[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young <t>men</t> and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "men" is being used.

The sentence is: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Key context clues:
1. "young men and women" - This is a parallel construction where "men" is contrasted with "women"
2. The sentence is about the purpose of education for students
3. It's referring to young people generally, not a specific group like military personnel or subordinates
4. "men and women" typically refers to adult or adolescent male persons in contrast to female persons

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)" - This fits well. The context shows "men and women" as a contrasting pair, suggesting adult males vs. females.

2. "someone who serves in the armed forces" - Doesn't fit. There's no military context here.

3. "the generic use of the word to refer to any human being" - This is possible, but the explicit pairing with "women" suggests a gender distinction, not a generic use.

4. "any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae" - Too scientific/broad for this context.

5. "a male subordinate" - Doesn't fit the context.

6. "an adult male person who has a manly character" - Not indicated by the context.

7. "a manservant who acts as a personal attendant" - Doesn't fit at all.

8. "a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend)" - Doesn't fit.

9. "one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea" - Wrong entirely (Isle of Man).

10. "game equipment" - Wrong entirely.

11. "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth" - This is too broad and doesn't match the context of "men and women."
The pairing of "men and women" as a contrasted set in an educational context points clearly to sense 1—adult males and females. The parallel structure rules out generic or specialized interpretations, leaving the straightforward gender distinction as the intended meaning.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and <t>women</t> to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows "young men and women" in a parallel construction referring to individual students. The sentence discusses encouraging these persons (male and female) to realize their academic potential. This is the standard usage of "women" as adult female persons, contrasted with men, rather than women as a collective class (sense 4), a relational role (sense 2), or a domestic worker (sense 3).

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "women" in this sentence:

"The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

The context shows:
- "young men and women" - this is a parallel construction
- It's referring to students in an educational context
- The phrase is about encouraging these individuals to realize their potential
- It's contrasting/pairing "young men" with "women"

Let me examine each sense:

1. "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" - This is the basic definition contrasting females with males. The example "the woman kept house while the man hunted" shows the basic sex distinction.

2. "a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man" - This is about romantic/relationship roles. This doesn't fit the context at all.

3. "a human female employed to do housework" - This is about domestic workers. This doesn't fit the context.

4. "women as a class" - This refers to women collectively as a group. The examples mention "American womanhood" and "woman is the glory of creation" which treat women as a collective class.

The sentence uses "young men and women" in parallel, which is the standard way to refer to male and female persons. This is most naturally interpreted as sense 1 - the basic adult female person as opposed to a man. The parallel construction "young men and women" clearly indicates we're talking about individual persons of different sexes.

Sense 4 is about women "as a class" but in this context, we're talking about individual students within those groups, not women as a philosophical or collective category.

The best answer is sense 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: realize
Target surface form: realize
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to <t>realize</t> their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=realize%2:31:01:: | definition=be fully aware or cognizant of | synonyms=recognize, recognise, realise, agnize, agnise
2. sense_key=realize%2:31:00:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realise, see | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=realize%2:36:00:: | definition=make real or concrete; give reality or substance to | synonyms=realise, actualize, actualise, substantiate | examples=our ideas must be substantiated into actions
4. sense_key=realize%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, make, earn, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
5. sense_key=realize%2:40:00:: | definition=convert into cash; of goods and property | synonyms=realise
6. sense_key=realize%2:36:07:: | definition=expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music) by supplying the harmonies indicated in the figured bass | synonyms=realise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The phrase "realize their full academic potential" means to make their potential actual or concrete through education. Sense 3 ("make real or concrete; give reality or substance to") captures this meaning perfectly - the purpose of education is to actualize or substantiate students' academic capabilities, not merely to recognize or perceive them. This interpretation aligns with the educational tracking system described in the passage, which aims to help students achieve their actual abilities.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "realize" is being used.

The sentence is: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Let me consider each sense:

1. "be fully aware or cognizant of" - This would mean becoming aware of their academic potential. This could fit.

2. "perceive (an idea or situation) mentally" - This is about understanding or seeing mentally. This could also fit somewhat.

3. "make real or concrete; give reality or substance to" - This means to turn something abstract into something actual/concrete. This seems to fit well - the education system's purpose is to make their academic potential actual/real.

4. "earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages" - This is about financial gain. Doesn't fit the context at all.

5. "convert into cash; of goods and property" - Again financial. Doesn't fit.

