[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes "studies with Cerenia were carried out" in reference to research investigations. The use of "studies" here refers to documented research inquiries that produced written reports of findings about the medication's effectiveness and safety. This matches sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group," which is synonymous with "report" and exemplified by "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "studies" which appears in this sentence:

"A large number of <t>studies</t> with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."

The sentence is discussing research conducted on Cerenia (a medication). The word "studies" here refers to research investigations or clinical trials/experiments.

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. "a detailed critical inspection" (survey) - This could fit, but "survey" typically refers to a broader examination rather than specific research investigations.

2. "applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject" - This is about the act of learning, not about research documents or investigations.

3. "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (report, written report) - This fits very well! The context mentions "studies with Cerenia were carried out" which describes research investigations that would produce written reports of findings. This is clearly what "studies" means here.

4. "a state of deep mental absorption" - Not relevant.

5. "a room used for reading and writing and studying" - Not relevant.

6. "a branch of knowledge" (discipline, subject) - Not relevant here.

7. "preliminary drawing for later elaboration" (sketch) - Not relevant.

8. "attentive consideration and meditation" - Not relevant.

9. "someone who memorizes quickly" - Not relevant.

10. "a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique" - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with examples like "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". This matches perfectly with clinical/research studies that would be documented in written reports of findings.

Sense 1 could also partially fit, but sense 3 is more specific and direct. The context clearly refers to documented research investigations (clinical studies), which are written documents describing findings.
The answer is sense 3.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: carry_out
Target surface form: carried out
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were <t>carried out</t> either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=carry_out%2:36:00:: | definition=put in effect | synonyms=carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil | examples=carry out a task; execute the decision of the people
2. sense_key=carry_out%2:30:00:: | definition=pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue | synonyms=follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through | examples=Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes studies being "carried out," meaning they were executed or put into effect. This aligns with Sense 1's definition of "put in effect" with the example "carry out a task; execute the decision." The studies were performed/conducted in laboratory and clinical settings.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "carried out" in the context: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "put in effect" | synonyms: carry through, accomplish, execute, action, fulfill, fulfil | examples: "carry out a task; execute the decision of the people"

Sense 2: "pursue to a conclusion or bring to a successful issue" | synonyms: follow through, follow up, follow out, implement, put through, go through | examples: "Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan"

In the given context, "studies with Cerenia were carried out" means that the studies were conducted/performed. This is about executing or implementing research studies.

Both senses seem plausible here:
- Sense 1 emphasizes "put in effect" - the studies were put into effect/executed
- Sense 2 emphasizes "pursue to a conclusion" - the studies were conducted to completion

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "carry out a task; execute the decision of the people" - this is more about executing/performing a specific action
- Sense 2: "Did he go through with the treatment?; He implemented a new economic plan" - this emphasizes following through and implementing

In the context of "studies were carried out," we're talking about conducting/performing research studies. This seems more aligned with Sense 1 ("put in effect" / "execute") since we're talking about the execution of the studies.

Actually, looking more carefully, Sense 2 includes "implement" which is very fitting for conducting studies. "Implement a new economic plan" is similar to "carry out studies."

However, Sense 1's definition "put in effect" and examples like "carry out a task; execute the decision" seem more directly applicable to the simple execution of studies.
Sense 1 appears to be the stronger fit—it captures the straightforward execution of the research studies without the additional connotation of following through to completion that Sense 2 emphasizes.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: laboratory
Target surface form: laboratory
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in <t>laboratory</t> dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=laboratory%1:06:00:: | definition=a workplace for the conduct of scientific research | synonyms=lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory
2. sense_key=laboratory%1:15:00:: | definition=a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation | synonyms=testing ground | examples=the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "laboratory dogs" refers to dogs used in scientific research facilities for conducting experiments. This is the literal sense of laboratory as a physical workplace for scientific research, not a metaphorical "testing ground." The context makes clear that actual laboratory studies were performed, indicating the concrete, institutional meaning of laboratory.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "laboratory" is being used.

The target word appears in the phrase "laboratory dogs" - this refers to dogs used in scientific studies and research.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "a workplace for the conduct of scientific research" - This is the literal, physical place where scientific research is conducted. Synonyms include: lab, research lab, research laboratory, science lab, science laboratory.

