[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "courses" in the sentence: "since they will have passed <t>courses</t> in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is discussing the education establishment and teachers
- It mentions that teachers have "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy"
- The speaker says "I myself took such courses in college"
- This is clearly referring to academic/educational courses

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not known in college classes

This is the most appropriate sense. It's about education imparted in a series of lessons/meetings, which matches perfectly with:
- "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy"
- "I myself took such courses in college"

The other senses don't fit:
2. A connected series of events or actions - no
3. General line of orientation - no
4. A mode of action - no
5. A line or route - no
6. A body of students taught together - this could work but sense 1 is more specific to the academic course itself
7. Part of a meal - no
8. Layer of masonry - no
9. Sports facility - no

The best answer is sense 1 (course%1:04:01::), which refers to education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in <t>educational</t> psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "educational" in the phrase "educational psychology and educational philosophy" refers to disciplines and fields that relate to the process of education itself. This matches sense 1 ("relating to the process of education"), which even provides "educational psychology" as an example in its definition. Sense 2 would apply to something that provides knowledge to learners (like a film), but here "educational" modifies academic fields of study.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "educational" appears.

The sentence in question is: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

I need to determine which of the two senses best fits this usage:

1. Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" with example "educational psychology"
2. Sense 2: "providing knowledge" with example "an educational film"

Looking at the context:
- The text mentions "educational psychology and educational philosophy"
- These are courses/disciplines that teachers study
- The phrase "educational psychology" is specifically used in both the context AND in the examples for sense 1

In sense 1, the definition is "relating to the process of education" and the example given is "educational psychology" - this is exactly what appears in the text!

In sense 2, the definition is "providing knowledge" and the example is "an educational film" - which refers to something that teaches or instructs through its content.

The usage in the context "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy" is describing academic disciplines related to the field of education. These are courses that relate to the theory and practice of education itself.

Sense 1 (relating to the process of education) is the better fit because:
- It directly matches the example "educational psychology"
- The context describes courses in fields that relate to education as a process
- "Educational psychology" studies how people learn and the educational process

Sense 2 would apply to things that provide/teach knowledge (like an educational film that teaches viewers something), but here we're talking about academic disciplines that study education.

The answer should be sense 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and <t>educational</t> philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word appears in "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." This context refers to academic disciplines that relate to the process of education itself, rather than describing courses that merely provide knowledge in general. Sense 1 ("relating to the process of education") is the perfect fit, especially since the definition explicitly provides "educational psychology" as an example—the exact phrase used in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "educational" in this passage.

The target word "educational" appears in: "they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy"

The two candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Looking at the context:
- The passage discusses teachers taking courses in "educational psychology" and "educational philosophy"
- These courses are mentioned as part of what allows teachers to define themselves as a "profession"
- The usage here is describing fields of study/academic subjects related to education itself

Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" - This fits well because educational psychology and educational philosophy are fields that relate to/are about the process of education itself. The example given in the definition is "educational psychology" which is exactly what appears in the target context.

Sense 2: "providing knowledge" or "instructive" - This would mean the courses are providing knowledge or being instructive, which is a more general descriptor of their function. The example given is "an educational film" - something that teaches or instructs.

In this context, "educational psychology" and "educational philosophy" are specific academic disciplines that relate to the field/process of education. They are not just "instructive" courses but rather courses specifically about education-related topics.

Sense 1 is clearly the better fit here, as it directly addresses courses in educational fields (educational psychology, educational philosophy) which relate to the process of education itself. The example provided for sense 1 is even "educational psychology" - the exact phrase in the text.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: philosophy
Target surface form: philosophy
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational <t>philosophy</t>. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:01:: | definition=a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school | synonyms=doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
2. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:00:: | definition=the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics
3. sense_key=philosophy%1:09:02:: | definition=any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation | examples=self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "educational philosophy" as courses that teachers take as part of professional training to establish themselves as a "profession." This usage refers to a system of beliefs and principles about education that is accepted authoritatively within the educational field, rather than the broader academic discipline (sense 2) or personal beliefs (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "philosophy" is being used.

