[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: true
Target surface form: true
Context:
The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be <t>true</t> for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=true%3:00:00:: | definition=consistent with fact or reality; not false; ; - B. Russell | examples=the story is true; it is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true
2. sense_key=true%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=accurately placed or thrown | synonyms=dead on target | examples=his aim was true; he was dead on target
3. sense_key=true%5:00:02:faithful:00 | definition=devoted (sometimes fanatically) to a cause or concept or truth | examples=true believers bonded together against all who disagreed with them
4. sense_key=true%3:00:04:: | definition=expressing or given to expressing the truth | synonyms=truthful | examples=a true statement; gave truthful testimony
5. sense_key=true%5:00:00:typical:00 | definition=conforming to definitive criteria | examples=the horseshoe crab is not a true crab; Pythagoras was the first true mathematician
6. sense_key=true%5:00:00:trustworthy:00 | definition=worthy of being depended on | synonyms=dependable, honest, reliable | examples=a dependable worker; an honest working stiff
7. sense_key=true%5:00:00:sincere:00 | definition=not pretended; sincerely felt or expressed | synonyms=genuine, unfeigned | examples=genuine emotion; her interest in people was unfeigned
8. sense_key=true%5:00:00:real:02 | definition=rightly so called | examples=true courage; a spirit which true men have always admired
9. sense_key=true%5:00:00:geographic:00 | definition=determined with reference to the earth's axis rather than the magnetic poles | examples=true north is geographic north
10. sense_key=true%5:00:00:legitimate:00 | definition=having a legally established claim | synonyms=lawful, rightful | examples=the legitimate heir; the true and lawful king
11. sense_key=true%5:00:00:harmonious:00 | definition=in tune; accurate in pitch | synonyms=on-key | examples=a true note
12. sense_key=true%5:00:00:even:01 | definition=accurately fitted; level | synonyms=straight | examples=the window frame isn't quite true

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In this context, Dr. Knudson uses "true" to mean that something is a fact or holds consistent with reality. He is saying he was convinced that the factual findings about retinoblastoma would also be true (factually correct) for all cancers. This is the core sense of truth as consistency with fact or reality, which matches sense 1.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "true" in this passage.

The context is: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."

Dr. Knudson is saying he was convinced that what was true/accurate/correct about retinoblastoma (a specific cancer) would be true/accurate/correct about all cancers. He's making a logical claim about the applicability of findings.

The key phrase is "what was true of retinoblastoma" - this means "what was fact/reality about retinoblastoma" or "what holds true/is correct about retinoblastoma."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "consistent with fact or reality; not false" - This matches. When Dr. Knudson says something is "true of retinoblastoma," he means it's consistent with fact or reality about that disease.

2. "accurately placed or thrown" - This is about physical accuracy (aim), not applicable here.

3. "devoted to a cause" - Not relevant here.

4. "expressing or given to expressing the truth; truthful" - This is about the quality of being truthful/honest, not about factual accuracy.

5. "conforming to definitive criteria" - This could work, but it's more about definitional conformance.

6. "worthy of being depended on" - Not applicable.

7. "not pretended; sincerely felt" - Not applicable.

8. "rightly so called" - Not quite right for this context.

9. "geographic north" - Not applicable.

10. "legally established claim" - Not applicable.

11. "in tune; accurate in pitch" - Not applicable.

12. "accurately fitted; level" - Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 1: "consistent with fact or reality; not false" - because the statement "what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers" is expressing the idea that findings/facts that hold for one cancer would hold for another.

Dr. Knudson is using "true" to denote something grounded in observable reality and logical reasoning about disease mechanisms, not merely expressing an opinion or personal conviction.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
The team used a battery of the newly developed "gene probes, "snippets of genetic material that can track a gene's presence in a cell. By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all <t>cancers</t>. "It was an audacious claim.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to cancer as a medical disease. The passage discusses genetic defects, cell tumors, chromosomal abnormalities, and retinoblastoma (a malignant eye tumor), all of which are unmistakably referring to cancer as a malignant neoplastic disease caused by abnormal cell division. Senses 2-5 (astrology, constellation, zodiac sign, and crustacean genus) are not relevant to this scientific medical discussion.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cancer" is being used.

The context discusses:
- Gene probes and genetic material analysis
- Cells extracted from eye tumors
- Defects in chromosomes
- Loss of genes leading to "eruption of a cancer"
- Dr. Knudson saying "what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers"
- This is clearly a medical/scientific context

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. Malignant neoplastic disease/growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division - THIS IS THE MEDICAL DEFINITION
2. A person born while sun is in Cancer (astrology)
3. A constellation in the northern hemisphere
4. The fourth sign of the zodiac
5. Type genus of the family Cancridae (genus of crabs)

The context is clearly discussing cancer as a disease - specifically malignant tumors, genetic defects, retinoblastoma (which is a type of eye cancer), chromosomal abnormalities, etc. This is unmistakably referring to sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division."

