[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "<t>says</t> Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

The context shows Bert Vogelstein expressing his opinion about the discoveries as "super-exciting." He is making a declaration of judgment about the research. This matches sense 9: "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare," which is exemplified by statements like "I say let's forget this whole business"—expressing a personal viewpoint or evaluation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "says" is used:

"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries," says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer.

In this context, Bert Vogelstein is making a statement expressing his opinion about the discoveries being "super-exciting." He's declaring or expressing his judgment/opinion about something.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: - "express in words" (state, tell) - This is general, but fits expressing words.

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: - "report or maintain" (allege, aver) - This is about reporting or maintaining a claim, not quite right.

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: - "express a supposition" (suppose) - Not appropriate, he's not supposing.

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: - "have or contain a certain wording or form" (read) - Not appropriate.

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: - "give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority" (order, tell, enjoin) - Not appropriate.

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: - "speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way" - Not the right focus.

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: - "communicate or express nonverbally" - Not appropriate, this is verbal.

8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: - "utter aloud" - This could work but is too general.

9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: - "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - This fits perfectly. He's declaring his opinion that these are "super-exciting" discoveries.

10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: - "recite or repeat a fixed text" - Not appropriate.
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: - "indicate" - Not the primary meaning here. The best match is sense 9 (sense_key=say%2:32:13::) - "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" since Vogelstein is expressing his evaluative judgment about the discoveries.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just <t>found</t> a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes a researcher who has discovered a gene through scientific investigation. Sense 4 ("establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study") is the best fit because:

1. The verb is used in a scientific discovery context
2. The definition explicitly mentions "investigation," which aligns with the research process
3. The example about "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is directly parallel to a researcher finding a pivotal gene

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "found" in the sentence:

"Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer."

The context is about scientists discovering genes related to cancer. Bert Vogelstein has "found" (discovered) a gene that is important for triggering colon cancer.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. come upon, as if by accident - This doesn't fit well, as the discovery of a gene would involve intentional research.

2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of - This fits well. The researcher has discovered/determined the existence of a gene. The examples mention "We found traces of lead in the paint" which is similar to finding evidence of something.

3. come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost - This is about finding something that was lost or missed. A gene isn't something that was lost.

4. establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study - This fits very well. The researcher established (through investigation) the existence of a gene. The examples mention "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" which is very similar.

5. come to believe on the basis of emotion - Not applicable here.

6. perceive or be contemporaneous with - Not applicable.

7. get something for a specific purpose - Not applicable.

8. make a discovery, make a new finding - This fits well. The example "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" is very similar to finding a gene.

9. make a discovery - Similar to sense 8.

10. obtain through effort or management - Not the best fit.

11. decide on and make a declaration - Not applicable.

12. receive a specified treatment - Not applicable.

13. perceive oneself to be - Not applicable.

14. get or find back; recover - Not applicable.
15. succeed in reaching; arrive at - Not applicable.

16. accept and make use of one's personality - Not applicable.

Senses 2, 4, 8, and 9 all seem relevant. Sense 4 stands out most because it explicitly references establishing something through investigation, experiment, or study—exactly what a researcher does when discovering a gene. The parallel to the physicist finding an elementary particle makes this the strongest match for the scientific discovery context here.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: Only
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "<t>Only</t> a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

The word "Only" in this context means "as recently as," emphasizing that the time period referenced (a decade ago) is recent. The sentence structure and meaning are parallel to the example "I spoke to him only an hour ago" - both use "only" to highlight the recency of the timeframe being discussed. This is the most precise interpretation of how "only" is functioning in the passage about cancer research.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the target word "Only" in the sentence:

"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."

The word "Only" is being used to indicate a time reference. The speaker is saying that just/merely a decade ago (a short time ago), cancer was not well understood. This is about recency - emphasizing that this was a recent point in time.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just) - This could fit, suggesting "merely a decade ago"
2. "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely) - This doesn't fit well
3. "with nevertheless the final result" - This doesn't fit the context
4. "in the final outcome" - This doesn't fit
5. "except that" - This doesn't fit
6. "never except when" - This doesn't fit
7. "as recently as" - Examples: "I spoke to him only an hour ago" - This fits perfectly!

Looking at sense 7, the example "I spoke to him only an hour ago" is very similar to our context "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box..." Both are using "only" to emphasize how recently something happened.

