[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses colon cancer development at the molecular and genetic level, specifically how gene damage affects a "colon cell." In this biological context discussing cancer progression, polyps, and genetic mutations, "cell" refers to the fundamental biological unit of organisms - the basic structural and functional unit of life. This is sense 2.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage is about colon cancer development and genetics:

"But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon <t>cell</t> into full-blown malignancy."

The context is clearly about biology and genetics. The discussion is about:
- Gene knockouts and deletion
- Polyps developing into cancer
- Colon cancer development
- A "colon cell" that is being damaged and turning into malignancy

"Colon cell" refers to a cell that is part of the colon tissue. This is clearly referring to the biological cell - the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "any small compartment" (like honeycomb cells) - This is too general and not biological
2. "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms" - This is the correct biological definition
3. "a device that delivers an electric current" - This is about electrical cells, not biological
4. "a small unit serving as part of a larger political movement" - This is about organizations, not biology
5. "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone" - This is about cellular phones, not biological cells
6. "small room in which a monk or nun lives" - This is about monastic cells, not biological
7. "a room where a prisoner is kept" - This is about jail cells, not biological

The answer is clearly sense 2, which is the biological definition of a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of organisms. This makes perfect sense in the context of discussing colon cancer at the cellular/genetic level.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: full-blown
Target surface form: full-blown
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into <t>full-blown</t> malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes Dr. Vogelstein identifying the gene that transforms a colon cell into "full-blown malignancy." In this medical context, "full-blown" describes established, complete cancer with all its characteristics fully developed, rather than partial or early-stage disease. This matches sense 2 (complete and displaying all necessary characteristics), similar to the example "a full-blown financial crisis," rather than sense 1 (fully ripe/at peak bloom).

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "full-blown" is being used.

The sentence is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

Looking at the two senses:

1. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=fully ripe; at the height of bloom | synonyms=matured | examples=a full-blown rose
   - This sense refers to something at its peak or fully developed stage, like a flower in full bloom.

2. sense_key=full-blown%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=having or displaying all the characteristics necessary for completeness | examples=a full-blown financial crisis
   - This sense refers to something complete and fully developed with all its characteristics.

In the context, the passage is discussing how gene damage causes malignancy. The phrase "full-blown malignancy" is describing cancer that is complete and fully developed - it has all the characteristics of actual cancer, not just benign polyps.

The example "a full-blown financial crisis" is similar in meaning - it's a crisis that is complete and has all the characteristics of being a serious financial problem.

The first sense about "fully ripe" or "at the height of bloom" is more about the peak of development (like a rose in bloom), while the second sense is more about being complete with all necessary characteristics.

In this medical context, "full-blown malignancy" means complete, established cancer with all the characteristics - not just the beginning stages. This aligns more with sense 2 (complete) than sense 1 (mature/ripe).

The answer should be sense 2, which is indexed as 2.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown <t>malignancy</t>. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is clearly medical/pathological, discussing colon cancer development at the molecular level. The passage describes polyps "progressing to malignancy" and a cell flipping into "full-blown malignancy," which refers to the medical condition of cancerous growth—a "malignant state" that is "progressive and resistant to treatment." Sense 1 (medical definition) is the appropriate choice, not Sense 2 (which concerns moral evil).

reasoning_content:
The target word is "malignancy" and I need to determine which sense applies in this context.

Let me analyze the context:
- This passage is about colon cancer development
- It discusses polyps developing and progressing to malignancy
- It talks about gene damage causing a colon cell to flip into "full-blown malignancy"
- The context is clearly medical/biological

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death" - This is the medical definition
2. Sense 2: "quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will" - This is about moral/evil disposition

In the context given, "malignancy" is being used in a medical sense. The passage discusses:
- Gene damage
- Polyp progression
- Colon cancer development
- A cell flipping into "malignancy"

This is clearly a medical/pathological usage, not a moral one. The word refers to the state of being cancerous or a malignant tumor, which is what sense 1 describes.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For <t>months</t> the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "months" in the phrase "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers..." refers to a duration of time spanning approximately 30-day periods. The context describes how long the researchers spent conducting experiments, making it a measurement of elapsed time rather than a reference to specific calendar months. This matches sense 2: "a time unit of approximately 30 days."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "month" is being used.

The context says: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17..."

This is describing a duration of time that it took for the researchers to conduct their experiments. They spent "months" working on this.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
   - This refers to a specific month in a calendar year (January, February, etc.)