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: audacious
Target surface form: audacious
Context:
By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an <t>audacious</t> claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:bold:00 | definition=invulnerable to fear or intimidation | synonyms=brave, dauntless, fearless, hardy, intrepid, unfearing | examples=audacious explorers; fearless reporters and photographers
2. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:unashamed:00 | definition=unrestrained by convention or propriety; ; ; - Los Angeles Times; ; ; - Bertrand Russell | synonyms=barefaced, bodacious, bald-faced, brassy, brazen, brazen-faced | examples=an audacious trick to pull; a barefaced hypocrite
3. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:adventurous:00 | definition=disposed to venture or take risks | synonyms=daring, venturesome, venturous | examples=audacious visions of the total conquest of space; an audacious interpretation of two Jacobean dramas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The term "audacious claim" in this context describes Dr. Knudson's bold, daring hypothesis that generalizes findings from retinoblastoma to all cancers. This is a risky intellectual venture—extending a principle observed in one cancer type to claim it applies universally. This matches sense 3 (disposed to venture or take risks), as evidenced by the example "audacious visions of the total conquest of space," which similarly describes bold, daring claims that extend beyond what has been proven.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "audacious" is being used.

The context states: "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein... believed Dr. Knudson was right..."

The claim being referred to is: "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers."

This claim is being described as audacious because it is a bold, daring, and risky scientific hypothesis - making a broad generalization based on findings in one type of cancer (retinoblastoma) to claim it would apply to all cancers.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:bold:00 - "invulnerable to fear or intimidation" with synonyms like brave, dauntless, fearless. Examples: "audacious explorers; fearless reporters and photographers"
   - This refers to fearlessness in the face of danger. The claim isn't about fearlessness but about boldness in making a scientific assertion.

2. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:unashamed:00 - "unrestrained by convention or propriety" with synonyms like brazen, barefaced. Examples: "an audacious trick to pull; a barefaced hypocrite"
   - This suggests boldness that violates norms or propriety. The claim isn't unashamed or improper.

3. sense_key=audacious%5:00:00:adventurous:00 - "disposed to venture or take risks" with synonyms daring, venturesome. Examples: "audacious visions of the total conquest of space; an audacious interpretation of two Jacobean dramas"
   - This suggests a bold, daring, risky intellectual venture. Making a broad claim about all cancers based on one type is definitely a risky, daring scientific hypothesis. This matches the context well.

Sense 3 fits best—the claim represents a daring, risk-taking leap from a single cancer type to all cancers, similar to how "audacious visions of total conquest" describes ambitious, venturesome thinking. The answer is {"sense_index": 3}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: claim
Target surface form: claim
Context:
By analyzing cells extracted from eye tumors, they found defects in the second copy of chromosome 13 in the exact area as in the first copy of the chromosome. The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious <t>claim</t>. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=claim%1:10:00:: | definition=an assertion of a right (as to money or property) | examples=his claim asked for damages
2. sense_key=claim%1:10:02:: | definition=an assertion that something is true or factual | examples=his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims
3. sense_key=claim%1:04:00:: | definition=demand for something as rightful or due | examples=they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day
4. sense_key=claim%1:07:02:: | definition=an informal right to something | synonyms=title | examples=his claim on her attentions; his title to fame
5. sense_key=claim%1:07:01:: | definition=an established or recognized right | synonyms=title | examples=a strong legal claim to the property; he had no documents confirming his title to his father's estate
6. sense_key=claim%1:10:01:: | definition=a demand especially in the phrase | synonyms=call | examples=the call of duty

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "claim" here refers to Dr. Knudson's assertion or hypothesis that what is true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. This is an assertion that something is true or factual, which matches sense 2 ("an assertion that something is true or factual"). The examples provided (his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims) parallel the usage perfectly.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "claim" is being used.

The context is about Dr. Knudson's hypothesis that "what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers." The text says "It was an audacious claim."

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=claim%1:10:00:: | definition=an assertion of a right (as to money or property) | examples=his claim asked for damages
   - This is about asserting a right to property or money - doesn't fit

2. sense_key=claim%1:10:02:: | definition=an assertion that something is true or factual | examples=his claim that he was innocent; evidence contradicted the government's claims
   - This is about asserting something is true or factual - this fits perfectly! Dr. Knudson is making an assertion/hypothesis that something is true.