The target word appears in: "they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

This is discussing what teachers do as part of their professional training. They take courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Let me examine the three senses:

1. Sense 1: "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school" - synonyms: doctrine, philosophical system, school of thought, ism
   - This refers to a system of beliefs or doctrine

2. Sense 2: "the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics"
   - This is the traditional academic discipline of philosophy

3. Sense 3: "any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a situation" - examples: self-indulgence was his only philosophy; my father's philosophy of child-rearing
   - This refers to personal beliefs or approaches to living

In the context, "educational philosophy" refers to courses in educational philosophy that teachers take to be considered a profession. This would be an academic field/discipline, but more specifically it's referring to a system of beliefs and principles about education.

Given that this is described as courses teachers take as part of professional training, and it's paired with "educational psychology" (which is also an academic field), "educational philosophy" here refers to the systematic study and body of ideas/beliefs about education.

This seems closest to sense 1 - "a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative by some group or school" - because educational philosophy is a system of beliefs about education that is accepted authoritatively in educational contexts.

However, sense 2 could also apply if we're thinking of this as the academic discipline of philosophy applied to education.

Actually, I think sense 1 is the best fit because the context emphasizes that having passed courses in "educational philosophy" gives teachers a "superior self-definition as a profession." This suggests a system of beliefs/doctrine (sense 1) rather than the general rational investigation of questions (sense 2).
Sense 1 fits best here—the emphasis on professional identity and authoritative doctrine about education points to a system of beliefs rather than abstract philosophical inquiry.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: took
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself <t>took</t> such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 25}
```

The context shows that the speaker "took such courses in college," meaning they enrolled in and studied those educational subjects. Sense 25 ("be a student of a certain subject") with synonyms "learn, study, read" and the example "She is reading for the bar exam" is the best match. The phrase "took courses" is a direct instance of being a student of certain subjects.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "took" appears:

"I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

Here, the speaker is saying they enrolled in or attended certain educational courses in college. They "took" courses means they enrolled in them or studied them.

Looking at the candidate senses, I need to find which one best matches "took courses":

1. carry out - doesn't fit
2. require (time or space) - doesn't fit
3. take somebody somewhere - doesn't fit
4. get into one's hands, take physically - doesn't fit
5. take on a certain form - doesn't fit
6. interpret something - doesn't fit
7. take something with oneself - doesn't fit
8. take into one's possession - could work but not specific
9. travel by a certain kind of transportation - doesn't fit
10. pick out, select, or choose - doesn't fit
11. receive willingly something given - doesn't fit
12. assume, as of positions or roles - doesn't fit
13. take into consideration - doesn't fit
14. require as useful, just, or proper - doesn't fit
15. experience or feel or submit to - could work, "take a test"
16. make a film or photograph - doesn't fit
17. remove something - doesn't fit
18. serve oneself to, or consume regularly - doesn't fit
19. accept or undergo, often unwillingly - could work
20. make use of or accept for some purpose - could work
21. take by force - doesn't fit
22. occupy or take on - doesn't fit
23. admit into a group or community - doesn't fit
24. ascertain or determine by measuring - doesn't fit
25. be a student of a certain subject - THIS IS IT! "She is reading for the bar exam" - taking courses means being a student of a subject
26. take as an undesirable consequence - doesn't fit
27. Sense 25 matches perfectly: "be a student of a certain subject" with synonyms like "learn" and "study." The example "She is reading for the bar exam" demonstrates exactly what "took such courses" conveys—pursuing education in specific subjects. The answer is 25.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such <t>courses</t> in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to academic courses taken in college ("I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher"). This matches sense 1, which defines course as "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" with synonyms "course of study, course of instruction, class" and the example "he took a course in basket weaving."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "courses" in the sentence:

"They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses."

The context shows that the author is talking about educational courses that they took in college while thinking they might become a schoolteacher. The passage mentions:
- Teachers passed "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy"
- "I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher"
- "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses"

This is clearly referring to academic courses - education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings in a college setting.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes

This is the correct sense. The definition matches perfectly - "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" and the example "he took a course in basket weaving" is nearly identical to the context "I myself took such courses in college."

The other senses don't fit:
- Sense 2: "a connected series of events or actions or developments" - not about education