Sense 2: "a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation" - This is a more metaphorical use, where "laboratory" means a place or situation that serves as a testing ground for ideas or theories. Examples given: "the new nation is a testing ground for socioeconomic theories; Pakistan is a laboratory for studying the use of American troops to combat terrorism"

In the context provided, "laboratory dogs" refers to dogs that are used in laboratory experiments - they are dogs used in a scientific research facility or setting. This is the literal sense of laboratory as a physical workplace for scientific research.

The phrase "laboratory dogs" indicates dogs that work in or are used in a laboratory setting for scientific experiments and studies. This clearly corresponds to Sense 1 - the actual workplace/facility for conducting scientific research.

Sense 2 would be used metaphorically, like "Brazil is a laboratory for climate adaptation" - where the country itself serves as a testing ground.

So the answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory <t>dogs</t> or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates "laboratory dogs" refers to actual domesticated animals used in veterinary medical studies. This is the primary sense of "dog" as a member of the genus Canis that has been domesticated.

reasoning_content:
The context is about Cerenia, a veterinary medication. The passage mentions:

"A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises..."

The word "dogs" here is being used to refer to actual animals - specifically laboratory dogs used in medical studies. This is clearly referring to the animal, not a person, not a sausage, and not a mechanical device.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds" - This is the animal sense. The example is "the dog barked all night" which shows the actual animal.

2. "a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman" - This is an insult toward women. Not applicable.

3. "informal term for a man" - This is a colloquial/slang term. Not applicable.

4. "someone who is morally reprehensible" - This is an insult. Not applicable.

5. "a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked" - This is food. Not applicable.

6. "a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet" - This is a mechanical device. Not applicable.

7. "metal supports for logs in a fireplace" - This is furniture/fireplace equipment. Not applicable.

The context clearly indicates "laboratory dogs" are actual animals being used in veterinary studies. This is sense 1, the primary meaning of "dog" as a domesticated animal.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
In combination with supportive measures such as other veterinary treatment or a special diet, Cerenia can also be used in the treatment of vomiting (either as injection or as injection followed by tablets). For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in <t>several</t> European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "several" in the context "studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries" refers to an indefinite number of countries—more than 2 or 3 but not many. This matches sense 1, which defines it as "(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many," with similar examples like "several people were injured in the accident."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "several".

The sentence is: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA."

Here, "several" is being used to describe an indefinite number of European countries. Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
   - This means "more than two or three but not many" - used with count nouns
   - The example "several letters came in the mail" fits the usage pattern

2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
   - This means "individual" or "respective" - each one separately
   - The example "specialists in their several fields" means specialists in their respective/individual fields

3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times
   - This means "distinct and individual"

In the context "several European countries", the word is referring to an indefinite number of countries - more than just one or two, but we don't know exactly how many. This clearly fits sense 1: "of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many".

Sense 2 would be more like "respective countries" or "individual countries" - which is not the primary meaning here.

Sense 3 is archaic and means "distinct and individual" - not the primary usage.

The best answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefit
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What <t>benefit</t> has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context asks "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?" referring to positive effects or advantages the medicine has demonstrated. This aligns with sense 2: "something that aids or promotes well-being," as the studies show Cerenia reduces vomiting in dogs, which is a positive therapeutic effect that promotes well-being. Sense 1 (financial assistance) and sense 3 (charitable performance) are not relevant to the veterinary/medical context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "benefit" here.

The sentence is: "What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"

The context is about a medication (Cerenia) and what positive effects or advantages it has demonstrated in studies with dogs. The sentence is asking what advantage or positive result Cerenia has shown.

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
   - This is clearly not about financial assistance, so this doesn't fit.

2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
   - This means "something that aids or promotes well-being" - in this context, the question is asking what positive effect/advantage the medicine has shown. The medicine that reduces vomiting would be something that promotes well-being of the dogs. The example "for the benefit of all" also supports this usage pattern.

3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause
   - This is about a type of event/performance, clearly not relevant here.

The best fit is sense 2 - "something that aids or promotes well-being" - because the question is asking what positive effect or advantage Cerenia has demonstrated during the studies. The answer shows that Cerenia reduces vomiting, which is a benefit (positive effect) for the dogs.

