[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: climate
Target surface form: climate
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international <t>climate</t> negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "climate" is being used.

The target word "climate" appears in the phrase "Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission"

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time" - This refers to meteorological climate, with examples like "the dank climate of southern Wales"

2. Sense 2: "the prevailing psychological state" - This refers to a general atmosphere or mood, with examples like "the climate of opinion"

In the context provided, "international climate negotiations" clearly refers to negotiations about climate change - the meteorological phenomenon and greenhouse gas emissions. This is about the actual weather/environmental climate, not about a psychological state or mood.

The word "climate" here is being used in reference to climate change, global warming, and greenhouse gases - all physical/environmental phenomena. This directly aligns with Sense 1: "the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time."

The answer should be sense index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: negotiation
Target surface form: negotiations
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate <t>negotiations</t> on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=negotiation%1:10:00:: | definition=a discussion intended to produce an agreement | synonyms=dialogue, talks | examples=the buyout negotiation lasted several days; they disagreed but kept an open dialogue
2. sense_key=negotiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes climate change talks and discussions intended to produce an agreement on emissions and climate action. The phrase "heads international climate negotiations" refers to leading the discussions/talks, which aligns with sense 1 ("a discussion intended to produce an agreement"). The text repeatedly uses "talks" as a synonym (e.g., "the talks will produce a political deal"), which supports this interpretation.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "negotiations" is being used.

The context is about climate change talks and treaties. Looking at the specific sentence:
"Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission..."

Let me examine both senses:

1. Sense 1: "a discussion intended to produce an agreement" - This describes the discussion itself, the talks, the dialogue between parties.
   - Synonyms: dialogue, talks
   - Examples: "the buyout negotiation lasted several days; they disagreed but kept an open dialogue"

2. Sense 2: "the activity or business of negotiating an agreement; coming to terms" - This describes the broader activity or process of negotiating.

In the context, "heads international climate negotiations" suggests that Runge-Metzger is in charge of the process/activity of negotiating on behalf of the European Commission.

The word "talks" appears multiple times in the context ("the talks will produce a political deal", "The talks took on new urgency"), which is a synonym mentioned for sense 1.

Looking more closely:
- Sense 1 emphasizes it as "a discussion intended to produce an agreement" - very specific to the discussion/dialogue itself
- Sense 2 emphasizes it as "the activity or business of negotiating an agreement" - broader, the whole process

The phrase "heads international climate negotiations" leans more toward sense 2 - it's about the overall activity/process/business of negotiating. If it were sense 1, it would be more like "conducts discussions" or similar.

However, looking at the synonyms and examples more carefully:
- "talks" is listed as a synonym for sense 1
- The context uses "talks" repeatedly as a synonym for the negotiations

This suggests sense 1 might be the intended answer. The "negotiations" refers to the discussions/talks happening at the conference.
The distinction between these senses is subtle, but "heads international climate negotiations" really points to someone overseeing the discussions themselves. Since "talks" functions as a synonym for sense 1 and appears throughout the passage, sense 1 is the better fit—the negotiations are the actual dialogue taking place at the conference.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: behalf
Target surface form: behalf
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on <t>behalf</t> of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=behalf%1:04:00:: | definition=as the agent of or on someone's part (usually expressed as  rather than ) | examples=on behalf of; in behalf of
2. sense_key=behalf%1:07:00:: | definition=for someone's benefit (usually expressed as `in behalf' rather than `on behalf' and usually with a possessive) | examples=in your behalf; campaigning in his own behalf

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "behalf".

Context sentence: "Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission..."

The two senses are:
1. Sense 1 (behalf%1:04:00::): "as the agent of or on someone's part" - with examples "on behalf of; in behalf of"
2. Sense 2 (behalf%1:07:00::): "for someone's benefit" - with examples "in your behalf; campaigning in his own behalf"

In the context, "on behalf of the European Commission" means that Artur Runge-Metzger is acting as an agent/representative of the European Commission. He is negotiating not just for himself, but as a representative acting in the capacity of/representing the European Commission.

This clearly matches Sense 1: "as the agent of or on someone's part" - this means he is acting as the agent of the European Commission.

Sense 2 would mean "for the benefit of" - while this could technically apply, the primary meaning here is that he is acting as a representative/agent on their part, not primarily about benefit.

