[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: version
Target surface form: versions
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective <t>versions</t> of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation | examples=the play is an adaptation of a short novel
4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation, interlingual rendition, rendering
5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading
6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The context describes "defective versions of these genes" that people can inherit. The word "versions" here refers to different forms or variants of the same genes. Sense 2 directly captures this meaning with its definition "something a little different from others of the same type" and synonyms including "variant" and "variation," which perfectly match the biological context of genetic variants.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "versions" in the passage.

The sentence is: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer..."

In this context, "versions" refers to different forms or variants of genes. The passage discusses tumor-suppressor genes and how different forms or variants of these genes can be inherited.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: - "an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint" - This is about different interpretations, not applicable here.

2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: - "something a little different from others of the same type" with synonyms "variant, variation, edition" - This fits well. Genes can have different variants/versions.

3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: - "a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form" - This is about literary adaptation, not applicable.

4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: - "a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language" - This is about translation, not applicable.

5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: - "a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something" - This doesn't fit the context.

6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: - "manual turning of a fetus in the uterus" - This is a medical procedure unrelated to genes.

The best fit is sense 2 (version%1:09:01::), which defines version as "something a little different from others of the same type" with synonyms including "variant" and "variation". This perfectly captures the meaning of different forms/variants of genes that can be inherited.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are <t>especially</t> prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

**Reasoning:** In the context "they are especially prone to cancer," the word "especially" is used to indicate that people with defective genes are **more prone to cancer than is typical or common** in the general population. This matches sense 1's definition of "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common," which is further supported by the synonym "particularly" and the example structure showing comparative emphasis. Sense 2 ("in a special manner") would not convey the comparative degree that the sentence requires.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for the word "especially":

The sentence is: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are <t>especially</t> prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Let me understand what "especially" means here:
- The context is comparing people who inherit defective versions of genes
- The word "especially" is being used to indicate that these people are MORE prone to cancer than others
- It's emphasizing a distinctly greater degree of proneness to cancer

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" - This means something is more pronounced or emphasized compared to what is usual/common. The synonyms are "particularly, peculiarly, specially" and examples show "he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack" - both showing a greater degree/extent than is typical.

2. "in a special manner" - This means in a way that is specific or particular, but doesn't necessarily imply a greater degree. The synonym is "specially" and the example is "a specially arranged dinner" which just means it was arranged in a particular way.

In the context provided, "especially prone to cancer" means they are MORE prone to cancer than others - it's indicating a distinctly greater degree or extent than is common among the general population. This is clearly sense 1.

The answer should be sense index 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer" in the context provided. Let me analyze the sentence and context:

"There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to <t>cancer</t>, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

The context makes it clear that we're discussing the medical disease cancer. The passage discusses:
- Damaged p53 genes in tissue from lung and breast cancers
- Colon, lung and breast cancers
- Development of cancer of the brain, skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix
- People inheriting defective genes being prone to cancer
- Cancers haunting certain families

This is clearly about the malignant disease, not about astrology or zodiac signs.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This is the medical definition of cancer as a disease
2. A person born while sun is in Cancer (astrology)
3. A zodiacal constellation
4. The fourth sign of the zodiac
5. Type genus of the family Cancridae (a biological genus)

The answer is clearly sense 1, which is the medical definition of cancer as a malignant disease caused by abnormal cell division. This matches the context perfectly.

The sense index for sense 1 would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explain
Target surface form: explaining
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps <t>explaining</t>, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "explaining" in this context means "serving as a reason or cause for." The sentence indicates that inheriting defective genes would serve as the cause or justification for why some cancers seem to run in certain families. This matches sense 3, which defines the verb as "serve as a reason or cause or justification of."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the three candidate senses for the word "explaining".

The sentence is: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=explain%2:32:00:: | definition=make plain and comprehensible | synonyms=explicate | examples=He explained the laws of physics to his students
   - This sense means to make something clear or understandable, typically through instruction or clarification.

2. sense_key=explain%2:32:01:: | definition=define | examples=The committee explained their plan for fund-raising to the Dean
   - This sense means to describe or present something in detail (similar to defining or laying out a plan).

3. sense_key=explain%2:32:02:: | definition=serve as a reason or cause or justification of | synonyms=excuse | examples=Your need to sleep late does not excuse your late arrival at work; Her recent divorce may explain her reluctance to date again
   - This sense means to serve as the reason, cause, or justification for something.