The sense index for sense 2 would be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia <t>shown</t> during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "shown" in this context means "provided evidence for." The sentence is asking what evidence the studies provided about Cerenia's benefits. The following sentence confirms this interpretation: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo." This usage aligns with sense 3, which defines "show" as providing evidence for something, similar to how a test or study demonstrates or proves a point.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context around "shown" in the sentence:

"What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies?"

The context shows that this is asking what evidence or result Cerenia has provided/demonstrated during studies. Looking at the surrounding text, the very next sentence explains: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

So "shown" here means something like "demonstrated," "provided evidence of," or "indicated."

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "give an exhibition of to an interested audience" - Not about displaying to an audience
2. "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - This could fit - showing validity through studies
3. "provide evidence for" - This fits well - the studies provided evidence about Cerenia's benefit
4. "make visible or noticeable" - Not the right meaning
5. "show in, or as in, a picture" - Not relevant
6. "give expression to" - Not relevant
7. "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing" - Not relevant
8. "be or become visible or noticeable" - Not quite right
9. "indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments" - Not relevant
10. "give evidence of, as of records" - This could fit - but more specific to records
11. "take (someone) to their seats" - Not relevant
12. "finish third or better in a horse or dog race" - Not relevant

The most appropriate sense is #3: "provide evidence for" with synonyms including "testify, bear witness, prove, evidence." The example "The blood test showed that he was the father" is very similar - it's about evidence demonstrating something.

Sense #2 about "establish the validity of something" could also work, but sense #3 "provide evidence for" is more directly what's meant - the studies have provided evidence of the benefit.
Sense 3 captures it best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
For these purposes, Cerenia can be given for up to five days How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "studies" refers to research investigations or clinical trials that were conducted to test the effectiveness of Cerenia. In this context, it corresponds to sense 3, which defines "study" as "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with examples like "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale." The plural "studies" here refers to multiple research reports/documents that documented the findings of the clinical investigations.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "studies" is being used.

The context says: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the <t>studies</t>?"

Here, "studies" refers to a plural noun referring to research investigations or clinical trials that were conducted. The studies involve testing a medication (Cerenia) on dogs to see if it's effective.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "a detailed critical inspection" (survey) - Not quite right
2. "applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject" (work) - This is about the act of studying, not research studies
3. "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" (report, written report) - This could work! The studies are written documents/reports
4. "a state of deep mental absorption" - No, not relevant
5. "a room used for reading and writing" - No, not about studies as plural
6. "a branch of knowledge" - No
7. "preliminary drawing for later elaboration" - No
8. "attentive consideration and meditation" - No
9. "someone who memorizes quickly and easily" - No
10. "a composition intended to develop one aspect of performer's technique" - No

The best fit is sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with synonyms "report, written report" and examples like "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"

This makes sense because the context is referring to multiple research studies/reports that were conducted to test the effectiveness of Cerenia. The plural "studies" refers to these research reports/documents.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The <t>results</t> of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "results" in this sentence:

"The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

The sentence is talking about findings/outcomes from studies. Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - definition focuses on consequence, effect, outcome. Synonyms: consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot. This seems to fit - the results are the outcomes/effects of the studies.

2. Sense 2: "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem" - definition is about a solution or answer. This doesn't fit the context well.

3. Sense 3: "something that results" - with example "he listened for the results on the radio" - this specifically talks about results as the findings/outcomes from an activity like a study or competition.

4. Sense 4: "the semantic role of the noun phrase..." - This is a linguistic/grammatical sense, not what we're looking for here.

Looking at the context, "The results of the studies" refers to the findings/outcomes of the research. Both sense 1 and sense 3 could work, but sense 3 seems most specific to this type of usage - "results of studies" is exactly the kind of example where sense 3 would apply.

Sense 3 with its example "he listened for the results on the radio" (presumably referring to sports results or similar findings) and definition "something that results" seems most appropriate for this context about study results.

The answer should be sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the <t>studies</t> showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "studies" in this context refers to "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group." The passage describes research investigations conducted with Cerenia, their results comparing the medicine to placebo, and the documented findings. This matches sense 3 perfectly, as it aligns with the examples and synonyms (report, written report) and the context of scientific research documentation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "studies" in this passage.

The context discusses: "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA... The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo..."