6. "expand or complete (a part in a piece of baroque music)" - Music-related. Doesn't fit.

The most natural interpretation in this context is sense 3: "make real or concrete; give reality or substance to." The education system's purpose is to help students actualize or make real their full academic potential - to turn their potential into actual achievement.

Sense 1 and 2 are about perceiving or understanding, but the context suggests more about actualizing or making real their potential, not just becoming aware of it.

I believe sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full
Target surface form: full
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their <t>full</t> academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full%3:00:00:: | definition=containing as much or as many as is possible or normal | examples=a full glass; a sky full of stars
2. sense_key=full%5:00:01:whole:00 | definition=constituting the full quantity or extent; complete | synonyms=entire, total | examples=an entire town devastated by an earthquake; gave full attention
3. sense_key=full%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=complete in extent or degree and in every particular | synonyms=total | examples=a full game; a total eclipse
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:nourished:00 | definition=filled to satisfaction with food or drink | synonyms=replete | examples=a full stomach
5. sense_key=full%3:00:01:: | definition=(of sound) having marked deepness and body | examples=full tones; a full voice
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=full%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=being at a peak or culminating point | synonyms=broad | examples=broad daylight; full summer
8. sense_key=full%5:00:02:ample:00 | definition=having ample fabric | synonyms=wide, wide-cut | examples=the current taste for wide trousers; a full skirt

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "full academic potential" means the complete or entire extent of their academic ability. This matches sense 2, which defines "full" as "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" with synonyms "entire, total" and the example "gave full attention," which is structurally parallel to the target usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "full" in this sentence:

"The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Here, "full" is modifying "academic potential." The phrase "full academic potential" means the complete, entire, or maximum extent of their academic potential.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "containing as much or as many as is possible or normal" - This is about physical containers being filled. Not applicable here.

2. "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" - This could work. Synonyms: entire, total. The phrase "gave full attention" is similar to "full academic potential" - it means complete/entire attention.

3. "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" - This is very similar to sense 2. Synonyms: total. Example "a full game" suggests complete/entire.

4. "filled to satisfaction with food or drink" - Not applicable.

5. "(of sound) having marked deepness and body" - Not applicable.

6. "having the normally expected amount" - Could work, but less precise than 2 or 3.

7. "being at a peak or culminating point" - Doesn't quite fit.

8. "having ample fabric" - Not applicable.

Between senses 2 and 3:
- Sense 2: "constituting the full quantity or extent; complete" with synonyms "entire, total" and examples like "gave full attention"
- Sense 3: "complete in extent or degree and in every particular" with example "a full game"

The context "full academic potential" is about realizing the complete or entire extent of their academic potential.

Sense 2 emphasizes "full quantity or extent; complete" with synonyms "entire, total" - this seems very apt.
Sense 3 also captures the completeness aspect, but sense 2 is the stronger match. The synonyms "entire" and "total" align directly with how "full" functions here, and the parallel structure with "gave full attention" demonstrates the same usage pattern. This focuses on the scope of potential rather than every particular detail, making sense 2 the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full <t>academic</t> potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context "realize their full academic potential" refers to the potential to succeed in academic studies and educational pursuits within the institutional/educational framework. This matches the first sense of "academic" meaning "associated with academia or an academy" - it's describing potential specifically related to academic work and educational achievement, not a theoretical discussion (sense 2) or a pedantic display of learning (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "academic" is being used.

The sentence is: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Let me consider each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: - "associated with academia or an academy" with examples like "academic curriculum; academic gowns"
   This sense refers to things related to the academic environment/institution.

2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 - "hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result" with examples like "an academic discussion; an academic question"
   This sense refers to something that is purely theoretical without practical application.

3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 - "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects" with synonyms "donnish, pedantic"
   This sense is derogatory, referring to pedantic or overly scholarly behavior.

In the context "realize their full academic potential," the word "academic" is describing the potential related to intellectual/educational achievement and scholarly capability. This is about the potential to succeed in academic work/studies.