- Sense 3: "general line of orientation" - not about education
- Sense 4: "a mode of action" - not about education
- Sense 5: "a line or route along which something travels or moves" - not about education
- Sense 6: "a body of students who are taught together" - this is about a group of students, not the courses themselves
- Sense 7: "part of a meal served at one time" - not relevant
- Sense 8: "a layer of masonry" - not relevant
- Sense 9: "facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport" - not relevant
- Sense 1 is the answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: college
Target surface form: college
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in <t>college</t>, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=college%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of faculty and students of a college
2. sense_key=college%1:14:01:: | definition=an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university
3. sense_key=college%1:06:00:: | definition=a complex of buildings in which an institution of higher education is housed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context "I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher" refers to college as an institution of higher education where the speaker attended and took courses. This is a clear reference to the educational institution itself (sense 2), not the people who comprise it (sense 1) or the physical buildings (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "college" in this passage.

The sentence is: "I myself took such courses in <t>college</t>, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

The context makes it clear that:
1. The speaker attended college
2. They took courses there (specifically "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy")
3. This was where they received education for potential teaching

Now let's look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=college%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of faculty and students of a college
   - This refers to the people/community at a college, not the institution itself

2. sense_key=college%1:14:01:: | definition=an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university
   - This refers to the institution of higher education itself

3. sense_key=college%1:06:00:: | definition=a complex of buildings in which an institution of higher education is housed
   - This refers to the physical buildings/campus

In the context "I myself took such courses in college," the speaker is referring to the institution where they attended and took courses. They're not talking about the people at the college (sense 1), nor specifically about the physical buildings (sense 3).

The best fit is sense 2: "an institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university" - this captures the meaning of college as the educational institution where one attends courses.

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: thinking
Context:
The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, <t>thinking</t> I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "thinking" appears:

"I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

In this sentence, "thinking" is used in a participial form. The speaker is saying they took courses in college, and this action was done while they were thinking that they might end up a schoolteacher. The "thinking" here is expressing a belief or expectation about what might happen in the future.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - This could fit, as in "thinking I might end up" could mean "regarding myself as possibly..."

2. Sense 2: "expect, believe, or suppose" - This seems to fit well. The person expected/believed/supposed they might end up a schoolteacher.

3. Sense 3: "use or exercise the mind...in order to make inferences" - Less likely; this is more about active cognitive processing.

4. Sense 4: "recall knowledge from memory" - Doesn't fit.

5. Sense 5: "imagine or visualize" - Could fit, imagining a future scenario.

6. Sense 6: "focus one's attention on a certain state" - Doesn't fit as well.

7. Sense 7: "have in mind as a purpose" - This could fit; they had the purpose of becoming a teacher.

8. Sense 8: "decide by pondering" - Too strong; this isn't about deciding.

9. Sense 9: "ponder; reflect on" - Could fit.

10-13: Various other senses that don't seem as fitting.

The most natural reading is sense 2: "expect, believe, or suppose" - because the sentence structure "thinking I might end up a schoolteacher" directly corresponds to believing or supposing something about the future. This is expressing a supposition or belief.
Sense 7 could work as well, suggesting an intention to become a teacher, but sense 2 captures the meaning more accurately here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fairly
Target surface form: fairly
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all <t>fairly</t> be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fairly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a moderately sufficient extent or degree | synonyms=reasonably, moderately, pretty, jolly, somewhat, middling | examples=pretty big; pretty bad
2. sense_key=fairly%4:02:00:: | definition=without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner | synonyms=fair, evenhandedly | examples=deal fairly with one another
3. sense_key=fairly%4:02:03:: | definition=in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating | synonyms=fair, clean | examples=they played fairly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The word "fairly" in the context "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses" means "reasonably" or "to a moderately sufficient extent or degree." The speaker is saying these courses could reasonably/adequately be characterized as worthless material. This matches sense 1, which captures the meaning of "to a moderately sufficient extent," with synonyms like "reasonably" and "pretty" that fit the usage. Senses 2 and 3, relating to impartiality or rule-following, are not relevant to this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "fairly" in context:

