[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doubt
Target surface form: doubts
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His <t>doubts</t> stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doubt%1:09:00:: | definition=the state of being unsure of something | synonyms=uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness
2. sense_key=doubt%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=dubiousness, doubtfulness, question | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows Dr. Vogelstein's "doubts" stem from uncertainty about the truth or factuality of their finding—whether they've actually discovered the causative gene given that prior research had already identified p53 with similar properties. This is specifically uncertainty about the validity of their conclusion, which matches sense 2 ("uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something") better than the more general sense 1 ("the state of being unsure of something").

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "doubts" is being used.

The context is about Dr. Vogelstein searching for a gene that causes colon cancer. When they found what they were looking for, "Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

So the doubts stemmed from the fact that another researcher had already found a gene (p53) that could do this. Dr. Vogelstein is uncertain about whether they've truly found the gene because of this prior finding.

Let me examine the two senses:

1. Sense 1: "the state of being unsure of something" - This is about the state or condition of being unsure. The synonyms are uncertainty, incertitude, dubiety, doubtfulness, dubiousness. This seems more general about the emotional/mental state.

2. Sense 2: "uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something" - This is more specific about uncertainty regarding whether something is true, factual, or exists. The examples mention "the dubiousness of his claim" and "there is no question about the validity of the enterprise."

In the context, Dr. Vogelstein has doubts about whether the search is truly over - whether they've found the actual gene. This is uncertainty about the truth or validity of their finding. The doubt is specifically about whether they've successfully identified the gene (truth/factuality of their conclusion).

Sense 2 seems more appropriate because it's about uncertainty regarding the truth/factuality of something (whether they've found the right gene), rather than just a general state of being unsure.

The answer should be sense 2, which would be index 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts <t>stemmed</t> from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "stemmed" in this context means "originated from" or "had its source in." The sentence conveys that Dr. Vogelstein's doubts originated from/were caused by the earlier discovery of the p53 gene by Arnold Levine. This matches sense 1: "grow out of, have roots in, originate in," which is exemplified by the sentence structure parallel to "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war."

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "stemmed" in the sentence: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The word "stemmed" here is being used in the sense of "originate from" or "have roots in." The doubts originated from/were caused by the fact that p53 had been previously discovered to transform cells into cancerous ones.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
   - This means something originates from or is caused by something else. The example "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war" shows that the debt increase originates from/is caused by the war. This fits our context perfectly.

2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
   - This is about skiing technique, not relevant to our context.

3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
   - This is about stopping/halting something, like stopping blood flow. This doesn't fit our context.

4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed
   - This is about removing stems from words or plants. This doesn't fit our context.

The correct sense is clearly sense 1, which means "originate from" or "have roots in." This perfectly matches the usage in the sentence where "doubts stemmed from the fact" means "doubts originated from/were caused by the fact."

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the <t>fact</t> that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

The phrase "the fact that" introduces a statement about verified information—that Arnold Levine had discovered p53's ability to transform cells. This construction presents an assertion of something known to have happened, which aligns with sense 2: "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened." The context shows Vogelstein's doubts stemming from this established piece of verified information, which fits the definition better than the other senses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "fact" is being used.

The sentence is: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

Here, "the fact that" is introducing a piece of information - that Arnold Levine had found earlier that p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. This is being presented as something known/verified information.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: - "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" - This seems fitting, as the sentence is providing information about an event (Levine's earlier discovery).

2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: - "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" - This is about a statement or assertion of verified information.

3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: - "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - This is about an event or something that existed.

4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: - "a concept whose truth can be proved" - This is about a concept.

In the context "His doubts stemmed from the fact that...", the word "fact" is being used to refer to the information/statement that follows. The phrase "the fact that X" is a common construction that introduces a verified or known piece of information.