Looking at the context more carefully:
- "Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows" - this refers to potential in academic/educational pursuits
- "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential" - this is about achieving one's full potential in academic/educational matters
- "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential" - again, referring to academic/educational capability

This clearly fits sense 1: "associated with academia or an academy" - academic potential means potential related to academic studies/pursuits. It's about the institutional/educational context.
The theoretical sense doesn't apply since we're discussing actual capability rather than hypothetical discussion. The pedantic sense also doesn't fit—there's no negative implication of narrow-mindedness or trivial scholarship here. So the answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
That is the way the system works. -- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic <t>potential</t>. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to "academic potential" as the inherent capacity or capability of students to learn and achieve educationally. This matches sense 1, which defines potential as "the inherent capacity for coming into being" with synonyms like "potentiality" and "potency." The phrase "realize their full academic potential" and the discussion of different levels of student capabilities align with this sense of latent or inherent capacity. Sense 2, relating to electrical charge, is completely irrelevant to the educational context.

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the target word is "potential" and it appears in the phrase "realize their full academic potential."

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage discusses education and student development
- It talks about students moving up the educational ladder "as their academic potential allows"
- It mentions "the gifted" and "the less gifted" in terms of academic abilities
- The key phrase is "realize their full academic potential" - meaning to develop or achieve their inherent capacity for learning and achievement
- The passage also states "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential" - clearly referring to capability/capacity for academic work

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
   - This refers to inherent capacity or capability
   - "Potentiality" and "potency" are about having latent ability or capacity
   - This fits perfectly with "academic potential" - the inherent capacity for academic achievement

2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage
   - This is clearly about electrical/physics concepts
   - Completely unrelated to the educational context

The context is clearly about academic ability and capacity, which corresponds to sense 1 - the inherent capacity for coming into being (or in this case, for developing one's capabilities).

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: actually
Target surface form: actually
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=actually%4:02:01:: | definition=in actual fact | synonyms=really | examples=to be nominally but not actually independent; no one actually saw the shark
2. sense_key=actually%4:02:00:: | definition=used to imply that one would expect the fact to be the opposite of that stated; surprisingly | synonyms=in reality | examples=you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin
3. sense_key=actually%4:02:03:: | definition=at the present moment | examples=the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air
4. sense_key=actually%4:02:02:: | definition=as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis | examples=actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "actually" in this context means "in actual fact" or "really." The author is asserting what is genuinely true—that no rational person truly believes we all have equal academic potential. This is a statement of fact/reality rather than an expression of surprise, a temporal reference, or casual emphasis. The sense aligns with the gloss "in actual fact" and the synonym "really."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "actually" is being used.

The sentence is: "No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Let me consider each sense:

1. **Sense 1 (in actual fact)**: This means something is truly the case as opposed to what appears or is claimed. Example: "to be nominally but not actually independent" - suggesting a contrast between what is supposed to be true and what is really true.

2. **Sense 2 (surprisingly; used to imply one would expect the opposite)**: This sense emphasizes that something is contrary to what one might expect. Examples: "you may actually be doing the right thing by walking out; she actually spoke Latin" - both suggesting surprise or unexpectedness.

3. **Sense 3 (at the present moment)**: This refers to the current time. Example: "the transmission screen shows the picture that is actually on the air" - at this very moment.

4. **Sense 4 (as a sentence modifier to add slight emphasis)**: This is used more casually to add emphasis or clarification. Examples: "actually, we all help clear up after a meal; actually, I haven't seen the film" - adding emphasis or providing clarification.

Now, in the context: "No one in his right mind <t>actually</t> believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

The speaker is saying that no one who is rational/sensible truly believes that we all have equal academic potential. The word "actually" here is being used to emphasize what is truly the case - that people don't really believe in equal potential. It's not implying surprise, it's not referring to the present moment specifically, and it's not just adding casual emphasis.

This seems closest to Sense 1 - "in actual fact" - meaning that in reality, no one believes this. The synonym "really" fits well: "No one in his right mind really believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

I'm reconsidering whether Sense 2 might apply here, since the author is countering an argument about tracking being undemocratic by pointing out that actually no one believes in equal potential—there's a contradictory element. However, Sense 1 better captures the primary function: asserting what's genuinely true rather than highlighting surprise at an unexpected claim.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually <t>believes</t> that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows the speaker arguing that no reasonable person would regard or judge the statement "we all have an equal academic potential" as true. The word "believes" here means to form a judgment or view about something—specifically, to consider or regard a proposition as reasonable or accurate. This aligns with sense 2's definition of "judge or regard" with synonyms like "think" and "consider," as opposed to merely accepting something as fact (sense 1) or having religious/ideological faith (sense 4).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "believes" is most appropriate.