2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill
   - This refers to a duration of approximately 30 days

In the context "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers...", the word "months" is being used to indicate a duration of time - how long the researchers spent on their work. This is not referring to specific calendar months (January, February, etc.), but rather to a span of time.

The phrase "for months" suggests a continuous period lasting several month-long periods (approximately 30 days each). This matches sense 2, which defines a month as "a time unit of approximately 30 days."

Sense 1 would be used if we were talking about a specific calendar month, like "last month" or "next month," which is the example given.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 2 (sense_key=month%1:28:00::).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, <t>using</t> gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The context shows researchers employing gene probes as tools to examine chromosome 17. The word "using" here means to put into service or employ something for a particular purpose, which matches sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose." The synonyms "utilize" and "employ" are both appropriate for this meaning, and the example "use your head!" demonstrates similar instrumental usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "using" is appropriate.

The sentence is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17..."

In this context, "using" means that the researchers employed or utilized gene probes as a tool to crawl down chromosome 17. They made use of gene probes for the purpose of their research.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: - "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose" - This fits well. The researchers are employing gene probes for a particular purpose (to crawl down chromosome 17).

2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: - "take or consume (regularly or habitually)" - This doesn't fit. The context isn't about consuming something.

3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: - "use up, consume fully" - This doesn't fit. They're not consuming the gene probes.

4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: - "seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage" - This has a manipulative connotation that doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: - "avail oneself to" with synonyms practice, apply - This could work, but it's less natural than sense 1.

6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: - "habitually do something (use only in the past tense)" - This doesn't fit because "using" is present participle, not past tense.

The best match is sense 1: use%2:34:01:: which means "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose." This perfectly captures how the researchers are using gene probes as tools for their experimental work.
The answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: down
Target surface form: down
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled <t>down</t> the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=down%4:02:00:: | definition=spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position | synonyms=downwards, downward, downwardly | examples=don't fall down; rode the lift up and skied down
2. sense_key=down%4:02:02:: | definition=away from a more central or a more northerly place | examples=was sent down to work at the regional office; worked down on the farm
3. sense_key=down%4:02:03:: | definition=paid in cash at time of purchase | examples=put ten dollars down on the necklace
4. sense_key=down%4:02:06:: | definition=from an earlier time | examples=the story was passed down from father to son
5. sense_key=down%4:02:05:: | definition=to a lower intensity | examples=he slowly phased down the light until the stage was completely black
6. sense_key=down%4:02:04:: | definition=in an inactive or inoperative state | examples=the factory went down during the strike; the computer went down again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "crawled down the length of chromosome 17" uses "down" to indicate movement along a directional path. This matches sense 1, which covers spatial movement from one point to another, with the meaning of "downwards" or along a specified direction. The context describes researchers moving through the chromosome systematically, which fits the sense of traversing spatially.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "down".

The sentence is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

The word "down" is used in the phrase "crawled down the length of chromosome 17". This means the researchers were moving along/through the chromosome, examining it from one end to another.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "spatially or metaphorically from a higher to a lower level or position" - This is about vertical movement. The phrase "down the length of" doesn't necessarily mean from high to low vertically, but rather moving along the length. Example: "rode the lift up and skied down" - this is vertical. Not the best fit.

2. "away from a more central or a more northerly place" - This is about geographical displacement. The example "was sent down to work at the regional office" shows movement away from a central location. However, "down the length of chromosome 17" doesn't fit this geographical context well.

3. "paid in cash at time of purchase" - Clearly not applicable. This is about payments.

4. "from an earlier time" - This is about temporal progression, like passing something through time. Not applicable here.

5. "to a lower intensity" - This is about reduction. Example: "he slowly phased down the light" - this is about decreasing intensity. Not applicable here.

6. "in an inactive or inoperative state" - Example: "the factory went down during the strike". Not applicable.

Actually, looking back at sense 1, "down" in "crawled down the length of chromosome 17" does indicate movement along/through something - from one point to another point along a line. "Down the length of" is a common idiom meaning "along the entire length of" something.
Sense 1 captures this usage well—the phrase "crawled down the length" describes traversing along that linear structure. The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: length
Target surface form: length
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the <t>length</t> of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: | definition=the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place | examples=the length of the table was 5 feet
2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: | definition=continuance in time | synonyms=duration | examples=the ceremony was of short duration; he complained about the length of time required
3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end | examples=the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words
4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: | definition=size of the gap between two places | synonyms=distance | examples=the distance from New York to Chicago; he determined the length of the shortest line segment joining the two points
5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: | definition=a section of something that is long and narrow | examples=a length of timber; a length of tubing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes researchers "crawled down the length of chromosome 17," which refers to traversing the linear spatial extent of the chromosome from one end to another. This matches sense 1, which defines length as "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place." The chromosome is a physical, fixed structure being examined along its spatial dimension.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "length" in this sentence:

"For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

The sentence is describing researchers moving along chromosome 17 - they are "crawling down the length" of it. This is a spatial reference - the chromosome has a physical structure, and they are traversing it from one end to another.