3. sense_key=claim%1:04:00:: | definition=demand for something as rightful or due | examples=they struck in support of their claim for a shorter work day
   - This is about demanding something - doesn't fit

4. sense_key=claim%1:07:02:: | definition=an informal right to something | synonyms=title | examples=his claim on her attentions; his title to fame
   - This is about a right to something - doesn't fit

5. sense_key=claim%1:07:01:: | definition=an established or recognized right | synonyms=title | examples=a strong legal claim to the property; he had no documents confirming his title to his father's estate
   - This is about an established right - doesn't fit

6. sense_key=claim%1:10:01:: | definition=a demand especially in the phrase | synonyms=call | examples=the call of duty
   - This is about a demand - doesn't fit

Sense 2 is the clear match here. Dr. Knudson's hypothesis represents an assertion that something factual would hold true across all cancers, not a demand or claim to property. The sense index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a <t>young</t> molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School." This is describing a person in the early period of their life/career development. Sense 1, which applies to "persons in an early period of life or development or growth," is the best match. The other senses either apply to crops (sense 2), describe vigorous appearance (sense 3), apply to things rather than people (sense 4), or focus on inexperience (sense 5), but the primary meaning here is simply that Dr. Vogelstein is a young person.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for the word "young" as it appears in the text.

The context is: "But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right..."

Here, "young" is describing Dr. Vogelstein who is a molecular biologist. The sentence is describing him as a young person - someone in the early period of their life or career.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: - "(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth" with examples "young people". This fits well - Dr. Vogelstein is described as a young person/scientist.

2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 - "(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity". This is about crops, not people, so it doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 - "suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh" with examples "he is young for his age". This could potentially fit, but it's more about appearing youthful or having youthful qualities, not necessarily being in an early period of life.

4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 - "being in its early stage" with examples "a young industry; the day is still young". This is about things being new or early, not about a person's age or life stage.

5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 - "not tried or tested by experience" with examples "unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle". This means inexperienced, which could potentially apply to a young scientist, but it's more about lack of experience than being in an early period of life.
The first sense captures the intended meaning most directly. Dr. Vogelstein is characterized as young in the standard way—someone at an early stage of life and professional development, which is the typical application when referring to a person.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believed
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, <t>believed</t> Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

**Reasoning:** In this context, Dr. Vogelstein "believed Dr. Knudson was right" means he accepted Knudson's theory as true and was convinced by the scientific claim. This directly matches sense 1's definition "accept as true; take to be true," which is further supported by the example "I believed his report" - a parallel structure expressing acceptance of someone's claims or theories as true.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "believed" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."

The context shows that Dr. Vogelstein believed that Dr. Knudson was right. This is about accepting something as true - Dr. Vogelstein accepts/accepts as true that Dr. Knudson's theory about cancer is correct.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "accept as true; take to be true" - This fits well. Dr. Vogelstein accepts that Knudson was right (accepts his theory as true). Examples: "I believed his report" - similar construction.

2. "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - This could work too, meaning he regarded/considered Knudson to be right. The example "I believe her to be very smart" is structurally similar to our sentence structure. However, this sense emphasizes judgment and regard rather than acceptance of truth.

3. "be confident about something" - This could fit but the main meaning is about confidence, not about accepting something as true.

4. "follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer" - This is about religious faith, not applicable here.

5. "credit with veracity" - This is about believing someone's truthfulness, which is close but refers to trusting someone's word.

The key distinction is between sense 1 and sense 2.

Looking at the context more carefully: "believed Dr. Knudson was right" - this is saying he accepted the proposition that Knudson was right as true. This is more about accepting the truth of a claim (sense 1) rather than merely judging or regarding someone as right (sense 2).
Sense 1 is the strongest match here. The phrasing parallels "I believed his report" - both involve taking a statement or claim as true rather than simply forming a judgment about someone.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: right
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was <t>right</t>, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%3:00:00:: | definition=being or located on or directed toward the side of the body to the east when facing north | examples=my right hand; right center field
2. sense_key=right%3:00:02:: | definition=free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth | synonyms=correct | examples=the correct answer; the correct version
3. sense_key=right%5:00:01:proper:00 | definition=socially right or correct | synonyms=correct | examples=it isn't right to leave the party without saying goodbye; correct behavior
4. sense_key=right%3:00:01:: | definition=in conformance with justice or law or morality | examples=do the right thing and confess
5. sense_key=right%3:00:04:: | definition=correct in opinion or judgment | synonyms=correct | examples=time proved him right
6. sense_key=right%5:00:00:appropriate:00 | definition=appropriate for a condition or purpose or occasion or a person's character, needs | synonyms=proper | examples=everything in its proper place; the right man for the job
7. sense_key=right%3:00:03:: | definition=of or belonging to the political or intellectual right
8. sense_key=right%5:00:00:satisfactory:00 | definition=in or into a satisfactory condition | examples=things are right again now; put things right
9. sense_key=right%5:00:00:right-handed:00 | definition=intended for the right hand | synonyms=right-hand | examples=a right-hand glove
10. sense_key=right%5:00:02:proper:00 | definition=in accord with accepted standards of usage or procedure | synonyms=correct | examples=what's the right word for this?; the right way to open oysters
11. sense_key=right%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=having the axis perpendicular to the base | examples=a right angle
12. sense_key=right%5:00:00:outside:00 | definition=(of the side of cloth or clothing) facing or intended to face outward | examples=the right side of the cloth showed the pattern; be sure your shirt is right side out
13. sense_key=right%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
14. sense_key=right%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=precisely accurate | synonyms=veracious | examples=a veracious account

