[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditures
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing <t>expenditures</t> on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses "increasing expenditures on education," which refers to the amounts of money being spent on education. This aligns with sense 1: "money paid out; an amount spent," with synonyms like outgo, spending, and outlay. The sentence is about increasing the monetary amounts allocated to education, not about the act of spending itself or consumption.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "expenditures" in this sentence:

"In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

The three candidate senses are:
1. Money paid out; an amount spent (synonyms: outgo, spending, outlay)
2. The act of spending money for goods or services (synonyms: expending)
3. The act of consuming something (synonyms: consumption, using up)

In the context, "expenditures on education" refers to the money being spent on education. The sentence discusses increasing the amount of money spent on education. This is clearly about money paid out or an amount spent.

Sense 1 focuses on "money paid out; an amount spent" - this is about the actual amounts/sums of money
Sense 2 focuses on "the act of spending money for goods or services" - this is about the action/process of spending
Sense 3 focuses on "the act of consuming something" - this is not appropriate here since we're talking about money, not consumption

The phrase "increasing expenditures on education" suggests we're talking about the actual amounts of money being spent (you increase amounts), rather than just the act of spending. This points more to Sense 1.

However, "expenditure" can also mean the act of spending itself. In "increasing expenditures," we could be talking about increasing the act of spending.

Looking at the synonyms:
- Sense 1: outgo, spending, outlay - these are more about the money itself
- Sense 2: expending - this is more about the action

The context "increasing expenditures on education" most naturally refers to increasing the amount of money spent, which aligns with Sense 1 (money paid out; an amount spent).

The answer should be 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on <t>education</t>, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "education" in this passage.

The context is discussing education policy, school governance, and expenditures on education. The relevant sentence is:
"In most states, increasing expenditures on <t>education</t>, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - This refers to the activities/processes of education.

2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: - "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" - This refers to the knowledge/learning outcome.

3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: - "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - This refers to the process of acquiring knowledge.

4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: - "the profession of teaching" - This refers to the teaching profession specifically.

5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: - "the result of good upbringing" - This refers to breeding/refinement in social behavior.

6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: - "the United States federal department" - This is about the institution.

In the passage, "education" is being discussed as a domain/field that receives expenditures and where activities/processes take place ("Education takes place in the classroom"). The context is talking about spending money on education and the activities that happen in the classroom.

This most closely aligns with sense 1 (1:04:00), which refers to "the activities of educating or instructing" - the field/domain of educational activities and instruction.

Sense 3 (1:09:01) about "gradual process of acquiring knowledge" could also fit, but the emphasis in the context is on the activities/processes of education as a system where money is spent, not on the individual process of knowledge acquisition.
Sense 1 captures education as an institutional system of instructional activities—the framework where expenditures are allocated and classroom instruction occurs.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: circumstance
Target surface form: circumstances
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current <t>circumstances</t>, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:01:: | definition=a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity
2. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:02:: | definition=the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event | synonyms=context, setting | examples=the historical context
3. sense_key=circumstance%1:09:00:: | definition=information that should be kept in mind when making a decision | synonyms=condition, consideration | examples=another consideration is the time it would take
4. sense_key=circumstance%1:11:00:: | definition=formal ceremony about important occasions | examples=pomp and circumstance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "in our current circumstances" refers to the overall context or surrounding situation of education policy and governance that the author is discussing. The use of "circumstances" here encompasses the set of facts and conditions that characterize the current state of the education system, which aligns with sense 2's definition of "the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event" with synonyms like "context" and "setting."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "circumstances" is being used.

The passage discusses education policy and mentions "in our current circumstances" when talking about how increasing expenditures on education will probably make things worse.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:01:: | definition=a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity
   - This refers to individual conditions that influence an event

2. sense_key=circumstance%1:26:02:: | definition=the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation or event | synonyms=context, setting | examples=the historical context
   - This refers to the overall context or setting of a situation

3. sense_key=circumstance%1:09:00:: | definition=information that should be kept in mind when making a decision | synonyms=condition, consideration | examples=another consideration is the time it would take
   - This refers to information/conditions to consider when making decisions

4. sense_key=circumstance%1:11:00:: | definition=formal ceremony about important occasions | examples=pomp and circumstance
   - This is clearly not the right sense - it's about ceremony/formality

In the context "in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse," the author is referring to the overall situation or conditions that exist - the current state of education policy, funding, governance, etc.