In the context: "perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

The word "explaining" here is being used to mean "serving as the reason/cause for" - i.e., the inheritance of defective genes would serve as the reason or cause for why cancers run in families. This is clearly sense 3.

The sense is not about making something comprehensible or defining it, but rather about providing a causal explanation - a reason or justification for why something happens.

This matches sense 3 perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finally
Target surface form: finally
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, <t>finally</t>, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finally%4:02:02:: | definition=after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay | synonyms=eventually
2. sense_key=finally%4:02:00:: | definition=as the end result of a succession or process | synonyms=ultimately, in the end, at last, at long last | examples=ultimately he had to give in; at long last the winter was over
3. sense_key=finally%4:02:03:: | definition=the item at the end | synonyms=last, lastly, in conclusion | examples=last, I'll discuss family values

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "finally" in this context means "as the end result of a succession or process." The sentence is explaining that through the research findings about tumor-suppressor genes, scientists have ultimately been able to explain why some cancers seem to run in families. This is the culmination of the investigation—the final explanation that accounts for a previously puzzling phenomenon. The synonyms "ultimately" and "at last" both fit naturally here, and this sense captures the idea that the genetic explanation is the end result of the scientific discovery process being discussed.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "finally" appears:

"There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, <t>finally</t>, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

The context is discussing scientific findings about how tumor-suppressor genes relate to cancer susceptibility. The word "finally" here is being used to indicate that something has been explained or clarified after a long period of not understanding.

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. "after an unspecified period of time or an especially long delay" - This would suggest that something happened after a long delay. This could fit if we're talking about the explanation coming after a long time of wondering why cancers haunt families.

2. "as the end result of a succession or process" - This suggests the final outcome of a series of events or reasoning. This could fit the idea that the genetic explanation is the end result of the discovery process.

3. "the item at the end" / "last, lastly, in conclusion" - This is about listing items in sequence, putting something at the end of a list.

Looking at the actual usage: "perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families"

This seems to be saying "at last, this explains why..." - the genetic explanation finally accounts for why some cancers run in families. It's the culmination or end result of the research that explains this phenomenon.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate - it's about being the end result of a process or succession of events/research. The synonyms "ultimately," "at last," "at long last" all fit well here. This is explaining the ultimate reason why cancers haunt families - as the end result of the scientific investigations.

Sense 1 is about a long delay, which isn't really the focus here.
Sense 3 is about ordering items in a list, which doesn't apply.
The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some <t>cancers</t> seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is entirely medical and scientific, discussing malignant tumors and genetic defects associated with various types of cancer (lung, breast, colon, etc.). The target word "cancers" refers to malignant growths caused by abnormal cell division, which clearly matches sense 1 describing "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "cancers."

The context discusses:
- Damaged p53 genes in lung and breast cancers
- Colon, lung and breast cancers being the most common and lethal forms of disease
- Tumor-suppressing genes
- References to cancer of the brain, skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix
- Genetic defects related to diseases like retinoblastoma

The sentence in question: "why some <t>cancers</t> seem to haunt certain families"

This is clearly referring to the disease cancers - malignant growths/tumors. The context is entirely medical and scientific, discussing genetic factors in various types of cancer diseases.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This is the medical/disease sense
2. "a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - Astrology sense
3. "a small zodiacal constellation" - Astronomy sense
4. "the fourth sign of the zodiac" - Astrology sense
5. "type genus of the family Cancridae" - Taxonomic sense

Given the clear medical context throughout the passage, discussing specific types of cancers (lung, breast, colon, etc.), genetic defects, tumor-suppressor genes, and disease progression, sense 1 is clearly the correct one.

The sense index would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seem
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers <t>seem</t> to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "seem" in "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" expresses that it appears to be true or probable based on the evidence presented. The researchers are explaining that the inheritance of defective tumor-suppressor genes apparently accounts for why cancers appear to run in certain families. This matches sense 2, which defines "seem" as appearing to be true, probable, or apparent, with the example "It seems that he is very gifted."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "seem" in the sentence: "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: - "give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect" - examples: "She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem" - This is about the outward appearance or impression something gives.

2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: - "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" - examples: "It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad" - This is about something appearing to be true or probable based on evidence or perception.

3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: - "appear to exist" - examples: "There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now" - This is about the existence or presence of something.

4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: - "appear to one's own mind or opinion" - examples: "I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters" - This is subjective, about how something appears to the speaker's own mind.

