility%1:09:00:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, theory | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
4. sense_key=possibility%1:09:01:: | definition=a possible alternative | synonyms=possible action, opening | examples=bankruptcy is always a possibility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context indicates that the discovery shows "life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential." This refers to the future prospects or potential for life to exist in forms beyond what was previously thought necessary. The sentence is describing the expanded scope of what life could potentially be—its potential prospects—which aligns with sense 1: "a future prospect or potential."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "possibilities" is being used.

The context: "they say it shows that life has <t>possibilities</t> beyond the major elements that have been considered essential."

The sentence is discussing that the discovery of this arsenic-tolerant microbe suggests that life could exist in different ways or forms beyond what was previously thought necessary.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=possibility%1:09:03:: "a future prospect or potential" - Examples: "this room has great possibilities"
   - This suggests potential in the future or untapped potential

2. sense_key=possibility%1:26:00:: "capability of existing or happening or being true" - Examples: "there is a possibility that his sense of smell has been impaired"
   - This is about the likelihood or capability of something being true

3. sense_key=possibility%1:09:00:: "a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified" - This is about hypotheses/theories
   - This doesn't seem to fit the context

4. sense_key=possibility%1:09:01:: "a possible alternative" - Examples: "bankruptcy is always a possibility"
   - This is about alternative options/choices

In the context, "life has possibilities beyond the major elements" means life could potentially take forms or exist in ways beyond what was previously considered essential. This is about potential ways of existing.

This seems closest to sense 1 (future prospect or potential) - life has potential/prospects beyond what was thought. The sentence is saying that the scope of what life could be like has expanded.

Actually, let me reconsider. "possibilities beyond the major elements" could also mean "possible alternative forms" - which would be sense 4. But sense 1 seems more natural when talking about "having possibilities."

I think sense 1 is the best fit: "a future prospect or potential" - it describes the potential or prospects that life has to exist in different forms.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: element
Target surface form: elements
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major <t>elements</t> that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=element%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract part of something | synonyms=component, constituent, factor, ingredient | examples=jealousy was a component of his character; two constituents of a musical composition are melody and harmony
2. sense_key=element%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that is one of the individual parts of which a composite entity is made up; especially a part that can be separated from or attached to a system | synonyms=component, constituent | examples=spare components for cars; a component or constituent element of a system
3. sense_key=element%1:27:00:: | definition=any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter | synonyms=chemical element
4. sense_key=element%1:15:00:: | definition=the most favorable environment for a plant or animal | examples=water is the element of fishes
5. sense_key=element%1:27:01:: | definition=one of four substances thought in ancient and medieval cosmology to constitute the physical universe | examples=the alchemists believed that there were four elements
6. sense_key=element%1:26:00:: | definition=the situation in which you are happiest and most effective | examples=in your element
7. sense_key=element%1:25:00:: | definition=a straight line that generates a cylinder or cone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context discusses how the bacteria can use arsenic as a nutrient, demonstrating that life has possibilities "beyond the major elements that have been considered essential." This clearly refers to chemical elements—the known substances from the periodic table—traditionally considered fundamental to life. Sense 3 (any of the more than 100 known substances that constitute all matter) is the precise meaning needed here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully:

"This organism has dual capability. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major <t>elements</t> that have been considered essential."

The context is discussing how this bacteria can use arsenic as a nutrient, and it suggests that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential for life.

The key phrase is "major elements that have been considered essential" - this is clearly referring to chemical elements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur which are traditionally considered essential for life.

Let me look at the senses:

1. sense 1: abstract part of something (component, constituent, factor, ingredient) - This could work, but it's more abstract.

2. sense 2: artifact that is one of individual parts of a composite entity - This is about physical objects, not really what we're discussing.

3. sense 3: any of the more than 100 known substances (chemical elements) - This is exactly what we're talking about! The major elements that are essential for life would be referring to chemical elements like C, H, N, O, P, S.

4. sense 4: most favorable environment for a plant or animal - This is about habitat/environment, not the point here.

5. sense 5: one of four substances in ancient cosmology - This is about the old theory, not relevant.

6. sense 6: situation where you're happiest/most effective - Not relevant.

7. sense 7: straight line that generates a cylinder or cone - Geometric term, not relevant.

The answer is clearly sense 3, which refers to chemical elements. The bacteria's ability to use arsenic (a chemical element) as a nutrient shows that life can go beyond the traditional major chemical elements (like C, H, N, O, P, S).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: organism
Target surface form: organism
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This <t>organism</t> has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=organism%1:03:00:: | definition=a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently | synonyms=being
2. sense_key=organism%1:14:00:: | definition=a system considered analogous in structure or function to a living body | examples=the social organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to a bacteria as a literal living entity with biological capabilities (growth, nutrition uptake). This matches sense 1, which defines organism as "a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently." The discussion of the bacteria's ability to grow and utilize nutrients as a living thing, rather than any metaphorical or analogical system, confirms this sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "organism" in this sentence.