Here "studies" refers to research investigations or experiments that were conducted. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. A detailed critical inspection - This could work but seems more general
2. Applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject - This is about the process of learning, not the research itself
3. A written document describing the findings of some individual or group - This fits! Studies are written reports of research findings
4. A state of deep mental absorption - Not relevant
5. A room used for reading and writing - Not relevant
6. A branch of knowledge - Not relevant
7. Preliminary drawing for later elaboration - Not relevant (art-related)
8. Attentive consideration and meditation - Not relevant
9. Someone who memorizes quickly - Not relevant
10. A composition intended to develop technique - Not relevant (music)

The context specifically mentions "A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out" and "The results of the studies showed..." This strongly suggests that "studies" refers to research investigations or written reports of research findings.

Sense 3 (study%1:10:00::) defines it as "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with synonyms "report, written report" and examples like "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale". This fits perfectly because the text is talking about scientific studies - research investigations that are documented and have results.

The answer should be sense index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies <t>showed</t> that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "showed" in this context means "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment." The study results demonstrated/proved that Cerenia was more effective than placebo through experimental evidence. This directly corresponds to sense 2, which emphasizes establishing validity through experimentation, with a synonym "demonstrate" and an example involving experimental proof.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "showed" in this sentence:

"The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..."

The word "showed" here is used to indicate that the results demonstrated or provided evidence that Cerenia was more effective than placebo.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "give an exhibition of to an interested audience" - This is about displaying something to people. Not a fit.

2. "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - This is about proving something through experimentation. The studies showed (proved) that Cerenia was more effective.

3. "provide evidence for" - This is about providing evidence. The results showed evidence that Cerenia was effective. This seems like a good fit.

4. "make visible or noticeable" - More about making something visible. Doesn't fit the context well.

5. "show in, or as in, a picture" - About depicting in images. Not relevant.

6. "give expression to" - About expressing something. Not the right sense.

7. "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing" - About pointing to something. Doesn't fit.

8. "be or become visible or noticeable" - About becoming visible. Not the right sense here.

9. "indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments" - About what instruments read. Not applicable.

10. "give evidence of, as of records" - This could work. Records show something.

11. "take (someone) to their seats" - About ushering. Not relevant.
12. "finish third or better in a horse or dog race" - Horse/dog racing sense. Not relevant.

The most promising candidates are senses 2, 3, and 10. Sense 2 captures the experimental validation aspect—the studies established that Cerenia's effectiveness is valid. Sense 3 emphasizes the evidentiary nature of what the results conveyed. Sense 10 works similarly, with records or data demonstrating something. Both 2 and 3 are strong contenders here, as they both align with how empirical findings communicate their conclusions.

Sense 2 appears to be the strongest match because it specifically addresses establishing validity through experimentation, which directly parallels what study results accomplish—they validate claims through systematic investigation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "more" in the phrase "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo" functions as a comparative adverbial modifier forming the comparative of the adjective "effective." This directly corresponds to sense 1, which defines "more" as used to form the comparative of adjectives and adverbs, with examples like "more interesting" and "more beautiful."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "more" in the context provided.

The sentence is: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was <t>more</t> effective than the placebo..."

Here, "more" is being used to modify the adjective "effective" to indicate a comparative form. It's comparing the effectiveness of Cerenia to a placebo.

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
   - This is about using "more" to form the comparative form
   - Examples show it modifying adjectives like "interesting" and "beautiful"
   - This matches the pattern "more effective"

2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should
   - This is about "more" as a comparative of "much"
   - Used with verbs or quantities
   - Examples show "works more" and "eat more"

In the context "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo," the word "more" is functioning as an adverbial modifier forming the comparative of the adjective "effective". This directly matches sense 1, which is specifically about using "more" to form the comparative of adjectives and adverbs.

Sense 2 seems to focus more on the comparative of "much" with verbs or quantities, which is not the case here.

The best sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effective
Target surface form: effective
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more <t>effective</t> than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00:: | definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | synonyms=effectual, efficacious | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods
2. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | synonyms=efficient | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...; effective personnel
3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 | definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat
4. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
5. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:actual:00 | definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand; confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done
6. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operational:00 | definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for "effective" in this sentence:

"The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..."

The context is about comparing how well Cerenia (the medicine) works against placebo in reducing vomiting. The key information is:
- Cerenia was compared to placebo
- The medicine produced the intended result (less vomiting)
- This is about the capability to produce an intended result

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect" - This is about the capability to produce intended results. The medicine is effective at reducing vomiting.