The phrase "on behalf of" is explicitly listed in the examples for Sense 1, which is the exact phrase used in the context.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pressure
Target surface form: pressure
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political <t>pressure</t> on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: | definition=the force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI unit) or in dynes (cgs unit) | synonyms=pressure level, force per unit area | examples=the compressed gas exerts an increased pressure
2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: | definition=a force that compels | examples=the public brought pressure to bear on the government
3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure | synonyms=press, pressing | examples=he gave the button a press; he used pressure to stop the bleeding
4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of demanding notice or attention | synonyms=imperativeness, insistence, insistency, press | examples=the insistence of their hunger; the press of business matters
5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: | definition=the somatic sensation that results from applying force to an area of skin | synonyms=pressure sensation | examples=the sensitivity of his skin to pressure and temperature was normal
6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: | definition=an oppressive condition of physical or mental or social or economic distress
7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: | definition=the pressure exerted by the atmosphere | synonyms=atmospheric pressure, air pressure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes small island nations putting "political pressure on the entire political process" to demand action. This clearly refers to pressure as "a force that compels" (sense 2), rather than physical pressure or other meanings. The example provided for this sense ("the public brought pressure to bear on the government") is directly parallel to the political context here, where pressure is applied as a compelling influence to drive action from major emitters.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The phrase is "put political pressure on the entire political process."

Looking at the sentence: "the push by small island nations has 'put political pressure on the entire political process,' in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India."

This is talking about political pressure being applied - pressure that compels action. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=pressure%1:19:00:: - physical force applied to a unit area of surface (measured in pascals, dynes) - This is about physical/scientific pressure, not political pressure.

2. sense_key=pressure%1:07:00:: - a force that compels | examples: "the public brought pressure to bear on the government" - This is about pressure as a compelling force, which fits perfectly with "put political pressure on the entire political process."

3. sense_key=pressure%1:04:00:: - the act of pressing; the exertion of pressure - This is about the physical act of pressing.

4. sense_key=pressure%1:26:00:: - the state of demanding notice or attention - This could fit, but it seems more about the state of insistence rather than a force that compels.

5. sense_key=pressure%1:09:00:: - somatic sensation from applying force to skin - This is about physical sensations.

6. sense_key=pressure%1:26:01:: - an oppressive condition of distress - This is about oppression/distress.

7. sense_key=pressure%1:19:01:: - atmospheric pressure - This is specifically about air pressure.

The best fit is clearly sense 2 (pressure%1:07:00::): "a force that compels." The example "the public brought pressure to bear on the government" is almost identical in meaning to the context where "the push by small island nations has put political pressure on the entire political process." Both refer to a compelling force applied to political processes.
The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: process
Target surface form: process
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political <t>process</t>," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=process%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular course of action intended to achieve a result | synonyms=procedure | examples=the procedure of obtaining a driver's license; it was a process of trial and error
2. sense_key=process%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents | synonyms=cognitive process, mental process, operation, cognitive operation | examples=the process of thinking; the cognitive operation of remembering
3. sense_key=process%1:10:00:: | definition=a writ issued by authority of law; usually compels the defendant's attendance in a civil suit; failure to appear results in a default judgment against the defendant | synonyms=summons
4. sense_key=process%1:09:01:: | definition=a mental process that you are not directly aware of | synonyms=unconscious process | examples=the process of denial
5. sense_key=process%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant | synonyms=outgrowth, appendage | examples=a bony process
6. sense_key=process%1:03:00:: | definition=a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states | synonyms=physical process | examples=events now in process; the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "process" in this context refers to the political negotiation procedure - a particular course of action (the climate change talks/negotiations) intended to achieve a result (a climate agreement). The phrase "put political pressure on the entire political process" describes the diplomatic procedure and course of action that delegates are engaged in at the Copenhagen conference. This directly matches the definition "a particular course of action intended to achieve a result" with the synonym "procedure."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for "process" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political <t>process</t>," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India."

In this context, "process" refers to the political negotiation/diplomatic process - the course of action or procedure that is happening at the climate change conference (Copenhagen talks). It's about the series of events, negotiations, and procedures that comprise these international climate negotiations.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=process%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular course of action intended to achieve a result | synonyms=procedure | examples=the procedure of obtaining a driver's license; it was a process of trial and error
   - This fits well: it's a course of action (the negotiations) intended to achieve a result (a climate agreement)

2. sense_key=process%1:09:00:: | definition=(psychology) the performance of some composite cognitive activity; an operation that affects mental contents | synonyms=cognitive process, mental process, operation, cognitive operation
   - This is about mental/cognitive processes, not applicable here

3. sense_key=process%1:10:00:: | definition=a writ issued by authority of law | synonyms=summons
   - This is a legal writ, not applicable

4. sense_key=process%1:09:01:: | definition=a mental process that you are not directly aware of | synonyms=unconscious process
   - Not applicable, not about mental processes

5. sense_key=process%1:08:00:: | definition=a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant | synonyms=outgrowth, appendage
   - Not applicable, biological term

6. sense_key=process%1:03:00:: | definition=a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states | synonyms=physical process | examples=events now in process; the process of calcification begins later for boys than for girls
   - This could fit as a series of events happening over time, but it's more suited to natural or physical phenomena rather than deliberate human action.