"They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses."

Looking at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=fairly%4:02:02:: | definition=to a moderately sufficient extent or degree | synonyms=reasonably, moderately, pretty, jolly, somewhat, middling | examples=pretty big; pretty bad

2. sense_key=fairly%4:02:00:: | definition=without favoring one party, in a fair evenhanded manner | synonyms=fair, evenhandedly | examples=deal fairly with one another

3. sense_key=fairly%4:02:03:: | definition=in conformity with the rules or laws and without fraud or cheating | synonyms=fair, clean | examples=they played fairly

In the context "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses," the word "fairly" is used to mean "reasonably" or "to a moderately sufficient extent." The speaker is saying that these courses could reasonably/adequately be described as "pap" (meaning worthless or trivial material).

This matches sense 1 best:
- Definition: "to a moderately sufficient extent or degree"
- Synonyms include: reasonably, moderately, pretty, somewhat
- The usage in context fits this meaning - "could all fairly be described" means "could reasonably be described"

Sense 2 (without favoring one party) and sense 3 (without fraud/cheating) don't fit the context at all. The speaker isn't talking about being impartial or playing by the rules; they're talking about the adequacy/reasonableness of describing the courses as "pap."

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: describe
Target surface form: described
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be <t>described</t> as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=describe%2:32:00:: | definition=give a description of | synonyms=depict, draw | examples=He drew an elaborate plan of attack
2. sense_key=describe%2:32:01:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=report, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
3. sense_key=describe%2:35:00:: | definition=make a mark or lines on a surface | synonyms=trace, draw, line, delineate | examples=draw a line; trace the outline of a figure in the sand
4. sense_key=describe%2:31:00:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "described" is being used.

The sentence is: "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses."

In this context, the author is saying that these courses could all be characterized or represented as "pap" courses (meaning trivial or worthless courses).

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=describe%2:32:00:: | definition=give a description of | synonyms=depict, draw | examples=He drew an elaborate plan of attack
   - This would mean to give a description or depiction of something visually.

2. sense_key=describe%2:32:01:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=report, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
   - This means to give an account or representation in words. This seems to fit - the courses are being characterized/represented as "pap" courses.

3. sense_key=describe%2:35:00:: | definition=make a mark or lines on a surface | synonyms=trace, draw, line, delineate | examples=draw a line; trace the outline of a figure in the sand
   - This is about making physical marks, clearly not applicable here.

4. sense_key=describe%2:31:00:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name
   - This is about scientific classification/identification, not applicable here.

The context "could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses" is clearly about characterizing or representing these courses as something. The verb "describe" is being used to mean "characterize" or "represent."

Sense 2 (to give an account or representation of in words) seems most appropriate because:
- It means to represent or characterize something
- The example demonstrates representing something in a particular manner, which aligns with how the courses are being portrayed as "pap" courses
- Sense 1 focuses more on visual depiction, whereas this usage is about verbal characterization

Sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pap
Target surface form: pap
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "<t>pap</t> "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pap%1:10:00:: | definition=worthless or oversimplified ideas | synonyms=pablum
2. sense_key=pap%1:13:00:: | definition=a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders | synonyms=soft diet, spoon food
3. sense_key=pap%1:08:00:: | definition=the small projection of a mammary gland | synonyms=nipple, mammilla, mamilla, teat, tit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes educational courses in psychology and philosophy as "pap" in a dismissive manner, indicating they are trivial, oversimplified, or lacking rigor. This aligns perfectly with sense 1 (worthless or oversimplified ideas), whose synonym "pablum" refers to bland, simplistic content. Senses 2 and 3 (diet and anatomy, respectively) are clearly incompatible with describing academic courses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "pap".

The sentence states: "They could all fairly be described as 'pap' courses."

The context is discussing courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy that the author took in college. The author is characterizing these courses in a dismissive way, suggesting they were not rigorous or substantial.

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=pap%1:10:00:: | definition=worthless or oversimplified ideas | synonyms=pablum
   - This refers to ideas that are worthless or oversimplified. The context criticizes these courses as being insufficiently rigorous and substantive.

2. sense_key=pap%1:13:00:: | definition=a diet that does not require chewing; advised for those with intestinal disorders | synonyms=soft diet, spoon food
   - This is about food/diet. This doesn't fit the context of describing educational courses.

3. sense_key=pap%1:08:00:: | definition=the small projection of a mammary gland | synonyms=nipple, mammilla, mamilla, teat, tit
   - This is anatomical. This doesn't fit at all.

