[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: incompetence
Target surface form: incompetence
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual <t>incompetence</t> is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=incompetence%1:07:00:: | definition=lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications | synonyms=incompetency
2. sense_key=incompetence%1:26:00:: | definition=inability of a part or organ to function properly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context explicitly refers to "intellectual incompetence," which matches sense 1 (lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications). The passage criticizes how modern educational approaches have produced a generation lacking intellectual ability and knowledge. Sense 2, which relates to organ or body part dysfunction, is inapplicable to this educational and intellectual context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "incompetence" is being used.

The target word "incompetence" appears in this sentence:
"The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual <t>incompetence</t> is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

The context is discussing:
- Elementary schools and education
- Creativity in children's education
- Self-expression and self-esteem
- A critique of a generation's lack of knowledge and intellectual ability

Now let's look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=incompetence%1:07:00:: | definition=lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications | synonyms=incompetency
   - This refers to lack of ability (physical or intellectual)
   - The context mentions "intellectual incompetence" specifically
   - This clearly fits the context about young people's lack of intellectual ability

2. sense_key=incompetence%1:26:00:: | definition=inability of a part or organ to function properly
   - This is about a specific part or organ not functioning properly
   - This would be more medical/biological in nature
   - The context is about education and intellectual ability, not medical conditions

Given the context explicitly mentions "intellectual incompetence" and the passage criticizes the educational system for producing young people with intellectual and ignorant deficiencies, sense 1 is clearly the correct choice.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: match
Target surface form: matched
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is <t>matched</t> only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=match%2:42:00:: | definition=be compatible, similar or consistent; coincide in their characteristics | synonyms=fit, correspond, check, jibe, gibe, tally | examples=The two stories don't agree in many details; The handwriting checks with the signature on the check
2. sense_key=match%2:40:00:: | definition=provide funds complementary to | examples=The company matched the employees' contributions
3. sense_key=match%2:35:08:: | definition=bring two objects, ideas, or people together | synonyms=mate, couple, pair, twin | examples=This fact is coupled to the other one; Matchmaker, can you match my daughter with a nice young man?
4. sense_key=match%2:42:01:: | definition=be equal to in quality or ability | synonyms=equal, touch, rival | examples=Nothing can rival cotton for durability; Your performance doesn't even touch that of your colleagues
5. sense_key=match%2:30:01:: | definition=make correspond or harmonize | synonyms=fit | examples=Match my sweater
6. sense_key=match%2:41:00:: | definition=satisfy or fulfill | synonyms=meet, cope with | examples=meet a need; this job doesn't match my dreams
7. sense_key=match%2:35:10:: | definition=give or join in marriage
8. sense_key=match%2:33:00:: | definition=set into opposition or rivalry | synonyms=pit, oppose, play off | examples=let them match their best athletes against ours; pit a chess player against the Russian champion
9. sense_key=match%2:30:00:: | definition=be equal or harmonize | examples=The two pieces match
10. sense_key=match%2:30:07:: | definition=make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching | synonyms=equal, equalize, equalise, equate | examples=let's equalize the duties among all employees in this office; The company matched the discount policy of its competitors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The phrase "matched only by" is an idiomatic expression meaning "equaled only by" or "rivaled only by." In this context, the sentence states that the young people's ignorance and intellectual incompetence are equal in degree to (only surpassed by) their high self-opinion. Sense 4 "be equal to in quality or ability" with synonyms like "equal" and "rival" is the best fit for this usage, where one thing is presented as being the equal of another in magnitude or degree.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

This is saying that the ignorance and intellectual incompetence are equaled or rivaled only by their good opinion of themselves. In other words, their arrogance/self-esteem is as great as their incompetence.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "be compatible, similar or consistent" - This could work, as it's about corresponding/being consistent. The ignorance and self-opinion are matching in being equally pronounced.

2. "provide funds complementary to" - Not relevant here.

3. "bring two objects, ideas, or people together" - Not the meaning here.

4. "be equal to in quality or ability" - This seems very relevant. The ignorance and self-esteem are equal in magnitude. Synonyms include "equal, touch, rival" which fit the context perfectly.

5. "make correspond or harmonize" - Could work, similar to sense 1.

6. "satisfy or fulfill" - Not relevant.

7. "give or join in marriage" - Not relevant.

8. "set into opposition or rivalry" - Not quite right, though there's some contrast implied.

9. "be equal or harmonize" - This could work well. The ignorance and self-opinion are in harmony/equal in scale.

10. "make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching" - This is similar to 9 but seems more about making things equal rather than describing their equality.

The key phrase is "matched only by" - this idiom means "equaled only by" or "rivaled only by".