Sense 7 is the best match because it specifically means "as recently as" which is exactly how "only" is being used here - to indicate that this was a recent time period (a decade ago being relatively recent in the context of scientific understanding).

So the answer is sense 7, which is indexed as 7.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: decade
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a <t>decade</t> ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box" clearly refers to a period of 10 years in the past, not to the numeral 10. Sense 1 (a period of 10 years) is the correct interpretation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "decade" in the sentence:

"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."

The context makes it clear that "decade" refers to a period of 10 years. The speaker is saying that 10 years ago, our understanding of cancer was very limited. This is temporal reference.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
   - This is clearly a time period of 10 years

2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner
   - This is the numeral/number 10, not a time period

In the context "Only a decade ago," the word is clearly referring to a period of time (10 years), not to the number itself. If they meant the number, they would say "only 10 years ago" or use it differently.

The correct sense is sense 1, which defines "decade" as "a period of 10 years" with synonyms decennary and decennium.

The instruction says to return the sense_index. Sense 1 is the first sense in the list, so the sense_index would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago <t>cancer</t> was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the passage is discussing:
- Discovery of genes related to cancer
- New strategies for cancer treatment and prevention
- Tests to predict whether someone will get cancer
- A researcher who found a gene pivotal to colon cancer
- How accumulation of altered genes can initiate a cancer

This is clearly discussing cancer in the medical/biological sense - a malignant disease characterized by abnormal cell growth.

Let me examine the candidate senses:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This matches perfectly with the context about molecular level understanding, genes causing malignant growth, colon cancer, etc.
2. A person born under the Cancer zodiac sign - doesn't fit
3. A constellation - doesn't fit
4. A zodiac sign - doesn't fit
5. A genus of crabs - doesn't fit

The correct sense is clearly sense 1, which is about malignant neoplastic disease.

The instruction asks me not to answer with a WordNet sense key, but to return a JSON object with sense_index. Sense 1 is the first candidate sense listed.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we <t>knew</t> nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context uses "knew nothing" to express the lack of awareness or information about cancer at the molecular level. This matches sense 1: "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about." The sentence structure parallels the example "I know that the President lied to the people" in expressing possession or lack of knowledge about a specific fact.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "knew" is being used.

The sentence is: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."

The speaker is expressing that a decade ago, they didn't have knowledge or information about cancer at the molecular level. They "knew nothing" means they had no awareness or information about something.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: - "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" - This fits. "We knew nothing" = "We were not aware of / did not possess information about cancer at the molecular level"

2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: - "know how to do or perform something" - This is about knowing how to do something (skills). Not applicable here.

3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: - "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" - Similar to sense 1 but emphasizes belief/faith/truth. The context doesn't particularly emphasize belief or faith, just lack of information.

4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: - "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" - This is about personal acquaintance. Not quite right here, though "knew nothing about cancer" could work.

5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: - "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" - This is about experiencing something directly. Not about lacking information.

6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: - "accept (someone) to be what is claimed" - This is about recognition/acknowledgment. Not applicable.

7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: - "have fixed in the mind" - This is about memorization/retention. Not applicable.
The remaining senses don't fit the context either—sexual intercourse, understanding character, distinguishing between things, or perceiving familiarity are all irrelevant to the speaker's point about lacking molecular-level knowledge of cancer. Sense 1 clearly captures what's meant: the absence of awareness or information about a specific subject.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: molecular
Target surface form: molecular
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the <t>molecular</t> level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=molecular%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules | examples=molecular structure; molecular oxygen
2. sense_key=molecular%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to simple or elementary organization; --G.A. Miller | examples=proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses understanding cancer "at the molecular level," referring to the level of molecules and molecular structures. This is the scientific sense directly relating to molecules themselves, as in "molecular structure" or "molecular oxygen." Sense 1 is the appropriate choice, as it defines molecular as "relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules," which perfectly matches the usage in discussing genes and cellular mechanisms at the molecular biological level.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "molecular" in the context provided.

The context is: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."

I need to choose between two senses:

1. sense_key=molecular%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules | examples=molecular structure; molecular oxygen

2. sense_key=molecular%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to simple or elementary organization; --G.A. Miller | examples=proceed by more and more detailed analysis to the molecular facts of perception

Looking at the context:
- The sentence is talking about understanding cancer at the "molecular level"
- In biology and medicine, "molecular level" typically refers to the level of molecules - the fundamental building blocks
- The context is about genes, which are molecular structures made of DNA, and understanding how they function
- This is clearly referring to molecules themselves, not just elementary organization in a general sense

Sense 1 is about "relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules" with examples like "molecular structure" and "molecular oxygen" - this is the most direct meaning where molecular refers to molecules themselves.