Looking at sense 2, "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" - this seems most appropriate because it emphasizes the verification/assertion aspect and the statement of something that happened (Levine's discovery).
Sense 1 also works since it describes information about events, but sense 2 better captures how "the fact that" introduces a verified statement rather than just raw information. The construction emphasizes the assertion of something known to be true, making sense 2 the stronger fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: several
Target surface form: several
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that <t>several</t> years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident
2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields
3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "several" in the phrase "several years earlier" refers to an indefinite number of years that is more than 2 or 3 but not many. This matches the first sense definition perfectly, as it describes a moderate, unspecified quantity of a countable noun (years), similar to the examples provided: "several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "several" is being used.

The target word is "several" in the phrase: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice..."

This is referring to "several years earlier" - meaning a number of years in the past, but not specifying an exact number.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=several%5:00:00:some:00 | definition=(used with count nouns) of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many | examples=several letters came in the mail; several people were injured in the accident

This sense means "more than 2 or 3 but not many" of something countable. In the context, "several years" fits this perfectly - it's referring to an indefinite but moderate number of years (more than 2-3, but not a huge number).

2. sense_key=several%5:00:00:individual:00 | definition=considered individually | synonyms=respective, various | examples=the respective club members; specialists in their several fields

This sense means "individual" or "respective" - as in each thing considered separately. This doesn't fit the context.

3. sense_key=several%5:00:00:different:00 | definition=distinct and individual | examples=three several times

This sense means "distinct and individual" - this also doesn't fit the context well.

The context is "several years earlier" - this is clearly using sense 1, which is the common usage of "several" to mean "more than 2-3 but not many" of a countable noun. The examples provided in sense 1 (several letters, several people) are very similar in structure and meaning to "several years."
The answer is sense index 1. The phrase "several years earlier" employs the standard meaning of "several" as an indefinite quantity greater than two or three but not extensive, which directly parallels the provided examples of "several letters" and "several people."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several <t>years</t> earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "several years earlier" in the context refers to a standard temporal period measuring approximately 365 days. The sentence describes how Arnold Levine's research occurred some time in the past relative to Dr. Vogelstein's discovery, and "years" is being used as a basic unit of temporal measurement. This corresponds to the standard calendar year definition (sense 1), not a special-purpose calendar period (sense 2), an astronomical measurement (sense 3), or a cohort of students (sense 4).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "years" in this passage.

The context states: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The phrase "several years earlier" indicates a period of time in the past. The speaker is saying that several years before the recent discovery, another researcher had already found something.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: - "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days" - This is the standard definition of a year, a calendar year.

2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: - "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity" - This would be like a school year, a fiscal year, etc. This doesn't fit the context.

3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: - "the period of time that it takes for a planet to make a complete revolution around the sun" - This is about astronomical years, which doesn't fit the context.

4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: - "a body of students who graduate together" - This is about a class/cohort of students, which doesn't fit the context.

In the context "several years earlier," it's clearly referring to a standard unit of time measurement - the calendar year (365 or 366 days). This is sense 1.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earlier
Target surface form: earlier
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years <t>earlier</t> a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earlier%4:02:00:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=before | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=earlier%4:02:02:: | definition=comparatives of `soon' or `early' | synonyms=sooner | examples=Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected
3. sense_key=earlier%4:02:04:: | definition=before now | synonyms=in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples=why didn't you tell me in the first place?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "several years earlier" uses "earlier" as a comparative form, indicating that Arnold Levine's discovery happened at a time more early/sooner relative to when Dr. Vogelstein made his findings. This matches sense 2, which defines it as "comparatives of `soon' or `early'" with the example "came earlier than I expected."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "earlier" is being used.

The sentence reads: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The word "earlier" is being used to indicate that something happened "several years" before the current time being discussed (which is "last winter" when they found the gene). So the researcher Arnold Levine made this discovery several years before last winter.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "earlier in time; previously" - synonyms: before | examples about known someone before, as I said before
   - This meaning refers to something that happened in the past, before now

2. Sense 2: "comparatives of `soon' or `early'" - synonyms: sooner | examples: "Come a little sooner, if you can; came earlier than I expected"
   - This is a comparative form meaning something happened sooner or more early in relation to when it was expected or compared to something else

3. Sense 3: "before now" - synonyms: in the first place, in the beginning, to begin with, originally | examples: "why didn't you tell me in the first place?"
   - This refers to before the present moment

In context, "several years earlier" means "several years before" (the time reference point of last winter). This is being used to refer to a point in time that is earlier than another reference point - it's a comparative statement. The discovery happened "earlier than" the current time of reference.