Sense 4 "be equal to in quality or ability" with synonyms "equal, touch, rival" seems to be the best fit. The example "Nothing can rival cotton for durability" is very similar in structure and meaning.
Sense 9 also captures the equality aspect, but sense 4's emphasis on quality and ability—along with the "rival" synonym—aligns more precisely with the idiomatic construction of "matched only by."

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched <t>only</t> by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "matched only by their good opinion of themselves" uses "only" to mean "exclusively" or "solely." It indicates that the only thing comparable to (or matching) their ignorance and incompetence is their self-esteem. This corresponds to sense 2, which defines "only" as "without any others being included or involved" with synonyms "entirely, exclusively, solely, alone."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and meaning of "only" in this sentence:

"The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

This sentence structure means that their ignorance and incompetence is as great as (or matched by) their good opinion of themselves. The "only" here is used to express "exclusively" or "solely" - indicating that the only other thing that compares to their ignorance is their self-esteem.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "and nothing more" / "merely, simply, just, but" - This doesn't fit. It would read "matched merely by" which changes the meaning.

2. "without any others being included or involved" / "entirely, exclusively, solely, alone" - This fits well. "matched solely by their good opinion" - meaning exclusively by their good opinion.

3. "with nevertheless the final result" - This doesn't fit the context.

4. "in the final outcome" - This doesn't fit.

5. "except that" - This doesn't fit.

6. "never except when" - This doesn't fit.

7. "as recently as" - This doesn't fit.

The best fit is sense 2, which emphasizes exclusivity and soleness. The phrase "matched only by" means "matched exclusively by" or "matched solely by" - indicating that the only thing comparable to their ignorance is their self-esteem.

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: good
Target surface form: good
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their <t>good</t> opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
2. sense_key=good%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
3. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable
4. sense_key=good%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
5. sense_key=good%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
6. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
7. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, practiced, proficient, skillful, skilful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
10. sense_key=good%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
11. sense_key=good%5:00:01:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
12. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
13. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | examples=good looks
16. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=serious | examples=good music; a serious book
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=honest | examples=a good dollar bill
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "good opinion of themselves" refers to a favorable, positive view that these young people hold about themselves. Sense 1 captures this core meaning—"having desirable or positive qualities"—which applies directly to describing their opinion as positive or favorable. The context is ironically noting that despite their ignorance and incompetence, they maintain a positive self-assessment.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze this carefully. The context is:

"The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their <t>good</t> opinion of themselves."

The phrase "good opinion of themselves" means they have a positive view of themselves. The passage is being sarcastic/critical here - it's saying these young people are ignorant and incompetent, but they have a high/positive opinion of themselves (self-esteem that is unwarranted).

So "good" here means they have a favorable, positive, or high opinion. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "having desirable or positive qualities" - This is about something being positive/desirable in a general sense. "good opinion" could fit this.

2. "having the normally expected amount" - Not relevant

3. "morally admirable" - Not the right sense

4. "deserving of esteem and respect" - This is about moral standing, not quite right

5. "promoting or enhancing well-being" - Not relevant

6. "agreeable or pleasing" - This could work for "good opinion" - a pleasing opinion

7. "of moral excellence" - Not relevant

8. "skilled" - Not relevant

9. "thorough" - Not relevant

10. "with a close/intimate relationship" - Not relevant

11. "financially sound" - Not relevant

12. "most suitable or right" - Not relevant

13. "resulting favorably" - Not relevant

14. "exerting force or influence" - Not relevant

15. "capable of pleasing" - This could work - a good opinion could be one that is pleasing

16. "appealing to the mind" - Not really

17. "in excellent physical condition" - Not relevant

18. "tending to promote physical well-being" - Not relevant

19. "not forged" - Not relevant

20. "not left to spoil" - Not relevant
21. "generally admired" - Not relevant

The most fitting interpretation is that "good opinion" conveys a favorable or positive assessment. Sense 1—having desirable or positive qualities—captures this most directly, as it describes an opinion that is positive and favorable rather than negative or critical.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: opinion
Target surface form: opinion
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good <t>opinion</t> of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=opinion%1:09:00:: | definition=a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty | synonyms=sentiment, persuasion, view, thought | examples=my opinion differs from yours; I am not of your persuasion
2. sense_key=opinion%1:10:01:: | definition=a message expressing a belief about something; the expression of a belief that is held with confidence but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof | synonyms=view | examples=his opinions appeared frequently on the editorial page
3. sense_key=opinion%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief or sentiment shared by most people; the voice of the people | synonyms=public opinion, popular opinion, vox populi | examples=he asked for a poll of public opinion
4. sense_key=opinion%1:10:00:: | definition=the legal document stating the reasons for a judicial decision | synonyms=legal opinion, judgment, judgement | examples=opinions are usually written by a single judge
5. sense_key=opinion%1:04:01:: | definition=the reason for a court's judgment (as opposed to the decision itself) | synonyms=ruling
6. sense_key=opinion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, notion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "good opinion of themselves" refers to the young people's personal belief or judgment about their own worth. This aligns with sense 1: "a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty." The author's ironic point is that these young people hold a favorable personal belief about themselves despite their intellectual incompetence—a belief not grounded in actual achievement or proof. The other senses don't fit: sense 3 refers to shared public opinion, senses 4-5 are legal terms, sense 2 focuses on expressed/published beliefs, and sense 6 is too vague and impressionistic. Sense 1 best captures the personal self-assessment at play here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for "opinion" in this passage.