This most closely matches sense 2 (the set of facts or circumstances that surround a situation) or sense 3 (information that should be kept in mind when making decisions).

Actually, looking at "in our current circumstances," this seems to be describing the current state of affairs, the broader context of the education system. It's referring to the overall situation or conditions.

Sense 2 with its synonyms "context, setting" seems most appropriate here. The phrase "in our current circumstances" = "in our current context/setting" fits naturally.
Sense 3 could work as considerations to keep in mind, but sense 2 more directly captures the collective state of affairs—multiple interconnected conditions existing together rather than individual factors to weigh.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will <t>probably</t> make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "probably" in the context provided.

The sentence is: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war

2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

In the context, the author is making an argument about what will likely happen if expenditures on education are increased. The use of "probably" here conveys uncertainty but a reasonably strong expectation - the author is expressing that based on their reasoning ("The reason is simple..."), it is likely/probable that increasing spending will make things worse.

This seems to fit better with sense 1: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt" - the author is saying it's likely that spending will make things worse, expressing a degree of confidence in this prediction.

Sense 2 about "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence" also seems related, but the primary meaning here is about likelihood/probability rather than about believability.

The examples in sense 1 ("He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war") align well with the context's usage - expressing likelihood.

I would choose sense 1 (index 0 if zero-indexed, or 1 if one-indexed).

The instruction asks me to return the sense_index. Looking at the candidates, they are numbered as sense 1 and sense 2.

So the answer should be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: make
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably <t>make</t> things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "make" in this context means "cause to be or to become." The sentence "increasing expenditures on education...will probably make things worse" uses "make" to express the sense of causing things to become worse. This aligns with sense 3's definition and examples like "make a mess in one's office," which similarly indicate causing something to reach or assume a particular state or condition.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully:

"In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

The word "make" is being used here to mean "cause to become" or "cause to be." The sentence structure shows that "make things worse" means to cause things to become worse.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "engage in" - Not applicable
2. "give certain properties to something" - This is close, but not quite right
3. "make or cause to be or to become" - This is very fitting. The definition and examples like "make a mess" are similar to our usage
4. "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner" - This suggests an action, but "worse" is not an action
5. "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally" - This could work but is more about events
6. "create or manufacture a man-made product" - Not applicable
7. "make, formulate, or derive in the mind" - Not applicable
8. "compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way" - Not quite right
9. "create by artistic means" - Not applicable
10. "earn on some commercial or business transaction" - Not applicable
11. "create or design, often in a certain way" - Not applicable
12. "to compose or represent" - Not applicable
13. "reach a goal" - Not applicable
14. "be or be capable of being changed or made into" - Not applicable
15. "make by shaping or bringing together constituents" - Not applicable
16. "perform or carry out" - Not applicable
17. "make by combining materials and parts" - Not applicable
18. "change from one form into another" - Not applicable
19. "act in a certain way so as to acquire" - Not applicable
20. "charge with a function" - Not applicable
21. "achieve a point or goal" - Not applicable
22. "reach a destination" - Not applicable
23. "institute, enact, or establish" - Not applicable
24. "carry out or commit" - Not applicable
25. "form by assembling individuals or constituents" - Not applicable
26. "organize or be responsible for" - Not applicable
27. "put in order or neaten" - Not applicable
28. "head into a specified direction" - Not applicable
29. "have a bowel movement" - Not applicable
30. "undergo fabrication or creation" - Not applicable
31. "be suitable for" - Not applicable
32. "add up to" - Not applicable
33. "amount to" - Not applicable
34. "constitute the essence of" - Not applicable
35. "appear to begin an activity" - Not applicable
36. "proceed along a path" - Not applicable
37. "reach in time" - Not applicable
38. "gather and light the materials for" - Not applicable
39. "prepare for eating by" - Not applicable