In the context: "why some cancers seem to haunt certain families" - the word "seem" is being used to express that it appears or is apparently the case that cancers haunt certain families. The researchers are saying that there's evidence suggesting cancers appear to run in families. This is about how something appears to be true based on the evidence/pattern they've observed.

This best matches sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" - It's expressing that it appears to be the case (based on the evidence about inherited defective genes) that cancers haunt certain families.

Sense 1 could also work, but it's more about outward appearance or impression, whereas sense 2 is specifically about appearing to be true or probable, which fits better with the scientific context of "explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt..."
The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt <t>certain</t> families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "certain" in this context means "specific but not identified." The phrase "certain families" refers to particular families that are susceptible to cancer, but the speaker is not specifying which families. This matches sense 1 ("definite but not specified or identified"), as exemplified by phrases like "set aside a certain sum each week."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "certain" in the sentence:

"There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

In this context, "certain families" refers to specific families, but families that are not specifically identified by name. The speaker is referring to particular families (definite) but not specifying which ones.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. "definite but not specified or identified" - "set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree" - This fits perfectly. The speaker is referring to specific/definite families but not identifying which particular families.

2. "having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured" - This would mean the cancers feel confident about haunting families, which doesn't make sense.

3. "established beyond doubt or question; definitely known" - This would mean it's definitively known which families, but the context suggests uncertainty about which specific families.

4. "certain to occur; destined or inevitable" - This would mean the cancers are destined to haunt families, which is not what's being said.

5. "established irrevocably" - This doesn't fit the context.

6. "reliable in operation or effect" - This doesn't fit.

7. "exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance" - This doesn't fit.

The best answer is sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified". The phrase "certain families" refers to particular families (a definite group) but doesn't specify which families exactly. This matches the definition and examples given.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: families
Context:
Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers. Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain <t>families</t>. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context discusses genetic inheritance across generations—people inheriting defective genes and cancers that appear hereditary within family lines. The phrase "haunt certain families" refers to how cancer predisposition runs through lineages of people descended from common ancestors who share the defective genes. This corresponds to the sense of "family" as "people descended from a common ancestor" rather than just a household or immediate family unit.

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families."

The context is about genetic inheritance and cancer predisposition. The word "families" refers to groups of people who share genetic material - meaning blood relatives across generations who share inherited genes.

Let me analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: - "a social unit living together" - This is about a household/domestic arrangement. This could fit, but the emphasis is on shared genetics/inheritance.

2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: - "primary social group; parents and children" - This is about immediate family. This could fit but seems too narrow.

3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: - "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" - Not about people.

4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: - "people descended from a common ancestor" / "family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry" - This is about genealogical/ancestral connection. This fits well with the context of genetic inheritance.

5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: - "a person having kinship with another or others" - This is about a single person, but "families" is plural.

6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: - "(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera" - Not what we're looking for here.

7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: - "a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities" - Definitely not.

8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: - "an association of people who share common beliefs or activities" - Not directly relevant.

The key here is that the text is about people inheriting defective genes and cancers being hereditary. Sense 4 about "people descended from a common ancestor" (family line, kinfolk, kinsfolk) is the best match.

Since the phrase "haunt certain families" refers to hereditary patterns of disease passed through lineages with shared genetic material, sense index 4 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: story
Target surface form: story
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The <t>story</t> of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=story%1:10:03:: | definition=a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program | synonyms=narrative, narration, tale | examples=his narrative was interesting; Disney's stories entertain adults as well as children
2. sense_key=story%1:10:00:: | definition=a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events | examples=he writes stories for the magazines
3. sense_key=story%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, level, storey | examples=what level is the office on?
4. sense_key=story%1:10:04:: | definition=a record or narrative description of past events | synonyms=history, account, chronicle | examples=a history of France; he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president
5. sense_key=story%1:10:01:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=report, news report, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
6. sense_key=story%1:10:02:: | definition=a trivial lie | synonyms=fib, tale, tarradiddle, taradiddle | examples=he told a fib about eating his spinach; how can I stop my child from telling stories?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The passage uses "story" to refer to a historical narrative or account of the development of tumor-suppressor gene research, tracing it back to the 1970s. This matches sense 4, which defines "story" as "a record or narrative description of past events" with synonyms including "history" and "account." The context clearly indicates this scientific/historical meaning rather than fictional narrative, news report, or other senses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "story" is being used.