2. "able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively" - Similar to sense 1, about accomplishing purposes.

3. "works well as a means or remedy" - This specifically refers to how well something works as a remedy or means. The medicine works well as a remedy for vomiting.

4. "exerting force or influence" - Not really about the medicine's capability to work.

5. "existing in fact; not theoretical; real" - This would be about something being actual/real, not about the medicine's capability.

6. "ready for service" - This is about readiness, not about the medicine's capability.

The context is clearly about the medicine being capable of producing the intended result (reducing vomiting). This fits best with sense 1 (producing an intended result) or sense 3 (works well as a remedy).

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "effective teaching methods" - about capability to produce results
- Sense 3: "an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat" - about something working well
- Sense 3 is more specifically tailored to medical contexts, with examples like the lotion working well for a skin condition. Since we're discussing a medicine and its therapeutic success, this definition aligns better with the medical application being described.

Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the <t>placebo</t>: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "placebo" is being used.

The context discusses:
- A drug called Cerenia that blocks NK1 receptors
- Studies comparing the effectiveness of Cerenia to a placebo
- Results showing Cerenia was more effective than the placebo in reducing vomiting in dogs
- The comparison is made in the context of clinical studies/experiments

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. "an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug" - This is the medical/experimental sense of placebo, referring to a dummy treatment given to control groups to test drug efficacy.

2. "(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead" - This is a religious sense of placebo, completely unrelated to the context.

The context clearly shows that "placebo" is being used in the context of a clinical drug trial comparing the effectiveness of Cerenia against a control group that received a placebo (inert medication). This is explicitly about "experiments on the efficacy of a drug."

The answer is sense 1 (sense_index: 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: <t>less</t> vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree | examples=of less importance; less time to spend with the family
2. sense_key=less%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=(usually preceded by `no') lower in quality | examples=no less than perfect
3. sense_key=less%5:00:00:fewer:00 | definition=(nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer | examples=less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "less" in this context is used to compare the quantity of vomiting between two groups—those receiving Cerenia and those receiving placebo. "Vomiting" functions as a mass noun (uncountable), and "less" modifies it as a quantifier indicating "not as great in amount or degree." This matches sense 1, the comparative form of "little" used with mass nouns.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "less" in this sentence:

"less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo"

The context is comparing the amount of vomiting between two groups of dogs - those that received Cerenia and those that received a placebo. The statement indicates that there was a smaller quantity/amount of vomiting in the treated group compared to the placebo group.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. Sense 1: (comparative of 'little' usually used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning not as great in amount or degree. Examples: "of less importance; less time to spend with the family"
   - This fits well. "Vomiting" is a mass noun here (uncountable), and we're expressing that the amount of vomiting is not as great in one group compared to another.

2. Sense 2: (usually preceded by 'no') lower in quality. Examples: "no less than perfect"
   - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about quality of vomiting, and the phrase isn't "no less."

3. Sense 3: (nonstandard in some uses but often idiomatic with measure phrases) fewer. Examples: "less than three weeks; no less than 50 people attended"
   - This is about countable nouns (fewer), but "vomiting" in this context is treated as a mass noun/uncountable quantity, not individual vomiting instances.

The best fit is sense 1, which deals with mass nouns and comparative quantities of "little." The word "vomiting" here represents an uncountable quantity (the amount or degree of vomiting), making this a classic example of comparative usage with mass nouns.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

The target word "seen" in the passive construction "less vomiting was seen" means "was observed" or "was perceived." Sense 7 ("see or watch" with synonyms watch, view, catch, take in) best captures this meaning, particularly as evidenced by the example "This program will be seen all over the world," which uses the exact same passive voice construction and meaning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "see" is being used.

Context: "less vomiting was <t>seen</t> in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo"

The word "seen" here is in a passive voice construction. We need to understand what it means. The sentence is saying that vomiting was "seen" less frequently in dogs that received medicine. This is using "see" in the passive form "was seen," which means "was observed" or "was perceived."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight" - This is the basic visual sense
2. "perceive (an idea or situation) mentally" - about understanding
3. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - synonyms: witness, find. Examples include observations like "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school"
4. "imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind" - about mental imagination
5. "deem to be" - about considering/regarding
6. "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - about learning
7. "see or watch" - watch, view, catch, take in - this is about observation/viewing
8. "come together" - about meeting
...