The sentence is: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "accept as true; take to be true" - This would mean accepting as true that we all have equal academic potential. This could work, but the context suggests a judgment about what is true rather than accepting something as a fact.

2. "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - This sense suggests making an evaluation or judgment. The examples show "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart" - this is about making a judgment about someone's qualities. In the context, the speaker is making a judgment that the proposition "we all have an equal academic potential" is false/absurd. This fits well.

3. "be confident about something; trust" - This would mean being confident about the proposition. The examples show "I believe that he will come back from the war" - expressing confidence. This could work, but it's more about confidence/trust.

4. "follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer" - This is about religious or ideological belief. This doesn't fit the context at all.

5. "credit with veracity" - This means trusting someone's truthfulness. This doesn't fit - the context is about a statement/proposition, not about trusting a person.

Looking at the context more carefully: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential." This is about forming a judgment that this statement is false or unreasonable. The speaker is essentially saying "no one would reasonably judge that we all have equal academic potential."

Sense 2 seems best: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - the person is making a judgment about whether this proposition is true, and the author is saying that no reasonable person would judge it to be true.

Actually, looking again at sense 1 - "accept as true" - this could also work since the author is saying no one would accept this as true.

The phrase "in his right mind" reinforces that this is about rational judgment rather than mere acceptance or confidence. Sense 2 captures this emphasis on what a reasonable person would conclude about the proposition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an <t>equal</t> academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "equal" in the context "we all have an equal academic potential" means having the same quantity or measure. The author is arguing that people do not possess the same level of academic potential as one another—some are more gifted than others. This clearly corresponds to Sense 1 (having the same quantity, value, or measure as another), not Sense 2 (adequate/sufficient).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "equal" in the provided text.

The sentence is: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential."

Now let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "having the same quantity, value, or measure as another" - This means identical or equivalent in some measurable way. Examples: "on equal terms; all men are equal before the law"

2. Sense 2: "having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task" - This means adequate or sufficient. Synonyms: adequate. Examples: "she had adequate training; her training was adequate"

In the context of the sentence, the author is stating that people do NOT all have equal academic potential. This is saying that people don't have the SAME academic potential as each other - i.e., academic potential differs from person to person.

This clearly aligns with Sense 1: "having the same quantity, value, or measure as another" - the author is saying people don't have the same/identical academic potential.

Sense 2 (adequate/sufficient) doesn't fit the context. The author isn't saying people don't have adequate or sufficient potential; they're saying people don't have the same potential.

The answer is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal <t>academic</t> potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "academic potential" in this context refers to students' capability for success in educational and scholarly pursuits. This matches sense 1 ("associated with academia or an academy"), as it describes potential within the domain of academic/educational institutions and work. The passage discusses education and helping students realize their abilities within that framework. Senses 2 and 3 do not fit—the word is not being used to mean "theoretical/impractical" or in a derogatory "pedantic" way.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "academic" is being used.

The sentence is: "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential."

Looking at the three candidate senses:

1. "associated with academia or an academy" - with examples "the academic curriculum; academic gowns" - This refers to things related to academic institutions or scholarly work in general.

2. "hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result" - with examples "an academic discussion; an academic question" - This means something that is theoretical/impractical.

3. "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects" - This is pejorative, meaning pedantic or donnish.

In the context "their full academic potential," the word "academic" is describing the potential for scholarly or educational achievement. The passage is about the purpose of education and helping students realize their capabilities within education.

This is clearly referring to sense 1 - "associated with academia or an academy." The phrase "academic potential" means potential for success in academic/educational pursuits. This is not about something being theoretical or hypothetical (sense 2), nor is it being used in a pejorative way to suggest something is pedantic (sense 3).

Sense 1 is the best fit because it relates to academic institutions, education, and scholarly pursuits - which is exactly what "academic potential" refers to in this educational context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: potential
Target surface form: potential
Context:
-- Students should move up the educational ladder as their academic potential allows. No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses academic ability and capacity for learning. The phrase "academic potential" refers to the inherent capacity students have for achievement and growth in their studies. This matches sense 1 (the inherent capacity for coming into being), which uses the synonyms potentiality and potency. Sense 2, relating to electrical voltage, is clearly inappropriate for this educational context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "potential" in the sentence.

The target surface form is "potential" and it appears in this sentence: "No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic <t>potential</t>."