The target word appears in: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

The author is criticizing young people for having a high/good self-regard or self-esteem despite their intellectual shortcomings. The phrase "good opinion of themselves" means they have a favorable belief about themselves.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=opinion%1:09:00:: - "a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty" - This is a personal belief/judgment. In this context, the "opinion" of themselves would mean their personal belief about themselves.

2. sense_key=opinion%1:10:01:: - "a message expressing a belief" - This is more about expressing beliefs publicly, like editorial content. Doesn't fit well here.

3. sense_key=opinion%1:09:01:: - "a belief or sentiment shared by most people; the voice of the people" - This is about public/popular opinion. The context is about individual self-esteem, not a shared belief of society.

4. sense_key=opinion%1:10:00:: - "the legal document stating the reasons for a judicial decision" - Clearly not about legal judgments here.

5. sense_key=opinion%1:04:01:: - "the reason for a court's judgment" - Same, not legal.

6. sense_key=opinion%1:09:02:: - "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - This is about an impression or feeling. "Good opinion of themselves" could mean they have a favorable impression of themselves.

The best fit is sense 1 (opinion%1:09:00::) because:
- It describes a personal belief or judgment
- "Good opinion of themselves" = their personal belief about themselves (despite being unfounded in actual competence)
- The irony lies in how they hold this favorable self-assessment without any real basis in merit, which is precisely what the author is highlighting about this generation.

Sense 6 doesn't capture the judgment aspect as clearly. Sense 1 is the right choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: whole
Target surface form: whole
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The <t>whole</t> notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=whole%3:00:00:: | definition=including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete | examples=gave his whole attention; a whole wardrobe for the tropics
2. sense_key=whole%3:00:02:: | definition=(of siblings) having the same parents | examples=whole brothers and sisters
3. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:uninjured:00 | definition=not injured | synonyms=unharmed, unhurt, unscathed
4. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health | synonyms=hale | examples=hale and hearty; whole in mind and body
5. sense_key=whole%5:00:00:undiversified:00 | definition=acting together as a single undiversified whole | synonyms=solid, unanimous | examples=a solid voting bloc

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "whole" here means "entire" or "complete" - referring to the complete notion of creativity in education. This matches sense 1: "including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete." The usage is parallel to the example "gave his whole attention" - indicating the totality or full extent of the concept being discussed.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "whole" in this passage about education and creativity.

The sentence is: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..."

Here, "whole" is being used to mean "entire" or "complete" - referring to the entire notion/concept of creativity in education. It's describing the full extent or totality of the concept being discussed.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "including all components without exception; being one unit or constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete" - This matches perfectly. Examples include "gave his whole attention" which is similar usage.

2. "(of siblings) having the same parents" - This is about family relationships, doesn't apply here.

3. "not injured" - This is about physical health, doesn't apply.

4. "exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health" - This is about health, doesn't apply.

5. "acting together as a single undiversified whole" - This means unified/solid, but the context doesn't suggest unity of all parts.

The best fit is clearly sense 1, which captures the meaning of "entire" or "complete" - the entire/whole notion of creativity. This aligns with the examples given like "gave his whole attention" where "whole" means the complete/entire amount.

The sense index for the first option would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole <t>notion</t> of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

In this context, "notion" refers to the general conceptual idea of "creativity" in education. The passage discusses how this concept (or general inclusive concept) became part of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction. The author is referring to the broader idea or concept itself, not emphasizing it as vague, personal, or odd—simply as a general conceptual framework that gained prominence in educational philosophy.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "notion" is being used.

The sentence in context is: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction..."

Let me consider each candidate sense:

1. "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - synonyms: impression, feeling, belief, opinion
   - Examples: "his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?"
   - This refers to a somewhat vague idea or belief that someone holds

2. "a general inclusive concept"
   - This is a broader, more abstract sense of a concept

3. "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea" - synonyms: whim, whimsy, whimsey
   - Examples: "the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon"
   - This refers to an odd, fanciful, or capricious idea

4. "small personal articles or clothing or sewing items"
   - Examples: buttons and needles
   - This is clearly not the right sense

Looking at the context: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion..."