In the context "less vomiting was seen in dogs," this is clearly a passive construction where "seen" means "was observed" or "was noted/detected."

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "You have to be a good observer to see all the details" - basic observation
- Sense 3: "witness, find" - "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school" - observing something happen
- Sense 7: "watch, view, catch, take in" - "This program will be seen all over the world; view a show on television"
- Sense 3 emphasizes witnessing or encountering something in a particular context, like "We found Republicans winning the offices"
- Sense 7 with "This program will be seen all over the world" suggests a broader sense of being observed or perceived by an audience. The passive construction "will be seen" parallels our usage of "was seen" in the medical context, where vomiting was observed as a measurable outcome in the study.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in <t>dogs</t> that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to dogs as domesticated animals in a veterinary medical study. The text mentions "laboratory dogs," studies with dogs as animal patients, dogs receiving medicine, and vomiting animals—all indicating actual canine subjects rather than any figurative or metaphorical usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "dog" is being used.

The context is from a veterinary medicine document discussing Cerenia, a medication for animals. The text mentions:
- "laboratory dogs"
- "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine"
- "vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down"

The context is clearly about dogs as animals, specifically in a veterinary/medical context where dogs are being studied as test subjects or patients.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. A member of the genus Canis - domesticated animal, occurs in many breeds
2. A dull unattractive woman
3. Informal term for a man
4. Someone morally reprehensible
5. A sausage (hot dog)
6. A mechanical catch/pawl
7. Metal supports for logs in a fireplace

Given that the text specifically refers to "laboratory dogs" and discusses them in a medical/veterinary context where they are receiving medicine and being studied for vomiting prevention, sense 1 is clearly the correct answer. This is referring to actual dogs as domesticated animals (Canis familiaris).

The sense index for sense 1 is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the <t>medicine</t> than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly indicates that "medicine" refers to Cerenia as a pharmaceutical substance used to treat and prevent vomiting in dogs. The passage contrasts the effects of the medicine (Cerenia) with a placebo, which aligns with sense 2: "(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease." This sense encompasses medication/medicament, which is exactly what Cerenia is in this veterinary context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "medicine" is being used.

Context analysis:
- The text is discussing Cerenia, a drug used to treat vomiting in dogs
- It says "less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo"
- The medicine (Cerenia) is being contrasted with a placebo in treating/preventing vomiting
- This is clearly referring to a pharmaceutical substance used for medical treatment

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: - "the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques" - This is about a field of study/profession, not what's being used to treat vomiting. Not a match.

2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: - "(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease" with synonyms medication, medicament, medicinal drug - This is clearly the right match. The context shows Cerenia is being used to treat/prevent vomiting symptoms in dogs.

3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: - "the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school" - This is about the profession of medicine, not the substance. Not a match.

4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: - "punishment for one's actions" - This is an idiom meaning consequences. Clearly not applicable here.

The answer is clearly sense 2, which refers to medicine as a substance that treats or prevents disease symptoms. This matches perfectly with how "medicine" is used in the context to describe the treatment (Cerenia) being compared to placebo.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dog
Target surface form: dogs
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in <t>dogs</t> that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dog%1:05:00:: | definition=a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times; occurs in many breeds | synonyms=domestic dog, Canis familiaris | examples=the dog barked all night
2. sense_key=dog%1:18:01:: | definition=a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman | synonyms=frump | examples=she got a reputation as a frump; she's a real dog
3. sense_key=dog%1:18:00:: | definition=informal term for a man | examples=you lucky dog
4. sense_key=dog%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who is morally reprehensible | synonyms=cad, bounder, blackguard, hound, heel | examples=you dirty dog
5. sense_key=dog%1:13:01:: | definition=a smooth-textured sausage of minced beef or pork usually smoked; often served on a bread roll | synonyms=frank, frankfurter, hotdog, wiener, wienerwurst, weenie
6. sense_key=dog%1:06:00:: | definition=a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet to move a wheel forward or prevent it from moving backward | synonyms=pawl, detent, click
7. sense_key=dog%1:06:01:: | definition=metal supports for logs in a fireplace | synonyms=andiron, firedog, dog-iron | examples=the andirons were too hot to touch

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The context clearly refers to actual domesticated animals used in pharmaceutical studies at laboratories and veterinary practices. The passage discusses "laboratory dogs" and mentions practical veterinary considerations like whether "vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down." This is unambiguously referring to the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris), not any of the slang, derogatory, or specialized meanings in the other senses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "dogs" in the given sentence.