The context is about education, academic achievement, and ability. The passage discusses how students have different academic abilities ("academic potential allows") and how "tracking" systems help accommodate different levels of academic ability.

When the text says "we all have an equal academic potential," it's referring to the inherent capacity or ability that students have for academic achievement and learning.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=potential%1:26:00:: | definition=the inherent capacity for coming into being | synonyms=potentiality, potency
   - This refers to the inherent capacity for something to happen or come into being
   - This fits with the context about academic ability - the capacity for academic achievement

2. sense_key=potential%1:19:00:: | definition=the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts | synonyms=electric potential, potential difference, potential drop, voltage
   - This is a technical/scientific definition related to electrical physics
   - This does not fit the context at all

The context is clearly about academic potential/ability in educational settings, not about electrical concepts. Sense 1 is the correct answer - it refers to the inherent capacity or capability that students have for academic achievement.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generally
Target surface form: generally
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is <t>generally</t> desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generally%4:02:02:: | definition=usually; as a rule | synonyms=by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples=by and large it doesn't rain much here
2. sense_key=generally%4:02:01:: | definition=without distinction of one from others | synonyms=in general, in the main | examples=he is interested in snakes in general
3. sense_key=generally%4:02:00:: | definition=without regard to specific details or exceptions | synonyms=broadly, loosely, broadly speaking | examples=he interprets the law broadly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "generally" in this context means "usually" or "as a rule" - the author is stating that it is typically/usually desirable to use older textbooks. This matches sense 1, which has the definition "usually; as a rule" with synonyms like "by and large," "more often than not," and "mostly." The context supports this reading: the author is making a general claim about what is customarily or ordinarily desirable in educational materials.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "generally" is used:

"It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

The word "generally" here is being used to mean "usually" or "in most cases" - the speaker is saying that it's typically/usually desirable to use older textbooks rather than newer ones.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "usually; as a rule" | synonyms: by and large, more often than not, mostly | examples: by and large it doesn't rain much here
   - This means something happens frequently or in most cases
   - This fits the context where the author is saying it's usually/typically desirable to use older textbooks

2. Sense 2: "without distinction of one from others" | synonyms: in general, in the main
   - This would mean looking at something as a whole without distinguishing parts
   - This doesn't fit the context as well

3. Sense 3: "without regard to specific details or exceptions" | synonyms: broadly, loosely, broadly speaking
   - This means speaking in broad terms, overlooking details
   - This also doesn't fit as well as sense 1

The context clearly shows that "generally" is being used to mean "usually" or "typically" - the author is stating that it's usually desirable to use older textbooks. The adverbial phrase "more often than not" and "by and large" and "mostly" from sense 1 all support this interpretation.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally <t>desirable</t> to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "desirable" in this context means something is "worth having or seeking or achieving." The passage suggests that it is worthwhile or worth seeking to use older textbooks rather than newer ones because of their quality. This aligns with sense 1, which describes something as worth pursuing or having. Sense 2, regarding suitability as a spouse, is clearly inapplicable to the discussion of textbooks.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "desirable" in the sentence: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

The context is about education and textbooks. The sentence is suggesting that it's good/worth doing to use older textbooks rather than newer ones, because the newer ones are "modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

Let me look at the two senses:

1. Sense 1: "worth having or seeking or achieving" with examples like "a desirable job; computer with many desirable features" - This sense emphasizes something that is worth pursuing or having because it has valuable qualities.

2. Sense 2: "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse" with synonyms "suitable, worthy" - This sense is specifically about being suitable/worthy for romantic/marital selection, as shown by the spouse examples.

In the context given, "desirable" means it would be good/worthwhile to use older textbooks. This is not about choosing someone as a spouse - it's about something being worth having or seeking. The sentence is saying that using older textbooks is something worth doing, worth seeking out.

This clearly matches sense 1: "worth having or seeking or achieving" - using older textbooks is something worth seeking/achieving.

Sense 2 doesn't fit because there's no context of romantic selection or choosing someone as a spouse.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: use
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "use" in the context "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks" means to put into service or employ textbooks for their intended educational purpose. This is the basic sense of "utilize" or "employ" something for a particular function, which matches sense 1 with its definition "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose." The synonyms (utilize, apply, employ) and examples align perfectly with the educational context where textbooks are being employed as learning materials.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "use" in the sentence:

"It is generally desirable to <t>use</t> older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

The context is discussing education and textbooks. The phrase "to use older textbooks" means to employ or make use of older textbooks for teaching/learning purposes.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
   - This is about putting something into service or employing it for a particular purpose. This fits the context perfectly - using textbooks means employing them for the purpose of education.

