[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rope
Target surface form: ropes
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other <t>ropes</t> and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rope%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong line
2. sense_key=rope%1:06:01:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, roofy, roach, forget me drug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to physical ropes used in bell-ringing. The ringers are pulling ropes attached to bells in a church belfry. The passage describes the ropes as physical objects that "disappear through a small hole in the high ceiling" and are used to ring bells. This corresponds to the "strong line" definition in sense 1. Sense 2, referring to slang for a drug, is completely inapplicable to this context.

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the passage is about bell-ringing. It describes ringers pulling ropes that are connected to bells in a church. The ropes go through a hole in the ceiling to the bells above in the belfry.

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=rope%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong line
2. sense_key=rope%1:06:01:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, roofy, roach, forget me drug

In the context, "ropes" clearly refers to physical objects that ringers pull to make bells ring. The passage describes them as:
- Something ringers pull
- Something that "disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling"
- Something connected to bells
- Something that ringers watch using "rope-sight"

This is clearly referring to physical ropes (cords/lines) used in bell-ringing, not a drug.

Sense 1 (rope%1:06:00:: - "a strong line") is the correct sense. This describes a physical rope/cord, which is what's being used in bell-ringing.

Sense 2 is clearly a slang term for a drug and is completely inappropriate for this context.

The answer should be sense index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thus
Target surface form: thus
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and <t>thus</t> time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thus%4:02:00:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, so | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
2. sense_key=thus%4:02:01:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thusly, so | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "thus" in this context means "in this way" or "by this means." The ringers watch the other ropes and, by doing so (thus), they are able to time their pulls. This is describing the manner or method by which they accomplish timing, which corresponds to sense 2 ("in the way indicated"), not sense 1 which would be used for logical conclusions.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "thus":

Context: "Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and <t>thus</t> time their pulls."

The two senses are:
1. sense_key=thus%4:02:00:: - "from that fact or reason or as a result" (logical conclusion) - synonyms: therefore, hence, thence, so
2. sense_key=thus%4:02:01:: - "in the way indicated" - synonyms: thusly, so - examples: "hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus"

Looking at the sentence: "the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls."

In this context, "thus" is being used to mean "in this way" or "by this means." The ringers watch the other ropes, and by doing so, they are able to time their pulls. It's explaining the manner in which they accomplish timing their pulls.

This is clearly sense 2 - "in the way indicated" - because "thus" is describing the manner or method by which they time their pulls (by watching the other ropes).

Sense 1 would be used if the sentence was something like "The ropes were visible, thus they were able to time their pulls" - showing a logical conclusion or result.

The answer should be sense index 2.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: time
Target surface form: time
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus <t>time</t> their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=time%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the time or duration of an event or action or the person who performs an action in a certain period of time | synonyms=clock | examples=he clocked the runners
2. sense_key=time%2:31:00:: | definition=assign a time for an activity or event | examples=The candidate carefully timed his appearance at the disaster scene
3. sense_key=time%2:31:01:: | definition=set the speed, duration, or execution of | examples=we time the process to manufacture our cars very precisely
4. sense_key=time%2:30:01:: | definition=regulate or set the time of | examples=time the clock
5. sense_key=time%2:30:06:: | definition=adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time | examples=The good player times his swing so as to hit the ball squarely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context shows that ringers watch the other ropes and adjust when they pull their own rope to coordinate with the pattern. They are adjusting the moment of action (their pull) to occur at the right time within the sequence. This matches sense 5: "adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time," which is exactly what "timing their pulls" means in the context of bell ringing coordination.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus <t>time</t> their pulls."

The ringers are trying to coordinate their pulling of ropes so that the bells ring in a specific pattern. They watch the other ropes and "time their pulls" - meaning they adjust the timing of when they pull their rope so it happens at the right moment.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "measure the time or duration of an event" - This is about measuring duration. The context doesn't suggest they're measuring how long something takes.

2. "assign a time for an activity or event" - This is about setting when something will happen. Not quite right.

3. "set the speed, duration, or execution of" - This is about controlling how something is executed. Close, but not quite.

4. "regulate or set the time of" - This is about adjusting the timing/clock. Not quite right.

5. "adjust so that a force is applied and an action occurs at the desired time" - This is about making sure an action happens at the right moment. When they "time their pulls," they're adjusting when they pull the rope so it happens at the correct moment in the sequence. This matches perfectly - they're adjusting their pull so it occurs at the desired time to maintain the pattern.