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=length%1:07:00:: "the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place" - This refers to spatial extent of an object that is fixed in place. A chromosome is a fixed object with a linear structure.

2. sense_key=length%1:07:01:: "continuance in time" - This is about duration/time, not spatial dimension. The context is not about time.

3. sense_key=length%1:07:02:: "the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end" - This is more general about extent.

4. sense_key=length%1:07:03:: "size of the gap between two places" - This is about distance between two points.

5. sense_key=length%1:06:00:: "a section of something that is long and narrow" - This refers to a piece or section of something.

The key phrase is "crawled down the length of chromosome 17" - they are traversing the spatial extent of the chromosome. This is clearly referring to the linear spatial dimension of the chromosome.

Sense 1 (length%1:07:00::) is the best fit because it describes "the linear extent in space from one end to the other" which exactly matches how "length" is being used here - the researchers are moving along the linear spatial extent of chromosome 17.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, <t>looking for</t> the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly describes researchers using gene probes to search down chromosome 17 in an attempt to locate or discover ("looking for") a specific piece of genetic material. This matches the first sense of "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" with synonyms "search, seek." The second sense, "be excited or anxious about," is not applicable here as there is no indication of emotional anticipation or anxiety in the scientific discovery process being described.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "looking for" is being used.

The sentence is: "the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

This is clearly about researchers trying to locate or discover something specific - they're searching for a particular genetic material. They're using gene probes to search down chromosome 17 to find this material.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county

This matches perfectly. The researchers are trying to locate/discover the smallest common bit of genetic material. This is about searching/seeking something.

2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

This doesn't fit at all. The context is not about the researchers being excited or anxious about something, nor are they anticipating something in that emotional sense.

The correct answer is sense 1, which would be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "common" in this context refers to genetic material that is "lost in all tumor cells" - meaning it's shared by or present in every tumor sample examined. This matches sense 3, which defines "common" as "common to or shared by two or more parties," with synonyms like "mutual" and the example "a common friend" (shared by multiple people). The researchers are seeking the genetic element that is common (shared/identical) across all their tumor cells.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand what "common" means in this scientific passage about colon cancer research.

The sentence is: "For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest <t>common</t> bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

In this context, "common" is describing genetic material that is "lost in all tumor cells." The word means that this genetic material is "shared by" or "found in" all the tumor cells - it's the part that is the same/identical across all the tumor samples they're studying.

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. "belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public" - Not quite right. It's not about public/community.

2. "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual" - This would suggest ordinary genetic material, but the context suggests they're looking for something specific that's shared.

3. "common to or shared by two or more parties" with synonyms mutual - This seems very appropriate! The genetic material is "common to" or "shared by" all the tumor cells. This is about something being present in or affecting multiple parties.

4. "commonly encountered" - This would suggest the genetic material is frequently encountered, but the context doesn't support this interpretation.

5. "being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language" - Not relevant here.

6. "of or associated with the great masses of people" - Not relevant.

7. "of low or inferior quality or value" - Not relevant.

8. "lacking refinement or cultivation or taste" - Not relevant.

9. "to be expected; standard" - Not quite right.

The key insight is that they're looking for genetic material that is "common" to ALL tumor cells - meaning it's shared by all of them, it appears in every tumor sample.