The sentence is: "The <t>story</t> of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."

In this context, "story" refers to a narrative or account of the historical development and discovery of tumor-suppressor genes. The text is describing how this scientific discovery came about and evolved over time, starting from the 1970s.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=story%1:10:03:: - "a message that tells the particulars of an act or occurrence or course of events; presented in writing or drama or cinema or as a radio or television program" - This is about a narrative of events. While this could fit, it's more focused on entertainment/media presentation.

2. sense_key=story%1:10:00:: - "a piece of fiction that narrates a chain of related events" - This is about fiction, which doesn't apply here since we're talking about scientific history.

3. sense_key=story%1:06:00:: - "a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale" - This is about floors/levels of a building. Clearly not applicable.

4. sense_key=story%1:10:04:: - "a record or narrative description of past events" - This fits perfectly. The text is describing the historical record and development of tumor-suppressor gene research starting from the 1970s. This is exactly a "record or narrative description of past events."

5. sense_key=story%1:10:01:: - "a short account of the news" - While this is about news, the context here is about historical scientific development, not current news.

6. sense_key=story%1:10:02:: - "a trivial lie" - Clearly not applicable.
The most appropriate sense is 4, which defines "story" as "a record or narrative description of past events"—synonymous with history, account, and chronicle. This directly matches the usage where "the story of tumor-suppressor genes" conveys the historical trajectory of scientific research from the 1970s forward.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: go_back
Target surface form: goes back
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes <t>goes back</t> to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=go_back%2:42:00:: | definition=belong to an earlier time | synonyms=date back, date from | examples=This story dates back 200 years
2. sense_key=go_back%2:32:00:: | definition=return in thought or speech to something | synonyms=recur
3. sense_key=go_back%2:30:00:: | definition=regain a former condition after a financial loss | synonyms=recover, recuperate | examples=We expect the stocks to recover to $2.90; The company managed to recuperate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "goes back to the 1970s" in this context means the story originates from or belongs to an earlier time period (the 1970s). This matches the first sense, which has the definition "belong to an earlier time" with synonyms "date back, date from," and the example "This story dates back 200 years" is directly parallel to the target sentence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "goes back" in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. **sense_key=go_back%2:42:00::**
   - Definition: belong to an earlier time
   - Synonyms: date back, date from
   - Examples: This story dates back 200 years
   - This sense means something originated from or originates in an earlier time period.

2. **sense_key=go_back%2:32:00::**
   - Definition: return in thought or speech to something
   - Synonyms: recur
   - This sense means to return to something in thought or conversation, like recalling or revisiting a topic.

3. **sense_key=go_back%2:30:00::**
   - Definition: regain a former condition after a financial loss
   - Synonyms: recover, recuperate
   - Examples: We expect the stocks to recover to $2.90; The company managed to recuperate
   - This is about financial recovery.

In the context, "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s" is clearly referring to when the story/history originated. It's saying the story has its origins in the 1970s. This is essentially equivalent to saying "The story dates back to the 1970s" or "The story dates from the 1970s."

This clearly matches **sense 1**: "belong to an earlier time" with synonyms "date back, date from."

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: named
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician <t>named</t> Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "named" in the context "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr." functions to identify and refer to the person by their proper name. This matches sense 2: "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property," which is exemplified in similar uses like "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "named" to find the best sense.

In the sentence: "when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed..."

This usage means that the pediatrician's name was Alfred G. Knudson Jr., or the pediatrician was called/referred to as Alfred G. Knudson Jr.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - e.g., "They named their son David" - This is about assigning a name when something is born or created.

2. "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property" - e.g., "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal" - This is about identifying someone by name.

3. "charge with a function; charge to be" - e.g., "She was named Head of the Committee" - This is about appointing to a position.

4. "create and charge with a task or function" - This is about appointing/nominating.

5. "mention and identify by name" - e.g., "name your accomplices!"