Sense 1 is the best match. The political process here describes a deliberate course of action aimed at reaching a climate agreement, not a gradual natural phenomenon like sense 6 suggests.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: action
Target surface form: action
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding <t>action</t> from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=action%1:04:02:: | definition=something done (usually as opposed to something said) | examples=there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions
2. sense_key=action%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=activity, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=action%1:04:03:: | definition=a military engagement | synonyms=military action | examples=he saw action in Korea
4. sense_key=action%1:22:00:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, activity | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
5. sense_key=action%1:10:00:: | definition=the series of events that form a plot | examples=his novels always have a lot of action
6. sense_key=action%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active and energetic and forceful | examples=a man of action
7. sense_key=action%1:06:00:: | definition=the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism | synonyms=action mechanism | examples=the piano had a very stiff action
8. sense_key=action%1:04:01:: | definition=a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong | synonyms=legal action, action at law
9. sense_key=action%1:04:04:: | definition=an act by a government body or supranational organization | examples=recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues
10. sense_key=action%1:04:00:: | definition=the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field | examples=the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds; gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

The target word "action" refers to what the small island nations are demanding from emerging economies (China and India) in the context of international climate negotiations. This is specifically about government and supranational organizational response—policy decisions and commitments within the UN climate change framework. Sense 9 ("an act by a government body or supranational organization") best captures this meaning, particularly given the examples of federal/UN actions and the governmental/diplomatic context of the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "action" best fits.

The relevant sentence is: "...demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India."

Context clues:
- The passage is about climate change negotiations
- Small island nations are demanding something from emerging economies
- The context involves policy and government decisions about curbing greenhouse gases
- This is about what needs to be done by governments/economies in response to climate change

Let me review each sense:

1. "something done (usually as opposed to something said)" - This could work, referring to concrete steps/measures
2. "the state of being active" - Not quite right for this context
3. "a military engagement" - No military context here
4. "a process existing in or produced by nature" - Not relevant
5. "the series of events that form a plot" - Not relevant
6. "the trait of being active and energetic and forceful" - Not quite right
7. "the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism" - Not relevant
8. "a judicial proceeding" - Not relevant
9. "an act by a government body or supranational organization" - This could fit well, as climate action typically involves government and supranational responses
10. "the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field" - Could fit

The key here is that these small island nations are demanding "action" from emerging economies. In the context of climate negotiations and government policy, this seems to refer to what governments/supranational bodies should do - policy measures, commitments, etc.

Sense 9 specifically states "an act by a government body or supranational organization" and gives examples like "recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action..."

This fits perfectly with the context where small island nations are demanding action from emerging economies within the framework of international climate negotiations involving the United Nations and various government bodies.

Sense 1 (something done) is more general but also plausible.
Since this involves government bodies and supranational organizations operating within UN climate negotiations, sense 9 appears to be the most precise fit for what the island nations are demanding from China and India.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: china
Target surface form: China
Context:
The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as <t>China</t> and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context makes it clear that "China" refers to the country/nation-state. The passage discusses China as an "emerging economy" expected to take action on climate change and as one of the world's major emitters engaged in climate negotiations. This is unambiguously referring to the People's Republic of China (the communist nation in eastern Asia), not porcelain dishware (senses 2 and 4) or Taiwan's government (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "China" is being used.

The sentence reads: "...demanding action from emerging economies such as <t>China</t> and India."

In this context, we're discussing climate change negotiations and which countries should take action to curb greenhouse gases. China is mentioned alongside India as an "emerging economy" that is expected to take action on climate change.

The context makes it clear that this is referring to the country/nation-state, specifically the People's Republic of China (the communist nation covering eastern Asia).