The passage is discussing the concept/idea of "creativity" in education. The author is saying this concept/idea was part of a romantic rebellion.

Given the context, "notion" refers to a concept or idea. The passage is not suggesting this is a vague or unclear idea necessarily - rather it's being presented as a general conceptual idea.

Sense 2 ("a general inclusive concept") seems like the most fitting. The author is referring to the general idea/concept of "creativity" in education.
Sense 1 could apply if the author meant to emphasize uncertainty, but the passage doesn't stress vagueness. Sense 3 might fit given the critical tone toward romanticism, though the focus isn't on the idea being whimsical or odd. Sense 2 best captures what's happening—the author is treating "creativity" as a broad conceptual framework that emerged from romantic thought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in <t>education</t> was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses the notion of "creativity" within the educational system and compares it to "disciplined instruction." The passage is referring to education as the system of activities, practices, and approaches to teaching and instructing—not the knowledge acquired or the profession itself. This matches sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "education" to determine which sense is most appropriate.

The context discusses:
- A discussion about whether elementary schools should encourage creativity
- The concept of "creativity" in education
- A romantic rebellion against "disciplined instruction"
- Reference to "authoritarian" repression and the latent talents of children

The phrase is: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in <t>education</t> was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction"

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. **Sense 1 (education%1:04:00::)**: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - This refers to the process/activities of teaching and learning.

2. **Sense 2 (education%1:09:00::)**: "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" - This refers to the knowledge itself, the result.

3. **Sense 3 (education%1:09:01::)**: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - This refers to the process of learning.

4. **Sense 4 (education%1:04:01::)**: "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)" - This refers to the profession.

5. **Sense 5 (education%1:07:01::)**: "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)" - This is about social refinement.

6. **Sense 6 (education%1:14:00::)**: "the United States federal department..." - This is the governmental institution.

In the context, the passage is discussing "creativity in education" as a concept or system/approach to teaching and instruction. It's talking about how "creativity" is practiced within the educational system or approach. The text mentions "disciplined instruction" as an alternative approach.
The passage contrasts two pedagogical approaches—one emphasizing creativity and another emphasizing disciplined instruction—which points to education as the system and activities of teaching rather than the knowledge acquired or the profession itself. Sense 1 best captures this meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: romantic
Target surface form: romantic
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a <t>romantic</t> rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=romantic%3:01:00:: | definition=belonging to or characteristic of Romanticism or the Romantic Movement in the arts | synonyms=romanticist, romanticistic | examples=romantic poetry
2. sense_key=romantic%5:00:01:loving:00 | definition=expressive of or exciting sexual love or romance | synonyms=amatory, amorous | examples=her amatory affairs; amorous glances
3. sense_key=romantic%5:00:00:impractical:00 | definition=not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic | synonyms=quixotic, wild-eyed | examples=as quixotic as a restoration of medieval knighthood; a romantic disregard for money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "romantic" is being used.

The passage discusses "creativity" in education and describes it as "part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction." The text characterizes this as being about encouraging "self-expression" and "self-esteem" without proper discipline, which has resulted in intellectual incompetence despite good self-opinions.

Let me examine each sense:

1. **Sense 1** (belonging to Romanticism/Romantic Movement): This refers to the artistic/literary movement. The examples are "romantic poetry." While the passage does use the word "rebellion," which could connect to Romanticism, the context is more about a philosophical attitude about education rather than specifically about the Romantic Movement in arts.

2. **Sense 2** (expressive of sexual love or romance): This is clearly not applicable here. The context is about education and creativity, not about sexual or romantic love.

3. **Sense 3** (not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic): This seems most fitting. The passage describes a "romantic rebellion" against disciplined instruction, calling it "romantic extravagance." It characterizes the approach as unrealistic - focusing on undefined "potentialities" rather than actual discipline. The passage criticizes this as producing intellectually incompetent people. This aligns with the definition "not sensible about practical matters; idealistic and unrealistic." The examples given are "quixotic" (impractical, idealistic) and "romantic disregard for money."

The context strongly supports sense 3 because:
- The passage criticizes the romantic approach as impractical and unrealistic
- It's described as a rebellion against "disciplined instruction"
- The result is negative (intellectual incompetence)
- It emphasizes idealistic notions ("wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities") without practical grounding
- The phrase "romantic extravagance" directly points to impractical idealism rather than any connection to the Romantic Movement or romantic love

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rebellion
Target surface form: rebellion
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic <t>rebellion</t> against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:01:: | definition=refusal to accept some authority or code or convention | examples=each generation must have its own rebellion; his body was in rebellion against fatigue
2. sense_key=rebellion%1:04:00:: | definition=organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another | synonyms=insurrection, revolt, rising, uprising

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "rebellion" in the given context.