Most of these remaining senses involve specific actions or outcomes that don't fit the context of making something worse. The core meaning remains sense 3: causing something to become or be in a particular state.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make <t>things</t> worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context "increase expenditures on education...will probably make things worse, not better" refers to a general situation or state of affairs regarding education policy. Sense 1 ("a special situation") best captures this usage, where "things" refers to the overall circumstances or situation being discussed, similar to the examples "this thing has got to end" and "it is a remarkable thing."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "things" in this passage:

"In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

Here, "things" is being used in a way that refers to a general situation or state of affairs. The passage is discussing the overall situation regarding education and school governance. When it says "make things worse, not better," it's referring to the situation or circumstances, not to specific tangible objects or actions.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: "a special situation" - examples: "this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing" - This fits because we're talking about making a situation worse.

2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: "an action" - doesn't fit, we're not talking about an action here

3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: "a special abstraction" - could potentially fit but seems less specific

4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: "an artifact" - doesn't fit, we're not talking about a physical object

5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: "an event" - doesn't quite fit

6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: "a vaguely specified concern" / "matter, affair" - This could fit. The passage is discussing matters/affairs of education policy. "Several matters to attend to" shows a similar usage pattern.

7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: "a statement regarded as an object" - doesn't fit

8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: "an entity that is not named specifically" - doesn't fit well
The remaining senses—attributes, objectives, emotional dispositions, and self-contained entities—don't align with how "things" functions here. The most compelling interpretations are sense 1, which directly captures the notion of a problematic situation, or sense 6, which emphasizes the vague, unspecified nature of the concern being referenced. Either way, the phrase is fundamentally about worsening the overall state of affairs.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worse
Target surface form: worse
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things <t>worse</t>, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worse%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability | examples=this road is worse than the first one we took; the road is in worse shape than it was
2. sense_key=worse%3:00:02:: | definition=changed for the worse in health or fitness | synonyms=worsened | examples=I feel worse today; her cold is worse
3. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad, big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
5. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=bad, tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=bad, spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
7. sense_key=regretful%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry, bad | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=bad, uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | synonyms=bad | examples=so-called bad grammar
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=bad, risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=bad, unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | synonyms=bad | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | synonyms=bad | examples=led a very bad life
15. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=bad, forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
16. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=bad, defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "worse" is used in a comparative sense meaning "more inferior in condition or quality." In the context "will probably make things worse, not better," it expresses a comparative judgment that the outcome would be more negative/inferior compared to the desired alternative. This directly matches sense 1: "(comparative of 'bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "worse" in this passage.

The sentence is: "In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

The word "worse" is being used as a comparative form of "bad" in this context. It's comparing the outcome of increasing expenditures on education - suggesting it would result in a worse (more negative) state compared to a better one.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. worse%3:00:00:: - "(comparative of 'bad') inferior to another in quality or condition or desirability" - examples: "this road is worse than the first one we took; the road is in worse shape than it was"
   - This directly matches: "make things worse" = make things inferior/more negative in condition

2. worse%3:00:02:: - "changed for the worse in health or fitness" - examples: "I feel worse today; her cold is worse"
   - This is about health/fitness, which doesn't apply here

3-16: These are all variations of "bad" or other senses that don't apply to "worse"