Let me examine the candidate senses:
1. China as a communist nation in eastern Asia, the most populous country - this matches the context perfectly
2. China as high quality porcelain - not relevant in this context
3. China as the government on Taiwan (Republic of China) - while technically a political entity, the context is discussing major powers in climate negotiations, and modern usage would refer to mainland China as "China"
4. China as dishware made of porcelain - not relevant in this context

Given the context about climate negotiations, emerging economies, and major powers feuding over obligations, sense 1 is clearly the correct answer. The target refers to the People's Republic of China, the nation-state in eastern Asia.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: urgency
Target surface form: urgency
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new <t>urgency</t> as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=urgency%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being urgent; an earnest and insistent necessity
2. sense_key=urgency%1:07:00:: | definition=pressing importance requiring speedy action | examples=the urgency of his need
3. sense_key=urgency%1:26:01:: | definition=an urgent situation calling for prompt action | examples=I'll be there, barring any urgencies; they departed hurriedly because of some great urgency in their affairs
4. sense_key=urgency%1:10:00:: | definition=insistent solicitation and entreaty | synonyms=importunity, urging | examples=his importunity left me no alternative but to agree

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows that "the talks took on new urgency" means the negotiations acquired the quality of pressing importance requiring speedy action. The phrase indicates that the delegates recognized they must resolve outstanding issues before government heads arrive, making the talks characterized by urgent, pressing importance. This aligns with sense 2: "pressing importance requiring speedy action," which captures how the talks acquired an urgent quality requiring prompt resolution.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "urgency" best fits.

The context is:
"The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."

Let me examine each sense:

1. "the state of being urgent; an earnest and insistent necessity" - This is a general abstract definition about the state or quality of urgency.

2. "pressing importance requiring speedy action" with example "the urgency of his need" - This describes urgency as a quality/characteristic of something requiring quick action.

3. "an urgent situation calling for prompt action" with examples "I'll be there, barring any urgencies; they departed hurriedly because of some great urgency in their affairs" - This treats urgency as a concrete situation or circumstance that requires prompt action.

4. "insistent solicitation and entreaty" - This is about persuasive requests/demands, which doesn't fit the context here.

In the sentence, "The talks took on new urgency" means the talks became more pressing and required speedy action. The talks themselves took on the quality/characteristic of being urgent.

Looking at sense 2: "pressing importance requiring speedy action" - This seems to be describing the quality or characteristic that something takes on.

Looking at sense 3: "an urgent situation calling for prompt action" - The examples suggest treating urgency as a countable situation.

The phrase "took on new urgency" suggests the talks acquired the quality/characteristic of being urgent. This seems to align with sense 2, which describes urgency as "pressing importance requiring speedy action" - the idea that something has pressing importance requiring quick action.

Sense 1 is more abstract about the state of being urgent.
Sense 2 captures the pressing importance quality that the talks acquired, while sense 3 would treat urgency as a separate concrete situation rather than a characteristic of the talks themselves. The phrase "took on" indicates the talks became characterized by pressing importance requiring speedy action, which aligns with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the <t>fact</t> that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The phrase "the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues" uses "fact" to mean a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case. In this diplomatic context, the passage emphasizes that the delegates focused on the reality/truth that urgent action was needed - this aligns with sense 2, which describes a statement of verified information about what is the case or has happened, rather than just raw pieces of information (sense 1) or past events (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "fact" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."

In this context, "the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues" refers to a statement about something that is the case - something that needs to be done/resolved. It's stating a reality about what needs to happen.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: - "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" - This is about pieces of information regarding existing circumstances or past events.

2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: - "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" - This is about verified information being stated or asserted about what is the case or has happened.

3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: - "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - This is about something known to have happened or existed.

4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: - "a concept whose truth can be proved" - This is about an abstract concept that can be proven true.

In the context, "the fact that they must resolve..." is being used as "the reality/truth that they must resolve..." It's saying that it's a reality/fact that they need to resolve these issues.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate because it describes "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case" - in this case, the statement/assertion is "that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues," and it is information about something that is the case (what needs to happen).

Sense 1 could also work, but sense 2 more precisely captures the use here as a statement/assertion of information about what is the case.

I believe sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: issue
Target surface form: issues
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding <t>issues</t> before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=issue%1:09:01:: | definition=an important question that is in dispute and must be settled | examples=the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues
2. sense_key=issue%1:10:00:: | definition=one of a series published periodically | synonyms=number | examples=she found an old issue of the magazine in her dentist's waiting room
3. sense_key=issue%1:09:00:: | definition=some situation or event that is thought about | synonyms=topic, subject, matter | examples=he kept drifting off the topic; he had been thinking about the subject for several years
4. sense_key=issue%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of providing an item for general use or for official purposes (usually in quantity) | synonyms=issuing, issuance | examples=a new issue of stamps; the last issue of penicillin was over a month ago
5. sense_key=issue%1:21:01:: | definition=supplies (as food or clothing or ammunition) issued by the government | synonyms=military issue, government issue
6. sense_key=issue%1:21:00:: | definition=the income or profit arising from such transactions as the sale of land or other property | synonyms=return, take, takings, proceeds, yield, payoff | examples=the average return was about 5%
7. sense_key=issue%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, result, event, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
8. sense_key=issue%1:18:00:: | definition=the immediate descendants of a person | synonyms=offspring, progeny | examples=she was the mother of many offspring; he died without issue
9. sense_key=issue%1:11:00:: | definition=the becoming visible | synonyms=emergence, egress | examples=not a day's difference between the emergence of the andrenas and the opening of the willow catkins
10. sense_key=issue%1:06:00:: | definition=an opening that permits escape or release | synonyms=exit, outlet, way out | examples=he blocked the way out; the canyon had only one issue
11. sense_key=issue%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of issuing printed materials | synonyms=publication