The answer should be sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pull
Target surface form: pulls
Context:
Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their <t>pulls</t>. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pull%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you | synonyms=pulling | examples=the pull up the hill had him breathing harder; his strenuous pulling strained his back
2. sense_key=pull%1:19:00:: | definition=the force used in pulling | examples=the pull of the moon; the pull of the current
3. sense_key=pull%1:07:00:: | definition=special advantage or influence | synonyms=clout | examples=the chairman's nephew has a lot of pull
4. sense_key=pull%1:06:01:: | definition=a device used for pulling something | examples=he grabbed the pull and opened the drawer
5. sense_key=pull%1:26:00:: | definition=a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments | synonyms=wrench, twist | examples=the wrench to his knee occurred as he fell; he was sidelined with a hamstring pull
6. sense_key=pull%1:04:01:: | definition=a slow inhalation (as of tobacco smoke) | synonyms=puff, drag | examples=he took a puff on his pipe; he took a drag on his cigarette and expelled the smoke slowly
7. sense_key=pull%1:04:02:: | definition=a sustained effort | examples=it was a long pull but we made it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "pulls" in this context refers to the repeated actions of pulling the ropes. The ringers are timing their pulling actions in coordination with each other. This directly corresponds to sense 1, which defines it as "the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you." The example "his strenuous pulling strained his back" also aligns with the physical exertion of bell ringing shown in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "pulls" in this passage about bell ringing.

From the context:
"...each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber... using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls."

The word "pulls" here refers to the actions or motions of pulling the rope. The ringers are timing their pulls - meaning they're timing their pulling actions/motions to coordinate with each other.

Let me evaluate each candidate sense:

1. **sense_key=pull%1:04:00::** - "the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you" - This could fit, as it refers to the action of pulling.

2. **sense_key=pull%1:19:00::** - "the force used in pulling" - This is about the force itself, not the action. Less likely.

3. **sense_key=pull%1:07:00::** - "special advantage or influence" - This is about social/political pull. Not relevant here.

4. **sense_key=pull%1:06:01::** - "a device used for pulling something" - This is about a physical device (like a handle). Not what's meant here.

5. **sense_key=pull%1:26:00::** - "a sharp strain on muscles or ligaments" - This is an injury. Not relevant.

6. **sense_key=pull%1:04:01::** - "a slow inhalation" - Not relevant to bell ringing.

7. **sense_key=pull%1:04:02::** - "a sustained effort" - This could work, as pulling a rope in bell ringing involves sustained effort.

Between options 1 and 7, I think option 1 is the best fit. The context is about the act of pulling the rope - timing their pulls refers to timing their pulling actions. Option 1 directly defines this as "the act of pulling; applying force to move something toward or with you."
The sustained effort interpretation leans too heavily on metaphor, whereas the passage is describing the literal physical motion of pulling the rope. Sense 1 captures this concrete meaning most accurately.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: Far
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. <t>Far</t> above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "Far" in "Far above in the belfry" describes a spatial relationship—the belfry is located at a great distance above the ringing chamber where the ringers stand. This corresponds to sense 2: "at or to or from a great distance in space," which directly captures the meaning of "far above" as indicating considerable distance in the vertical spatial dimension.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "Far" in this sentence:

"Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

The word "Far" here is being used as an adverb modifying "above". It's describing a spatial relationship - the belfry is located far above (at a great distance upward) from where the ringers are standing.

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. "to a considerable degree; very much" - This doesn't fit. "Far above" doesn't mean "very much above" in the sense of degree.

2. "at or to or from a great distance in space" - This fits perfectly. "Far above" means "at or from a great distance in space" upward. The belfry is at a considerable distance above where the ringers are.

3. "at or to a certain point or degree" - This is more about reaching a point or stage, not about spatial distance.

4. "remote in time" - This is about time, not space. The belfry is not remote in time.

5. "to an advanced stage or point" - This is about progression or advancement, not spatial distance.

The best fit is sense 2, which describes spatial distance. "Far above" clearly means "at a great distance above in space."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: above
Target surface form: above
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far <t>above</t> in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=above%4:02:00:: | definition=at an earlier place | synonyms=supra | examples=see above
2. sense_key=above%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to a place that is higher | synonyms=higher up, in a higher place, to a higher place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "above" in this context refers to a higher physical location—the belfry where the bells are positioned high up above the ringing chamber where the ringers are standing. This matches sense 2: "in or to a place that is higher," with synonyms like "higher up" and "in a higher place."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "above" in the given sentence.

The sentence reads: "Far <t>above</t> in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..."

In this context, "above" is being used to indicate a physical location that is higher up. The text is describing that the bells are located far above in the belfry, as opposed to where the ringers are standing below pulling the ropes.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. "at an earlier place" | synonyms=supra | examples=see above
   - This sense refers to something mentioned earlier in a text, like when you see "see above" referring to earlier text.

2. "in or to a place that is higher" | synonyms=higher up, in a higher place, to a higher place
   - This sense refers to a physical location that is higher in space.

In the context, the bells are located higher up in the belfry, while the ringers are pulling ropes from below. The word "above" clearly refers to a higher physical location, not to an earlier reference in the text.