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

In the context, Dr. Vogelstein "believed Dr. Knudson was right," meaning he believed Dr. Knudson's opinion/judgment (about the gene loss theory for cancer) was correct. This matches sense 5: "correct in opinion or judgment" with the example "time proved him right," which parallels the usage where someone's viewpoint or theory is validated.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "right" appears:

"Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was <t>right</t>, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."

In this context, Dr. Vogelstein believed that Dr. Knudson was "right" - meaning that Dr. Knudson's claim/hypothesis was correct or accurate.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. Direction-related (right hand, right side) - NOT applicable here
2. "free from error; especially conforming to fact or truth" with example "the correct answer" - This could work
3. "socially right or correct" - Not the primary sense here
4. "in conformance with justice or law or morality" - Not the main sense
5. "correct in opinion or judgment" - THIS FITS PERFECTLY. The example "time proved him right" is very similar to our context
6. "appropriate for a condition or purpose" - Not quite right
7. Political right - Not applicable
8. "in a satisfactory condition" - Not the sense here
9. Right-handed - Not applicable
10. "in accord with accepted standards of usage or procedure" - This is more about procedure/standards
11. Perpendicular - Not applicable
12. Outside/cloth - Not applicable
13. "most suitable or right for a particular purpose" - Not the main meaning here
14. "precisely accurate" - Could work but less specific

Sense 5 with definition "correct in opinion or judgment" and example "time proved him right" is the best match. This is saying that Dr. Knudson's opinion/judgment (his hypothesis) was correct.

The answer is sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: set_out
Target surface form: set out
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and <t>set out</t> to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=set_out%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, start, set about | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=set_out%2:35:00:: | definition=lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line | synonyms=range, array, lay out | examples=lay out the clothes; lay out the arguments
3. sense_key=set_out%2:38:00:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set off | examples=The family took off for Florida

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment" means Dr. Vogelstein began or started to undertake this research task. This matches sense 1 ("take the first step or steps in carrying out an action") with synonyms like "begin" and "start out." The context shows the initiation of an action (the research experiment), not a physical departure (sense 3) or physical arrangement (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "set out" in this passage.

The sentence is: "...believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - synonyms: get down, begin, get, start out, start, set about. Examples: "We began working at dawn; Who will start?"

2. "lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line" - synonyms: range, array, lay out. Examples: "lay out the clothes; lay out the arguments"

3. "leave" - synonyms: depart, part, start, start out, set forth, set off. Examples: (not provided, but clearly about departing)

In the context, Dr. Vogelstein "set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment." This means he began or started to do something - to repeat the experiment. This is clearly about initiating an action, not about arranging things physically, and not about leaving/departing in the physical sense.

Sense 1 is the best fit because:
- It means to begin or start an action
- The synonyms "begin" and "start out" are perfect matches for how "set out" is used here
- The example "We began working at dawn" is very similar in meaning to the context

Sense 3 might seem relevant with "start out" as a synonym, but that sense is specifically about "leave" (depart), which doesn't fit the context. Dr. Vogelstein isn't leaving somewhere; he's starting to undertake a research project.

Sense 2 is clearly not relevant as it's about arranging things physically.
The correct answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: repeat
Target surface form: repeat
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to <t>repeat</t> the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=repeat%2:32:00:: | definition=to say, state, or perform again | synonyms=reiterate, ingeminate, iterate, restate, retell | examples=She kept reiterating her request
2. sense_key=repeat%2:36:00:: | definition=make or do or perform again | synonyms=duplicate, reduplicate, double, replicate | examples=He could never replicate his brilliant performance of the magic trick
3. sense_key=repeat%2:30:00:: | definition=happen or occur again | synonyms=recur | examples=This is a recurring story
4. sense_key=repeat%2:32:01:: | definition=to say again or imitate | synonyms=echo | examples=followers echoing the cries of their leaders
5. sense_key=repeat%2:41:00:: | definition=do over | synonyms=take over | examples=They would like to take it over again
6. sense_key=repeat%2:36:01:: | definition=repeat an earlier theme of a composition | synonyms=reprise, reprize, recapitulate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes Dr. Vogelstein setting out to "repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers." This refers to performing the same experimental procedure again in a different setting. Sense 2 ("make or do or perform again") is the best fit, particularly given the synonyms "duplicate" and "replicate" which are commonly used in scientific contexts when referring to repeating experiments.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "repeat" in this passage.