The clearest match is sense 1, which is the comparative form of "bad" - meaning inferior in quality or condition. The context shows that increasing expenditures would make things worse (more negative/inferior), which aligns perfectly with this definition.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: better
Target surface form: better
Context:
If parents are dissatisfied with a school, they should have the option of switching to another. -- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not <t>better</t>. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=better%3:00:00:: | definition=(comparative of `good') superior to another (of the same class or set or kind) in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability; more highly skilled than another | examples=You're a better man than I am, Gunga Din; a better coat
2. sense_key=better%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `good') changed for the better in health or fitness | examples=her health is better now; I feel better
3. sense_key=better%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=best | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
4. sense_key=better%5:00:00:major:01 | definition=more than half | examples=argued for the better part of an hour
5. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
6. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
7. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
8. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
9. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
10. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
12. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
13. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
14. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
15. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
16. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
18. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
24. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
25. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste
26. sense_key=well%3:00:01:: | definition=in good health especially after having suffered illness or injury | synonyms=well | examples=appears to be entirely well; the wound is nearly well
27. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
28. sense_key=well%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=wise or advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=well | examples=it would be well to start early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context presents a comparative statement: "will probably make things worse, not better." The word "better" is used in its standard comparative form to mean "superior in quality or desirability"—whether increased spending would result in improved educational outcomes. Sense 1, "(comparative of 'good') superior to another in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability," directly matches this usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "better" in this sentence:

"In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

The context is discussing whether increased spending on education will improve outcomes. The word "better" is being contrasted with "worse" - so we're talking about whether something is improved or not improved.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "better" (comparative of good) - superior in excellence, quality, desirability, suitability
2. "better" (comparative of good) - changed for the better in health or fitness
3. "better" (comparative of well) - wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable
4. "better" (more than half)
5-28. Various senses of "good"

The key here is: what does "make things better" mean in this context? It means to make things improved/more satisfactory. This is about whether increased spending will result in improved educational outcomes.

Sense 1 talks about "superior to another...in excellence or quality or desirability or suitability" - this fits well. The author is saying increased spending won't make education superior or more excellent.

Sense 3 talks about "wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable" - this also could work, but it's more about recommendations.

I think Sense 1 is the best fit because:
- It's the standard comparative form of "good"
- The context is about whether education outcomes would be improved/superior
- This is the most common use of "better" in this kind of comparative statement

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The <t>reason</t> is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "reason" in this context is being used to introduce an explanation for why increasing expenditures on education will make things worse, not better. The explanation that follows ("Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal") directly addresses the cause of the phenomenon. This matches sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

Here, "reason" is being used to refer to an explanation or cause for why "increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: - "a rational motive for a belief or action" - This is about a motive or justification for action/belief.

2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: - "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - This fits well: it's explaining why increasing expenditures on education makes things worse. The explanation follows with "Education takes place in the classroom..."

3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: - "the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination" - This is about human cognitive ability, not fitting here.

4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: - "the state of having good sense and sound judgment" - This doesn't fit; it's not about having judgment.

5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: - "a justification for something existing or happening" - This is about justification for why something exists or happens. Close to sense 2.

6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: - "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" - This is about logical justification.

Looking at the context: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

This is clearly an explanation of the cause/phenomenon - why increased spending on education won't help. Sense 2 ("an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon") seems to fit best. It's explaining the cause of the phenomenon that "increasing expenditures on education...will probably make things worse."
Sense 5 could work as well since it's providing justification, but sense 2 more directly captures the causal explanation being offered here. I'll go with sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is <t>simple</t>: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows the author claiming that the reason why increased education spending won't help is "simple," followed by a straightforward explanation. Here, "simple" means the reason is easy to understand and not complicated or involved. This matches sense 2 ("easy and not involved or complicated") with its synonyms of "elementary" and "uncomplicated," which captures the meaning of the explanation being straightforward and accessible.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "simple" is being used.

The sentence is: "The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

The author is saying that the reason why increasing expenditures on education won't help is "simple" - they're about to explain it. The word "simple" here is being used to mean that the explanation is straightforward, uncomplicated, or easy to understand.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" - This is about structural complexity
2. "easy and not involved or complicated" - This refers to something being easy to understand or uncomplicated
3. "apart from anything else; without additions or modifications" - This is about being plain or bare
4. "exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity" - This is about naivety
5. "lacking mental capacity and subtlety" - This is negative, about being dim-witted
6. Botanical definition about leaves - Not relevant
7. "unornamented" - About lack of decoration

In the context, the author is saying "The reason is simple" meaning the explanation/reason is straightforward and easy to understand. This fits best with sense 2: "easy and not involved or complicated" with examples like "elementary problem" and synonyms like "uncomplicated."