Actually, looking more closely, sense 2 is the comparative form ("comparatives of `soon' or `early'"). The phrase "several years earlier" is indeed using "earlier" as a comparative - it's saying that event was "earlier" (more early) compared to the reference point.

However, sense 1 "earlier in time; previously" with the example "I had known her before" also captures this meaning of referring to a past event.
The phrase "several years earlier" functions as a comparative construction, establishing one time point as earlier relative to another. This comparative usage—showing that Levine's discovery occurred at a time earlier than the reference point of last winter—aligns with sense 2's definition of comparative forms.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 4}

The context describes Arnold Levine conducting experiments with mice to determine that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The phrase "in experiments with mice" and the nature of establishing a fact through experimental investigation aligns with sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study." This sense perfectly captures the deliberate scientific process of discovering and establishing a new fact through controlled experimentation, rather than accidental discovery or mere observation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "found" in the sentence:

"His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had <t>found</t> in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The context is about discovering the function of p53 gene through experiments. Arnold Levine found (through experiments) that p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "come upon, as if by accident; meet with" - This doesn't fit. The research wasn't accidental; it was deliberate experimental work.

2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This could fit. Through experiments, they determined the fact that p53 could transform cells.

3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - This is more about finding physical objects that were lost.

4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This fits very well. The sentence explicitly says "in experiments" and they established/determined that p53 could transform cells.

5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds" - Doesn't fit; this was based on experiments, not emotions.

6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - Doesn't fit.

7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - Doesn't fit.

8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - Could fit, but sense 4 is more specific about experiments.

9. "make a discovery" - Similar to 8.
10-16. The remaining senses don't apply—they involve recovery, declaration, treatment, condition, arrival, or personal development, none of which match the experimental discovery context. Sense 4 is the clearest match since it directly references establishing findings through experiments, which aligns perfectly with how Levine's work is described.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiments
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in <t>experiments</t> with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes Arnold Levine conducting a controlled scientific investigation with mice to test whether the p53 gene could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. This matches sense 1: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation," which is the primary definition for scientific experiments in this research context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "experiments" is best.

The sentence states: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The context is about:
- Arnold Levine conducting a scientific investigation/test
- Testing with mice (laboratory animals)
- The purpose was to determine if a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones
- This is clearly a controlled scientific investigation

Let me evaluate the three senses:

1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: - "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" with synonyms=experimentation
   - This fits perfectly - it's describing a controlled test/investigation

2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: - "the testing of an idea" with example "it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories"
   - This could also apply, though the example suggests broader testing of ideas beyond controlled laboratory conditions

3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: - "a venture at something new or different" with example "as an experiment he decided to grow a beard"
   - This is more casual/non-scientific, not really fitting the context

The context clearly describes a scientific experiment with laboratory mice. This is a formal, controlled investigation testing the idea that p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Sense 1 (experiment%1:04:00::) is the best fit - it's explicitly about "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation," which perfectly describes experiments with mice to test a scientific hypothesis.

The answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mouse
Target surface form: mice
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: | definition=any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails
2. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: | definition=a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye | synonyms=shiner, black eye
3. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: | definition=person who is quiet or timid
4. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: | definition=a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen as you move it around on a pad; on the bottom of the device is a ball that rolls on the surface of the pad | synonyms=computer mouse | examples=a mouse takes much more room than a trackball

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "mice" in this passage.

The passage is discussing research about cancer genetics. Specifically, it mentions:
"His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with <t>mice</t> that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The context makes it clear that "mice" refers to laboratory animals used in genetic experiments. This is the plural of "mouse" referring to the actual animal.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=mouse%1:05:00:: - "any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats having pointed snouts and small ears on elongated bodies with slender usually hairless tails" - This is the definition of the animal itself.

2. sense_key=mouse%1:26:00:: - "a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye" - This is a black eye, clearly not relevant here.