The context states: "set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers."

Dr. Vogelstein is setting out to repeat the Cavenee experiment - meaning he wants to perform the same experiment again, but in different cells (cells from other cancers).

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=repeat%2:32:00:: | definition=to say, state, or perform again | synonyms=reiterate, ingeminate, iterate, restate, retell
   - This is about saying/stating or performing again. The example is about reiterating a request.

2. sense_key=repeat%2:36:00:: | definition=make or do or perform again | synonyms=duplicate, reduplicate, double, replicate
   - This is about making, doing, or performing again. The example is about replicating a performance. The synonyms include "duplicate" and "replicate" which fit perfectly.

3. sense_key=repeat%2:30:00:: | definition=happen or occur again | synonyms=recur
   - This is about something happening naturally again, not about deliberately performing an action.

4. sense_key=repeat%2:32:01:: | definition=to say again or imitate | synonyms=echo
   - This is about saying or imitating, not about performing an experiment.

5. sense_key=repeat%2:41:00:: | definition=do over | synonyms=take over
   - This is about doing something over again.

6. sense_key=repeat%2:36:01:: | definition=repeat an earlier theme of a composition | synonyms=reprise, reprize, recapitulate
   - This is specifically about musical/compositional repetition.

Since Vogelstein is deliberately performing the same experimental procedure again in different cell samples, sense 2 captures this best with its emphasis on making or doing something again. The synonyms "duplicate" and "replicate" align directly with conducting the same experiment in a new context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experiment
Target surface form: experiment
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee <t>experiment</t> in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experiment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation | synonyms=experimentation
2. sense_key=experiment%1:09:00:: | definition=the testing of an idea | synonyms=experimentation | examples=it was an experiment in living; not all experimentation is done in laboratories
3. sense_key=experiment%1:04:01:: | definition=a venture at something new or different | examples=as an experiment he decided to grow a beard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "experiment".

The context describes a scientific scenario where:
- Dr. Knudson made a finding about gene loss and cancer
- Dr. Vogelstein "set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers"
- A research team in 1984 reported results from a similar investigation

The three candidate senses are:
1. "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" - This refers to the actual process of running a scientific test
2. "the testing of an idea" - This is more about evaluating a concept or hypothesis
3. "a venture at something new or different" - This is about trying something novel

In the context, "repeat the Cavenee experiment" refers to repeating a previous controlled scientific test or investigation. This is clearly about conducting a controlled test or investigation, not just testing an idea in a broader sense, and it's not about trying something new for the first time (which would be sense 3).

Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation" - This perfectly describes what Dr. Vogelstein was doing: repeating a controlled scientific investigation.

Sense 2 might also be reasonable, but it's slightly more general about "testing an idea" whereas the context is specifically about repeating a controlled scientific test.

Sense 3 doesn't fit because they're not doing something new - they're repeating an existing experiment.

The best match is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in <t>cells</t> from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context is scientific research on cancer and genetics. The passage discusses Dr. Vogelstein repeating experiments "in cells from other cancers," which clearly refers to biological cells—the fundamental living units of organisms. This is consistent with sense 2, which defines cells as "the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms."

reasoning_content:
The context is discussing research on cancer and genetics. The passage talks about Dr. Knudson's research on retinoblastoma and Dr. Vogelstein repeating the experiment "in cells from other cancers."

The word "cells" is being used here to refer to biological cells - the basic structural and functional units of organisms. The text is specifically talking about cancer cells from different types of cancers (retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor), so this is definitely a biological context.

Let me review the candidate senses:
1. sense 1: any small compartment (e.g., honeycomb cells) - This is too general
2. sense 2: (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms - This is clearly the right one. The context is about molecular biology and cancer research, and "cells from other cancers" refers to biological cells
3. sense 3: electric cell/battery - Not relevant
4. sense 4: cadre/political unit - Not relevant
5. sense 5: mobile phone - Not relevant
6. sense 6: monk's room - Not relevant
7. sense 7: prison cell - Not relevant

The answer is clearly sense 2. The index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from <t>other</t> cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "other" appears:

"...set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from <t>other</t> cancers."

The word "other" is used here to mean "different from the cancers already mentioned" (retinoblastoma and Wilm's tumor).

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: - "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" with examples like "today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works"
   - This fits perfectly. "Other cancers" means cancers different from/in addition to the ones already mentioned (retinoblastoma).