2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
   - This is about consuming something habitually. While we could say textbooks are "consumed" in a sense, this doesn't fit the primary meaning here.

3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
   - This is about using something up completely. Not the intended meaning here.

4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
   - This is about exploiting something/someone for advantage. This suggests a manipulative use, which doesn't fit the neutral/educational context here.

The remaining senses don't apply as well. Sense 5 about applying something is less direct, sense 6 specifically refers to past habitual actions which isn't relevant here. The clearest match is sense 1, which captures the straightforward meaning of employing older textbooks as educational materials.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- <t>rather</t> than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "rather than" in the context "use older textbooks...rather than newer ones" means "instead of" or "in preference to." This matches sense 1 with the definition "on the contrary" and the synonym "instead." The example provided for this sense ("rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks") demonstrates the identical grammatical construction and meaning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "rather" to determine which sense is being used.

The sentence in question is: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

Let me look at each sense:

1. Sense 1: "on the contrary" | synonyms: instead | examples include "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter"
   - This fits the pattern "rather than" which means "instead of"
   - In the context: "use older textbooks rather than newer ones" = "use older textbooks instead of newer ones"

2. Sense 2: "to some (great or small) extent" | synonyms: kind of, kinda, sort of | examples: "it was rather cold; the party was rather nice"
   - This doesn't fit. The sentence doesn't mean "textbooks are somewhat older" but rather makes a choice/preference

3. Sense 3: "more readily or willingly" | synonyms: preferably, sooner | examples: "clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia"
   - This could potentially fit, suggesting a preference for older textbooks
   - However, the construction is "rather than" not just "rather"

4. Sense 4: "to a degree (not used with a negative)" | synonyms: quite | examples: "quite tasty; quite soon"
   - This doesn't fit the context at all

Looking at the actual usage "rather than", this is the comparative construction meaning "instead of" or "in preference to". Sense 1 is the most appropriate with the definition "on the contrary" and synonym "instead". The example "rather than disappoint the children" matches the pattern exactly.

So the answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: newer
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The passage explicitly contrasts "older textbooks" with "newer ones," establishing a temporal dimension. The newer textbooks are those that have been recently published or produced. The descriptors "modish" and "trendy" reinforce that these are recently created materials. This aligns with sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for "newer" in this passage.

The context states: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than <t>newer</t> ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

The passage is contrasting "older textbooks" with "newer ones." The newer textbooks are described as "modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

Key observations:
1. "Newer" is being contrasted with "older" - so it's about recency of production/publication
2. The newer textbooks are characterized as fashionable/trendy but lacking substance
3. This suggests "newer" refers to recently published or produced textbooks

Let me examine the senses:

1. "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - This fits! The newer textbooks are those that have recently been made/published.

2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - This doesn't fit well. The newer textbooks aren't necessarily novel or original in kind.

3. "lacking training or experience" - Doesn't fit.

4. "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" - Doesn't fit.

5. "other than the former one(s); different" - Could potentially fit as it refers to "different" textbooks, but not the best fit.

6. "unaffected by use or exposure" - Doesn't fit.

7. "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new" - This could fit since the text mentions they are "modish, trendy" but it implies an unnecessary or frivolous newness ("gratuitously new"), which is closer to newfangled.
The remaining senses about language periods, crops, and unfamiliarity don't apply here. Sense 1 is the strongest match—it directly captures the temporal dimension of recently published textbooks, which aligns with how they're portrayed as current and fashionable in contrast to the older alternatives.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
No student should be permitted to be graduated from elementary school without having mastered the 3 R's at the level that prevailed 20 years ago. This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer <t>ones</t>. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "ones" (the plural of "one") is being used.

Context: "It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones."

The word "ones" here refers to textbooks - it's substituting for "textbooks" to avoid repetition. The sentence is saying "newer textbooks" should be avoided in favor of older ones.

Now let's look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: - "the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number" with examples like "he has the one" referring to the numeral 1, or "they had lunch at one" referring to one o'clock.

2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: - "a single person or thing" with examples like "he is the best one; this is the one I ordered"

In the context "newer ones," the word "ones" is clearly referring to "textbooks" - it's a pronoun substitute for a plural noun. It means "newer textbooks" or "the newer ones (textbooks)."