6. "make reference to" - e.g., "His name was mentioned in connection with the invention"

7. "identify as in botany or biology"

8. "give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of"

9. "determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness"

In the context "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr.", the word "named" is used to identify the pediatrician by his name. This is closest to sense 2: "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property" - it's identifying someone by their proper name.
The phrase essentially functions as a way to specify which pediatrician is being discussed by providing his name. The parallel structure with "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal" confirms this interpretation—both use "named" to pinpoint individuals through their identifying information.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: propose
Target surface form: proposed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. <t>proposed</t> that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=propose%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=suggest, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=propose%2:31:00:: | definition=present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc. | synonyms=project | examples=He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism; She proposed a new theory of relativity
3. sense_key=propose%2:31:01:: | definition=propose or intend | synonyms=aim, purpose, purport | examples=I aim to arrive at noon
4. sense_key=propose%2:41:00:: | definition=put forward; nominate for appointment to an office or for an honor or position | synonyms=nominate | examples=The President nominated her as head of the Civil Rights Commission
5. sense_key=propose%2:32:01:: | definition=ask (someone) to marry you | synonyms=declare oneself, offer, pop the question | examples=he popped the question on Sunday night; she proposed marriage to the man she had known for only two months

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows a scientist proposing a scientific theory about the genetic basis of retinoblastoma. This matches sense 2: "present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc." The example "She proposed a new theory of relativity" directly parallels the usage here, where Knudson is presenting his theory about genetic defects in eye cancer for scientific consideration and examination.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "proposed" in this passage.

The sentence is: "The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."

This is about a scientist proposing a scientific theory or hypothesis about the cause of retinoblastoma (an eye cancer).

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=propose%2:32:00:: - "make a proposal, declare a plan for something" (suggest, advise)
   - Example: "the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax"
   - This is about making a plan or proposal

2. sense_key=propose%2:31:00:: - "present for consideration, examination, criticism, etc." (project)
   - Example: "He proposed a new plan for dealing with terrorism; She proposed a new theory of relativity"
   - This is about presenting something for consideration. The second example is particularly relevant: "She proposed a new theory of relativity"

3. sense_key=propose%2:31:01:: - "propose or intend" (aim, purpose, purport)
   - Example: "I aim to arrive at noon"
   - This is about intending or aiming to do something

4. sense_key=propose%2:41:00:: - "put forward; nominate for appointment to an office"
   - Not relevant here, as this is about proposing someone for a position

5. sense_key=propose%2:32:01:: - "ask (someone) to marry you"
   - Not relevant here

The context clearly indicates that Knudson Jr. "proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects" - he is presenting a theory/hypothesis for consideration.

Sense 2 is the match here. The example "She proposed a new theory of relativity" directly parallels what Knudson did with his retinoblastoma theory—both involve putting forward scientific ideas for examination and evaluation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stem
Target surface form: stemmed
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma <t>stemmed</t> from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stem%2:42:00:: | definition=grow out of, have roots in, originate in | examples=The increase in the national debt stems from the last war
2. sense_key=stem%2:42:03:: | definition=cause to point inward | examples=stem your skis
3. sense_key=stem%2:30:00:: | definition=stop the flow of a liquid | synonyms=stanch, staunch, halt | examples=staunch the blood flow; stem the tide
4. sense_key=stem%2:30:01:: | definition=remove the stem from | examples=for automatic natural language processing, the words must be stemmed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "stemmed" in this context means that retinoblastoma originated from or had its roots in two separate genetic defects. This matches sense 1: "grow out of, have roots in, originate in." The sentence is explaining the source or origin of the eye cancer, similar to the given example "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "stemmed" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects."

The context is discussing how retinoblastoma (eye cancer) originated or came about - it's asking about the origin or source of the disease. The word "stemmed" here means that the cancer originated from or had its roots in two separate genetic defects.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. **sense_key=stem%2:42:00::** - "grow out of, have roots in, originate in" with example "The increase in the national debt stems from the last war"
   - This is about something originating from or having its source in something else. This matches perfectly with the sentence where retinoblastoma stemmed from (originated from/had roots in) two separate genetic defects.

2. **sense_key=stem%2:42:03::** - "cause to point inward" with example "stem your skis"
   - This is about a physical action with skis. This doesn't fit the context at all.

3. **sense_key=stem%2:30:00::** - "stop the flow of a liquid" with synonyms "stanch, staunch, halt"
   - This is about stopping something. While "stem" can mean to stop (as in "stem the tide"), in this context it's not about stopping anything - it's about originating.

4. **sense_key=stem%2:30:01::** - "remove the stem from"
   - This is about removing the stem from a plant or word. This doesn't fit the context at all.