Sense 1 is close but more about structural complexity rather than ease of understanding. Sense 2 is better because it directly addresses the idea that something is easy to understand or not complicated in the sense of being straightforward.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: Education
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: <t>Education</t> takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses where education "takes place" and what happens "in the classroom." This refers to the activities of educating and instructing—the concrete teaching and learning activities that occur in classroom settings. The author is talking about education as a functional activity/process, which aligns with sense 1 ("the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill").

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "Education" is being used.

The context is discussing education policy and spending. The key sentence is: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

This sentence is talking about where education happens (in the classroom) and what happens there (the process of learning/teaching). The text is discussing educational outcomes and the effectiveness of different approaches to education.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - This refers to the activities themselves, the process of teaching and learning.

2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: - "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" - This refers to the knowledge itself, what has been learned.

3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: - "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - This refers to the process of acquiring knowledge.

4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: - "the profession of teaching" - This refers to teaching as a profession.

5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: - "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)" - This is about social refinement.

6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: - "the United States federal department" - This is about the government department.

In the context "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal," the author is discussing the activities and process of education - what happens in classrooms. This is clearly referring to the activities of educating/instructing or the process of acquiring knowledge.

Between senses 1 and 3:
- Sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing"
- Sense 3: "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge"

The phrase "takes place in the classroom" works with both interpretations, but sense 1 better captures the concrete instructional activities occurring in that setting, whereas sense 3 emphasizes the broader phenomenon of knowledge acquisition. The practical classroom activities align more directly with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: influence
Target surface form: influence
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the <t>influence</t> of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=influence%1:07:00:: | definition=a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
2. sense_key=influence%1:04:00:: | definition=causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. sense_key=influence%1:09:00:: | definition=a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
4. sense_key=influence%1:19:00:: | definition=the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. sense_key=influence%1:18:00:: | definition=one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The phrase "the influence of money is minimal" refers to the **effect** that money has on education outcomes in the classroom. This matches sense 4, which defines influence as "the effect of one thing (or person) on another." The context is discussing how much impact (or lack thereof) financial resources have on student academic performance.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand which sense of "influence" is being used.

The sentence is: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc" - This is about a person or entity having power to affect others, often through prestige or status.

2. "causing something without any direct or apparent effort" - This is about causing effects indirectly.

3. "a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do" - This is about something that affects one's thoughts or actions.

4. "the effect of one thing (or person) on another" - This is about the result or impact of one thing on another.

5. "one having power to influence another" - This is about a person or entity that has power over another.

In the context, the phrase is "the influence of money is minimal." This is talking about how money affects education outcomes in the classroom. The key phrase is "the effect of money" - money doesn't have personal prestige, it's not a cognitive factor, and it's not a person.

The sentence is essentially saying "the effect/impact of money on education is minimal." This matches sense 4: "the effect of one thing (or person) on another."

Sense 4 is the best fit because it refers to the impact or effect that money has on education outcomes, which is what the passage is discussing.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
-- "Community involvement "is an even worse idea. Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of <t>money</t> is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "money" is being used.

The context discusses how education spending and financial resources don't necessarily improve academic performance. The key phrase is: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal."

Here, "money" is being discussed in the abstract sense as financial resources or expenditure that could potentially influence educational outcomes. Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
   - This is money as a concrete medium of exchange, used in transactions.

2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
   - This is wealth or financial resources in aggregate. This seems to fit the context where "money" refers to financial resources/spending.

3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs
   - This is about specific currency/legal tender.

In the context: "the influence of money is minimal [on academic performance]", the word is referring to financial resources or spending on education. This is closest to sense 2 (wealth reckoned in terms of money) which represents financial resources in aggregate rather than sense 1 (medium of exchange in transactions).