3. sense_key=mouse%1:18:00:: - "person who is quiet or timid" - This is a metaphorical use, not relevant to the context about experiments with animals.

4. sense_key=mouse%1:06:00:: - "a hand-operated electronic device that controls the coordinates of a cursor on your computer screen" - This is the computer mouse, clearly not relevant here.

The context clearly indicates that "mice" refers to laboratory animals used in genetic experiments. This matches sense 1, which is the basic definition of the animal - a small rodent.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene <t>called</t> p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "called" in this context means "named" or "assigned the name." The sentence states that a gene is "called p53," meaning the gene is named p53. This matches sense 1, which defines "call" as "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" with the synonym "name."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "called" in this sentence:

"His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The word "called" here is used to describe what a gene is named. The gene is "called p53" - meaning it is named p53.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader

This is about assigning a proper name to something. In this context, the gene is named/called "p53" - this fits perfectly.

2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful

This is about ascribing a quality, not just naming. Not the best fit.

3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone

Not about naming, so no.

The context clearly indicates that "called" means "named" - the gene is named p53. Sense 1 (call%2:32:02::) which has the synonym "name" and definition "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" is the best match.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: transform
Target surface form: transform
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could <t>transform</t> normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: | definition=subject to a mathematical transformation
2. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: | definition=change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate | examples=This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture
3. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: | definition=change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose | examples=He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle
4. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
5. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: | definition=convert (one form of energy) to another | examples=transform energy to light
6. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: | definition=change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
7. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: | definition=increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The context clearly refers to a gene causing cells to become genetically distinct (normal cells becoming cancerous cells). This is the technical biological meaning of "transform" - the process of changing a cell into a genetically distinct cell through genetic modification. Sense 6 specifically defines this as "change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell," which directly matches the biological/genetic transformation being described in the passage about the p53 gene.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target sentence is:

"His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

The context is clearly about molecular biology and genetics. The gene p53 is being described as something that can change normal cells into cancerous cells.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=transform%2:30:02:: | definition=subject to a mathematical transformation
   - This is about mathematical transformation, not relevant here.

2. sense_key=transform%2:30:00:: | definition=change or alter in form, appearance, or nature | synonyms=transmute, transubstantiate | examples=This experience transformed her completely; She transformed the clay into a beautiful sculpture
   - This is a general sense of changing something into something else. Could apply.

3. sense_key=transform%2:30:03:: | definition=change in outward structure or looks | synonyms=transmute, metamorphose | examples=He transformed into a monster; The salesman metamorphosed into an ugly beetle
   - This is about physical/outward transformation, like a metamorphosis.

4. sense_key=transform%2:30:01:: | definition=change from one form or medium into another | synonyms=translate | examples=Braque translated collage into oil
   - This is about changing between mediums/forms.

5. sense_key=transform%2:30:06:: | definition=convert (one form of energy) to another | examples=transform energy to light
   - This is about energy conversion, not relevant.

6. sense_key=transform%2:30:05:: | definition=change (a bacterial cell) into a genetically distinct cell by the introduction of DNA from another cell of the same or closely related species
   - This captures the technical biological meaning of genetic transformation at the cellular level, which directly matches the passage about a gene altering cells from normal to cancerous.

7. sense_key=transform%2:30:04:: | definition=increase or decrease (an alternating current or voltage)
   - This is about electrical transformers, not relevant.

The answer is sense 6 because the passage explicitly discusses genetic transformation—how a gene causes cells to become genetically distinct and cancerous.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform <t>normal</t> cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "normal" describes cells in their standard, expected, non-pathological state, contrasted directly with "cancerous ones." This aligns with sense 1, which defines normal as "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard...not abnormal." The context emphasizes the distinction between healthy cells and those transformed into cancer, making the "not abnormal" aspect of sense 1 the most appropriate interpretation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "normal" is being used.

The sentence is: "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones"

In this context, "normal" is describing cells that are not cancerous - it's referring to cells in their typical, standard, healthy state.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal" - This refers to cells that conform to the standard/expected state, not abnormal (i.e., not cancerous).