Therefore, sense 2 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bronze
Target surface form: bronze
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge <t>bronze</t> bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bronze%5:00:00:chromatic:00 | definition=of the color of bronze | synonyms=bronzy
2. sense_key=bronze%5:00:00:metallic:00 | definition=made from or consisting of bronze

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes church bells that are "mounted on wheels" and used for bell ringing. The reference to "bronze" here is specifying the material composition of the bells, which is essential to their function and acoustic properties. In bell ringing, bronze bells are a specific type of bell made from bronze metal, not merely describing their color. This matches sense 2: "made from or consisting of bronze."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "bronze" is being used.

The sentence is: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..."

The word "bronze" is being used as an adjective modifying "bells."

The two candidate senses are:
1. "of the color of bronze" (color-related)
2. "made from or consisting of bronze" (material/composition-related)

Looking at the context, the passage is describing actual church bells used for bell ringing. Church bells are traditionally made of bronze (specifically, bell metal, which is an alloy of copper and tin). The author is describing these as "huge bronze bells" - this is referring to the material composition of the bells, not primarily their color.

In bell ringing terminology and historical context, "bronze bells" specifically refers to bells that are made of bronze metal, which is an essential characteristic for how they sound and function. The material composition is important here, not just the color.

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 2: "made from or consisting of bronze"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze <t>bells</t>, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The passage describes large bronze bells in a church belfry that are mounted on wheels and swing to produce sound when rung by pulling ropes. This clearly refers to hollow metal devices designed to produce ringing sounds when struck, which is sense 1.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "bells" is being used.

From the passage:
"Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze <t>bells</t>, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

The context describes:
- Bells in a church belfry (bell tower)
- They are made of bronze (metal)
- They are mounted on wheels
- They swing through 360 degrees
- They make sound when rung by pullers pulling ropes
- Earlier in the text: "the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling"

This is clearly about physical bells that produce sound when struck/rung, not:
- A doorbell (sense 2)
- The sound of a bell (sense 3)
- Nautical bells (sense 4)
- Bell shape (sense 5)
- People named Bell (senses 6, 7, 8)
- A percussion instrument/chime (sense 9) - these are individual bells in a set, not the main church bells
- The flared opening (sense 10)

The best fit is sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck"

This matches perfectly - the bells are hollow metal devices mounted in the church belfry that make ringing sounds when the ringers pull the ropes, causing them to swing and be struck.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mount
Target surface form: mounted
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, <t>mounted</t> on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mount%2:35:00:: | definition=attach to a support | examples=They mounted the aerator on a floating
2. sense_key=mount%2:30:00:: | definition=go up or advance | synonyms=wax, climb, rise | examples=Sales were climbing after prices were lowered
3. sense_key=mount%2:30:01:: | definition=fix onto a backing, setting, or support | examples=mount slides for macroscopic analysis
4. sense_key=mount%2:36:00:: | definition=put up or launch | examples=mount a campaign against pornography
5. sense_key=mount%2:38:01:: | definition=get up on the back of | synonyms=hop on, mount up, get on, jump on, climb on, bestride | examples=mount a horse
6. sense_key=mount%2:38:00:: | definition=go upward with gradual or continuous progress | synonyms=climb, climb up, go up | examples=Did you ever climb up the hill behind your house?
7. sense_key=mount%2:36:01:: | definition=prepare and supply with the necessary equipment for execution or performance | synonyms=put on | examples=mount a theater production; mount an attack
8. sense_key=mount%2:35:07:: | definition=copulate with | synonyms=ride | examples=The bull was riding the cow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The bells are described as being "mounted on wheels," meaning they are fixed or secured onto wheels as a support structure that allows them to swing. This matches the definition "fix onto a backing, setting, or support" rather than simply "attach to a support." The context emphasizes the structural relationship between the bells and the wheels that enable their rotational movement.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "mounted" in the sentence:

"Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..."

The context describes bells that are mounted on wheels. This means the bells are attached to or fixed onto wheels as a support structure. The bells need to swing, so they need to be securely attached to wheels that allow for rotation.

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. "attach to a support" - This fits. The bells are attached to wheels as a support.
2. "go up or advance" - Doesn't fit. This is about movement/progression, not about fixing in place.
3. "fix onto a backing, setting, or support" - This also fits well. The bells are fixed onto wheels (support).
4. "put up or launch" - Doesn't fit. This is about initiating something like a campaign.
5. "get up on the back of" - Doesn't fit. This is about riding something.
6. "go upward with gradual or continuous progress" - Doesn't fit. Same as #2 essentially.
7. "prepare and supply with the necessary equipment for execution or performance" - Could fit but is more about preparation than just the physical mounting.
8. "copulate with" - Doesn't fit at all.