Sense 2 is about "relating to simple or elementary organization" which is a more general, abstract usage.

In the scientific context about genes and cancer development at the molecular level, the intended meaning is definitely sense 1 - referring to the level of molecules.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: level
Context:
Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular <t>level</t>. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The phrase "at the molecular level" refers to a position on a scale of analysis or detail. It describes the degree or scale at which cancer was understood—specifically at the molecular scale. This matches sense 1, which defines level as "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality," with the example "a high level of care is required" being analogous to the scientific context here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "level" in this passage.

The phrase is: "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level."

The context is about cancer research and understanding cancer at the molecular level. This is referring to a degree or intensity of detail/understanding - specifically at the molecular scale/dimension.

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" - This fits. "At the molecular level" means at a certain degree/scale of intensity or detail.

2. "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" - This is about ranking/hierarchy, which doesn't fit as well.

3. "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - This could work, referring to a stage or point in understanding.

4. "height above ground" - This is about physical height, not relevant here.

5. "indicator that establishes the horizontal" - This is about a tool, not relevant.

6. "a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line" - This is about physical surfaces, not relevant.

7. "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" - Examples mention "communicates on several levels" and "layers of meaning". This could fit - understanding at the molecular level.

8. "a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms" - This is about buildings/floors, not relevant.

The best fits are 1, 3, and 7. Let me reconsider:

"Molecular level" is talking about a scale or dimension of analysis - at the molecular scale. Sense 1 talks about "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" which fits well.

Sense 7 talks about "an abstract place" with depth, and the example "communicates on several levels" is very similar to "at the molecular level."
Sense 1 captures this best—it describes a particular position on a scale, and in this context, "molecular level" denotes a specific degree of granularity or detail in how we understand cancer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: today
Target surface form: Today
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. <t>Today</t>, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "Today" in this context is used to contrast the present time/age with the past ("a decade ago"). The passage is emphasizing the current state of scientific knowledge about cancer at this present moment in time, not referring to a specific calendar day. This matches sense 1, which defines "today" as "the present time or age," similar to the example "today we have computers."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "Today" appears:

"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. <t>Today</t>, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

The sentence is contrasting the past ("a decade ago") with the present moment/time. The word "Today" is being used to refer to the current time or the present era/age, not specifically the calendar day.

Let me look at the two senses:

1. sense_key=today%1:28:00:: | definition=the present time or age | examples=the world of today; today we have computers
   - This sense refers to the present time or age in a more abstract/temporal way

2. sense_key=today%1:28:01:: | definition=the day that includes the present moment (as opposed to yesterday or tomorrow) | examples=Today is beautiful; did you see today's newspaper?
   - This sense refers to the specific calendar day

In the context, "Today, we know..." is using "Today" to mean "at the present time" or "in the current age/era" - contrasting with "a decade ago". The speaker is not talking about the specific calendar day being beautiful or a newspaper from today. They're talking about the current state of knowledge and understanding in the present age.

This clearly matches sense 1: "the present time or age"

The example "today we have computers" is very similar to how "Today" is used here - referring to the present era/time.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we <t>know</t> that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "know" in this context means "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about." The scientists are stating they now possess knowledge/information about the fact that accumulation of altered genes initiates cancer. This directly parallels the example "I know that the President lied to the people" - both involve knowing a specific fact or piece of information.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "know" in the sentence:

"Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

The speaker is saying that scientists now have knowledge or understanding about how cancer initiates - specifically that the accumulation of altered genes can cause cancer.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" - This fits. The scientists know a fact (that accumulation of altered genes initiates cancer).

2. "know how to do or perform something" - This is about ability, not applicable here.

3. "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" - This also fits well. Scientists regard it as true that the accumulation of altered genes initiates cancer.

4. "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" - Not applicable.

5. "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" - Not quite right.

6. "accept (someone) to be what is claimed" - Not applicable.

7. "have fixed in the mind" - Like memorizing something. Not the best fit.

8. Sexual intercourse - Not applicable.

9. "know the nature or character of" - Not the best fit.

10. "be able to distinguish, recognize as being different" - Not applicable.

11. "perceive as familiar" - Not applicable.