Sense 3 fits perfectly—the genetic material is "common to" all the tumor cells, just like a "common friend" is shared by multiple people. This captures the meaning of something present across all parties.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bit
Target surface form: bit
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bit%1:23:01:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=spot | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
2. sense_key=bit%1:17:00:: | definition=a small fragment of something broken off from the whole | synonyms=chip, flake, fleck, scrap | examples=a bit of rock caught him in the eye
3. sense_key=bit%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinitely short time | synonyms=moment, mo, minute, second | examples=wait just a moment; in a mo
4. sense_key=bit%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=piece | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
5. sense_key=bit%1:06:01:: | definition=piece of metal held in horse's mouth by reins and used to control the horse while riding | examples=the horse was not accustomed to a bit
6. sense_key=bit%1:23:00:: | definition=a unit of measurement of information (from binary + digit); the amount of information in a system having two equiprobable states | examples=there are 8 bits in a byte
7. sense_key=bit%1:13:00:: | definition=a small amount of solid food; a mouthful | synonyms=morsel, bite | examples=all they had left was a bit of bread
8. sense_key=bit%1:10:01:: | definition=a small fragment | synonyms=snatch | examples=overheard snatches of their conversation
9. sense_key=bit%1:10:00:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, routine, number, turn | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
10. sense_key=bit%1:06:02:: | definition=the part of a key that enters a lock and lifts the tumblers
11. sense_key=bit%1:06:00:: | definition=the cutting part of a drill; usually pointed and threaded and is replaceable in a brace or bitstock or drill press | examples=he looked around for the right size bit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes researchers searching for "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." The word "bit" here refers to a small piece or quantity of something (genetic material/DNA), which directly matches sense 1. The example "a bit of paper" in that sense is structurally parallel to "a bit of genetic material," making this the most appropriate sense for the scientific context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common <t>bit</t> of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

The context is about genetic research, specifically looking for a small piece of genetic material (DNA) that is lost in tumor cells. They're searching for "the smallest common bit of genetic material."

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "a small piece or quantity of something" - This fits well. "a bit of paper" is similar to "a bit of genetic material"
2. "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole" - This could work, as genetic material is "lost" or "broken off"
3. "an indefinitely short time" - Doesn't fit the context at all
4. "an instance of some kind" - Could work with "piece" as synonym
5. "piece of metal held in horse's mouth" - Doesn't fit
6. "a unit of measurement of information (binary + digit)" - This is a technical computing term, but the context is about genetic material, not information bits
7. "a small amount of solid food" - Doesn't fit
8. "a small fragment" - Could work
9. "a short theatrical performance" - Doesn't fit
10. "the part of a key that enters a lock" - Doesn't fit
11. "the cutting part of a drill" - Doesn't fit

The most fitting senses are 1, 2, and 8.

Sense 1: "a small piece or quantity of something" - This is the most general and fits perfectly with "a bit of genetic material"
Sense 2: "a small fragment of something broken off from the whole" - The genetic material is described as "lost," which could mean it was broken/separated off
Sense 8 overlaps with sense 2 as another way to describe a small fragment. Given the emphasis on "the smallest common bit," sense 1 seems most fitting—it directly captures the notion of a small piece or quantity of DNA. The parallel structure with "a bit of paper" makes this the strongest match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of <t>genetic</t> material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes researchers looking for "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells." The phrase "genetic material" refers to DNA/genes themselves in a molecular biology context. Sense 2 ("of or relating to or produced by or being a gene") is the most appropriate, as it pertains to material that constitutes or relates to genes, which aligns with the scientific discussion of chromosomal DNA sequences being analyzed.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "genetic" is being used.

The sentence is: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

The context is about molecular biology research, specifically looking at DNA/chromosomal material (chromosome 17) to identify genes that may be lost in tumor cells. The phrase "genetic material" refers to DNA/genes themselves.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 - "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" - This is about hereditary traits, familial inheritance. This doesn't fit the context about material being lost in cells.

2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: - "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" with synonyms "genic, genetical" and examples "genic combinations; genetic code" - This is about genes themselves and their properties. "Genetic material" would refer to material made up of or relating to genes (DNA).

3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: - "pertaining to or referring to origin" with examples "genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work" - This is about origins or genesis. This doesn't fit well here.

4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: - "of or relating to the science of genetics" - This is about the field of genetics as a science.

In the context, "genetic material" is clearly referring to the DNA/genes themselves, not about genetics as a field or hereditary traits. The phrase "genetic material lost in tumor cells" is referring to material that is made up of genes or DNA.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - this describes genetic material as material relating to genes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: material
Target surface form: material
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic <t>material</t> lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=material%1:27:00:: | definition=the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object | synonyms=stuff | examples=coal is a hard black material; wheat is the stuff they use to make bread
2. sense_key=material%1:10:00:: | definition=information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form | examples=the archives provided rich material for a definitive biography
3. sense_key=material%1:06:00:: | definition=artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers | synonyms=fabric, cloth, textile | examples=the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent; woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC
4. sense_key=material%1:06:01:: | definition=things needed for doing or making something | examples=writing materials; useful teaching materials
5. sense_key=material%1:18:00:: | definition=a person judged suitable for admission or employment | examples=he was university material; she was vice-presidential material

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes researchers looking for "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells" and notes that "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene." This refers to DNA as a tangible, physical substance—the actual molecular substance that comprises genetic material. This matches sense 1, which defines material as "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "material" is being used.