Between sense 1 and sense 3, both seem applicable. Let me look more carefully:

Sense 1: "attach to a support" - emphasizes the action of attaching
Sense 3: "fix onto a backing, setting, or support" - emphasizes fixing onto something

In the context, the bells are physically fixed/secured onto wheels. The word "mounted on wheels" describes the bells as being secured to wheels. Sense 3 with "fix onto a backing, setting, or support" seems more specific and accurate for this usage, where something is securely positioned on a support structure.
Sense 3 is the best answer here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wheel
Target surface form: wheels
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on <t>wheels</t>, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wheel%1:06:00:: | definition=a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle (as in vehicles or other machines)
2. sense_key=wheel%1:06:05:: | definition=a handwheel that is used for steering | synonyms=steering wheel
3. sense_key=wheel%1:07:00:: | definition=forces that provide energy and direction | examples=the wheels of government began to turn
4. sense_key=wheel%1:06:01:: | definition=a circular helm to control the rudder of a vessel
5. sense_key=wheel%1:06:03:: | definition=game equipment consisting of a wheel with slots that is used for gambling; the wheel rotates horizontally and players bet on which slot the roulette ball will stop in | synonyms=roulette wheel
6. sense_key=wheel%1:06:02:: | definition=an instrument of torture that stretches or disjoints or mutilates victims | synonyms=rack
7. sense_key=wheel%1:06:06:: | definition=a wheeled vehicle that has two wheels and is moved by foot pedals | synonyms=bicycle, bike, cycle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The context describes large bronze bells "mounted on wheels" in a church belfry that "swing madly through a full 360 degrees." This refers to the basic mechanical component—a rotating circular device mounted on an axle—that forms part of the bell-hanging apparatus, allowing the bells to swing freely. This is the standard mechanical wheel definition (sense 1), not a steering wheel, roulette wheel, or any other specialized variant.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage is about bell-ringing (campanology), specifically how church bells work. It says:

"Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on <t>wheels</t>, swing madly through a full 360 degrees..."

So the bells are mounted on wheels. What function would these wheels serve? In bell-ringing, the wheels are part of the mechanical apparatus that allows the bells to swing freely. They're part of the bell's mounting system that allows the bell to rotate/swing.

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. "a simple machine consisting of a circular frame with spokes (or a solid disc) that can rotate on a shaft or axle" - This is the basic definition of a wheel as a mechanical component. This fits the context where bells are mounted on wheels that allow them to swing.

2. "a handwheel that is used for steering" - This is specifically a steering wheel, not applicable here.

3. "forces that provide energy and direction" - This is a metaphorical sense, not applicable here.

4. "a circular helm to control the rudder of a vessel" - This is a ship's wheel, not applicable.

5. "game equipment consisting of a wheel with slots that is used for gambling" - This is a roulette wheel, not applicable.

6. "an instrument of torture" - Not applicable.

7. "a wheeled vehicle that has two wheels" - This is a bicycle, not applicable.

The answer should be sense 1, which is the basic mechanical definition of a wheel - a circular device that rotates on an axle. In this context, the bells are mounted on wheels (as part of their mounting mechanism) that allow them to swing through 360 degrees.

Sense index should be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swing
Target surface form: swing
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, <t>swing</t> madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%2:38:02:: | definition=move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting | examples=He swung his left fist; swing a bat
2. sense_key=swing%2:38:00:: | definition=move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner | synonyms=sway | examples=He swung back
3. sense_key=swing%2:38:03:: | definition=change direction with a swinging motion; turn | examples=swing back; swing forward
4. sense_key=swing%2:41:01:: | definition=influence decisively | synonyms=swing over | examples=This action swung many votes over to his side
5. sense_key=swing%2:35:00:: | definition=make a big sweeping gesture or movement | synonyms=sweep, swing out
6. sense_key=swing%2:42:00:: | definition=hang freely | synonyms=dangle, drop | examples=the ornaments dangled from the tree; The light dropped from the ceiling
7. sense_key=swing%2:33:00:: | definition=hit or aim at with a sweeping arm movement | examples=The soccer player began to swing at the referee
8. sense_key=swing%2:30:08:: | definition=alternate dramatically between high and low values | examples=his mood swings; the market is swinging up and down
9. sense_key=swing%2:42:01:: | definition=live in a lively, modern, and relaxed style | examples=The Woodstock generation attempted to swing freely
10. sense_key=swing%2:42:10:: | definition=have a certain musical rhythm | examples=The music has to swing
11. sense_key=swing%2:41:00:: | definition=be a social swinger; socialize a lot | synonyms=get around
12. sense_key=swing%2:36:03:: | definition=play with a subtle and intuitively felt sense of rhythm
13. sense_key=swing%2:35:08:: | definition=engage freely in promiscuous sex, often with the husband or wife of one's friends | examples=There were many swinging couples in the 1960's

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The bells in the context are mounted on wheels and rotate through a full 360-degree arc. The verb "swing" here describes the continuous rotational motion and turning of the bells - they swing around in a circular path. Sense 3 ("change direction with a swinging motion; turn") best captures this rotational, turning movement, as opposed to the other senses which refer to hitting, swaying, or non-physical meanings.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The text is about bell ringing in a church. It describes how "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

The bells are:
1. Mounted on wheels (so they can rotate)
2. Swinging through a full 360 degrees
3. In an inverted position at start and end
4. The ringers can control their swings with wrist movements

This is describing a physical rotational motion of the bells. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "move in a curve or arc, usually with the intent of hitting" - This is about hitting something, which doesn't fit. The bells aren't trying to hit anything.