Between senses 1 and 3, the context emphasizes the awareness of a scientific fact. Sense 1 is "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information" and the example "I know that the President lied to the people" is very similar to the usage here. Sense 3 is more about believing something is true beyond doubt.
The most fitting definition is sense 1, which directly captures the idea of possessing knowledge about a specific fact. The answer is sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: accumulation
Target surface form: accumulation
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the <t>accumulation</t> of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=accumulation%1:22:00:: | definition=an increase by natural growth or addition | synonyms=accretion
2. sense_key=accumulation%1:14:00:: | definition=several things grouped together or considered as a whole | synonyms=collection, aggregation, assemblage
3. sense_key=accumulation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of accumulating | synonyms=accrual, accruement
4. sense_key=accumulation%1:21:00:: | definition=(finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends but are added to the capital base of the corporation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "accumulation of several of these altered genes" - referring to multiple genes grouped together as a collection. This matches sense 2 (several things grouped together or considered as a whole), with its synonyms "collection, aggregation, assemblage." The sentence emphasizes the collective presence of multiple altered genes functioning together to initiate cancer, rather than focusing on the act/process of accumulating (sense 3) or increase through growth (sense 1).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "accumulation" in the sentence:

"Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=accumulation%1:22:00:: | definition=an increase by natural growth or addition | synonyms=accretion
   - This refers to growth or addition, but the context is about multiple genes gathering/coming together.

2. sense_key=accumulation%1:14:00:: | definition=several things grouped together or considered as a whole | synonyms=collection, aggregation, assemblage
   - This fits well. The context talks about "accumulation of several of these altered genes" - several genes grouped together. This matches "aggregation" and "assemblage" as synonyms.

3. sense_key=accumulation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of accumulating | synonyms=accrual, accruement
   - This refers to the process/act of accumulating. The context could fit this interpretation - the process of genes accumulating.

4. sense_key=accumulation%1:21:00:: | definition=(finance) profits that are not paid out as dividends but are added to the capital base of the corporation
   - This is clearly not relevant in this context about cancer genes.

The key phrase is "accumulation of several of these altered genes" - this emphasizes multiple genes coming together as a group. Sense 2 ("several things grouped together or considered as a whole") with synonyms like "collection, aggregation, assemblage" seems most appropriate.

Sense 3 refers to the act/process, while sense 2 refers to the result - the grouped collection itself. In this context, it seems more about the collection of altered genes rather than just the process of accumulating.
Sense 2 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: altered
Target surface form: altered
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these <t>altered</t> genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=altered%3:00:00:: | definition=changed in form or character without becoming something else; ; ; - Charles Dickens | examples=the altered policy promised success; following an altered course we soon found ourselves back in civilization
2. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:castrated:00 | definition=having testicles or ovaries removed | synonyms=neutered
3. sense_key=altered%5:00:00:modified:00 | definition=changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose | synonyms=adapted | examples=seeds precisely adapted to the area; instructions altered to suit the children's different ages

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "altered" in this context refers to genes that have undergone mutations or molecular changes. The sentence describes how accumulated changes in genes can initiate cancer. This fits sense 1 ("changed in form or character without becoming something else"), which captures the general concept of genetic modification at the molecular level. The genes remain genes but have been changed in their function or structure. Sense 3 is inappropriate because it emphasizes purposeful modification "to improve," whereas genetic alterations leading to cancer are typically harmful mutations, not improvements. Sense 2 (castration) is clearly irrelevant to genetics.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "altered" is being used.

The sentence reads: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

The word "altered" is describing genes. In the context of cancer and genetics, "altered genes" refers to genes that have undergone mutations or changes in their DNA sequence. The question is which sense fits best:

1. Sense 1: "changed in form or character without becoming something else" - This is a general sense of change. It describes something that has been modified but remains fundamentally the same type of thing.

2. Sense 2: "having testicles or ovaries removed" - This is about castration, clearly not relevant to genes in a cancer context.

3. Sense 3: "changed in order to improve or made more fit for a particular purpose" - This suggests purposeful modification to improve something or make it more suitable. However, in the cancer context, the genes are altered (mutated) in ways that are harmful, not purposefully modified to improve them.

Looking at the context more carefully: "altered genes can initiate a cancer" - this is about genes that have undergone mutations or changes at the molecular level. The alteration isn't intentional or for improvement; it's a change that has occurred (often through mutation) that affects how the genes function.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate because it describes a general change in form or character without becoming something else entirely - the genes are still genes, but they've been changed. The examples "the altered policy promised success; following an altered course we soon found ourselves back in civilization" show changes that have occurred.