The sentence reads: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic <t>rebellion</t> against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression and frustration of the latent talents..."

Now let's examine the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "refusal to accept some authority or code or convention" with examples like "each generation must have its own rebellion; his body was in rebellion against fatigue"

Sense 2: "organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another" with synonyms insurrection, revolt, rising, uprising

In the context, the passage is discussing a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction." This is not about armed conflict, organized opposition, or military insurrection. Rather, it's about a refusal to accept a particular code or convention (disciplined instruction). It's described as a "romantic" rebellion, which suggests it's more of an intellectual/ideological stance against conventional authority, not an organized political or military uprising.

The example "each generation must have its own rebellion" from Sense 1 is very similar to the usage here - a generational rejection of conventional authority.

Sense 2 refers to "organized opposition to authority" with words like insurrection, revolt, uprising - these are stronger, more militant terms that don't fit the context of an educational philosophy debate.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against <t>disciplined</t> instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "disciplined instruction" as a systematic, structured educational approach involving rigorous training and exercise—contrasted with the newer emphasis on self-expression and creativity. This aligns with sense 2 (trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise) rather than sense 1 (obeying the rules). The passage emphasizes the methodical, instructional nature of traditional education, not merely adherence to rules.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "disciplined" is being used.

Context analysis:
The passage discusses education and creativity. It mentions that the notion of "creativity" in education was part of a "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction." The text contrasts "disciplined instruction" with a newer approach that emphasizes self-expression and self-esteem without clear academic standards.

The key phrase is: "disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian, a repression and frustration...'"

Now let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
   - This refers to obedience and adherence to rules

2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise
   - This refers to being trained, developed through instruction or practice
   - Examples: "the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind"

In the context, "disciplined instruction" refers to formal, structured education that requires adherence to a rigorous curriculum and teaching methods. The opposition presented is between "disciplined instruction" (the traditional, structured approach) versus "self-expression" and lack of clear standards.

The term "disciplined instruction" in this context clearly refers to instruction that is systematic, rigorous, and involves training through structured exercise and methods. This aligns more with sense 2 (trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise) than sense 1 (obeying the rules).

Sense 1 (controlled/obeying rules) would emphasize obedience, while sense 2 (trained/instruction/exercise) emphasizes the systematic, structured nature of the instruction through training and practice.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined <t>instruction</t>, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses instruction within education, specifically as a method of teaching that was considered authoritarian and opposed to creativity-focused approaches in schools. This clearly refers to the sense of instruction as "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill," which aligns with the educational focus and the passage's discussion of disciplined teaching methods in elementary schools.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "instruction" to determine which sense is most appropriate.

The sentence is: "The whole notion of "creativity" in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined <t>instruction</t>, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian," a repression and frustration of the latent talents..."

The context is clearly about education and teaching. The passage is discussing:
- American education
- Elementary schools
- Creativity in education
- A rebellion against disciplined instruction in education
- Instruction being regarded as authoritarian

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | This refers to specific directions/commands, like "follow the instructions." Not the best fit here.

2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | This is about the activities of teaching and education. The example mentions "formal education" and "instruction was carefully programmed." This fits well with the context of education and teaching.

3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | This is about the profession itself. The context doesn't seem to be discussing the profession but rather the practice/method of instruction.

4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | This is clearly not relevant as we're discussing education, not programming.

The best fit is sense 2 (sense_key=instruction%1:04:01::), which refers to "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill." This matches the educational context of the passage where instruction is being contrasted with creativity-focused approaches.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: authoritarian
Target surface form: authoritarian
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "<t>authoritarian</t>, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:undemocratic:00 | definition=characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty | synonyms=autocratic, dictatorial, despotic, tyrannic, tyrannical | examples=an authoritarian regime; autocratic government
2. sense_key=authoritarian%5:00:00:domineering:00 | definition=expecting unquestioning obedience | synonyms=dictatorial, overbearing | examples=the timid child of authoritarian parents; insufferably overbearing behavior toward the waiter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "disciplined instruction" as authoritarian, characterizing it as repressive of children's talents and self-expression. This aligns with sense 2 ("expecting unquestioning obedience"), which captures the notion of a teaching style or instructional approach that demands conformity and compliance without allowing creative expression. The example of "authoritarian parents" in sense 2 parallels the educational context here, whereas sense 1 (absolute rule/sovereignty) refers to systems of government rather than instructional approaches.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "authoritarian" in this passage.