2. "move or walk in a swinging or swaying manner" - This is about moving with a swaying manner, but this is about the bells themselves, not walking.

3. "change direction with a swinging motion; turn" - This could fit, as the bells are rotating/turning.

4. "influence decisively" - Not relevant.

5. "make a big sweeping gesture or movement" - This could fit, as the bells make a sweeping motion.

6. "hang freely" - The bells are mounted on wheels, not hanging freely.

7. "hit or aim at with a sweeping arm movement" - Not relevant.

8. "alternate dramatically between high and low values" - Not really about the bells' physical motion.

9-13. Not relevant to the physical motion of bells.

The key description is that the bells "swing madly through a full 360 degrees." They are rotating/turning. This is a continuous circular motion.

Sense 3 "change direction with a swinging motion; turn" describes changing direction with a swinging motion and turning, which seems most appropriate for bells rotating through 360 degrees.
Sense 5 could work as well since the bells do make sweeping movements, but sense 3 better captures the rotational turning aspect of the motion. The bells complete a full circular rotation with a swinging movement, making sense 3 the most precise fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: madly
Target surface form: madly
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing <t>madly</t> through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=madly%4:02:02:: | definition=in an uncontrolled manner | synonyms=frantically | examples=she fought back madly
2. sense_key=madly%4:02:01:: | definition=in an insane manner | synonyms=insanely, crazily, dementedly | examples=she behaved insanely; he behaves crazily when he is off his medication
3. sense_key=madly%4:02:00:: | definition=(used as intensives) extremely | synonyms=insanely, deadly, deucedly, devilishly | examples=she was madly in love; deadly dull

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "madly" in this context describes the vigorous, rapid swinging motion of the bells through a full 360-degree rotation. While the ringers maintain precise control over the timing through skilled manipulation, the bells themselves swing in an energetic, uncontrolled-appearing manner. This matches sense 1 ("in an uncontrolled manner") with the synonym "frantically," which best captures the wild, vigorous nature of the swinging motion being described.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "madly" appears:

"Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

The sentence is describing the physical movement of bells - they swing violently or energetically through a full rotation. The word "madly" here describes the manner of the swinging motion.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "in an uncontrolled manner" (frantically) - This could fit because the bells are swinging with great force/energy. The synonym "frantically" suggests rapid, energetic, uncontrolled movement.

2. "in an insane manner" (insanely, crazily, dementedly) - This doesn't fit well. The bells aren't behaving insanely or crazily - they're swinging according to a controlled mechanical process. The ringers are controlling their motion precisely.

3. "(used as intensives) extremely" (insanely, deadly, devilishly) - This could also fit as an intensifier meaning the bells swing extremely or very vigorously.

Looking at the context more carefully: the bells are "mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees" - this is describing a vigorous, energetic, powerful swinging motion. It's used as an intensifier to emphasize the dynamic nature of the swing.

Between sense 1 and 3:
- Sense 1 emphasizes "uncontrolled manner" with example "she fought back madly"
- Sense 3 emphasizes it as an intensive meaning "extremely" with example "she was madly in love"

In the context of bell swinging, "madly" seems to function as an intensifier describing the energetic/vigorous nature of the swing, rather than specifically denoting an uncontrolled manner. The bells ARE controlled by skilled ringers using their wrists.

I think sense 3 (as an intensive meaning "extremely") is the best fit here, as it describes the manner as extreme/vigorous swinging.
Actually, reconsidering the visual appearance—the bells do swing in a rapid, frantic manner even though the ringers maintain control over the timing. The word "frantically" from sense 1 better captures how the motion appears to an observer, suggesting that sense 1 "in an uncontrolled manner" is the stronger fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a <t>full</t> 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
5. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
8. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

**Reasoning:** In the context "swing madly through a full 360 degrees," the word "full" means the complete, entire extent of the rotation. This matches sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" with synonyms "entire, total." The bells swing through the complete, entire 360-degree arc, which aligns with examples like "gave full attention" (complete/entire attention).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "full" is being used.