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes climate negotiations where delegates must "resolve most of the outstanding issues." The word "issues" here refers to important questions in dispute that need to be settled—specifically contested points about climate policy and emissions responsibilities. This matches sense 1 perfectly: "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled." The use of "resolve" and the context of contentious negotiations between major powers clearly indicates disputed matters requiring resolution, not topics in a general sense (sense 3), magazine editions (sense 2), or any other candidate sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "issues" in this passage.

Context: "The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding <t>issues</t> before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."

This sentence is about climate change negotiations. The delegates need to resolve "issues" - these are topics of contention, questions that need to be settled.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled" - This fits! The issues in climate negotiations are indeed important questions in dispute that must be settled. Example: "the issue could be settled by requiring public education for everyone; politicians never discuss the real issues"

2. "one of a series published periodically" - No, this is about magazine issues, doesn't fit.

3. "some situation or event that is thought about" - This could work but it's too general. It refers to topics/subjects more broadly.

4. "the act of providing an item for general use" - No, this is about issuing items.

5. "supplies issued by government" - No, doesn't fit.

6. "income or profit arising from transactions" - No, doesn't fit.

7. "consequence, effect, outcome, result" - No, issues here are not consequences.

8. "descendants of a person" - No, doesn't fit.

9. "the becoming visible" - No, doesn't fit.

10. "an opening that permits escape or release" - No, doesn't fit.

11. "the act of issuing printed materials" - No, doesn't fit.

The best fit is sense 1: "an important question that is in dispute and must be settled." The delegates need to "resolve" the outstanding issues, which perfectly matches this definition. These are disputed matters about climate policy that need to be settled.

Sense 3 is also similar but sense 1 is more precise because it emphasizes the "in dispute" and "must be settled" aspects, which is exactly what's happening in the climate negotiations.
The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: deal
Context:
Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a <t>deal</t>. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | examples=a batch of letters; a deal of trouble
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | synonyms=softwood
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=hand | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | examples=he got a good deal on his car
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | examples=the deal was passed around the table clockwise
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | examples=the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "deal" in this context refers to an agreement reached between parties following negotiation. The sentence "they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal" uses "deal" to mean a formal agreement or accord that will be negotiated in the climate change talks. This matches sense 2: "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each," with the synonym "bargain" and examples of deals made through negotiation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "deal" in this sentence:

"The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal."

In this context, "deal" refers to an agreement that the heads of government will make - specifically about climate change negotiations in Copenhagen. The context shows this is about reaching some kind of agreement or accord between parties.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: - "a particular instance of buying or selling" - This is about commercial transactions. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: - "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each" - This fits perfectly. This is about an agreement reached after negotiation/discussion, which matches the climate negotiations context.

3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: - "a large number or amount or extent" - This doesn't fit the context at all.

4-6. These are about lumber/wood or card games - completely irrelevant.

7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: - "the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement)" - This could be related, but it's more about the treatment/outcome rather than the agreement itself.

8-9. These are about distributing/apportioning - not relevant to climate negotiations.

The best fit is clearly sense 2 (deal%1:10:00::), which refers to an agreement between parties. The example given ("he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals") and the synonym "bargain" clearly match the context of climate change negotiations where they're trying to reach an agreement.

The answer is sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: official
Target surface form: officials
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level <t>officials</t> such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "high-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister" participating in climate negotiations. These are government officials holding official positions in administration, not sports/game referees. Sense 1 ("a worker who holds or is invested with an office") is the correct sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "officials" in the given context.

The context talks about "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences..."

Here, "officials" refers to high-ranking government representatives and ministers who are administering policy and participating in international climate negotiations. They are not umpires or referees in a game.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "a worker who holds or is invested with an office" - definition of "functionary"
   - This refers to someone who holds an official position, typically in government or administration
   - The synonyms include "functionary"

2. Sense 2: "someone who administers the rules of a game or sport"
   - Examples include "the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling"
   - This is clearly about sports/game officials like referees or umpires

In the context, "officials" are government officials - the Indian environment minister and Chinese vice minister. These are people who hold official positions in government, not people who administer the rules of games or sports.