The sentence is: "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

The context is about molecular biology research. They are looking for genetic material - a piece of DNA.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "material%1:27:00::" - the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object (stuff). Example: coal, wheat for bread. This refers to physical substances.

2. "material%1:10:00::" - information (data or ideas or observations) that can be used or reworked into a finished form. Examples: archives for biography. This is about information/data.

3. "material%1:06:00::" - artifact made by weaving/felting (fabric, cloth, textile). This is clearly about woven materials.

4. "material%1:06:01::" - things needed for doing or making something. Examples: writing materials, teaching materials. This is about supplies/resources.

5. "material%1:18:00::" - a person judged suitable for admission or employment. This is about people.

In the context, "genetic material" refers to DNA, which is the tangible substance that makes up genes. This is substance in the physical sense - the DNA itself, not information or data about DNA, but the actual physical substance.

Sense 1 fits best: "the tangible substance that goes into the makeup of a physical object" - DNA is a tangible substance that goes into the makeup of living cells.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lost
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material <t>lost</t> in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "lost" in this context refers to genetic material that is absent or missing from tumor cells. The researchers are searching for DNA segments that have been deleted or are no longer present in cancer cells. This matches sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense" - here the genetic material has ceased to be present in an abstract biological sense. The sense is being used in a technical/scientific context where certain DNA sequences are absent from the tumor cells compared to normal cells.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The passage discusses genetic research on colon cancer. The key sentence is:
"the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

The context is about genetic material that is missing or absent in tumor cells. They're looking for DNA that is absent/missing in all tumor cells, which would indicate a lost gene that causes cancer.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense" - This is about ceasing to have something. This could fit.

2. "fail to win" - Doesn't fit, this is about competition/battles.

3. "suffer the loss of a person through death or removal" - This is specifically about losing a person, doesn't fit.

4. "place (something) where one cannot find it again" - This is about misplacing, doesn't fit the context.

5. "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of" - This is about physically losing possession, could fit.

6. "allow to go out of sight" - This is about things going out of sight, doesn't fit.

7. "fail to make money in a business" - This is about financial loss, doesn't fit.

8. "fail to get or obtain" - This is about not obtaining something, doesn't fit well.

9. "retreat" - This is military terminology, doesn't fit.

10. "fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind" - This is about not perceiving/catching, doesn't fit.

11. "be set at a disadvantage; suffer" - This is about suffering disadvantage, doesn't fit.

The most appropriate sense is sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense"
The genetic material is absent from tumor cells—it's not present where it normally should be. This fits the abstract meaning of ceasing to have something, specifically a DNA sequence. The answer is sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor <t>cells</t>. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context makes clear this is a discussion of molecular biology and cancer development. The passage refers to "tumor cells" and "colon cell" in the context of genetic damage causing cancer. This is unambiguously referring to cells as the basic biological units of living organisms, not compartments, electrical devices, prison rooms, or any other sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "cells" in this passage.

The passage is discussing:
- Gene damage and colon cancer
- Molecular biology research
- Chromosome 17
- "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells"

The context is clearly biological/medical. The researchers are examining tumor cells - the basic living units that make up tissues. In this context, "cells" refers to the biological cells that make up organisms, specifically the colon cells that have become cancerous.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "any small compartment" (cells of a honeycomb) - Too general, not the right context
2. "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms" - This is exactly what the passage is referring to. The tumor cells are the basic biological units that have been damaged by gene loss.
3. "a device that delivers an electric current" - Not relevant
4. "a small unit serving as part of a larger political movement" - Not relevant
5. "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone" - Not relevant
6. "small room in which a monk or nun lives" - Not relevant
7. "a room where a prisoner is kept" - Not relevant