Context: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

The phrase "a full 360 degrees" is describing the complete range of motion - the bells swing through the entire 360 degree rotation.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "containing as much or as many as is possible or normal" - This relates to physical capacity, like "a full glass"
2. "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" - This means complete/entire/total
3. "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" - This also means complete/total
4. "filled to satisfaction with food or drink" - This is about satiation
5. "(of sound) having marked deepness and body" - This is about sound quality
6. "having the normally expected amount" - This is about normal/adequate quantity
7. "being at a peak or culminating point" - This means at its height/peak
8. "having ample fabric" - This is about clothing fit

The key phrase is "a full 360 degrees." This is describing a complete rotation - the entire/complete range of 360 degrees. The bells swing through the whole 360-degree arc.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" with synonyms "entire, total". The example "an entire town devastated" and "gave full attention" show this sense means complete/total extent.

Sense 3 also says "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" which is very similar.

Between 2 and 3, sense 2 with the examples "gave full attention" and the synonyms "entire, total" seems to match best. "A full 360 degrees" means the entire/complete 360 degrees.
Sense 2 captures it most precisely—the bells complete the whole arc without interruption.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degrees
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 <t>degrees</t>, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context clearly indicates that "degrees" refers to a measure of angular rotation. The phrase "swing madly through a full 360 degrees" describes the bells' circular motion in terms of angle measurement. This matches sense 4 ("a measure for arcs and angles") perfectly, with the example "there are 360 degrees in a circle" being directly analogous to the usage here.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "degrees" and it appears in this context:

"Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 <t>degrees</t>, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

Let me analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: - a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality (grade, level) - Not applicable, this is about quality/intensity, not measurement of angles

2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: - a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series - Not applicable here, though this could refer to position, it's more about sequence/process

3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: - an award conferred by a college or university - Not applicable, clearly not about academic degrees

4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: - a measure for arcs and angles | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle - This is clearly the correct answer! The text mentions "360 degrees" which is about the angular measurement of the bells' swing

5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: - the highest power of a term or variable - Not applicable, this is mathematical terminology

6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: - a unit of temperature on a specified scale - Not applicable, not about temperature

7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: - the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) - Not applicable

The answer is clearly sense 4, which defines "a measure for arcs and angles" with the example "there are 360 degrees in a circle". The context explicitly states "swing madly through a full 360 degrees", which is unambiguously referring to angular measurement.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: starting
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, <t>starting</t> and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The word "starting" in this context means the bells have a beginning point—they "start and end...in the inverted, or mouth-up position." This describes the spatial beginning of their circular motion, which matches sense 4: "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense." The bells' swing begins at one point and ends at another.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand what "starting" means in this sentence.

The context is: "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

In this context, "starting" refers to the beginning position of the bells' movement - they swing and then "start and end" in a particular position (mouth-up position).

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - This is about initiating an action.
2. "set in motion, cause to start" - This is about making something begin.
3. "leave" - This is about departing.
4. "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense" - This is about something having a beginning point. Example: "The DMZ begins right over the hill"
5. "bring into being" - This is about creating something.
6. "get off the ground" - This is about starting something new/significant.
7. "move or jump suddenly" - This is about startling.
8. "get going or set in motion" - This is about making something work/start.
9. "begin or set in motion" - This is about beginning.
10. "begin work or acting in a certain capacity" - This is about starting a job.
11. "play in the starting lineup" - This is specific to sports.
12. "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" - This is about how something begins.
13. "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature of the direct object" - This is about beginning a specific action.
14. "bulge outward" - This is about protruding.

In the context, the bells swing through a full 360 degrees, and they are "starting and ending" in the inverted position.

The word "starting" here means the position where the motion begins. Sense 4 fits best—"have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense"—since the bells have a spatial beginning point in the inverted position. Sense 12 is similar but more specific about the characterized nature of that beginning, like "The novel begins with a murder." Sense 4 seems more appropriate for the general spatial starting point of the bells' motion.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: end
Target surface form: ending
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and <t>ending</t>, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=end%2:42:00:: | definition=have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical | synonyms=stop, finish, terminate, cease | examples=the bronchioles terminate in a capillary bed; Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other
2. sense_key=end%2:30:01:: | definition=bring to an end or halt | synonyms=terminate | examples=She ended their friendship when she found out that he had once been convicted of a crime; The attack on Poland terminated the relatively peaceful period after WW I
3. sense_key=end%2:42:01:: | definition=be the end of; be the last or concluding part of | synonyms=terminate | examples=This sad scene ended the movie
4. sense_key=end%2:36:13:: | definition=put an end to | examples=The terrible news ended our hopes that he had survived

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The bells "starting and ending" in the inverted position describes a spatial termination point of the swing. The bells have an end point (in a spatial sense) where they finish their 360-degree rotation. This matches sense 1, which defines "end" as "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense" with synonyms like "stop, finish, terminate."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "ending" is being used.

The context is about bell ringing in a church. The sentence states: "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and <t>ending</t>, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

The bells swing through a full 360 degrees, starting in one position and ending in the inverted, mouth-up position. This is describing the state or position where the swing terminates.