The best answer is clearly sense 1, which means "originate in" or "have roots in" - the cancer originated from or had its source in two genetic defects.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: separate
Target surface form: separate
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two <t>separate</t> genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=separate%3:00:00:: | definition=independent; not united or joint | examples=a problem consisting of two separate issues; they went their separate ways
2. sense_key=separate%5:00:00:detached:00 | definition=standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything | synonyms=freestanding | examples=a freestanding bell tower; a house with a separate garage
3. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:segregated:00 | definition=separated according to race, sex, class, or religion | examples=separate but equal; girls and boys in separate classes
4. sense_key=separate%5:00:02:unconnected:00 | definition=have the connection undone; having become separate | synonyms=disjoined

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "two separate genetic defects" that together cause retinoblastoma. The word "separate" here means the two defects are **independent and distinct** rather than united or joint - exactly matching sense 1's definition of "independent; not united or joint" with the parallel example "a problem consisting of two separate issues."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "separate" is used:

"He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Wait, let me find the exact sentence with "separate":

"Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two <t>separate</t> genetic defects."

So the context is about two genetic defects that are separate from each other - they are distinct, independent defects.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=separate%3:00:00::** - "independent; not united or joint" with examples "a problem consisting of two separate issues; they went their separate ways" - This fits perfectly! Two separate genetic defects means two independent, distinct genetic defects that are not united or joint.

2. **sense_key=separate%5:00:00:detached:00** - "standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything" - This is more about physical separation or detachment. While you could argue the defects are "standing apart," this sense seems more focused on physical, structural separation.

3. **sense_key=separate%5:00:02:segregated:00** - "separated according to race, sex, class, or religion" - This is clearly not applicable here.

4. **sense_key=separate%5:00:02:unconnected:00** - "have the connection undone; having become separate" - This implies a process of becoming separate, or being disjoined, but doesn't perfectly capture the meaning here.

The best fit is sense 1, which emphasizes independence and distinct, non-united nature of the two genetic defects. The example "a problem consisting of two separate issues" is very similar - it's about two distinct, independent issues that make up a larger problem, just like two separate genetic defects that combine to cause retinoblastoma.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate <t>genetic</t> defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The passage discusses Knudson's proposal about "two separate genetic defects" in retinoblastoma, referring to defects at the gene level itself. While the context emphasizes inheritance and familial patterns, the term "genetic defects" is primarily used to describe defects related to genes ("of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"), rather than the broader hereditary or familial quality emphasized in sense 1. The scientific context of tumor-suppressor genes and their molecular nature points to sense 2 as the best fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "genetic" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other" referring to Knudson's proposal about "genetic defects."

Looking at the context around "genetic":
- The passage discusses tumor-suppressor genes and heredity
- It mentions "if people inherit defective versions of these genes"
- It discusses how cancers seem to run in families
- The sentence specifically uses "inherited a damaged copy of a gene"
- Knudson proposed there were "two separate genetic defects"

Now let me examine each sense:

1. **sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00** - "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" | Examples: "an inherited disease; familial traits" - This fits the context of hereditary defects, things that run in families.

2. **sense_key=genetic%3:01:02::** - "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" | Examples: "genic combinations; genetic code" - This is about genes themselves and gene products.

3. **sense_key=genetic%3:01:01::** - "pertaining to or referring to origin" | Examples: "genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work" - This is about origins/etymology.

4. **sense_key=genetic%3:01:00::** - "of or relating to the science of genetics" | Examples: "genetic research" - This is about the field of genetics.

The key phrase is "two separate genetic defects" in the context of inherited defects. The passage is emphasizing the hereditary nature - that the cancer is caused by inherited gene defects passed from parent to child.
Sense 2 focuses on genes directly while sense 1 emphasizes the hereditary transmission. Since the passage stresses both inheritance patterns and the actual gene defects themselves, I need to determine which aspect is primary. The term "genetic defects" fundamentally refers to defects that are gene-related rather than simply inherited traits. Sense 2—"of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"—captures this more precisely, as the passage is discussing the nature of the defects themselves as genetic in origin.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: defect
Target surface form: defects
Context:
Colon, lung and breast cancers are the most common and lethal forms of the disease, collectively killing almost 200,000 Americans a year. Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic <t>defects</t>. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=defect%1:26:01:: | definition=an imperfection in a bodily system | examples=visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs
2. sense_key=defect%1:07:01:: | definition=a failing or deficiency | synonyms=shortcoming | examples=that interpretation is an unfortunate defect of our lack of information
3. sense_key=defect%1:26:00:: | definition=an imperfection in an object or machine | synonyms=fault, flaw | examples=a flaw caused the crystal to shatter; if there are any defects you should send it back to the manufacturer
4. sense_key=defect%1:07:00:: | definition=a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body) | synonyms=blemish, mar | examples=a facial blemish

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses genetic defects related to tumor-suppressor genes and inheritance of damaged gene copies. This is clearly referring to an imperfection in a bodily/biological system (sense 1: "an imperfection in a bodily system"), not a mechanical flaw, general shortcoming, or cosmetic blemish. The examples provided for sense 1 ("visual defects; defects in the lungs") further support this being the correct sense for genetic defects in a medical context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "defects" is being used.