Therefore, the best sense is Sense 1 (official%1:18:01::) - "a worker who holds or is invested with an office"

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minister
Target surface form: minister
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice <t>minister</t> stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minister%1:18:00:: | definition=a person authorized to conduct religious worship | synonyms=curate, minister of religion, parson, pastor, rector | examples=clergymen are usually called ministers in Protestant churches
2. sense_key=minister%1:18:02:: | definition=a person appointed to a high office in the government | synonyms=government minister | examples=Minister of Finance
3. sense_key=minister%1:18:01:: | definition=a diplomat representing one government to another; ranks below ambassador | synonyms=diplomatic minister
4. sense_key=minister%1:04:00:: | definition=the job of a head of a government department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly refers to government officials ("Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh" and "the Chinese vice minister") attending climate negotiations. These are persons appointed to high offices in government, making sense 2 the appropriate choice. Sense 1 refers to religious officials, sense 3 refers to diplomats, and sense 4 refers to the job itself rather than the person.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "minister" in this sentence.

The target word appears in: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes..."

The context shows:
- This is about government officials at a climate change conference
- It mentions "Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh" - clearly a government position
- It mentions "the Chinese vice minister" - also a government position
- These are high-level government officials attending climate negotiations

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=minister%1:18:00:: - "a person authorized to conduct religious worship" - This doesn't fit. The context is about government officials, not religious figures.

2. sense_key=minister%1:18:02:: - "a person appointed to a high office in the government" - This fits perfectly. The example "Minister of Finance" matches the pattern "environment minister" and "vice minister" in the context.

3. sense_key=minister%1:18:01:: - "a diplomat representing one government to another; ranks below ambassador" - While this could potentially apply, the context emphasizes them as heads of government departments (environment minister, vice minister), not specifically as diplomats representing governments.

4. sense_key=minister%1:04:00:: - "the job of a head of a government department" - This is about the job/position, not the person. The target word is clearly referring to a person ("Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh").

The best match is sense 2: "a person appointed to a high office in the government" because:
- These are clearly government officials
- "Environment minister" and "vice minister" are government positions
- This matches the definition and examples provided

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: plane
Target surface form: planes
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off <t>planes</t> and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=plane%1:06:01:: | definition=an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets | synonyms=airplane, aeroplane | examples=the flight was delayed due to trouble with the airplane
2. sense_key=plane%1:25:00:: | definition=(mathematics) an unbounded two-dimensional shape | synonyms=sheet | examples=we will refer to the plane of the graph as the X-Y plane; any line joining two points on a plane lies wholly on that plane
3. sense_key=plane%1:26:00:: | definition=a level of existence or development | examples=he lived on a worldly plane
4. sense_key=plane%1:06:02:: | definition=a power tool for smoothing or shaping wood | synonyms=planer, planing machine
5. sense_key=plane%1:06:00:: | definition=a carpenter's hand tool with an adjustable blade for smoothing or shaping wood | synonyms=carpenter's plane, woodworking plane | examples=the cabinetmaker used a plane for the finish work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates that high-level officials "stepped off planes" as they arrived at the convention center for climate negotiations in Copenhagen. This describes aircraft used for transportation, matching the definition of "an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets" with the synonym "airplane."

reasoning_content:
The target word is "planes" in the context of the passage. Let me look at the context:

"High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off <t>planes</t> and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences..."

The sentence is describing high-level officials stepping off planes. This is clearly referring to aircraft that they arrived in, not mathematical planes, levels of existence, or carpenter's tools.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=plane%1:06:01:: - an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets (airplane, aeroplane)
2. sense_key=plane%1:25:00:: - (mathematics) an unbounded two-dimensional shape
3. sense_key=plane%1:26:00:: - a level of existence or development
4. sense_key=plane%1:06:02:: - a power tool for smoothing or shaping wood
5. sense_key=plane%1:06:00:: - a carpenter's hand tool with an adjustable blade for smoothing or shaping wood

The context clearly shows that "planes" refers to aircraft. The officials "stepped off planes" which is the typical action of exiting an airplane. This matches sense 1, which defines plane as "an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets" with synonyms of airplane and aeroplane.