Sense 3 emphasizes modification "in order to improve" which doesn't fit the cancer context where the alterations are harmful mutations.

The best fit is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: initiate
Target surface form: initiate
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can <t>initiate</t> a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=initiate%2:36:01:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, start | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
2. sense_key=initiate%2:36:00:: | definition=take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of | synonyms=pioneer | examples=This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants
3. sense_key=initiate%2:41:01:: | definition=accept people into an exclusive society or group, usually with some rite | synonyms=induct | examples=African men are initiated when they reach puberty
4. sense_key=initiate%2:32:00:: | definition=bring up a topic for discussion | synonyms=broach
5. sense_key=initiate%2:30:00:: | definition=set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for | synonyms=lead up | examples=Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes how accumulated altered genes can "bring into being" or originate a cancer. The sentence indicates that these genes cause cancer to come into existence and then progress to a deadly state. This matches sense 1 ("bring into being") with synonyms "originate" and "start" - the genes initiate/cause cancer to begin.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "initiate" in this sentence:

"Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

The context is about genes that cause cancer. The sentence is saying that the accumulation of altered genes can START or CAUSE a cancer to begin.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=initiate%2:36:01:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, start | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
   - This is about bringing something into existence, starting something new. This fits well with "initiate a cancer" - causing cancer to come into being.

2. sense_key=initiate%2:36:00:: | definition=take the lead or initiative in; participate in the development of | synonyms=pioneer | examples=This South African surgeon pioneered heart transplants
   - This is more about taking the lead in developing something. Doesn't fit as well.

3. sense_key=initiate%2:41:01:: | definition=accept people into an exclusive society or group, usually with some rite | synonyms=induct | examples=African men are initiated when they reach puberty
   - This is about membership/acceptance. Doesn't fit at all.

4. sense_key=initiate%2:32:00:: | definition=bring up a topic for discussion | synonyms=broach
   - This is about discussion. Doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=initiate%2:30:00:: | definition=set in motion, start an event or prepare the way for | synonyms=lead up | examples=Hitler's attack on Poland led up to World War II
   - This is about starting or setting in motion an event. This also fits well.

The best choices are between 1 and 5. Both have "start" connotations.
Sense 1 emphasizes the creation or origin of something entirely new, while sense 5 focuses on triggering or beginning an event that's already possible. In this cancer context, the altered genes are causing cancer to originate and come into existence, making sense 1 the more precise fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a <t>cancer</t> and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to cancer as a medical condition. The passage discusses genetic triggers for the disease, colon cancer, altered genes that initiate cancer, and its "deadly state." This is unambiguously the medical sense of cancer (a malignant growth caused by abnormal cell division), not any of the zodiacal or biological genus senses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "cancer" to determine which sense is being used.

The context is about:
- Genes and cancer treatment/prevention
- Scientists developing tests to predict whether someone will get cancer
- A Johns Hopkins researcher discussing a gene pivotal to triggering colon cancer
- How accumulation of altered genes can initiate a cancer and propel it into a deadly state
- Tumor-suppressors or anti-cancer genes

The target word appears in the phrase: "the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This is clearly about the disease
2. "a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - Astrological sign, person born during that period
3. "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere" - Constellation
4. "the fourth sign of the zodiac" - Zodiac sign
5. "type genus of the family Cancridae" - A genus of crabs

Given the context which is entirely about genetics, disease, molecular biology, tumor-suppressors, and the ability to initiate a "deadly state," the word "cancer" clearly refers to the medical condition - a malignant tumor or disease caused by abnormal cell division.

This is sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"

The answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, <t>then</t>, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "then" in this context is used to show a sequence of events: first, the accumulation of altered genes initiates cancer, and then (subsequently) it propels the cancer into a deadly state. This corresponds to sense 1, which defines "then" as "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" with examples like "go left first, then right" that show sequential ordering of events.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "then" in the sentence:

"Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

The word "then" here is being used to show a sequence of events:
1. First, the accumulation of altered genes initiates a cancer
2. Then (next), it propels it into a deadly state

This is showing a temporal sequence - what happens after the initiation of cancer. Let me check each candidate sense:

1. Sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" - This fits well. The examples include "then he left; go left first, then right" which show sequential actions.

2. Sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence" - This would be more about conditional reasoning (if-then logic), like the example "if he didn't take it, then who did?" This doesn't fit as well.

3. Sense 3: "at that time" - This would refer to a specific point in time in the past, like "I was young then". This doesn't fit because we're not talking about a specific past time.

The context clearly shows a sequential relationship: first cancer is initiated, then it becomes deadly. This is best captured by sense 1, which talks about "subsequently or soon afterward" and is "often used as sentence connectors."

The answer should be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propel
Target surface form: propel
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, <t>propel</t> it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propel%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to move forward with force | synonyms=impel | examples=Steam propels this ship
2. sense_key=propel%2:36:00:: | definition=give an incentive for action | synonyms=motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite | examples=This moved me to sacrifice my career

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes genes causing cancer to advance into a deadly state. The word "propel" here means to drive or push cancer forward in its progression, which aligns with sense 1 "cause to move forward with force." Although applied metaphorically to disease progression rather than physical motion, the core meaning of driving something forward with force matches the usage. Sense 2, which concerns motivating or giving incentive for action, is less appropriate for this biological context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "propel" is used.

The sentence is: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

The two candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=propel%2:35:00:: - "cause to move forward with force" with synonyms "impel" and example "Steam propels this ship"
2. sense_key=propel%2:36:00:: - "give an incentive for action" with synonyms "motivate, actuate, move, prompt, incite" and example "This moved me to sacrifice my career"

In the context, we're talking about cancer being propelled into a deadly state. This is not about physically moving something forward with force (like a ship being propelled by steam).

Instead, it's about cancer progressing or advancing from one state to another - a more metaphorical or motivational sense. The genes "propel" cancer forward in terms of its progression/advancement.

Looking at sense 2, it talks about giving an incentive for action and motivating. The synonyms include "actuate" and "move" which could work for pushing something forward in a progression sense.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Propel" here means to drive or push cancer into a deadly state. This is more about causing movement/progression rather than giving an incentive. Sense 1 is about physical force causing movement, but it can be used metaphorically.

In this medical/biological context, the genes "propel" cancer forward - they drive its progression. This seems to fit better with sense 1 (cause to move forward with force) even though it's being used somewhat metaphorically for disease progression.

Actually, sense 1's definition "cause to move forward with force" and synonyms "impel" fit well with the idea of genes driving/pushing cancer forward into a deadly state. This is metaphorical application of the physical sense, but it's still the same underlying meaning.
Sense 1 captures the core meaning here—the genes actively drive cancer's progression into a deadly state, which aligns with the "cause to move forward with force" definition applied metaphorically to disease advancement.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a <t>deadly</t> state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the sentence is discussing cancer development and progression. The phrase is "propel it into a deadly state."

The context is about cancer becoming dangerous and life-threatening. The speaker is discussing how the accumulation of altered genes can initiate cancer and then make it progress into a state that is fatal/life-threatening.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "causing or capable of causing death" - synonyms: deathly, mortal | examples: a fatal accident; a deadly enemy - This fits the context well. Cancer becoming "deadly" means it becomes capable of causing death.

2. "of an instrument of certain death" - synonyms: lethal | examples: deadly poisons; lethal weapon - This refers to things that are inherently designed/created to cause death. Cancer isn't an instrument; it's a condition.

3. "extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom" - This is about poisonous/venomous things. Not relevant to cancer.

4. "involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death" - This is about spiritual/religious meaning (like "the seven deadly sins"). Not relevant.

5. "exceedingly harmful" - This is about being very harmful, but the context specifically is about causing death/being fatal.

6. "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect" - This is specifically about diseases. Cancer is a disease, so this could fit. This could work.

Between senses 1 and 6:
- Sense 1: "causing or capable of causing death" with examples of "fatal accident" and "deadly enemy"
- Sense 6: "(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect"

The context is about cancer progressing into a "deadly state" - meaning it becomes lethal/capable of causing death. Sense 1 seems more directly about the result (causing death) while sense 6 is about the characteristics of the disease (rapid course, violent effect).

Given that the speaker is talking about cancer reaching a state where it can kill people, sense 1 "causing or capable of causing death" seems most appropriate.

Sense 1 best captures how the cancer transforms into something life-threatening and capable of causing death.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly <t>state</t>. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "state" in the context refers to the condition or situation of cancer. The speaker is describing how accumulated genetic mutations propel cancer "into a deadly state" - meaning the condition or stage of the disease. This matches sense 2: "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" (e.g., "the current state of knowledge; his state of health"), which captures the meaning of cancer being in a particular condition or phase of development.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "state" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state."