Context analysis:
The passage is about a bacteria that can use arsenic as a nutrient. The sentence states "This organism has dual capability" and "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=organism%1:03:00:: - "a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently" with synonym "being"
   - This refers to an actual living creature/biological entity

2. sense_key=organism%1:14:00:: - "a system considered analogous in structure or function to a living body" with examples like "the social organism"
   - This refers to something that functions like a living body but is not literally a living creature (like a social system)

In the context, they are discussing a bacteria - which is a real, literal living microorganism. The bacteria is described as having dual capability and can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic. This is talking about an actual living biological entity, not a metaphorical system.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice - it refers to the actual living bacteria/microorganism.

The sense index for sense_key=organism%1:03:00:: would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: capability
Target surface form: capability
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual <t>capability</t>." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=capability%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally | synonyms=capableness | examples=he worked to the limits of his capability
2. sense_key=capability%1:26:00:: | definition=the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment | synonyms=capacity | examples=the capability of a metal to be fused
3. sense_key=capability%1:09:00:: | definition=an aptitude that may be developed | synonyms=capableness, potentiality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the three candidate senses for "capability" in this sentence:

"This organism has dual capability."
"It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."

Context analysis:
- The bacteria has the ability to use either phosphorus or arsenic as nutrients
- It has "dual capability" - meaning it has two possible abilities/capacities
- The clarification shows it can grow with either of two elements

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=capability%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being capable -- physically or intellectually or legally | synonyms=capableness | examples=he worked to the limits of his capability
   - This is about the general quality of being capable, having competence or ability
   - This seems broad but could apply

2. sense_key=capability%1:26:00:: | definition=the susceptibility of something to a particular treatment | synonyms=capacity | examples=the capability of a metal to be fused
   - This is about how something can be treated or processed (susceptibility to treatment)
   - This doesn't quite fit - the organism's ability to use different nutrients isn't about susceptibility to treatment

3. sense_key=capability%1:09:00:: | definition=an aptitude that may be developed | synonyms=capableness, potentiality
   - This is about an aptitude or potential ability
   - This could fit - the organism has the ability/aptitude to use either phosphorus or arsenic

The sentence is saying the organism has a dual capability - it can use either phosphorus or arsenic. This is describing an ability or capacity that the organism possesses.

Sense 1 seems to be the most general and direct - "the quality of being capable" - the organism is capable of using either nutrient, so it has this quality.

Sense 2 is about susceptibility to treatment, which doesn't apply here.

Sense 3 is about an aptitude that may be developed, which is more about potential.
Sense 1 is the strongest match here. The organism possesses the quality of being capable of two distinct functions—utilizing either phosphorus or arsenic—which aligns directly with the definition of capability as the quality of being capable.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: phosphorus
Target surface form: phosphorus
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either <t>phosphorus</t> or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=phosphorus%1:27:00:: | definition=a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms | synonyms=P, atomic number 15
2. sense_key=phosphorus%1:17:00:: | definition=a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky | synonyms=morning star, daystar, Lucifer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to phosphorus as a chemical element essential for biological organisms. The bacteria can "grow with either phosphorus or arsenic," placing it in the context of nutritional elements needed for life. This matches sense 1, which defines phosphorus as a nonmetallic element that occurs in all living cells as organic phosphates. Sense 2 (the astronomical term for Venus) is entirely unrelated to the biological discussion.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "phosphorus" is being used.

The context is:
"It can grow with either <t>phosphorus</t> or arsenic."

This is discussing a bacteria that can use arsenic as a nutrient, and also can use phosphorus. The passage is about biological organisms and their nutritional requirements/essential elements.

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms" - synonyms: P, atomic number 15
   - This is the chemical element phosphorus, which is an essential element in living cells and biology

2. Sense 2: "a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky" - synonyms: morning star, daystar, Lucifer
   - This is the astronomical term for Venus

In the biological context discussing a bacteria's nutrients and how organisms utilize arsenic and phosphorus, sense 1 (the chemical element) is clearly the intended meaning. Phosphorus is indeed an essential element in all living cells, as stated in the definition itself. The passage is discussing biological elements that are essential for life.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or <t>arsenic</t>." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses a bacterium that can use arsenic as a nutrient, comparable to phosphorus. This refers to arsenic as a chemical element (As, atomic number 33) that the organism can metabolize, rather than a specific arsenic compound like arsenic trioxide. The biological context of an organism incorporating arsenic as a nutrient clearly points to the elemental sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully:

The context is about a bacteria that can use arsenic as "one of its nutrients" and "can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic."