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=end%2:42:00:: | definition=have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical | synonyms=stop, finish, terminate, cease
   - This is about the bell swing coming to a stop/finish in the inverted position. This seems very relevant.

2. sense_key=end%2:30:01:: | definition=bring to an end or halt | synonyms=terminate
   - This would be more actively causing something to end, but the bells are naturally ending their swing in the inverted position.

3. sense_key=end%2:42:01:: | definition=be the end of; be the last or concluding part of | synonyms=terminate
   - This would mean "ending" is the last or concluding part, which doesn't quite fit.

4. sense_key=end%2:36:13:: | definition=put an end to | examples=The terrible news ended our hopes
   - This is similar to sense 2, actively putting an end to something.

The context is describing the bells "starting and ending" in a position. This is describing the intransitive sense where the swing/motion comes to an end or terminates. The bells reach their ending position naturally.

Sense 1 (end%2:42:00::) seems to be the most appropriate - it describes having an end in a spatial sense (the bells' swing ends in the inverted position).

The definition "have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense" aligns perfectly with where the bells' motion concludes spatially. This is the right sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inverted
Target surface form: inverted
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the <t>inverted</t>, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inverted%5:00:00:turned:00 | definition=being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed | synonyms=upside-down | examples=a quotation mark is sometimes called an inverted comma; an upside-down cake
2. sense_key=inverted%3:00:04:: | definition=(of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk | synonyms=anatropous

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly describes bells in an "inverted, or mouth-up position" - indicating they are positioned with their orientation reversed from normal (top and bottom reversed). This matches sense 1, which defines inverted as "being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed" with the synonym "upside-down." Sense 2 is specific to botanical terminology regarding plant ovules, which is irrelevant to the bell-ringing context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "inverted" in this passage about bell ringing.

The relevant sentence is: "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

The key phrase is "inverted, or mouth-up position" - this clarifies what "inverted" means in this context. The bells are described as ending in an "inverted, or mouth-up position."

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "being in such a position that top and bottom are reversed" with synonyms "upside-down" and examples like "an inverted comma" or "an upside-down cake"

2. Sense 2: "(of a plant ovule) completely inverted; turned back 180 degrees on its stalk" - this is specific to plant biology

The context is about bells, not plants. The description "mouth-up position" suggests the bells are positioned with their opening (mouth) facing upward, which would indeed be inverted or upside-down from their normal ringing position (where they would hang down).

This is clearly sense 1, which refers to something being positioned with top and bottom reversed. Sense 2 is botanical and specific to plant ovules, which is completely irrelevant to bells.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: position
Target surface form: position
Context:
A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up <t>position</t>. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=position%1:15:00:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=place | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
2. sense_key=position%1:15:02:: | definition=a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons | synonyms=military position
3. sense_key=position%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of regarding situations or topics etc. | synonyms=view, perspective | examples=consider what follows from the positivist view
4. sense_key=position%1:07:01:: | definition=the arrangement of the body and its limbs | synonyms=posture, attitude | examples=he assumed an attitude of surrender
5. sense_key=position%1:26:00:: | definition=the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society | synonyms=status | examples=he had the status of a minor; the novel attained the status of a classic
6. sense_key=position%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=post, berth, office, spot, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
7. sense_key=position%1:07:00:: | definition=the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated | synonyms=spatial relation | examples=the position of the hands on the clock; he specified the spatial relations of every piece of furniture on the stage
8. sense_key=position%1:15:03:: | definition=the appropriate or customary location | examples=the cars were in position
9. sense_key=position%1:04:02:: | definition=(in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player | examples=what position does he play?
10. sense_key=position%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting something in a certain place | synonyms=placement, location, locating, positioning, emplacement
11. sense_key=position%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=situation | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
12. sense_key=position%1:09:01:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=stance, posture
13. sense_key=position%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=side | examples=there are two sides to every question
14. sense_key=position%1:10:01:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=place | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
15. sense_key=position%1:04:03:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, place, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
16. sense_key=position%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word "position" appears in this sentence:

"Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position."

The context is describing the physical orientation/location of the bells. Specifically, it's describing how the bells are situated - they start and end in an inverted position (mouth-up).

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "the particular portion of space occupied by something" - This fits the spatial location of the bells
2. "a point occupied by troops for tactical reasons" - No, this is military context
3. "a way of regarding situations or topics etc." - No, this is about perspective/views
4. "the arrangement of the body and its limbs" - This is about body posture, not applicable here
5. "the relative position or standing of things or especially persons in a society" - No, this is about social status
6. "a job in an organization" - No, this is about employment
7. "the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated" - This is about spatial relations and how something is situated
8. "the appropriate or customary location" - Could work
9. "in team sports) the role assigned to an individual player" - No, not applicable
10. "the act of putting something in a certain place" - This is the action of positioning
11. "a condition or position in which you find yourself" - This is about situation
12. "a rationalized mental attitude" - No
13. "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute" - No
14. "an item on a list or in a sequence" - No
15. "the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another" - No
16. "the act of positing; an assumption taken as a postulate or axiom" - No

The bells are "starting and ending...in the inverted, or mouth-up position." This describes the physical orientation/arrangement of the bells. Sense 7 best captures this—"the spatial property of a place where or way in which something is situated"—since it specifically addresses how the bells are oriented in space, matching the example about spatial relations and arrangement.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled <t>ringers</t> use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "ringer" is being used.