This matches sense 2: "a single person or thing" - it's being used as a pronoun to refer to things (textbooks in this case). The plural form "ones" would mean "a number of things."

Sense 1 is about the numeral 1, which is completely wrong for this context.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
This means "tracking, "whose main purpose is less to permit the gifted youngsters to flourish (though that is clearly desirable) than to ensure that the less gifted get the necessary grounding for further study or for entering the modern world of work. The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, <t>often</t> downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "often" in the context "The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly" is describing that in many instances or cases, newer textbooks are downright silly. This aligns with Sense 3 ("in many cases or instances") rather than Sense 1 (which emphasizes short time intervals) or Sense 2 (which emphasizes quantity/amount). The usage here refers to the frequency across instances of the characteristic being silly, not to time-based frequency.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the three senses for "often":

The sentence is: "The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial."

This is describing newer textbooks, saying they are often downright silly. The word "often" here is describing how frequently or how many instances of these textbooks being downright silly occur.

Let me look at the three senses:

1. Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" - with synonyms "frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes" and example "we often met over a cup of coffee"
   - This refers to repeated occurrences at short intervals

2. Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" - with synonyms "much, a great deal" and example "I don't drink much; I don't travel much"
   - This refers to a large amount or frequency

3. Sense 3: "in many cases or instances"
   - This refers to multiple cases or situations

In the context "The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly", the word "often" is saying that in many cases or instances, these newer textbooks are downright silly. It's not specifically about time intervals or quantities, but rather about the frequency across instances/cases of newer textbooks being silly.

Sense 3 "in many cases or instances" seems most appropriate here - it's saying that in many instances, these textbooks are silly.

Sense 1 is about repeated occurrences at short time intervals, which doesn't fit as well.

Sense 2 is about "much" or "a great deal," which is a different usage.

I think Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on <t>dubious</t> psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The context describes "dubious psychological and sociological theories" - the author is characterizing these theories as questionable and suspect in nature, rather than expressing uncertainty about them. This matches sense 2, which defines "dubious" as "open to doubt or suspicion; questionable," similar to the example "he has a dubious record indeed." Sense 1 (uncertain/fraught with doubt) focuses more on epistemic uncertainty, while sense 3 (unconvinced) refers to a person's mental state, neither of which fits the usage here where "dubious" modifies the theories themselves.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "dubious" in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

Let me examine each sense:

1. **Sense 1**: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" - uncertain, unclear quality. Examples include "they were doubtful that the cord would hold" - this is about uncertainty regarding something's reliability.

2. **Sense 2**: "open to doubt or suspicion; questionable" - referring to something that has a questionable, suspicious nature. Examples: "the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed" - these are about things/people that are questionable or have dubious qualities.

3. **Sense 3**: "not convinced" - refers to a person's state of mind. Example: "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious" - this is about a person being unconvinced.

In the context, "dubious psychological and sociological theories" - the author is saying these theories are questionable, suspect, or of doubtful validity. The theories themselves are being described as dubious (not reliable, questionable).

This seems to fit best with Sense 2 ("open to doubt or suspicion; questionable") rather than Sense 1, because:
- We're describing the nature/character of the theories as questionable/suspect
- It's about the quality of the theories being dubious, not just uncertainty about them
- Sense 2's examples like "the candidate's doubtful past" and "he has a dubious record indeed" are about the character/nature of things being questionable

Sense 1 is more about uncertainty/doubt regarding whether something will work or happen.
Sense 3 is about a person being unconvinced, which doesn't apply here.

The best answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: psychological
Target surface form: psychological
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious <t>psychological</t> and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=psychological%5:00:00:mental:00 | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
2. sense_key=psychological%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "psychological and sociological theories" as the basis for newer textbooks, contrasting them with theories grounded in "educational experience." This usage refers to theories that relate to or are determined by the discipline of psychology, which matches sense 2 ("of or relating to or determined by psychology"). The example in sense 2 even includes "psychological theories," which directly parallels the target context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence says: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

The word "psychological" is being used here to describe "theories" - specifically psychological theories as opposed to theories based on educational experience.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=psychological%5:00:00:mental:00 | definition=mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature | examples=give psychological support; psychological warfare
This sense emphasizes the mental/emotional vs. physical distinction.

2. sense_key=psychological%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or determined by psychology | examples=psychological theories
This sense is about relating to or determined by psychology.