The context is about cancer progression at the molecular level. The speaker is describing how cancer develops from the accumulation of altered genes and progresses into a more serious condition - a "deadly state."

Let me examine each sense:

1. Territory of a constituent administrative district - doesn't fit
2. The way something is with respect to its main attributes - this could fit! "State" here means the condition or way cancer is at a particular point
3. The group of people comprising a government - doesn't fit
4. A politically organized body of people - doesn't fit
5. (Chemistry) the three traditional states of matter - could fit in a scientific context, but not appropriate here as they're not talking about physical states of matter like solid/liquid/gas
6. A state of depression or agitation - this is about emotional/mental condition, doesn't fit
7. Territory occupied by a nation - doesn't fit
8. Federal department in the US - doesn't fit

Between sense 2 and possibly sense 6:
- Sense 2: "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" with examples like "the current state of knowledge; his state of health"
- Sense 6: "a state of depression or agitation" with examples like "he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him"

In the context of cancer, they're describing cancer as being in a "deadly state" - meaning the condition or stage of cancer. This is most clearly sense 2, which describes "the way something is with respect to its main attributes." The "state" of cancer here refers to its condition, how advanced it is, etc.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: call
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists <t>call</t> the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

In this context, "call" means to assign or give a name to something. The scientists are labeling or naming the new class of genes as "tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes." This matches sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality." The structure "call X Y" (where X is the subject and Y is the name/classification being assigned) is consistent with this sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the correct sense of "call" in this sentence:

"Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."

The sentence is using "call" to mean assigning a name or classification to something. The scientists are referring to these genes by a specific name/term: "tumor-suppressors" or "anti-cancer genes."

Let me look at the relevant senses:

1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader

2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful

27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful

Sense 1 is about assigning a proper name to something.
Sense 2 is about giving a name that reflects a quality.
Sense 27 is about considering or regarding something as being something else.

In the context "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes" - they are assigning a NAME/TERM to these genes. The definition of "tumor-suppressors" is what they are called/named.

This is closest to sense 2 or sense 27. Let me think more carefully:
- Sense 1 is specifically for proper names (like naming a child "David")
- Sense 2 is for giving a common noun name that reflects a quality (like calling someone "lazy")
- Sense 27 is for considering/regarding as being (like "I would not call her beautiful")

The structure here is "call X Y" where X = "the new class of genes" and Y = "tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes". Sense 27 seems most fitting since the example "I would not call her beautiful" mirrors this usage pattern. However, sense 2 also applies well because they're assigning a classification to these genes. Between the two, sense 2 appears to be the stronger match since it specifically addresses naming or labeling something with a term that characterizes it.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "new" in this context refers to a class of genes that has been recently discovered and identified. The surrounding text repeatedly emphasizes the temporal recency of these discoveries ("newly identified genes," "a decade ago," "only just found"). Sense 1 captures this meaning of "having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been...discovered," which is the most appropriate fit for describing these newly discovered tumor-suppressor genes.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "new" in the sentence:

"Scientists call the <t>new</t> class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."

The context is talking about a newly discovered class of genes. The scientists are using the term "new" to describe these genes that they have just discovered and identified.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - This fits well. The genes were just discovered and identified.

2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - This could also work since these genes are being discovered for the first time.

3. "lacking training or experience" - Doesn't fit the context.

4. "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" - Possible but less likely.

5. "other than the former one(s); different" - Doesn't fit well.

6. "unaffected by use or exposure" - Doesn't fit.

7. "gratuitously new" - Doesn't fit.

8-11. Don't fit the context.

The key is to determine if "new" means:
- Sense 1: Recently discovered/come into being
- Sense 2: Original and of a kind not seen before

Looking at the surrounding text: "scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes" - these genes have been "newly identified", so they are recent discoveries. The word "new" is being used here to mean "recently discovered" or "just come into being", which aligns with sense 1.

Sense 2 (original and of a kind not seen before) emphasizes novelty in nature/kind, while sense 1 emphasizes recency in time. The context here seems to emphasize that these are recently discovered genes, so sense 1 is the best fit.
Sense 1 is the correct answer. The emphasis on "newly identified" in the surrounding context reinforces that "new" refers to the temporal aspect of recent discovery rather than the inherent originality of the genes themselves.