The context clearly shows the author using "pap" to describe courses that are not substantive or rigorous. This is criticizing them as trivial or oversimplified. The synonym "pablum" (which means bland or insipid content) confirms this is about worthless or oversimplified ideas.

The correct sense is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: course
Target surface form: courses
Context:
The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "<t>courses</t>. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line | examples=the government took a firm course; historians can only point out those lines for which evidence is available
3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend | examples=the river takes a southern course; the northeastern trend of the coast
4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action | examples=if you persist in that course you will surely fail; once a nation is embarked on a course of action it becomes extremely difficult for any retraction to take place
5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves | synonyms=path, track | examples=the hurricane demolished houses in its path; the track of an animal
6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time | examples=she prepared a three course meal
8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry | synonyms=row | examples=a course of bricks
9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport | examples=the course had only nine holes; the course was less than a mile

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates that "courses" refers to educational programs taken in college ("I myself took such courses in college...courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy"). This matches sense 1, which defines course as "education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings" with synonyms of "course of study" and "class," and examples that specifically mention taking courses in college.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "courses" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher."

The context clearly indicates that "courses" refers to educational programs or classes taken in college. The author mentions "courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy" and says "I myself took such courses in college."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=course%1:04:01:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course of study, course of instruction, class | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes

This is about education provided in a series of lessons or meetings, with examples of taking courses in college. This seems perfect for the context.

2. sense_key=course%1:14:00:: | definition=a connected series of events or actions or developments | synonyms=line

This is about a sequence of events, not about academic education.

3. sense_key=course%1:15:00:: | definition=general line of orientation | synonyms=trend

This is about direction or trend, not relevant.

4. sense_key=course%1:04:00:: | definition=a mode of action | synonyms=course of action

This is about a plan of action, not academic courses.

5. sense_key=course%1:17:00:: | definition=a line or route along which something travels or moves

This is about physical paths, not relevant.

6. sense_key=course%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, grade

This is about a group of students, not the educational program itself.

7. sense_key=course%1:13:00:: | definition=part of a meal served at one time
This is about food, not relevant.

8. sense_key=course%1:06:01:: | definition=(construction) a layer of masonry
This is about building materials, not relevant.

9. sense_key=course%1:06:00:: | definition=facility consisting of a circumscribed area of land or water laid out for a sport
This is about sports facilities, not relevant.

Sense 1 is the clear winner—it directly matches the passage's meaning of formal instruction in specific subjects. The definition's own examples reference college classes, which aligns perfectly with the author's mention of taking such courses in college.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on <t>teachers</t>, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to actual people whose profession is teaching ("schoolteachers"), not abstract concepts or personified entities. The author defends real teachers against criticism, describing them as individuals "seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "teachers" in the target sentence.

The sentence states: "But it is unfair to dump on <t>teachers</t>, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

The key context clues are:
1. The passage discusses "teachers" in contrast to "the educational establishment"
2. The author mentions knowing "many schoolteachers"
3. They are described as "seriously committed to conscientious teaching"
4. The author refers to people who might "end up a schoolteacher"

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
   - This is a straightforward definition of a human being whose job is teaching

2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher
   - This refers to non-human entities that can teach, or abstract concepts personified as teachers

In the context, "teachers" clearly refers to actual people - schoolteachers - who are committed to teaching. The author is defending real people who work as teachers against criticism from "the educational establishment." The passage explicitly mentions "schoolteachers" and describes them as individuals who are "seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

This is clearly Sense 1: a person whose occupation is teaching. It's not referring to abstract concepts or non-human entities that teach.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: distinct
Target surface form: distinct
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as <t>distinct</t> from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=(often followed by `from') not alike; different in nature or quality | synonyms=distinguishable | examples=plants of several distinct types; the word `nationalism' is used in at least two distinct senses
2. sense_key=distinct%3:00:00:: | definition=easy to perceive; especially clearly outlined | examples=a distinct flavor; a distinct odor of turpentine
3. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:separate:00 | definition=constituting a separate entity or part | synonyms=discrete | examples=a government with three discrete divisions; on two distinct occasions
4. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=recognizable; marked | synonyms=decided | examples=noticed a distinct improvement; at a distinct (or decided) disadvantage
5. sense_key=distinct%5:00:00:clear:00 | definition=clearly or sharply defined to the mind | synonyms=clear-cut, trenchant | examples=clear-cut evidence of tampering; Claudius was the first to invade Britain with distinct...intentions of conquest

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "distinct from the educational establishment" uses "distinct" to mean "different in nature or quality" - the author is distinguishing teachers as a separate group from the institutional educational establishment. The definition explicitly notes it is "often followed by `from'" which matches the exact construction in the context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "distinct" in this passage.

The sentence reads: "But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as <t>distinct</t> from the educational establishment."

The phrase "distinct from" means "separate from" or "different from." The author is making a distinction between teachers as individuals and the educational establishment as an institution. They're saying it's unfair to criticize teachers when criticizing the educational system.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "not alike; different in nature or quality" - This is about something being different. The phrase "as distinct from" means "as separate/different from." This fits well with the context.

2. "easy to perceive; especially clearly outlined" - This is about clarity and perceptibility. While "distinct" can mean this, it doesn't fit well here grammatically or contextually.

3. "constituting a separate entity or part" - This is about something being separate. The phrase "distinct from" means "separate from" the educational establishment. This fits well.

4. "recognizable; marked" - This is about being noticeable/marked. While "distinct" can mean this, it doesn't fit as well in the context of "distinct from."

5. "clearly or sharply defined to the mind" - This is about clear definition. While related, the context here is more about separation/difference.

Looking at the definitions and examples:
- Sense 1 has "often followed by `from'" which matches our usage
- Sense 3 also uses "discrete" as a synonym and has "on two distinct occasions" which is about separate/different instances
- Sense 1's examples include "the word `nationalism' is used in at least two distinct senses" which shows different/separate meanings

The phrase "distinct from" most directly corresponds to sense 1, which explicitly notes it's "often followed by `from'" and means "not alike; different in nature or quality."

Sense 3 is about "constituting a separate entity or part" which is similar but sense 1 seems more appropriate given the explicit mention of "from" in the definition and the context of distinguishing teachers from the educational establishment.
Sense 1 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the <t>educational</t> establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "educational establishment" refers to the institutions and systems that are part of the education process itself. In this context, "educational" describes something that pertains to or is involved in the process of education (the institutional structures, administrators, and systems), rather than something that provides instruction or knowledge to an individual learner. This matches sense 1: "relating to the process of education," which is consistent with examples like "educational psychology."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "educational" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the <t>educational</t> establishment."

Here, "educational establishment" refers to the institutional structures, administrators, and systems involved in education - not just individual teachers, but the broader educational infrastructure and institutions.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. "educational%3:01:00:: | relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology"
   - This sense relates to something that pertains to or is involved in the process of education itself
   - Used in "educational psychology" (the psychology of education process)
   - This seems to match the context - the "educational establishment" refers to institutions and systems involved in the process of education

2. "educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | providing knowledge | examples=an educational film"
   - This sense means "providing knowledge" or being instructive
   - An educational film is one that teaches/educates viewers
   - This is more about something that teaches or instructs someone

In the context "the educational establishment," we're talking about the institutions and systems of education, not something that provides knowledge/instruction to someone. The phrase refers to the structure and institutions that are part of the education process, not about something being instructive or educational in the sense of "teaching/providing knowledge."

Sense 1 is the better fit - it describes something as relating to or pertaining to the process of education itself. The "educational establishment" is the institutional establishment related to education.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: establishment
Target surface form: establishment
Context:
"Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational <t>establishment</t>. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, formation, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization founded and united for a specific purpose | synonyms=institution
3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: | definition=a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: | definition=any large organization
6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: | definition=(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat | synonyms=ecesis