The answer is clearly sense 2: the biological cell, the basic structural and functional unit of organisms. This is the standard biological meaning used throughout the passage when discussing tumor cells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: piece
Target surface form: piece
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=piece%1:06:00:: | definition=a separate part of a whole | examples=an important piece of the evidence
2. sense_key=piece%1:06:05:: | definition=an item that is an instance of some type | examples=he designed a new piece of equipment; she bought a lovely piece of china
3. sense_key=piece%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=part | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=piece%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical work that has been created | synonyms=musical composition, opus, composition, piece of music | examples=the composition is written in four movements
5. sense_key=piece%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance of some kind | synonyms=bit | examples=it was a nice piece of work; he had a bit of good luck
6. sense_key=piece%1:10:02:: | definition=an artistic or literary composition | examples=he wrote an interesting piece on Iran; the children acted out a comic piece to amuse the guests
7. sense_key=piece%1:06:03:: | definition=a portable gun | synonyms=firearm, small-arm | examples=he wore his firearm in a shoulder holster
8. sense_key=piece%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving that has been cut from a larger portion | synonyms=slice | examples=a piece of pie; a slice of bread
9. sense_key=piece%1:07:00:: | definition=a distance | examples=it is down the road a piece
10. sense_key=piece%1:06:04:: | definition=a work of art of some artistic value | synonyms=objet d'art, art object | examples=this store sells only objets d'art; it is not known who created this piece
11. sense_key=piece%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition | synonyms=while, spell, patch | examples=he was here for a little while; I need to rest for a piece
12. sense_key=piece%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of something | synonyms=slice | examples=a slice of the company's revenue
13. sense_key=piece%1:06:02:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=man | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes researchers seeking "the smallest common bit of genetic material" as "a piece of DNA." This refers to a portion of a natural object (DNA/chromosome), which directly matches sense 3's definition "a portion of a natural object" with its synonym "part." The example "he needed a piece of granite" is parallel to the biological context of needing a piece of DNA.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "piece" in the context of genetic research. Let me analyze the context:

"...looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a <t>piece</t> of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

So we're talking about a piece of DNA, which is described as "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells."

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. "a separate part of a whole" - This could fit, as a piece of DNA is a part of the chromosome
2. "an item that is an instance of some type" - This could fit
3. "a portion of a natural object" - This seems very fitting. DNA is a natural object, and a piece of DNA is a portion of it
4. "a musical work" - No, doesn't fit
5. "an instance of some kind" - Could work
6. "an artistic or literary composition" - No, doesn't fit
7. "a portable gun" - No, doesn't fit
8. "a serving that has been cut from a larger portion" - No, doesn't fit well
9. "a distance" - No
10. "a work of art" - No
11. "a period of indeterminate length" - No
12. "a share of something" - Could fit
13. "game equipment" - No

The context emphasizes that they're looking for "the smallest common bit of genetic material" which is "a piece of DNA." This is describing a portion of a natural biological object (DNA/chromosome).

Sense 3 "a portion of a natural object" with examples "they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite" seems most appropriate. DNA is a natural object, and a piece of DNA is a portion of it.

Sense 1 "a separate part of a whole" is also similar but sense 3 seems more specifically about portions of natural objects.
Sense 3 is the best match here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: probably
Target surface form: probably
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would <t>probably</t> constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=probably%4:02:00:: | definition=with considerable certainty; without much doubt | synonyms=likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike | examples=He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war
2. sense_key=probably%4:02:01:: | definition=easy to believe on the basis of available evidence | synonyms=credibly, believably, plausibly | examples=he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "probably" in this context means "with considerable certainty; without much doubt." The researchers have found a specific piece of DNA and are expressing likelihood that it constitutes a gene based on their evidence and methodology. This matches sense 1, which captures the general expression of probability or likelihood in scientific reasoning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "probably" to determine which sense is most appropriate.

The sentence is: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt" - synonyms: likely, in all likelihood, in all probability, belike
   Examples: He is probably out of the country; in all likelihood we are headed for war

2. Sense 2: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence" - synonyms: credibly, believably, plausibly
   Examples: he talked plausibly before the committee; he will probably win the election

In the context, the researchers are looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. They found a piece of DNA, and the text says it would "probably constitute a gene."

This usage means that based on the evidence and reasoning, it is likely/probable that this DNA piece would constitute a gene. The word is expressing a level of certainty or likelihood based on the available evidence.

Both senses seem somewhat similar, but:
- Sense 1 emphasizes "with considerable certainty; without much doubt" and uses examples about likelihood
- Sense 2 emphasizes "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence" and uses the synonym "plausibly"

The context here is specifically about scientific reasoning based on evidence. The researchers found a specific piece of DNA and are making an inference about what it probably is (a gene) based on the evidence and reasoning.