So the answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hall
Target surface form: halls
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's <t>halls</t> to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hall%1:06:03:: | definition=an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open | synonyms=hallway | examples=the elevators were at the end of the hall
2. sense_key=hall%1:06:05:: | definition=a large entrance or reception room or area | synonyms=anteroom, antechamber, entrance hall, foyer, lobby, vestibule
3. sense_key=hall%1:06:02:: | definition=a large room for gatherings or entertainment | examples=lecture hall; pool hall
4. sense_key=hall%1:06:04:: | definition=a college or university building containing living quarters for students | synonyms=dormitory, dorm, residence hall, student residence
5. sense_key=hall%1:06:06:: | definition=the large room of a manor or castle | synonyms=manor hall
6. sense_key=hall%1:18:04:: | definition=English writer whose novel about a lesbian relationship was banned in Britain for many years (1883-1943) | synonyms=Radclyffe Hall, Marguerite Radclyffe Hall
7. sense_key=hall%1:18:03:: | definition=United States child psychologist whose theories of child psychology strongly influenced educational psychology (1844-1924) | synonyms=G. Stanley Hall, Granville Stanley Hall
8. sense_key=hall%1:18:02:: | definition=United States chemist who developed an economical method of producing aluminum from bauxite (1863-1914) | synonyms=Charles Martin Hall
9. sense_key=hall%1:18:01:: | definition=United States explorer who led three expeditions to the Arctic (1821-1871) | synonyms=Charles Francis Hall
10. sense_key=hall%1:18:00:: | definition=United States astronomer who discovered Phobos and Deimos (the two satellites of Mars) (1829-1907) | synonyms=Asaph Hall
11. sense_key=hall%1:06:07:: | definition=a large and imposing house | synonyms=mansion, mansion house, manse, residence
12. sense_key=hall%1:06:08:: | definition=a large building used by a college or university for teaching or research | examples=halls of learning
13. sense_key=hall%1:06:01:: | definition=a large building for meetings or entertainment

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes high-level officials "rac[ing] through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences." The Bella Center is a convention center, and the phrase indicates movement through interior passages or corridors connecting different rooms and meeting spaces. This matches sense 1: "an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open" (synonymous with hallway).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "halls" is being used.

From the context: "High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's <t>halls</t> to closed-door meetings and news conferences..."

The Bella Center is a convention center where the climate change conference is taking place. The context mentions "the Bella Center's halls" - these are passages/corridors within the convention center where officials are moving through to get to meetings.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open" - This fits! Officials are racing through halls (corridors) to get to closed-door meetings and news conferences.

2. "a large entrance or reception room or area" - Possible, but the context suggests they're moving through spaces, not gathering in entrance areas.

3. "a large room for gatherings or entertainment" - Could fit a convention center context, but the phrase "raced through the halls" suggests movement through corridors rather than large gathering spaces.

4. "a college or university building containing living quarters for students" - Doesn't fit; this is a convention center, not a university.

5. "the large room of a manor or castle" - Doesn't fit the modern convention center context.

6-10. Various proper nouns (people) - Clearly not applicable.

11. "a large and imposing house" - Doesn't fit the convention center context.

12. "a large building used by a college or university for teaching or research" - Doesn't fit; this is a convention center, not a university.

13. "a large building for meetings or entertainment" - Possible, but the context suggests they're moving through the halls, not that the halls themselves are for meetings.

The best fit is sense 1: "an interior passage or corridor onto which rooms open" - synonymous with hallway. The officials are racing through the Bella Center's hallways to get to meetings and news conferences.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: meeting
Target surface form: meetings
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door <t>meetings</t> and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=meeting%1:14:00:: | definition=a formally arranged gathering | synonyms=group meeting | examples=next year the meeting will be in Chicago; the meeting elected a chairperson
2. sense_key=meeting%1:14:01:: | definition=a small informal social gathering | synonyms=get together | examples=there was an informal meeting in my living room
3. sense_key=meeting%1:11:00:: | definition=a casual or unexpected convergence | synonyms=encounter | examples=he still remembers their meeting in Paris; there was a brief encounter in the hallway
4. sense_key=meeting%1:04:00:: | definition=the social act of assembling for some common purpose | synonyms=coming together | examples=his meeting with the salesmen was the high point of his day
5. sense_key=meeting%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of joining together as one | synonyms=merging, coming together | examples=the merging of the two groups occurred quickly; there was no meeting of minds
6. sense_key=meeting%1:15:00:: | definition=a place where things merge or flow together (especially rivers) | synonyms=confluence | examples=Pittsburgh is located at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "closed-door meetings" attended by high-level government officials at a formal international climate conference. These are clearly formally arranged gatherings with specific participants and purposes, rather than casual, informal, or unexpected encounters. The "closed-door" descriptor and the official nature of the Copenhagen climate talks confirm this is a formally organized event.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "meetings" is being used.