Now let's look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer"
   - This is arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃), a specific compound
   - Synonyms: arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane

2. Sense 2: "a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar"
   - This is arsenic as a chemical element (As)
   - Synonyms: As, atomic number 33

In the context, the bacteria uses arsenic as a nutrient. In biochemistry and microbiology, when we talk about an organism using a chemical element as a nutrient, we typically refer to the element itself, not a specific compound. The bacteria would be using arsenic in various chemical forms available in its environment, likely in its elemental or ionic forms (like arsenite or arsenate).

The key distinction:
- Sense 1 is about a specific compound (arsenic trioxide)
- Sense 2 is about arsenic as an element

Given that the bacteria "can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic," it's comparing two elements here - phosphorus and arsenic. This strongly suggests we're talking about the element itself (Sense 2), not a specific compound of arsenic.
Sense 2 is the correct answer because the comparison between phosphorus and arsenic as interchangeable nutrients points to the elemental form rather than a particular compound.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some <t>form</t> of truly 'alien' life," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "form" in the phrase "some form of truly 'alien' life" refers to a type or category of life. The context discusses how the bacteria represents a different kind of organism with unusual characteristics. Sense 2 (form%1:09:01::) - "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" with synonyms "kind, sort, variety" - perfectly captures this meaning. The researcher is saying the organism doesn't constitute some type or kind of alien life, but rather a unique adaptation on Earth.

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the target word "form" appears in the phrase "some form of truly 'alien' life".

Let me analyze what "form" means here:
- The context is about different types of life and organisms
- The researcher is saying that the bacteria represents a new kind/type of life, not truly alien life
- The phrase is "some form of truly 'alien' life"

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: - phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word - NOT relevant
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: - a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality (kind, sort, variety) - This could work! "form of alien life" = "type of alien life" or "kind of alien life"
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: - a perceptual structure (shape, pattern) - NOT the best fit
4-7. Various senses related to shape and visual appearance - NOT relevant in this context
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: - a printed document with spaces - NOT relevant
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: - (biology) a group of organisms within a species - This could also work since we're talking about different organisms/life
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: - an arrangement of elements in composition or discourse - NOT the best fit
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: - a particular mode in which something is manifested - Could work
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: - (physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter - NOT relevant
13-16. Other senses - NOT relevant

The best match is sense 2 (form%1:09:01::) - "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" with synonyms "kind, sort, variety".
In this context, "some form of truly 'alien' life" directly translates to "some kind or type of truly 'alien' life," which aligns perfectly with sense 2. The biological sense 9 is too narrow since it refers specifically to organisms within a species rather than the broader categorization being used here. The answer is index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
Arsenic-tolerant microbe raises possibility of new types of life on Earth, or elsewhere The discovery of a strange bacteria that can use arsenic as one of its nutrients widens the scope for finding new forms of life on Earth and possibly beyond. While researchers discovered the unusual bacteria here in Earth, they say it shows that life has possibilities beyond the major elements that have been considered essential. "This organism has dual capability." "It can grow with either phosphorus or arsenic." "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' <t>life</t>," commented Paul C. W. Davies of Arizona State University, a co-author of the report appearing in Thursday's online edition of the journal Science. Six major elements have long been considered essential for life - carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

The context discusses what constitutes the fundamental property that distinguishes living from non-living organisms. The passage explores the "organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones" - asking what elements are essential for this phenomenon and whether the arsenic-tolerant bacteria represents a new possibility for this phenomenon to occur. This is the scientific/philosophical meaning of "life" as the organic phenomenon of being alive, rather than any particular form of life or lifestyle.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "life" is being used here.

The sentence is: "That makes it very peculiar, though it falls short of being some form of truly 'alien' <t>life</t>," commented Paul C. W. Davies...

In this context, the word "life" is being used to refer to living organisms or living things in general. The broader context discusses:
- A bacteria that can use arsenic as nutrients
- New forms of life on Earth
- The essential elements for life
- The distinction between living and non-living things

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: - "a characteristic state or mode of living" (social life, city life) - This is about a lifestyle or manner of living, not applicable here.

2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: - "the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities" - This is about human experience and activities, not what we're discussing.

3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: - "the course of existence of an individual" - This is about a person's individual existence, not applicable.

4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: - "the condition of living or the state of being alive" - This is about the condition/state of being alive, which could apply.

5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: - "the period during which something is functional" - This is about duration, not what we need.

10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: - "living things collectively" - This refers to living organisms as a group.

11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: - "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones" - This is about the phenomenon of being alive/living, the quality that makes something alive.

The context is talking about the discovery of bacteria as a form of "life" and discussing what elements are essential for "life." The passage is asking: what constitutes life? What makes something alive as opposed to not alive?
Sense 11 best captures what the passage explores—the fundamental organic phenomenon that separates living from nonliving matter. While sense 10 could work, it focuses on living things as a collective rather than the underlying phenomenon itself, making sense 11 the stronger match.