Sense 2 seems more appropriate because it specifically mentions "on the basis of available evidence" which matches the scientific context better. However, both could work.

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1 is more general: "with considerable certainty; without much doubt"
- Sense 2 is more specific: "easy to believe on the basis of available evidence"
- In this scientific context, the researchers are drawing a conclusion from their findings—the DNA piece would likely constitute a gene based on the evidence they've gathered. Sense 1 captures this more directly as the standard usage meaning "it is likely" or "without much doubt." I'll go with Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: constitute
Target surface form: constitute
Context:
Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably <t>constitute</t> a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance
2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee
3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
4. sense_key=constitute%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows that a piece of DNA would "constitute a gene," meaning it would form or compose/make up a gene. This directly matches sense 1 (form or compose), with synonyms "make up" and "comprise" that perfectly capture the meaning that the DNA material would form the essential component of a gene.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "constitute" in this passage.

Context: "Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene."

The sentence is saying that a piece of DNA would probably "form" or "make up" a gene. Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=constitute%2:42:00:: | definition=form or compose | synonyms=represent, make up, comprise, be | examples=This money is my only income; The stone wall was the backdrop for the performance

This sense means "form or compose" with synonyms including "make up, comprise". The example "This money is my only income" shows something forming/making up a larger concept. This fits well with "a piece of DNA would constitute a gene" - meaning the DNA would form/compose/make up a gene.

2. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, name, nominate | examples=nominate a committee

This is about appointing or nominating someone to a position. This doesn't fit - we're not appointing the DNA to anything.

3. sense_key=constitute%2:42:03:: | definition=to compose or represent | synonyms=form, make | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof

This also means "compose or represent" with synonyms "form, make". The examples show composition - a wall forms background, branches made a roof. This also fits the context.

4. sense_key=constitute%2:41:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, found, plant, institute | examples=establish a new department

This is about establishing something new. This doesn't fit - we're not establishing a gene.
Senses 1 and 3 are quite similar—both capture the idea of composition, though sense 1 more directly aligns with the passage through its explicit "make up" synonym. The DNA piece would form the basic material of the gene, making sense 1 the strongest match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes researchers who have been systematically searching ("experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for") for a specific piece of genetic material, and then "found it last winter." This matches sense 3 perfectly—"come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost"—as they locate the chromosome sequence they were looking for after an extended, deliberate search process.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "found" carefully.

In the context: "When they <t>found</t> it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

The researchers had been searching for "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells" and "When they found it last winter..." - this means they discovered/located the specific DNA piece they were looking for.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "come upon, as if by accident" - Not quite right. They were systematically searching, not accidentally finding something.

2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This could work. They discovered the existence of the DNA sequence.

3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - This is very relevant. They were searching for something specific and located it.

4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This also fits well. They were conducting an experiment/investigation and established/found the location of the gene.

5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds" - Not applicable.

6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - Not applicable.

7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - Not really.

8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - This fits - discovering a new particle/gene.

9. "make a discovery" - Similar to 8.

10. "obtain through effort or management" - Not the focus here.

11. "decide on and make a declaration about" - Not applicable.

12. "receive a specified treatment" - Not applicable.

13. "perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place" - Not applicable.

14. "get or find back; recover the use of" - Not applicable.

15. "succeed in reaching; arrive at" - Could work but not the best fit.
16. "accept and make use of one's personality" - Not applicable.

Sense 3 stands out as the strongest match. The researchers were actively searching for this DNA sequence and finally located it, which directly aligns with "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost." While sense 4 captures the investigative nature of their work, sense 3 better reflects the prominent emphasis on the search process throughout the passage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it <t>last</t> winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "last winter" in the context refers to the winter immediately preceding the time of writing—the most recently past winter. This corresponds to sense 1, which defines "last" as "immediately past" with examples like "last Thursday," which is structurally and semantically identical to "last winter."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "last" in the sentence "When they found it last winter".

In this sentence, "last winter" is a temporal expression meaning "the winter that has just occurred in the recent past" or "the winter immediately preceding the present moment."

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
   - This means "the most recent in the past" - fits "last winter"

2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
   - This is about something that comes after all others, the final in a sequence

3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal
   - This is about something that concludes or terminates

4-9. Various other senses related to "worst," "unlikely," "dying," etc.

The context clearly indicates a temporal reference - "last winter" refers to the winter that just occurred before the present moment. This is the immediately past winter.