2. "in accordance with scientific laws" - This doesn't seem to fit the context well. The cells being normal isn't about being in accordance with scientific laws specifically.

3. "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development" - This seems more specific to intelligence and development, which isn't the primary meaning here.

4. "forming a right angle" - This is clearly not applicable; we're not talking about angles with cells.

The best fit is sense 1: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal". The cells are "normal" in the sense that they conform to the standard, expected state of cells - they are not abnormal/cancerous. The contrast is with "cancerous ones," which are abnormal.

Sense 3 could also potentially work since it refers to something being within normal limits/approximately average, but sense 1 is more directly applicable as it explicitly addresses the "not abnormal" aspect that is central to the meaning here.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal <t>cells</t> into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly refers to biological cells in the discussion of cancer, genes, chromosomes, and DNA. The passage discusses how a gene can "transform normal cells into cancerous ones" and references "tumor cells" and "colon cell," all indicating cells as the fundamental biological units of organisms.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cells" in the context of a discussion about genes, chromosomes, and cancer. Let me analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: - "any small compartment" (like honeycomb cells) - This is too general and structural
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: - "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms" - This is clearly about biological cells
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: - "a device that delivers electric current" - Not relevant to the context
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: - "a small unit serving as part of a larger political movement" - Not relevant
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: - "a mobile phone" - Not relevant
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: - "small room where a monk lives" - Not relevant
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: - "a room where a prisoner is kept" - Not relevant

The context is clearly about biology and cancer. The passage discusses:
- "colon cell" being flipped into "malignancy"
- "tumor cells"
- "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones"
- The discussion is about DNA, genes, chromosomes

This is unambiguously about biological cells - the fundamental units of organisms. Sense 2 is the correct answer: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms"

The index for sense 2 would be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into <t>cancerous</t> ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is about cancer genetics and cellular transformation. The sentence states that p53 "could transform normal cells into cancerous ones," which refers literally to cells becoming affected with cancer - not a metaphorical usage of "cancerous" as an evil that spreads. This is the medical/biological sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for the word "cancerous".

The context is about genetics and cancer research. It discusses:
- A gene that when damaged can flip a colon cell into "full-blown malignancy"
- Researchers looking for genetic material lost in tumor cells
- A gene called p53 that could "transform normal cells into cancerous ones"

Now let's look at the two senses:

1. Sense 1: "relating to or affected with cancer" - This is a literal, medical definition. Example: "a cancerous growth"

2. Sense 2: "like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads" - This is a metaphorical/figurative definition. Examples: "remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children"

In the given context, the sentence is: "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

This is clearly referring to the literal, biological/medical sense of "cancerous" - the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. The context is entirely about genetics, cancer research, and the biological mechanism of how cells become cancerous.

This is not a metaphorical use where "cancerous" means "an evil that grows and spreads" in a figurative sense. It's a literal medical/biological meaning.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous <t>ones</t>. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "ones" in this context refers to cells (as established in the preceding clause "normal cells into cancerous ones"). It functions as a pronoun meaning individual things/entities that have been transformed. This matches sense 2: "a single person or thing," which is a general sense for referring to individual entities. Sense 1, referring to the number "one," is inapplicable here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "ones" is being used.

The target word is "ones" in the sentence: "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one

2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

In the sentence "a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones," the word "ones" refers to cells. It's a pronoun that substitutes for the noun "cells" mentioned earlier.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1 is about numbers ("1, I, ace, single, unity")
- Sense 2 is about "a single person or thing"

In the context, "ones" means "cells" - it's referring to things/entities. The sentence structure is: "transform normal cells into cancerous ones" - here "ones" means "things" or "entities" that are cancerous.

This clearly fits sense 2: "a single person or thing" - because "ones" is used as a pronoun to refer to cells/things. The word is being used to mean individual entities or things.

Sense 1 is about the number one, which doesn't apply here at all.

The answer should be sense 2, which corresponds to index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "found" in this context refers to locating something through a systematic search. The researchers were actively searching through chromosome 17 ("experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for...") to find the smallest common bit of genetic material, and they successfully discovered its location. This matches sense 3: "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost," which is exemplified by phrases like "Did you find your glasses?"