7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: | definition=the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof | synonyms=validation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context contrasts individual schoolteachers with "the educational establishment," referring to the administrative bodies, officials, and organizational leadership of the education system. The author is criticizing the institutional decision-makers and governing bodies of education, not physical structures or the process of founding. This aligns with sense 3, which defines establishment as "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "establishment" in the phrase "the educational establishment."

The context discusses criticism of educational institutions and practices. The author distinguishes between individual schoolteachers (whom they defend) and "the educational establishment" (which they are criticizing). This suggests the author is referring to the administrative structure, governing bodies, and organized system of education rather than physical buildings or the act of forming something.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "The act of forming or establishing something" - This is about the process of founding, not applicable here.

2. "An organization founded and united for a specific purpose" - This is broad and could apply, but seems too general.

3. "The persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" - This fits well. "The educational establishment" refers to the people and administrative bodies who run the educational system, as opposed to individual teachers.

4. "A public or private structure" - This refers to physical buildings and equipment, not applicable here.

5. "Any large organization" - This is too vague and broad.

6. Ecology definition - Not relevant.

7. Cognitive process about proof - Not relevant.

The phrase "the educational establishment" in context is referring to the administrative bodies, officials, and organizational structure of the education system - the people who make policy decisions and manage the system. This best matches sense 3, which explicitly mentions "persons (committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something."

Sense 3 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I <t>know</t> many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The sentence "I know many schoolteachers" expresses personal acquaintance with people. The speaker is indicating familiarity with schoolteachers as individuals, not claiming knowledge of facts about them or knowledge of how to do something. Sense 4 ("be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object") is the best match, as evidenced by the parallel example "Do you know my sister?" in the candidate senses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "know" in the sentence:

"I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

The context is saying that the speaker is personally acquainted with many schoolteachers. The speaker is describing their direct personal experience and familiarity with schoolteachers.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information" - This is about knowing facts, not people. Not the best fit.

2. "know how to do or perform something" - This is about knowing how to do something. Not relevant here.

3. "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something" - This is about believing something is true. Not the best fit.

4. "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" - This is about being familiar with people or objects. The examples are "She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?" This is very close to what we have in the context.

5. "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" - This is about experiencing something directly.

6. "accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority" - This is about acknowledging authority.

7. "have fixed in the mind" - This is about memorizing or having knowledge of something memorized.

8. "have sexual intercourse with" - Not relevant.

9. "know the nature or character of" - This is about knowing someone's character or nature.

10. "be able to distinguish, recognize as being different" - This is about distinguishing things.

11. "perceive as familiar" - This is about recognizing something as familiar.

The sentence "I know many schoolteachers" is clearly expressing personal acquaintance. The speaker knows them as people they are personally acquainted with. This is sense 4: "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" with the example "Do you know my sister?"
Sense 4 matches perfectly—the speaker is describing a direct relationship with these teachers, not merely possessing information about them.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seriously
Target surface form: seriously
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are <t>seriously</t> committed to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seriously%4:02:00:: | definition=in a serious manner | synonyms=earnestly, in earnest | examples=talking earnestly with his son; she started studying snakes in earnest
2. sense_key=seriously%4:02:01:: | definition=to a severe or serious degree | synonyms=badly, severely, gravely | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes teachers who are "seriously committed to conscientious teaching." Here, "seriously" modifies "committed" to indicate they are earnestly and sincerely dedicated to their teaching work. This matches sense 1 ("in a serious manner"), which emphasizes the sincere, earnest quality of their commitment, rather than sense 2 which would suggest a severe degree of commitment.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "seriously" in the context provided.

The sentence is: "I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

Now let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "in a serious manner" | synonyms=earnestly, in earnest | examples=talking earnestly with his son; she started studying snakes in earnest
   - This sense means doing something with earnestness, dedication, or sincerity.

2. Sense 2: "to a severe or serious degree" | synonyms=badly, severely, gravely | examples=fingers so badly frozen they had to be amputated; badly injured