In the context provided, "psychological theories" refers to theories that are about psychology or derived from psychology, not theories that are merely mental/emotional in nature. The contrast is between psychological/sociological theories (which are discipline-based) versus educational experience (practical/empirical).

The phrase "psychological theories" in the example of sense 2 is exactly what appears in our context sentence. This is the key match.

Sense 2 is clearly the better fit because:
- It's specifically about theories relating to psychology
- The examples include "psychological theories"
- The context is about theories based on psychology rather than educational experience

The answer should be sense 2, which would be indexed as 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rather
Target surface form: rather
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rather%4:02:02:: | definition=on the contrary | synonyms=instead | examples=rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter
2. sense_key=rather%4:02:04:: | definition=to some (great or small) extent | synonyms=kind of, kinda, sort of | examples=it was rather cold; the party was rather nice
3. sense_key=rather%4:02:01:: | definition=more readily or willingly | synonyms=preferably, sooner | examples=clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia
4. sense_key=rather%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree (not used with a negative) | synonyms=quite | examples=quite tasty; quite soon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "rather" in "based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience" expresses a contrast between what the theories are based on versus what they should be based on. This is a classic "on the contrary" / "instead" usage, where "rather than" introduces an alternative. This matches sense 1 perfectly, as demonstrated in the examples "rather than disappoint the children" and "he didn't call; rather, he wrote her a letter."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "rather" in the sentence:

"They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories <t>rather</t> than on educational experience."

The sentence is contrasting two things:
1. Being based on dubious theories
2. Being based on educational experience

The word "rather" here is being used to mean "instead of" or "on the contrary" - it's showing contrast between what something IS based on versus what it should be based on or what else it could be based on.

Let me check each candidate sense:

1. Sense 1 (rather%4:02:02::): "on the contrary" with synonyms "instead"
   - The examples given are: "rather than disappoint the children, he did two quick tricks before he left; he didn't call; rather (or instead), he wrote her a letter"
   - This fits the usage pattern in the context: "based on...theories rather than on educational experience"
   - This is clearly a "instead of" or "in preference to" usage

2. Sense 2 (rather%4:02:04::): "to some (great or small) extent" with synonyms "kind of, kinda, sort of"
   - Examples: "it was rather cold; the party was rather nice"
   - This doesn't fit - the context isn't saying something is "kind of" or "somewhat" theories

3. Sense 3 (rather%4:02:01::): "more readily or willingly" with synonyms "preferably, sooner"
   - Examples: "clean it well, preferably with warm water; I'd rather be in Philadelphia"
   - While this could fit with "preferably," the key difference is that sense 1 is about contrast/substitution, not preference

4. Sense 4 (rather%4:02:00::): "to a degree (not used with a negative)" with synonyms "quite"
   - Examples: "quite tasty; quite soon"
   - This doesn't fit at all

The "X rather than Y" construction signals a direct substitution between two alternatives. Sense 1 captures this precisely with its definition of "on the contrary" and the synonym "instead," making it the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on <t>educational</t> experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "educational" in "educational experience" relates to the process of education itself, referring to practical experience within the field of education. The passage contrasts dubious abstract theories with actual experience in the educational process (teaching and learning). This aligns with sense 1 ("relating to the process of education"), similar to how "educational psychology" relates to the process of education rather than merely providing instruction.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target word is "educational" in the phrase: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

Let me examine both candidate senses:

1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology

2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

In the context, the phrase is "educational experience." This refers to experience related to the process of education itself - practical experience gained through teaching and learning.

The contrast in the sentence is between "dubious psychological and sociological theories" (abstract theories) versus "educational experience" (practical experience from the field of education).

Sense 1 (relating to the process of education) seems more appropriate here. The passage is discussing theories versus actual experience in the educational field/process. "Educational experience" means experience related to the process and practice of education.

Sense 2 (providing knowledge/instructive) would be more about something that educates or teaches - like "an educational film." This doesn't fit as well because the passage isn't saying that educational experience provides knowledge in that sense; it's saying that actual experience in education contradicts the dubious theories.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Educational experience" could mean:
- Experience that is informative/instructive (sense 2)
- Experience relating to the process of education (sense 1)

The context suggests that they're contrasting theory with practical experience in the field of education. This would make sense 1 the better choice - relating to the process of education.

The answer should be 1.