The target word is "ringers" in the context of church bell ringing. The passage describes:
- Ten shirt-sleeved ringers in a circle at St. Mary Abbot church
- They're pulling ropes that go through a ceiling
- They're coordinating to ring church bells
- The passage mentions "Skilled <t>ringers</t> use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing"
- This is explicitly about church bell ringing

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: - "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - synonyms: toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: - "a person who is almost identical to another" - synonyms: dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: - "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses"
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: - "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg"

The context is clearly about people who ring church bells. They are pulling ropes connected to church bells in a ringing chamber. The passage explicitly mentions "church bells," "ringing chamber," and discusses the technique of ringing bells.

Sense 1 is the perfect match: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" with the synonym "bell ringer."

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers <t>use</t> their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "use" in this context means "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose." The ringers are employing their wrists as a tool/instrument to control the bell swings ("advance or retard the next swing"). This aligns with sense 1, which uses synonyms like "utilize" and "employ," and matches examples like "use your head" where a body part or tool is put to work for a specific purpose.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "use" in this sentence:

"Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

The context is about church bell ringing. The ringers are using their wrists as a tool or instrument to perform a specific action - to advance or retard the swing of the bells.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: - "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose" | synonyms: utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples: "use your head!; we only use Spanish at home"
   This seems to fit well. The ringers are employing/utilizing their wrists for a particular purpose (to advance or retard the swing).

2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: - "take or consume (regularly or habitually)" | examples: "She uses drugs rarely"
   This doesn't fit - we're not consuming wrists.

3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: - "use up, consume fully" | synonyms: expend | examples: "The legislature expended its time on school questions"
   This is about consuming/expending, not about using wrists as a tool.

4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: - "seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage" | examples: "She uses her influential friends to get jobs"
   This implies some kind of manipulation or taking advantage, which doesn't fit the context here.

5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: - "avail oneself to" | synonyms: practice, apply | examples: "apply a principle"
   This doesn't quite capture the instrumental sense of employing wrists as a means to control the bells.

6. sense_key=use%2:34:03:: - "habitually do something (use only in the past tense)" | examples: "She used to call her mother every week"
   This is the "used to" construction for past habits, which doesn't apply here.

Sense 1 is the clear match—the ringers are putting their wrists into service to accomplish a specific technical goal in bell ringing.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: retard
Target surface form: retard
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or <t>retard</t> the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=retard%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate | examples=This drug will retard your heart rate
2. sense_key=retard%2:42:00:: | definition=be delayed
3. sense_key=retard%2:30:07:: | definition=slow the growth or development of | synonyms=check, delay | examples=The brain damage will retard the child's language development
4. sense_key=retard%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up | examples=The car decelerated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In the context, the skilled ringers are actively using their wrists to control the bells. The phrase "advance or retard the next swing" indicates they are intentionally causing the bell swing to move more slowly (retard) or more quickly (advance). This is a transitive action where the ringers are the agents causing the change in the bell's motion rate, which matches sense 1: "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The context is about bell ringing in a church. The sentence reads: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or <t>retard</t> the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

In this context, "retard" is being used to describe how ringers control the bells. They can either advance (speed up) or retard (slow down) the next swing of a bell.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate" - This is about causing something external to move more slowly. The example is about a drug affecting heart rate. This could fit.

2. "be delayed" - This is intransitive and doesn't fit the context where ringers are actively doing something to the bell swing.

3. "slow the growth or development of" - This is about hindering growth or development, like in child language development. This doesn't fit the immediate mechanical context of bell swinging.

4. "lose velocity; move more slowly" - This is intransitive (about the object itself slowing down). The synonyms are "decelerate, slow, slow down, slow up" and the example is "The car decelerated." This seems to be about the motion itself becoming slower.

In the context, the ringers are using their wrists to actively control the bells - they can advance or retard the swing. This is a transitive action where they are causing the bells to move more slowly (or faster with "advance").

Sense 1 "cause to move more slowly or operate at a slower rate" seems most appropriate because:
- It's transitive (they are doing something to the bell swing)
- It fits the meaning of slowing down the motion
- The context shows active control: "use their wrists to advance or retard"

This is different from sense 4 which seems to be about the object itself slowing down (intransitive usage).
The answer is sense 1.