The passage discusses creativity in education and criticizes the "romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian.'" The text suggests that:
- Authoritarian is being used to describe "disciplined instruction"
- It's contrasted with creativity and self-expression
- It's characterized as "a repression and frustration of the latent talents"

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty" - This is about systems of government or absolute rulers, with synonyms like autocratic, dictatorial, despotic

2. Sense 2: "expecting unquestioning obedience" - This is about a style of behavior/parenting/teaching where one demands obedience without question. Synonyms include dictatorial, overbearing

In the context, the passage is talking about educational discipline and teaching methods. It's describing "disciplined instruction" as authoritarian - meaning it demands obedience and conformity without question, rather than allowing children's creativity and self-expression.

The example given for sense 2 mentions "the timid child of authoritarian parents" - which is about parenting style that demands obedience, not about absolute rulers or governments.

This context is much closer to sense 2 - it's about a teaching/instructional style that expects obedience and doesn't allow for creativity or self-expression. It's about a domineering, overbearing approach to education rather than about absolute rulers or sovereign systems.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: repression
Target surface form: repression
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a <t>repression</t> and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=repression%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of forcible subjugation | examples=the long repression of Christian sects
2. sense_key=repression%1:22:00:: | definition=(psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism that protects you from impulses or ideas that would cause anxiety by preventing them from becoming conscious
3. sense_key=repression%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of repressing; control by holding down | examples=his goal was the repression of insolence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes authoritarian disciplined instruction as "a repression and frustration of the latent talents," using "repression" in the sense of suppressing or holding down something (children's natural talents and potential). This aligns with sense 3—"the act of repressing; control by holding down"—rather than sense 1 (forcible subjugation of groups) or sense 2 (psychological defense mechanism).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "repression" here.

Looking at the sentence: "The whole notion of 'creativity' in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as 'authoritarian,' a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

The context is discussing how disciplined instruction is viewed as authoritarian and as a "repression" (and frustration) of children's talents and potential.

Let me consider the three senses:

1. **Sense 1: "a state of forcible subjugation"** - This refers to suppression of groups or peoples. Example: "the long repression of Christian sects." This is about suppressing people or groups.

2. **Sense 2: "(psychiatry) the classical defense mechanism..."** - This is a psychological term about preventing impulses from becoming conscious.

3. **Sense 3: "the act of repressing; control by holding down"** - This is the general meaning of suppressing or holding down something. Example: "his goal was the repression of insolence."

In the context, "repression" is being used to describe how disciplined instruction acts as a suppression/holding down of children's talents and potentialities. The text is saying that authoritarian instruction = repression (suppression) of innate talents.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate - it's about the act of repressing or controlling by holding down. This fits with the idea that disciplined instruction is seen as a repression of children's natural talents and potential.

Sense 1 is too specific (about subjugation of groups).
Sense 2 is clinical terminology that doesn't apply here. The answer is Sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: frustration
Target surface form: frustration
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and <t>frustration</t> of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=frustration%1:12:00:: | definition=the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals | synonyms=defeat
2. sense_key=frustration%1:04:02:: | definition=an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts | synonyms=thwarting, foiling
3. sense_key=frustration%1:12:01:: | definition=a feeling of annoyance at being hindered or criticized | examples=her constant complaints were the main source of his frustration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows "frustration" used parallel to "repression" in the phrase "a repression and frustration of the latent talents." Here, frustration refers to an *act* of hindering or preventing the development of children's potential, not an emotional feeling. This matches sense 2 ("an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts"), supported by the synonyms "thwarting" and "foiling" which align with the meaning of blocking or suppressing talents.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to understand which sense of "frustration" is being used.

The passage discusses how romantic educators view "creativity" as freedom from "disciplined instruction." The text states that this romantic view regards discipline as "authoritarian, a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful... potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

In this context, "frustration" is being used as a noun describing an action or state - it's being used in parallel with "repression." The structure is "a repression and frustration of the latent talents."

This is describing an ACT - the act of limiting, hindering, or preventing the development of latent talents. It's not describing a feeling (emotion) of frustration.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=frustration%1:12:00:: | definition=the feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining your goals | synonyms=defeat
   - This is about an emotional feeling

2. sense_key=frustration%1:04:02:: | definition=an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts | synonyms=thwarting, foiling
   - This is about an ACT of hindering
   - The synonyms "thwarting" and "foiling" fit perfectly with the context

3. sense_key=frustration%1:12:01:: | definition=a feeling of annoyance at being hindered or criticized | examples=her constant complaints were the main source of his frustration
   - This is about an emotional feeling

In the sentence "a repression and frustration of the latent talents," frustration means the act of preventing or hindering the development of talents. This matches sense 2, which defines it as "an act of hindering someone's plans or efforts."