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 - "recently past" with example "the other evening"
   - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about a recent past time period.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 - "belonging to the distant past" with synonyms "early, former"
   - This doesn't fit either. We're not referring to distant past cancers.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 - "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected"
   - While "other" can mean unusual/strange in some contexts, here it's simply means "different" or "additional" cancers being studied.

The best fit is sense 1, which captures the meaning of "other" as "not the same ones already mentioned" - referring to cancers other than retinoblastoma that were being studied.

The sense index for sense 1 would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
The finding riveted medicine. It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other <t>cancers</t>. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The context is clearly medical and scientific, discussing malignant tumors and cancer research. The passage references retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, and cellular mutations that lead to cancer development. This unambiguously refers to sense 1, which defines cancer as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the target word "cancers" in the given text.

The passage discusses:
- Loss of a gene leading to "eruption of a cancer"
- Retinoblastoma (a type of cancer)
- Dr. Vogelstein working to repeat experiments with "cells from other cancers"
- Wilm's tumor (described as "a rare childhood cancer of the kidney")

This is clearly a medical/biological context discussing malignant tumors and cancer research. The passage is talking about different types of cancers (retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor) and their genetic basis.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This is the medical definition of cancer as a disease
2. An astrology sense - "a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer"
3. A constellation sense - "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere"
4. A zodiac sign sense - "the fourth sign of the zodiac"
5. A genus sense - "type genus of the family Cancridae" (crabs)

The context is clearly medical/scientific, discussing malignant tumors and cancer research. The word "cancers" refers to different types of malignant diseases.

The best sense is clearly sense 1, which defines cancer as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division."

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: teams
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research <t>teams</t> in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The target word "teams" in this context refers to groups of researchers working together on a scientific research project. This is a cooperative unit of people collaborating toward a common goal (identifying dual chromosome losses in cancer), which aligns with sense 1. Sense 2, referring to draft animals, is clearly not applicable in this scientific/medical research context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "teams" is being used.

The sentence reads: "His was one of two research <t>teams</t> in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."

The context is about scientific research at medical institutions (Johns Hopkins Medical School, Fox Chase Cancer Research Center). The "teams" here refers to groups of researchers/scientists working together on a research project.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
   - This is a general definition of "team" as a cooperative unit
   - While the example mentions sports, the definition itself is broader: "a cooperative unit"
   - This could apply to research teams

2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something
   - This specifically refers to draft animals (like horses pulling a plow)
   - This is clearly not applicable to the research context

In this context, "teams" refers to groups of researchers working together on a common scientific goal. This is clearly a cooperative unit, fitting sense 1. Sense 2 is about draft animals, which is completely irrelevant.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to <t>report</t> dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows research teams announcing findings from their investigation: "dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer." This directly matches sense 2 ("announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding"), which even includes a similar example about a team reporting research findings. The other senses don't fit—it's not about presence (3), complaining (6), journalism (5), authorities (4), or a general account (1).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "report" in this passage.

The sentence is: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."

In this context, the research teams are making known the results of their investigation - they discovered dual chromosome losses and are announcing this as a finding from their research.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: - "to give an account or representation of in words" - This is quite general but could fit.

2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: - "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" - This seems to fit perfectly. The example given is "The team reported significant advances in their research" which is very similar to our context. The research teams are reporting/announcing the finding of dual chromosome losses.

3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: - "announce one's presence" - Doesn't fit. This would be like "I report to work."

4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: - "make known to the authorities" - Doesn't fit. This is about informing authorities.

5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: - "be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism" - Doesn't fit. This is about journalistic coverage.

6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: - "complain about; make a charge against" - Doesn't fit. This is about making accusations.

The best fit is sense 2 (sense_key=report%2:32:04::), which means "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding." The example given is extremely similar to our context: "The team reported significant advances in their research" vs. "research teams...to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer."
The answer is {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dual
Target surface form: dual
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report <t>dual</t> chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dual%5:00:00:multiple:00 | definition=consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs | synonyms=double, duple | examples=an egg with a double yolk; a double (binary) star
2. sense_key=dual%5:00:02:multiple:00 | definition=having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities; ; - R.W.Emerson; -Frederick Harrison | synonyms=double, twofold, treble, threefold | examples=a double (or dual) role for an actor; the office of a clergyman is twofold; public preaching and private influence
3. sense_key=dual%5:00:00:plural:00 | definition=a grammatical number category referring to two items or units as opposed to one item (singular) or more than two items (plural) | examples=ancient Greek had the dual form but it has merged with the plural form in modern Greek

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "dual chromosome losses," meaning two chromosome losses occurring in the cancer cells. This is a straightforward use of "dual" to denote something consisting of or involving two parts/components, which directly matches sense 1's definition. Sense 2 involves contrasting or dissimilar aspects, which is inapplicable here, and sense 3 is a specialized grammatical term unrelated to the scientific usage in this passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "dual" in the sentence:

"His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."