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "found" in this sentence:

"The deletion Dr. Vogelstein <t>found</t> was in exactly the same spot as p53."

Looking at the context, the researchers were "experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." Then "when they found it last winter" refers to discovering the genetic material they were searching for.

In the target sentence, Dr. Vogelstein found a deletion in a specific location. This is about discovering or determining the existence/location of something through investigation/experiment.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. "come upon, as if by accident" - This doesn't fit; they were actively searching
2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This could work. They discovered/determined that there was a deletion in this spot
3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - This fits well. They were searching and found the location of the deletion
4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This also fits. Through their research/investigation, they established that the deletion was in a particular location
5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion" - Doesn't fit
6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - Doesn't fit well
7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - Doesn't fit
8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - This could work, but it's more about discovering something new rather than locating something
9. "make a discovery" - Similar to 8
10. "obtain through effort or management" - Doesn't fit the context
11. "decide on and make a declaration" - Doesn't fit
12-16. Not applicable
The most fitting sense is 3, since they were actively searching for the deletion and located it. Sense 4 also works well given the experimental investigation, but sense 3 better captures the active searching process described in the passage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exactly
Target surface form: exactly
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in <t>exactly</t> the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exactly%4:02:01:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, just | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
2. sense_key=exactly%4:02:04:: | definition=just as it should be | synonyms=precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button | examples=`Precisely, my lord,' he said
3. sense_key=exactly%4:02:02:: | definition=in a precise manner | synonyms=precisely, incisively | examples=she always expressed herself precisely

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "exactly" in "was in exactly the same spot" is being used to indicate the preciseness and accuracy of the match between the deletion location and p53's location. This aligns with sense 1, which defines "exactly" as "indicating exactness or preciseness," with the synonym "precisely." The example "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do" similarly demonstrates this sense of indicating precise correspondence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "exactly" is being used.

The sentence is: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

The word "exactly" here is being used to indicate that the deletion was in the precise same location as where p53 was found. It emphasizes the preciseness or accuracy of the match between the two locations.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "indicating exactness or preciseness" with synonyms "precisely, just" and examples like "he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone"
   - This fits well - the word is indicating that the deletion was in the precise same spot.

2. Sense 2: "just as it should be" with synonyms "precisely, on the nose, on the dot, on the button" and example "'Precisely, my lord,' he said"
   - This is more of an affirmative response or agreement. This doesn't fit as well in the context.

3. Sense 3: "in a precise manner" with synonyms "precisely, incisively"
   - This is more about the manner of expression or action being precise, not about indicating exactness of location.

The context "in exactly the same spot" is indicating that the location was precise and accurate - it's the same spot. This matches sense 1 best, which is about "indicating exactness or preciseness."

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: same
Target surface form: same
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the <t>same</t> spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context states "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53." The word "same" here refers to the identical, specific location—the deletion and the p53 gene are in the exact same position. This matches sense 1 (same in identity), which denotes that two things are the same entity or occupy the same specific place, as exemplified by "the same man I saw yesterday."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "same" is being used.

The sentence is: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=same%3:00:02:: | definition=same in identity | examples=the same man I saw yesterday; never wore the same dress twice
   - This refers to identical thing, same specific entity

2. sense_key=same%3:00:00:: | definition=closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree | examples=curtains the same color as the walls; two girls of the same age
   - This refers to things being similar in some quality/characteristic

3. sense_key=same%3:00:04:: | definition=equal in amount or value | synonyms=like | examples=like amounts; equivalent amounts
   - This refers to equal quantities or values

4. sense_key=same%5:00:00:unchanged:00 | definition=unchanged in character or nature | examples=the village stayed the same; his attitude is the same as ever
   - This refers to things remaining unchanged

In the context: "The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53"

The word "same" is referring to the spot/location being identical in kind - the deletion was in the same location/position as the p53 gene. This is saying the deletion and the p53 gene are in the same spot (location), making them comparable in position.

This seems closest to sense 2 (closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree) - they're in the same location/spot. Or it could be sense 1 (identical in identity) if it means the exact same spot.