   - This sense means to a severe extent or degree.

In the context "they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching," the word "seriously" is modifying "committed" and describes the manner or intensity of their commitment. The teachers are earnestly/sincerely committed to their teaching.

Sense 1 fits better because it describes the manner of commitment (earnestly, sincerely committed to their teaching). This is about doing something in a serious manner, with dedication and earnestness.

Sense 2 would imply something more like "severely committed" or "gravely committed," which doesn't fit as naturally in this context.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: committed
Target surface form: committed
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously <t>committed</t> to conscientious teaching. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=committed%3:00:00:: | definition=bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude | examples=committed church members; a committed Marxist
2. sense_key=committed%3:00:04:: | definition=associated in an exclusive sexual relationship | synonyms=attached

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates that the teachers are "seriously committed to conscientious teaching," which refers to being bound or obligated to a particular cause or action—their dedication to teaching. This matches sense 1, which defines "committed" as bound or obligated to a particular cause, action, or attitude. Sense 2 (an exclusive sexual relationship) is entirely unrelated to the context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "committed" is being used.

The sentence is: "I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

The two candidate senses are:
1. "bound or obligated, as under a pledge to a particular cause, action, or attitude" - with examples like "committed church members; a committed Marxist"
2. "associated in an exclusive sexual relationship" - with synonym "attached"

In the context, the teachers are described as being "seriously committed to conscientious teaching." This clearly refers to a dedication or obligation to their profession and to teaching well. This is NOT about a sexual relationship.

Sense 1 fits perfectly: the teachers are bound or obligated to conscientious teaching - they are dedicated to teaching. The examples given (committed church members, a committed Marxist) also support this interpretation, as they show people dedicated to a cause.

The answer is clearly sense 1.

The question asks me to return only the sense index (not the sense key). Looking at the format, the two senses are numbered:
1. sense_key=committed%3:00:00::
2. sense_key=committed%3:00:04::

So I should return {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teaching
Target surface form: teaching
Context:
It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher. They could all fairly be described as "pap "courses. But it is unfair to dump on teachers, as distinct from the educational establishment. I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious <t>teaching</t>. They may not be among the "best and brightest "of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teaching%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=instruction, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
2. sense_key=teaching%1:09:00:: | definition=a doctrine that is taught | synonyms=precept, commandment | examples=the teachings of religion; he believed all the Christian precepts
3. sense_key=teaching%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, instruction, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context emphasizes that schoolteachers are "seriously committed to conscientious teaching," describing the actual work and activities they perform in educating and instructing students. This aligns with Sense 3, which defines teaching as "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill." The passage is not about the profession abstractly (Sense 1) or about doctrines or beliefs (Sense 2), but rather about the practical, quality work of instruction itself.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "teaching" in this passage.

The context is:
"I know many schoolteachers and, on the whole, they are seriously committed to conscientious <t>teaching</t>. They may not be among the "best and brightest" of their generation -- there are very few such people, by definition."

The passage is discussing schoolteachers and their commitment to what they do. The speaker is saying that schoolteachers are "seriously committed to conscientious teaching."

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. Sense 1 (teaching%1:04:00::): "the profession of a teacher" - synonyms: instruction, pedagogy. Examples mention "he prepared for teaching while still in college"

2. Sense 2 (teaching%1:09:00::): "a doctrine that is taught" - synonyms: precept, commandment. Examples mention "the teachings of religion"

3. Sense 3 (teaching%1:04:01::): "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - synonyms: education, instruction, pedagogy, didactics. Examples mention "our instruction was carefully programmed"

The context is about schoolteachers being committed to their work. The word "teaching" here refers to the actual activities they perform - the work of educating and instructing students. This is clearly not about doctrine or beliefs (sense 2), and it's not about the profession itself in the abstract sense.

Between senses 1 and 3:
- Sense 1 focuses on "the profession of a teacher"
- Sense 3 focuses on "the activities of educating or instructing"

The context talks about teachers being "seriously committed to conscientious teaching" - this is about the actual work and activities they perform (instruction, education), not the profession per se. The emphasis is on the quality of their work ("conscientious"), which suggests the actual act of teaching/instructing.
The phrase "conscientious teaching" points to the concrete work of educating and instructing students rather than the profession in abstract terms. This fits Sense 3, which encompasses the educational activities and practices themselves.