The context is about reporting "dual chromosome losses." This means there are two chromosome losses being reported. The word "dual" here is describing that there are two instances of something - two chromosome losses.

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. "consisting of or involving two parts or components usually in pairs" - with examples like "an egg with a double yolk; a double (binary) star" - This sense refers to something having two parts or components. In the context, "dual chromosome losses" would mean losses of two chromosomes.

2. "having more than one decidedly dissimilar aspects or qualities" - This is more about having different or contrasting aspects. The example "a double (or dual) role for an actor" refers to playing different roles. This doesn't fit well with "chromosome losses."

3. "a grammatical number category referring to two items or units" - This is a linguistic term about grammar, not about the general meaning of "dual" in this scientific context.

Given the context of "dual chromosome losses," we're talking about two chromosome losses. This is clearly a case where "dual" means "consisting of or involving two parts or components."

Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome <t>losses</t> for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "dual chromosome losses" in the genetic research context refers to the chromosomes themselves that are absent or missing - the actual genetic material that is lost. This aligns with sense 1 ("something that is lost") rather than other interpretations like a decline or disadvantage. The example "loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt" demonstrates similar usage where loss refers to the specific thing that is missing.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "losses" in this passage about cancer research.

The context is: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome <t>losses</t> for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."

The passage is discussing genetic research on cancer. The phrase "dual chromosome losses" refers to the loss of both copies of the same gene - this is mentioned earlier in the passage: "It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer."

So "chromosome losses" means the loss or deletion of genetic material - specifically, the loss of chromosomes or genetic material. This is referring to what is lost - the chromosomes themselves.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "something that is lost" - examples: "the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt" - This fits well. The chromosomes are what is lost.

2. "gradual decline in amount or activity" - examples: "weight loss; a serious loss of business" - This could potentially fit, as loss of chromosomes is a decline in genetic material.

3. "the act of losing someone or something" - This doesn't fit well, as we're referring to what is lost, not the act itself.

4. "the disadvantage that results from losing something" - This doesn't fit because we're talking about what is actually lost, not the disadvantage.

5. "the experience of losing a loved one" - Doesn't apply here.

6. "the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue" - Doesn't apply here.
The remaining senses—military casualties, euphemistic references to death—clearly don't apply to genetic material. Between the first two viable options, sense 1 directly captures what's happening: the chromosomes themselves are absent. Sense 2 emphasizes the process of decline rather than the thing that's missing. The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: childhood
Target surface form: childhood
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare <t>childhood</t> cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=childhood%1:28:00:: | definition=the time of person's life when they are a child
2. sense_key=childhood%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of a child between infancy and adolescence | synonyms=puerility

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "childhood" in the phrase "childhood cancer of the kidney" refers to a cancer that occurs during the time period when a person is a child. Sense 1 ("the time of person's life when they are a child") directly captures this temporal meaning, which is the appropriate interpretation in this medical/scientific context discussing Wilm's tumor, a cancer that typically affects children.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "childhood" in the given context.

The context discusses a "rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."

The two candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=childhood%1:28:00:: - "the time of person's life when they are a child"
2. sense_key=childhood%1:26:00:: - "the state of a child between infancy and adolescence" with synonym "puerility"

In the context, "childhood cancer" refers to a cancer that occurs in children, or a cancer that affects children. The word "childhood" is being used as a modifier to describe what type of cancer it is - specifically, a cancer that occurs during the childhood period of life.

Both senses seem to refer to the same general concept - the period when someone is a child. Let me look at the subtle differences:

Sense 1: "the time of person's life when they are a child" - this emphasizes the temporal period
Sense 2: "the state of a child between infancy and adolescence" - this emphasizes the condition/state and gives a more specific age range

The word "childhood" in "childhood cancer" is describing the period when the cancer occurs or affects children. This is the temporal period sense. Sense 1 ("the time of person's life when they are a child") seems to be the most appropriate match for this usage.

Sense 2 adds the extra semantic information about it being "between infancy and adolescence" which is more specific, but sense 1 is the more general and straightforward use of the word in this context.

I think sense 1 is the better answer because it simply refers to "the time of person's life when they are a child," which is exactly what "childhood cancer" means - a cancer that occurs during the time when a person is a child.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood <t>cancer</t> of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly discusses cancer in the medical sense—referring to malignant tumors and abnormal cell division. The passage discusses specific cancers (Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, lung cancer) and their cellular mechanisms. This matches sense 1, which defines cancer as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division." The other senses relate to zodiacal signs or astronomical/biological classifications that are irrelevant to this scientific medical context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cancer" is being used.