Actually, looking more carefully: "the same spot" means the identical location. This is referring to the identical position. This would be sense 1 - same in identity.
The modifier "exactly" strengthens the emphasis on perfect correspondence rather than mere similarity, pointing toward sense 1 as the intended meaning—the deletion occupies the identical location as the p53 gene.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same <t>spot</t> as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes finding a genetic deletion "in exactly the same spot as p53" on chromosome 17. Here, "spot" refers to a specific location or point on the chromosome. This matches sense 1: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region," with the synonyms "topographic point" and "place" being particularly relevant to the spatial/genetic mapping context.

reasoning_content:
The context is about genetic research on chromosome 17. The researchers found a deletion in DNA that was "in exactly the same spot as p53".

Let me analyze the meaning of "spot" here:
- It refers to a specific location or position on the chromosome where the p53 gene is located
- The deletion was found "in exactly the same spot" - meaning the same physical location/position on the chromosome

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" - This is about geographic/spatial location. While it's about location, it's more about geographic places. The examples are "nice place for picnic" and "bright spot on a planet" which are more physical/observable spots.

2. "a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs)" - advertising, not relevant

3. "an outstanding characteristic" - not relevant

4. "a blemish made by dirt" - not relevant

5. "a small contrasting part of something" - could fit as the p53 location is a distinct part on the chromosome, but the examples are "bald spot" and "leopard's spots"

6. "a section of an entertainment assigned to a specific performer" - not relevant

7. "a business establishment for entertainment" - not relevant

8. "a job in an organization" - not relevant

9. "a slight attack of illness" - not relevant

10. "a small piece or quantity of something" - could fit but examples are "spot of tea"

11. "a mark on a die or on a playing card" - not relevant

12. "a lamp that produces a strong beam of light" - not relevant

13. "a playing card with a specified number of pips" - not relevant

14. "an act that brings discredit" - not relevant

The best fit is sense 1: "a point located with respect to surface features of some region" with synonyms "topographic point, place" and examples like "bright spot on a planet". In the context of chromosome 17, the "spot" refers to a specific point/location where the p53 gene is found. It's a location on the chromosome.
Sense 5 could work since the p53 location is a distinct part on chromosome 17, but sense 1 better captures the idea of a precise point or location on the chromosome's surface, which aligns with how the deletion occurs at the exact same position as the p53 gene.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: said
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had <t>said</t> the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows Mr. Levine expressing a claim or statement about what the p53 gene does ("the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth"). This is a straightforward use of "said" meaning to "express in words," which matches sense 1. The example "He said that he wanted to marry her" mirrors the sentence structure and function in the target context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "said" is being used.

The context: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth..."

Here, Mr. Levine had previously stated or asserted something about what the p53 gene did. This is clearly about expressing a claim or assertion.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "express in words" - This is a general sense about expressing something. The example "He said that he wanted to marry her" is similar to the context.

2. "report or maintain" - This means to assert or claim something as fact. The examples include "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - This seems to fit because Mr. Levine was making a claim about what p53 does.

3. "express a supposition" - This is about stating something as a hypothetical, like "Let us say that..."

4. "have or contain a certain wording or form" - This is about what something reads/states as written text.

5. "give instructions" - This is about commanding/directing someone.

6. "speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way" - This is about how something is pronounced/articulated.

7. "communicate or express nonverbally" - This is about non-verbal communication.

8. "utter aloud" - This is about speaking something out loud.

9. "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - This is about declaring something as one's view.

10. "recite or repeat a fixed text" - This is about reciting memorized text.

11. "indicate" - This is about indicating something.

In context, Mr. Levine had stated/claimed/asserted that the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth. This fits best with sense 2 "report or maintain" which means to assert or claim. It could also fit with sense 1 (express in words) but sense 2 is more precise as it emphasizes the asserting/claiming aspect of what Levine did.
The phrasing "He said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" mirrors the structure of sense 1's example almost exactly, making it the most direct match. While sense 2 captures the assertive quality of Levine's statement, sense 1 provides the most straightforward interpretation here.