The context is about a medication called Cerenia being studied for treating vomiting. The sentence mentions:
"The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo..."

The text is clearly discussing studies conducted on animals - specifically "laboratory dogs" and "animal patients at veterinary practises." The subject is about using this medication on actual animals.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. "a member of the genus Canis (probably descended from the common wolf) that has been domesticated by man since prehistoric times" - This is clearly the domesticated animal, the pet dog. The example "the dog barked all night" fits this.

2. "a dull unattractive unpleasant girl or woman" - This is a derogatory slang term for women. Not applicable here.

3. "informal term for a man" - This is slang for a man. Not applicable here.

4. "someone who is morally reprehensible" - This is a derogatory term for a bad person. Not applicable here.

5. "a smooth-textured sausage..." - This is a hotdog/frankfurter. Not applicable here.

6. "a hinged catch that fits into a notch of a ratchet..." - This is a mechanical part. Not applicable here.

7. "metal supports for logs in a fireplace" - This is a fireplace andiron. Not applicable here.

The context is clearly about actual animals being studied in a laboratory and veterinary setting. The word "dogs" refers to the domesticated animals. This is definitely sense 1: the member of the genus Canis that is domesticated.
The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: placebo
Target surface form: placebo
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a <t>placebo</t>, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: | definition=an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates that "placebo" refers to an inert medication used in a control group during a drug efficacy study. The passage explicitly compares the effectiveness of Cerenia (the actual medicine) against a placebo in dogs, measuring vomiting outcomes. This matches the first sense definition precisely.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "placebo" is being used.

The context is about Cerenia, a medication for dogs. The passage discusses:
- How Cerenia works (blocks NK1 receptor)
- How it has been studied (in laboratory dogs and animal patients)
- What benefit it showed (more effective than placebo - less vomiting in dogs that received medicine vs dogs that received placebo)

The passage explicitly states: "Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo"

This is clearly referring to a control group in an experiment where one group received the actual medicine and another group received a placebo treatment to test the efficacy of the drug.

The two candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=placebo%1:06:00:: - "an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug"
2. sense_key=placebo%1:04:00:: - "(Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead"

The first sense is clearly the correct one. The context is about a medical/pharmaceutical study comparing the effectiveness of a real drug against a placebo control group. The second sense about Catholic Church vespers is completely unrelated to the context.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
How does Cerenia work? Cerenia blocks a neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, which acts in the central nervous system. How has Cerenia been studied? A large number of studies with Cerenia were carried out either in laboratory dogs or in animal patients at veterinary practises in several European countries and in the USA. What benefit has Cerenia shown during the studies? The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the <t>treatment</t> or in the prevention of vomiting. The treatment of a vomiting dog should be started with the injection, since vomiting animals might not be able to keep a tablet down (as they might throw the intact tablet up again).

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "treatment" in this context refers to medical care and procedures intended to relieve illness. The passage discusses how Cerenia was tested for its effectiveness "both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting," which clearly refers to medical intervention to manage a dog's vomiting condition. This matches sense 1's definition of "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "treatment" is being used.

The context is about a medication called Cerenia for dogs. The sentence states: "The results of the studies showed that Cerenia was more effective than the placebo: less vomiting was seen in dogs that received the medicine than in dogs that received a placebo, both in the treatment or in the prevention of vomiting."

Here, "treatment" is being used in the medical context, referring to medical care/procedures intended to relieve or manage illness (in this case, vomiting in dogs).

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: - "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)" - This fits perfectly. The context is about medical treatment of vomiting in dogs.

2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: - "the management of someone or something" with examples like handling of prisoners and treatment of water sewage - While this could technically apply, it's more general management rather than medical care.

3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: - "a manner of dealing with something artistically" - This doesn't fit at all. There's nothing artistic about treating vomiting in dogs.

4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: - "an extended communication dealing with some particular topic" - This doesn't fit. The context is about medical treatment, not discussion or communication about treatment.

The best match is clearly sense 1, which specifically mentions medical procedures intended to relieve illness or injury. The context is discussing how Cerenia (a medication) was effective in the treatment of vomiting in dogs - a clear medical application.