The target word "cancer" appears in this context: "His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood <t>cancer</t> of the kidney called Wilm's tumor."

Looking at the full passage, it's discussing:
- Gene loss and tumor development
- Retinoblastoma (eye cancer)
- Cancer at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center
- Colon cancer and lung cancer
- Wilm's tumor (kidney cancer)

This is clearly a medical/scientific context discussing malignant tumors and cellular diseases.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" - This is the medical definition referring to the disease.

2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - Zodiac sign, not relevant.

3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere" - Astronomy, not relevant.

4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - "the fourth sign of the zodiac" - Zodiac, not relevant.

5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - "type genus of the family Cancridae" - A genus of crabs, not relevant.

The context is clearly discussing the disease cancer - malignant tumors, cellular division, specific cancers like Wilm's tumor, colon cancer, lung cancer, etc.

The best sense is clearly sense 1, which describes cancer as a malignant growth/tumor caused by abnormal cell division. This matches perfectly with the medical/scientific context of the passage discussing various cancers and their cellular mechanisms.
The sense index for sense 1 would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
It was the first time anyone had showed that the loss of both copies of the same gene could lead to the eruption of a cancer. "It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney <t>called</t> Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "called" in this context is used to identify the name by which a rare kidney cancer is known or referred to. The sentence structure "a cancer...called Wilm's tumor" indicates that the cancer is identified by or known by the proper name "Wilm's tumor." This matches sense 1, which defines the usage as "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to," with the synonym "name." The example "The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader" is parallel in structure and meaning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "called" in the sentence:

"His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney <t>called</t> Wilm's tumor."

The word "called" is being used to indicate what the rare childhood cancer is named or referred to as. It's saying that this type of cancer is called "Wilm's tumor" - it's referring to it by that name.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader

This is about assigning a name to something. In our context, the cancer isn't being assigned a name right now - it's being identified by the name it already has.

2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful

This is about ascribing qualities, not assigning names.

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 1, it seems like "called" in the context of "a cancer called Wilm's tumor" is about referring to something by its name. The definition says "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - but the example says "The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader" which is passive voice with "was named."

Let me reconsider. The phrase is "a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor" - this is essentially saying "a rare childhood cancer of the kidney, which is called Wilm's tumor" - it's identifying what this cancer is referred to or known as.

The best match appears to be sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - this captures the idea of something being known by or referred to by a particular name.
The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_to
Target surface form: turned
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next <t>turned</t> his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_to%2:32:01:: | definition=speak to | synonyms=address | examples=He addressed the crowd outside the window
2. sense_key=turn_to%2:30:00:: | definition=direct one's interest or attention towards; go into | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; People turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows Dr. Vogelstein directing his research focus and attention toward colon cancer after studying other cancers. The phrase "turned his attention [to] colon cancer" uses the sense of "directing one's interest or attention towards" something, which perfectly matches sense 2. Sense 1 (speak to/address) is not appropriate here, as the sentence is not about speaking to colon cancer.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target word is "turned" in the phrase "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer"

The sentence is saying that Dr. Vogelstein directed his attention/focus towards the study of colon cancer after studying other cancers.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=turn_to%2:32:01:: | definition=speak to | synonyms=address
   - This sense means to speak to someone, to address them
   - Example: "He addressed the crowd outside the window"
   - This doesn't fit the context. "turned his attention" doesn't mean to speak to something.

2. sense_key=turn_to%2:30:00:: | definition=direct one's interest or attention towards; go into
   - This sense means to direct one's interest or attention towards something, to go into something
   - Examples: "The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; People turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium"
   - This fits perfectly! "turned his attention" means to direct his attention towards colon cancer, which is exactly what this sense means.

The context clearly shows Dr. Vogelstein directing his research focus/attention to colon cancer after having worked on other cancers. This is a clear case of "directing one's attention towards" something.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the <t>second</t> biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly uses "second" as an ordinal number indicating rank or position: "the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer." This matches the first sense definition of "coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude," referring to colon cancer's ranking among cancer deaths. The second sense about musical instruments is irrelevant to this context.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "second" in the phrase "the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is discussing colon cancer as "the second biggest cancer killer"
- This is clearly referring to a rank or position - colon cancer is ranked second in terms of being a cancer killer
- The phrase "after lung cancer" confirms this is ordinal usage - lung cancer is first (the biggest), colon cancer is second (the second biggest)

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
   - This is clearly the ordinal sense
   - "Coming next after the first" matches the context perfectly
   - "in degree or magnitude" - being the second biggest killer fits this
   - This is the correct sense

2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins
   - This is about musical instruments/parts
   - This doesn't apply to "cancer killer" at all
   - This is clearly not the right sense

The answer should be sense index 1 (the ordinal sense of "second").