Actually, wait. Looking more carefully:
- Sense 1 is about money as a medium of exchange - concrete transactions
- Sense 2 is about wealth/financial resources
- Sense 3 is about official currency

The context seems to be about financial expenditure/resources affecting education, which would be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: decade
Target surface form: Decades
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. <t>Decades</t> of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "Decades" in the context "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally..." refers to multiple periods of 10 years. This is clearly sense 1, which defines decade as "a period of 10 years." Sense 2, which refers to the number 10, would be inappropriate and nonsensical in this temporal context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense for "Decades" in the sentence:

"Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils"

The two candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=decade%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of 10 years | synonyms=decennary, decennium
2. sense_key=decade%1:23:00:: | definition=the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system | synonyms=ten, 10, X, tenner

In the sentence, "Decades of educational research" clearly refers to a long period of time over which educational research has been conducted. The word is used to express a temporal duration spanning multiple 10-year periods.

Sense 1 (a period of 10 years) is the correct interpretation here. "Decades of educational research" means that educational research spanning many 10-year periods has been done.

Sense 2 (the number 10) doesn't make sense in this context - "Ten of educational research" would be nonsensical.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of <t>educational</t> research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context "Decades of educational research" refers to research that relates to or concerns the process of education itself, not research that is merely instructive or provides knowledge. This matches sense 1 ("relating to the process of education"), similar to how "educational psychology" is a field relating to educational processes.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "educational" appears:

"Decades of <t>educational</t> research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils"

The word "educational" modifies "research" here. Let me consider the two senses:

1. "relating to the process of education" - This describes something that relates to or is connected with the process of education. The example given is "educational psychology," which is a field that relates to the study of educational processes.

2. "providing knowledge" or "instructive" - This describes something that educates or teaches, providing knowledge to someone. The example is "an educational film," which is a film that teaches or instructs.

In the context "educational research," the phrase refers to research that relates to or is about the process of education - it's research conducted within the field of education. This is not necessarily about a film that teaches or provides knowledge directly.

Sense 1 ("relating to the process of education") is the better fit here because "educational research" is research about education/educational processes, not research that provides knowledge to the reader directly in the way an "instructive" film would.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tell
Target surface form: tell
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research <t>tell</t> us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tell%2:32:04:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, say | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=tell%2:32:00:: | definition=let something be known | examples=Tell them that you will be late
3. sense_key=tell%2:32:01:: | definition=narrate or give a detailed account of | synonyms=narrate, recount, recite | examples=Tell what happened; The father told a story to his child
4. sense_key=tell%2:32:02:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, enjoin, say | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
5. sense_key=tell%2:31:00:: | definition=discern or comprehend | examples=He could tell that she was unhappy
6. sense_key=tell%2:32:08:: | definition=inform positively and with certainty and confidence | synonyms=assure | examples=I tell you that man is a crook!
7. sense_key=tell%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence | synonyms=evidence | examples=he was telling on all his former colleague
8. sense_key=tell%2:31:01:: | definition=mark as different | synonyms=distinguish, separate, differentiate, secern, secernate, severalize | examples=We distinguish several kinds of maple

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "tell" in "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that..." means the research conveys or makes known information to us. This aligns with sense 2 ("let something be known"), where research communicates a fact to the reader. While sense 1 (express in words) is related, sense 2 better captures the communicative act of making information known to an audience, which is the primary meaning in this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "tell" carefully.

In the sentence: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils"

The word "tell" here means that educational research communicates or conveys to us that something is true. The research is expressing/informing us about a fact.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "express in words" - This is about expressing something verbally
2. "let something be known" - This is about making something known or communicating information
3. "narrate or give a detailed account of" - This is about giving a narrative account
4. "give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority" - This is about ordering/directing
5. "discern or comprehend" - This is about understanding or perceiving
6. "inform positively and with certainty and confidence" - This is about asserting something is true with confidence
7. "give evidence" - This is about providing evidence
8. "mark as different" - This is about distinguishing

In the context "research tells us unequivocally that...", the research is conveying/communicating information to us. This is clearly about informing us or letting something be known.