The sentence is: "a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic <t>defects</t>."

The context is about genetic/biological defects related to tumor-suppressor genes and cancer. The passage discusses:
- Genetic inactivation and tumor-suppressor genes
- Inherited defective versions of genes
- Genetic inheritance of damaged genes

So we need to determine which sense best fits "genetic defects" in a medical/biological context.

Let me evaluate each candidate:

1. sense_key=defect%1:26:01:: | definition=an imperfection in a bodily system | examples=visual defects; this device permits detection of defects in the lungs
   - This is about bodily/biological systems
   - Examples include visual defects and lung defects
   - This fits genetic defects affecting bodily systems

2. sense_key=defect%1:07:01:: | definition=a failing or deficiency | synonyms=shortcoming
   - This is more abstract/general
   - Refers to a deficiency or shortcoming
   - Less specific to biological/medical context

3. sense_key=defect%1:26:00:: | definition=an imperfection in an object or machine | synonyms=fault, flaw
   - This is about mechanical/manufactured objects
   - Not appropriate for genetic defects

4. sense_key=defect%1:07:00:: | definition=a mark or flaw that spoils the appearance of something (especially on a person's body)
   - This is about physical appearance/blemishes
   - Not appropriate for genetic defects

The context clearly refers to genetic defects - "genetic defects" related to tumor-suppressor genes. Sense 1 (defect%1:26:01::) is "an imperfection in a bodily system" which is the most appropriate for genetic/biological defects.

The examples provided—visual defects and lung defects—demonstrate this sense applies specifically to medical and bodily contexts, making it the clear fit here. The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theorize
Target surface form: theorized
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He <t>theorized</t> that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theorize%2:31:00:: | definition=to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds | synonyms=speculate, theorise, conjecture, hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate | examples=Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps
2. sense_key=theorize%2:31:02:: | definition=construct a theory about | examples=Galileo theorized the motion of the stars
3. sense_key=theorize%2:31:01:: | definition=form or construct theories | examples=he thinks and theorizes all day

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows Knudson proposing a specific theoretical explanation for how retinoblastoma develops based on two genetic defects. He is "constructing a theory about" a particular phenomenon (the eye cancer), which matches sense 2 ("construct a theory about"). This is more specific than the general sense of "forming theories" (sense 3) and more focused than the speculative sense (sense 1).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "theorized" in this passage.

The sentence reads: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

This is describing how Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed his theory about retinoblastoma and how it develops based on two separate genetic defects.

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. "to believe especially on uncertain or tentative grounds" - synonyms include speculate, conjecture, hypothesize. The example is "Scientists supposed that large dinosaurs lived in swamps"

2. "construct a theory about" - example is "Galileo theorized the motion of the stars"

3. "form or construct theories" - example is "he thinks and theorizes all day"

In the context, Knudson is proposing a specific theory about how retinoblastoma develops - he's presenting an explanation for why the cancer occurs based on two genetic defects. He's not just thinking in general about theories; he's constructing a specific theory about a particular phenomenon (retinoblastoma).

This matches sense 2 best: "construct a theory about" - because he's constructing/proposing a theory about the eye cancer (retinoblastoma) and its genetic origins.

Sense 1 would emphasize the speculative, uncertain nature, which is present but not the main focus.

Sense 3 would be more general about forming theories in general, not about a specific object.