Sense 1 with definition "immediately past" and examples "last Thursday; the last chapter we read" is the best match. "Last Thursday" is structurally identical to "last winter" - both referring to the most recent instance of that time period.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: dubious
Target surface form: dubious
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was <t>dubious</t> that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:uncertain:02 | definition=fraught with uncertainty or doubt | synonyms=doubtful | examples=they were doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted
2. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:questionable:00 | definition=open to doubt or suspicion; ; ; ; - Karen Horney | synonyms=doubtful, dubitable, in question | examples=the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record indeed
3. sense_key=dubious%5:00:00:unconvinced:00 | definition=not convinced | examples=they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

Dr. Vogelstein was not convinced that the search was over, given that earlier research by Arnold Levine had identified p53 as a gene that could transform cells. His dubious stance reflects unconvincedness rather than mere uncertainty about the conclusion they had reached.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "dubious" is being used.

The context states: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

The next sentence explains: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones."

So Dr. Vogelstein is expressing doubt or uncertainty about whether the search was truly over. He wasn't convinced that they had found the final answer because earlier research suggested p53 might be the gene.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "fraught with uncertainty or doubt" - This describes the state of being uncertain or doubtful. The examples show uncertainty about whether something will happen ("doubtful that the cord would hold; it was doubtful whether she would be admitted"). This matches the context - Dr. Vogelstein is uncertain/doubtful about whether the search was over.

2. Sense 2: "open to doubt or suspicion" - This describes something that is questionable or suspicious in nature (like "the candidate's doubtful past; he has a dubious record"). This is more about the quality of something being questionable, not the person's mental state of being unsure.

3. Sense 3: "not convinced" - This means the person remains unconvinced. The example says "they admitted the force of my argument but remained dubious" - meaning they weren't convinced.

The key question: Is Dr. Vogelstein being described as uncertain/doubtful (sense 1), or as not being convinced (sense 3)?

Looking at the context again: "His doubts stemmed from the fact that..." - He had doubts because of the prior research about p53. He wasn't convinced that they had found the right gene.

Both sense 1 and sense 3 could apply, but sense 1 is more about general uncertainty ("fraught with uncertainty or doubt"), while sense 3 is specifically about being unconvinced by something.
Given the evidence from prior research on p53, Dr. Vogelstein wasn't convinced that their discovery represented the final answer. Sense 3 best captures this—he remained skeptical of their findings based on what he already knew.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: search
Context:
"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17. For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the <t>search</t> was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%1:04:00:: | definition=the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone | synonyms=hunt, hunting
2. sense_key=search%1:04:02:: | definition=an investigation seeking answers | examples=a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search
3. sense_key=search%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property | synonyms=lookup | examples=they wrote a program to do a table lookup
4. sense_key=search%1:09:00:: | definition=the examination of alternative hypotheses | examples=his search for a move that would avoid checkmate was unsuccessful
5. sense_key=search%1:04:01:: | definition=boarding and inspecting a ship on the high seas | examples=right of search

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The context shows that researchers were conducting a systematic investigation to identify which gene was responsible for colon cancer development. They were "looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells" - a deliberate investigative process seeking specific answers. When Dr. Vogelstein was "dubious that the search was over," he meant the investigation was complete. This aligns with sense 2's definition of "an investigation seeking answers," rather than sense 1's more general notion of "looking thoroughly" or sense 4's emphasis on examining alternatives.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "search" is being used.

The passage is about genetic researchers looking for a particular gene on chromosome 17. The key sentence is: "When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over."

The context shows that the researchers were:
- Looking for a specific piece of genetic material (DNA) on chromosome 17
- Specifically searching for "the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells"
- Using gene probes to examine the chromosome

The "search" refers to their investigative process - they were conducting an investigation/inquiry to find the gene responsible for colon cancer.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. Sense 1 (hunt, hunting): "the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone" - This is a general sense about looking for something.

2. Sense 2 (investigation seeking answers): "an investigation seeking answers" with examples like "a thorough search of the ledgers revealed nothing; the outcome justified the search" - This fits well. The search was an investigation to find answers about which gene was responsible.

3. Sense 3 (lookup operation): Computer/database lookup - doesn't fit the biological research context.

4. Sense 4 (examination of alternatives): "examination of alternative hypotheses" - This could fit somewhat, as they were testing different locations on the chromosome.

5. Sense 5 (boarding ships): Clearly not applicable.

The best fit is Sense 2, which emphasizes that this was an investigation seeking answers about which gene was involved in cancer development. The context shows a systematic investigative process, not just a simple hunt for something.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}