The answer should be index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: latent
Target surface form: latent
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the <t>latent</t> talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=latent%5:00:00:potential:00 | definition=potentially existing but not presently evident or realized | examples=a latent fingerprint; latent talent
2. sense_key=latent%5:00:00:inactive:02 | definition=(pathology) not presently active | examples=latent infection; latent diabetes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "latent talents" as potential abilities that exist within children but have not yet been evident or realized - they are "as yet undefined potentialities." This directly matches the first sense: "potentially existing but not presently evident or realized," which even includes the example "latent talent." The second sense, relating to pathological dormancy, is irrelevant to this educational discourse about children's undeveloped potential.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "latent" is being used.

The sentence is: "The whole notion of "creativity" in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian," a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

The key phrase is "latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

Let me examine both senses:

Sense 1: "potentially existing but not presently evident or realized" with examples "a latent fingerprint; latent talent"
- This refers to something that could exist or emerge but isn't currently visible or manifested
- The example "latent talent" directly matches the context here

Sense 2: "(pathology) not presently active" with examples "latent infection; latent diabetes"
- This is a medical/pathological term referring to something that exists but is dormant
- This doesn't fit the context well - we're not talking about a medical condition

In the context, "latent talents" clearly refers to talents that exist potentially within the children but haven't yet been realized or expressed. This is the "potentially existing but not presently evident or realized" sense.

The phrase "latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities" emphasizes that these are talents that haven't yet been manifested or developed, but have the potential to be.

This clearly matches sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: talent
Target surface form: talents
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent <t>talents</t> and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=talent%1:09:00:: | definition=natural abilities or qualities | synonyms=endowment, gift, natural endowment
2. sense_key=talent%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who possesses unusual innate ability in some field or activity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze this carefully. The target word is "talents" in the context provided.

Looking at the sentence: "a repression and frustration of the latent <t>talents</t> and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

The two candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=talent%1:09:00:: - "natural abilities or qualities" with synonyms: endowment, gift, natural endowment
2. sense_key=talent%1:18:00:: - "a person who possesses unusual innate ability in some field or activity"

In this context, "talents" refers to the natural abilities or qualities that children possess. The text is talking about how creativity education is about not repressing these natural talents/abilities that are inherent in children.

Sense 2 refers to "a person" - so it's talking about talented people themselves, not their abilities.

Sense 1 is talking about "natural abilities or qualities" - this fits perfectly with the context where it's describing latent talents as something inherent in children's souls.

The context clearly uses "talents" to mean natural abilities/qualities, not to refer to talented people as individuals.

Therefore, the answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as <t>yet</t> undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "as yet undefined" means "undefined up to the present time" or "not yet defined by now." This matches sense 1 which defines "yet" as "up to the present time," exemplified by phrases like "I have yet to see the results" where something hasn't occurred by the present moment. The potentialities being described are characterized as undefined in the current state of understanding.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context around "yet" in this passage.

The phrase is: "the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

Here, "yet" is modifying "undefined" - it's describing potentialities that are, at this point in time, undefined/not yet defined.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "up to the present time" - examples: "I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out" - This fits the pattern where something hasn't happened by now.

2. "used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point" - examples: "So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet" - This also describes current state up to the present.

3. "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" - This doesn't apply here.

4. "within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time" - examples: "he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves" - This suggests something will happen in the future.

5. "used after a superlative" - This doesn't apply here.

6. "despite anything to the contrary" - This doesn't apply here.

The key phrase is "if as yet undefined, potentialities" - meaning potentialities that are, as of now, undefined/not yet defined. This is talking about something that hasn't happened up to the present time.

Looking more carefully at sense 1: "up to the present time" with examples like "I have yet to see the results" or "details are yet to be worked out" - these express that something hasn't occurred by now.

In our context, "as yet undefined" means "not yet defined" or "undefined up to the present time" - something that hasn't been defined by now.

I think sense 1 is the best fit because it captures the "up to the present time" meaning - the potentialities are undefined up to (and as of) now.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potentiality
Target surface form: potentialities
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, <t>potentialities</t> inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potentiality%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potential, potency
2. sense_key=potentiality%1:09:00:: | definition=an aptitude that may be developed | synonyms=capability, capableness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "latent talents and...potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children" that risk being "repressed and frustrated." This phrasing indicates specific capabilities or aptitudes within children that can be developed and expressed through creative education. Sense 2 ("an aptitude that may be developed") better captures this meaning than sense 1, which refers to a more general abstract capacity. The emphasis on these as particular talents within individuals that can be cultivated aligns with "capability" rather than the broader "inherent capacity for coming into being."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "potentialities."