In the passage, we have:
"High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door <t>meetings</t> and news conferences..."

The context shows that high-level government officials are going to "closed-door meetings" in the context of a climate change conference (the Copenhagen talks). These are formal gatherings where important discussions and negotiations are taking place.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "a formally arranged gathering" - This fits well. The meetings are formally arranged sessions in the context of an international climate conference.

2. "a small informal social gathering" - This doesn't fit. These are not described as informal social gatherings. The "closed-door" descriptor suggests formal, official meetings.

3. "a casual or unexpected convergence" - This doesn't fit. These meetings are not casual or unexpected; they're part of the formal conference proceedings.

4. "the social act of assembling for some common purpose" - This could fit, as people are assembling to discuss climate change issues.

5. "the act of joining together as one" - This doesn't fit well in this context.

6. "a place where things merge or flow together" - This doesn't fit at all. These are not geographic locations.

Between senses 1 and 4:
- Sense 1: "a formally arranged gathering" - emphasizes that it's formal and arranged
- Sense 4: "the social act of assembling for some common purpose" - emphasizes the act of gathering

Given the context of "closed-door meetings" at an official conference where high-level officials are meeting, sense 1 "a formally arranged gathering" seems most appropriate. The meetings are formal, officially arranged sessions at the conference.
Sense 1 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: claim
Target surface form: claims
Context:
This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India. The talks took on new urgency as delegates focused on the fact that they must resolve most of the outstanding issues before the heads of government arrive to strike a deal. High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out <t>claims</t> that will be arbitrated over the next week. The sheer sprawl of the gathering -- where 13,000 people move in and out of the convention center each day, guitar-playing activists put on nightly shows mocking the countries they think are selling out, and draft proposals are passed hand-to-hand on paper rather than via e-mail -- poses a challenge.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=claim%1:10:00:: | definition=an assertion of a right (as to money or property) | examples=his claim asked for damages
2. sense_key=claim%1:10:02:: | definition=an assertion that something is true or factual | examples=his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims
3. sense_key=claim%1:04:00:: | definition=demand for something as rightful or due | examples=they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day
4. sense_key=claim%1:07:02:: | definition=an informal right to something | synonyms=title | examples=his claim on her attentions; his title to fame
5. sense_key=claim%1:07:01:: | definition=an established or recognized right | synonyms=title | examples=a strong legal claim to the property; he had no documents confirming his title to his father's estate
6. sense_key=claim%1:10:01:: | definition=a demand especially in the phrase | synonyms=call | examples=the call of duty

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In this context, the officials are "staking out claims" during climate negotiations—establishing assertions of their positions and demands regarding what commitments and action they believe are rightful from other nations. This matches the sense of "an assertion of a right," where they are asserting their countries' rights and positions that will be negotiated ("arbitrated") in the coming week. The phrase "stake out" reinforces this sense of formally asserting or establishing one's position.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"High-level officials such as Indian environment minister Jairam Ramesh and the Chinese vice minister stepped off planes and raced through the Bella Center's halls to closed-door meetings and news conferences so they could stake out claims that will be arbitrated over the next week."

The phrase "stake out claims" is key here. They're staking out positions or assertions about what they want or believe should be the outcome. The context is a climate change negotiation where different countries are pushing their positions.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "an assertion of a right (as to money or property)" - This is about asserting a right to something. In the context of negotiations, they're asserting their positions/demands.

2. "an assertion that something is true or factual" - This is about asserting facts, which doesn't fit as well.

3. "demand for something as rightful or due" - This fits well. They're making demands for action or commitments from other countries.

4. "an informal right to something" - This is about informal rights, which doesn't fit the formal negotiation context.

5. "an established or recognized right" - This is about formal/legal rights, which doesn't fit as well.

6. "a demand especially in the phrase" - This is about demands, which could fit.

The phrase "stake out claims" suggests they are making assertions or demands about their positions in the negotiation. The context shows countries are "demanding action" and have different interests.

Sense 1 (assertion of a right) and Sense 3 (demand for something as rightful or due) both seem plausible.

Looking more closely: "stake out claims" in a negotiation context means to establish or assert one's position or demands. They're staking out claims about what they believe should happen.

Sense 1 is about "an assertion of a right" - this fits the idea of staking out claims in negotiations.
Both senses 1 and 3 work here—one emphasizes asserting rights or positions, the other emphasizes making demands. Given the phrase "stake out claims that will be arbitrated," they're establishing positions that will be negotiated and decided over the coming week. Sense 1 appears most fitting as it captures the notion of asserting their negotiating position.