Between sense 1 (express in words), sense 2 (let something be known), and sense 6 (inform positively and with certainty), sense 2 seems most appropriate.

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 2: "let something be known" with example "Tell them that you will be late" - this is about making information known.

Sense 6 is "inform positively and with certainty and confidence" with example "I tell you that man is a crook!" - this has an element of asserting with confidence.

In the context "educational research tells us unequivocally...", the word "unequivocally" means without doubt/clearly. This research is communicating information with certainty. This could fit sense 6, but the primary meaning here is just about the research conveying/communicating information.
The core function of "tell" in this sentence is simply to communicate or impart information—the research is making known a particular finding. Sense 2 best captures this fundamental meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that <t>even</t> smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "even" here is used as an intensive to emphasize something unexpected or surprising: the finding that *even* smaller classes (something intuitively expected to help) have zero effect on academic performance. This matches sense 1, which describes usage "to indicate something unexpected," with parallel examples like "even an idiot knows that."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "even" appears:

"Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils"

The word "even" here is being used to emphasize something that might be surprising or unexpected - that EVEN smaller classes (which one might think would help) have zero effect. This is emphasizing or intensifying the claim.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected" - examples: "even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea" - This fits! The speaker is saying that EVEN smaller classes (something we might expect to help) have no effect. This is intensifying the surprising nature of the finding.

2. "in spite of; notwithstanding" - examples: "even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him" - This is about concession/despite, not quite fitting here.

3. "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" - examples: "looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem" - This is about degree, comparing two states. Not the right fit.

4. "to the full extent" - examples: "loyal even unto death" - This is about completeness or extreme extent. Not fitting.

The context clearly shows "even" being used as an intensive to highlight something unexpected - that smaller classes (which one might expect to help students) have zero effect. This is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: classes
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller <t>classes</t> have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "smaller classes" in relation to "the academic performance of the pupils." This clearly refers to groups of students taught together in an educational setting. Sense 2 ("a body of students who are taught together") is the best match, supported by the similar example "early morning classes are always sleepy" and the synonyms form, grade, and course.

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the sentence is:
"Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."

The word "classes" here refers to groups of students. The context is about education and classrooms. The sentence mentions "pupils" and their "academic performance", which indicates these are student groups.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
   - This is too general, not about education.

2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
   - This matches perfectly! "A body of students who are taught together" is exactly what the context is referring to. The example "early morning classes are always sleepy" is very similar to the context about academic performance.

3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
   - This is about social classes, not groups of students.

4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
   - This is about education/courses, but the context is specifically about the group of students, not the education itself.

5-8: These don't fit.

The best answer is sense 2 - "a body of students who are taught together".

This sense aligns with the passage's focus on how class size impacts student outcomes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <t>effect</t> on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The sentence states that "even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils," where "effect" means a result or consequence that follows from some cause. This directly matches sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon," with synonyms like "consequence," "outcome," and "result." The context is discussing the relationship between class size (cause) and student performance (potential effect/result).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "effect" to determine which sense is most appropriate.

Context: "Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero <t>effect</t> on the academic performance of the pupils"

The sentence is saying that smaller classes have zero effect on academic performance. "Effect" here means a result or consequence - something that happens as a result of another action or condition.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - This is about consequences, results, outcomes. The examples include "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise" which fits the pattern of effect as a result.

2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: "an outward appearance" - This would mean how something looks or appears. Not relevant here.

3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: "an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived)" - This would mean a deliberate impression made on someone. Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: "the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work" - Not relevant.

5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: "(of a law) having legal validity" - Not relevant.

6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: "a symptom caused by an illness or a drug" - This is about symptoms from illness or drugs. Not relevant here.

In the context, "smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance" clearly means that smaller classes have zero consequences/results on academic performance. This is sense 1 - "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon."
The correct answer is sense 1.