The answer should be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: eye
Target surface form: eye
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the <t>eye</t> cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=eye%1:08:00:: | definition=the organ of sight | synonyms=oculus, optic
2. sense_key=eye%1:09:00:: | definition=good discernment (either visually or as if visually) | examples=she has an eye for fresh talent; he has an artist's eye
3. sense_key=eye%1:09:01:: | definition=attention to what is seen | examples=he tried to catch her eye
4. sense_key=eye%1:15:00:: | definition=an area that is approximately central within some larger region | synonyms=center, centre, middle, heart | examples=it is in the center of town; they ran forward into the heart of the struggle
5. sense_key=eye%1:06:00:: | definition=a small hole or loop (as in a needle) | examples=the thread wouldn't go through the eye

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "eye" in "eye cancer" refers to the organ of sight where retinoblastoma (the cancer being discussed) develops. This is a direct reference to the physical organ, making sense 1 the appropriate choice.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "eye" is being used.

The target sentence is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

The context is about retinoblastoma, which is explicitly mentioned as "eye cancer." The passage discusses tumor-suppressor genes and how they affect cancer development, specifically mentioning "retinoblastoma" which is a cancer that develops in the eye (the organ of sight).

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. "the organ of sight" - This refers to the physical eye organ
2. "good discernment (either visually or as if visually)" - This is about judgment or perception ability
3. "attention to what is seen" - This is about directing attention
4. "an area that is approximately central within some larger region" - This is about spatial location
5. "a small hole or loop (as in a needle)" - This is about a physical opening

In the phrase "eye cancer," the word "eye" is clearly being used to refer to the organ where the cancer develops. The context explicitly states this is retinoblastoma, which is a cancer of the eye (the organ of sight).

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1, which defines "eye" as "the organ of sight."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye <t>cancer</t>, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to a malignant medical condition. The passage discusses tumor-suppressor genes, retinoblastoma (eye cancer), and genetic defects causing abnormal cell division—all characteristic of sense 1, which defines cancer as a malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. The other senses referring to astrology and crabs are contextually irrelevant.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer" in the phrase "in the eye cancer".

Looking at the context, this is a medical/scientific discussion about tumor-suppressor genes and retinoblastoma. The passage discusses:
- Tumor-suppressing genes
- Development of "scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix"
- Retinoblastoma as an "eye cancer"
- Genetic defects causing tumors

The word "cancer" here is clearly referring to a malignant disease or tumor caused by abnormal cell division. This is sense 1, which is defined as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" with synonyms "malignant neoplastic disease".

The other senses are:
- Sense 2: A person born while the sun is in Cancer (astrological)
- Sense 3: A zodiacal constellation
- Sense 4: The fourth sign of the zodiac
- Sense 5: Type genus of the family Cancridae (a genus of crabs)

None of these alternative senses make sense in the context of discussing tumor-suppressor genes and retinoblastoma. This is clearly about the disease, not astrology or crabs.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant <t>inherited</t> a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes genetic transmission—specifically how an infant receives a gene from a parent through biological inheritance. The passage explicitly discusses genetic defects being passed down from parents to offspring, which directly matches the sense of "receive by genetic transmission."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "inherit" is being used.

The target sentence is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

The context is about genetic transmission - specifically about how genetic mutations are passed down from parents to offspring. The passage is discussing how infants can inherit defective genes from their parents.

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: - "obtain from someone after their death" - Examples: I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
   - This is about inheriting property or wealth after death

2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: - "receive from a predecessor" - Examples: The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
   - This is about receiving something (often problems or responsibilities) from a predecessor

3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: - "receive by genetic transmission" - Examples: I inherited my good eyesight from my mother
   - This is about receiving traits or genes through biological inheritance

In the context, the passage explicitly discusses:
- "receive by genetic transmission" from parents
- "a damaged copy of a gene from one parent"
- genetic defects being passed down

This is clearly about genetic inheritance, which matches sense 3 perfectly. The example "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother" is also very similar to inheriting genes.

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a <t>damaged</t> copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "damaged" is most appropriate.

The target word is "damaged" in the phrase: "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent"

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled" - with examples of physically damaged goods and buildings
2. Sense 2: "being unjustly brought into disrepute" - relating to reputation or credibility being harmed

In this context, the text is discussing genetic defects. The "damaged copy of a gene" refers to a gene that is not functioning properly - it has been altered or corrupted at the molecular/biological level. This is clearly about something being harmed or defective in a physical/functional sense, not about reputation or disrepute.

The phrase "damaged copy of a gene" is analogous to "damaged goods" mentioned in the first sense's examples. The gene is defective/non-functional, which fits perfectly with the definition "harmed or injured or spoiled."

The second sense about reputation would be completely out of place in this scientific/medical context about genetic mutations.

Therefore, the best answer is sense 1.