The context discusses the notion of "creativity" in education as part of a romantic rebellion. It mentions "the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

Let me examine both senses:

1. Sense 1: "the inherent capacity for coming into being" (synonyms: potential, potency)
   - This refers to capacity that exists but hasn't been actualized yet
   - It's about the general capacity or power to become something

2. Sense 2: "an aptitude that may be developed" (synonyms: capability, capableness)
   - This is more specific to an ability or talent that can be developed
   - It's about specific aptitudes or capabilities

Looking at the context: "the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children"

The phrase "latent talents and...potentialities" suggests these are specific capabilities or aptitudes that exist within children. The context also refers to "repression and frustration of the latent talents" - treating them as things that can be developed or expressed.

The use of "undefined" suggests they're not yet clear or manifest, but they represent potential abilities/aptitudes that could be developed.

This seems to fit better with sense 2 - "an aptitude that may be developed" - because it's talking about specific capabilities/talents that children have that can be developed and expressed.

Sense 1 is more abstract about the general capacity to come into being, while sense 2 is about specific aptitudes that can be developed, which matches the context better.

The answer should be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherent
Target surface form: inherent
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities <t>inherent</t> in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherent%5:00:00:intrinsic:00 | definition=existing as an essential constituent or characteristic | synonyms=built-in, constitutional, inbuilt, integral | examples=the Ptolemaic system with its built-in concept of periodicity; a constitutional inability to tell the truth
2. sense_key=inherent%5:00:00:implicit:00 | definition=in the nature of something though not readily apparent | synonyms=implicit in, underlying | examples=shortcomings inherent in our approach; an underlying meaning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "inherent" in this context describes potentialities that are fundamental and essential constituents of children's nature. The phrase "potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children" uses "inherent" to mean something that exists as an essential, built-in characteristic, which aligns with Sense 1's definition of "existing as an essential constituent or characteristic." The context emphasizes these as wonderful and intrinsic properties of the children themselves, rather than something merely implicit or hidden, which would be Sense 2.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "inherent" is being used.

The sentence in question is: "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children."

The word "inherent" is describing "potentialities" - it's saying that these potentialities are inherent in the souls of the children.

Let me look at the two senses:

Sense 1: "existing as an essential constituent or characteristic"
- Synonyms: built-in, constitutional, inbuilt, integral
- Examples: "the Ptolemaic system with its built-in concept of periodicity; a constitutional inability to tell the truth"
- This sense suggests something that is an essential part of something's nature

Sense 2: "in the nature of something though not readily apparent"
- Synonyms: implicit in, underlying
- Examples: "shortcomings inherent in our approach; an underlying meaning"
- This sense suggests something that exists but is not obvious

In the context, "potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children" means these potentialities are an essential part of/within the souls of the children. They are built-in, essential characteristics of the children themselves.

The first sense seems more appropriate - it's describing something that is an essential constituent or characteristic of the children's souls. The potentialities are built-in, integral parts of their nature.

Sense 2 would suggest they're hidden or not readily apparent, but the context emphasizes them as wonderful and essential to the child's nature, fitting more with sense 1.

I should choose sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: soul
Target surface form: souls
Context:
If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the <t>souls</t> of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=soul%1:18:00:: | definition=the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life | synonyms=psyche
2. sense_key=soul%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, individual, someone, somebody, mortal | examples=there was too much for one person to do
3. sense_key=soul%1:12:00:: | definition=deep feeling or emotion | synonyms=soulfulness
4. sense_key=soul%1:04:00:: | definition=the human embodiment of something | examples=the soul of honor
5. sense_key=soul%1:10:00:: | definition=a secular form of gospel that was a major Black musical genre in the 1960s and 1970s | examples=soul was politically significant during the Civil Rights movement

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "latent talents and wonderful potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children," referring to the immaterial, inner essence or core of being where potential capabilities reside. This aligns with sense 1's definition of "the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life." The text is discussing the non-physical, spiritual dimension of children rather than simply referring to them as persons (sense 2), describing emotions (sense 3), using it as a metaphor (sense 4), or referring to music (sense 5).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "souls" in this sentence:

"a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the <t>souls</t> of all our children."

The context is discussing:
1. A romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction
2. Latent talents and potentialities
3. These are inherent in the "souls of all our children"
4. It's talking about the immaterial, inner essence of children where their potential capabilities reside

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life" - This matches the context. The text is talking about something non-physical/immaterial (latent talents, potentialities) that are inherent in children. This is the traditional philosophical sense of "soul" as the non-physical aspect of a person.

2. "a human being" - This is too literal/simple. The context is not just referring to children as people, but to something deeper within them.

3. "deep feeling or emotion" - This doesn't quite fit. While the text discusses potential and creativity, it's not specifically about feelings/emotions.

4. "the human embodiment of something" - This doesn't fit the context.

5. "a secular form of gospel music" - This is completely irrelevant.

The best fit is sense 1: the immaterial part of a person; the actuating cause of an individual life. The context is discussing the inherent, non-physical potentialities and talents within children - their inner essence or soul in the traditional sense.

The answer should be sense index 1.