[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: however
Target surface form: however
Context:
One survey says that of the 100,000 trained bellringers in England today, only 40,000 of them still ring. Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, <t>however</t>. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "however" in this context follows a positive statement about women's entry into bell-ringing and introduces a contrasting reality—despite their growing numbers, women are not accepted everywhere. This aligns with sense 1, which means "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)," with synonyms like "nevertheless" and "still." The sentence structure exemplifies this usage: a concession is made (women have entered the field), and then "however" introduces a contrasting fact despite that progress.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "however" in the given passage.

The sentence reads: "They are not accepted everywhere, however."

Let me look at what comes before: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however."

The word "however" here is used to introduce a contrasting point. The previous sentence says women have entered the field and now make up more than a third of ringers (which is positive), but the next sentence says "They are not accepted everywhere" (which is a contrast or contradiction).

Let me examine each sense:

1. "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)" - This means despite what was just said, something else is true. The synonyms are "nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so"

2. "by contrast; on the other hand" - This is used to show contrast between two things. Examples show it contrasts statements.

3. "to whatever degree or extent" - This is about degrees or extents, which doesn't fit here.

4. "in whatever way or manner" - This is about the manner in which something is done, which doesn't fit here.

Looking at the context: The passage describes positive progress (women entering the field), and then "however" introduces a contrasting reality (they are not accepted everywhere).

Both sense 1 and sense 2 could work, but:
- Sense 1 is "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)" - it follows a concession/positive statement
- Sense 2 is "by contrast; on the other hand" - it shows contrast

The structure here is: "positive statement, however, negative statement" - which fits both. But sense 2 ("by contrast; on the other hand") seems more precisely what's happening - we're contrasting the positive progress with the reality that acceptance isn't universal.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 1 with its definition "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)" and synonyms like "nevertheless, still, yet, all the same, even so" seems more appropriate.

The sentence structure follows a concession—positive progress in women entering the field—followed by "however" to acknowledge that despite this advancement, acceptance remains limited. Sense 1 captures this dynamic most accurately.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell_ringing
Target surface form: bell-ringing
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest <t>bell-ringing</t> group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of someone playing a set of bells
2. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:10:00:: | definition=persuasion of voters in a political campaign | synonyms=electioneering, canvassing
3. sense_key=bell_ringing%1:04:00:: | definition=playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower | synonyms=carillon, carillon playing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context clearly indicates that "bell-ringing" refers to the activity and practice of playing church bells in towers (as evidenced by phrases like "bell-ringing group," the training of "ringers," and references to bells in church towers like St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey). This matches sense 3, which defines it as "playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower." Sense 1 would refer to the sound produced rather than the activity itself, and sense 2 is entirely irrelevant as it pertains to political campaigning.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "bell-ringing."

The passage is discussing:
- Ringers (people who ring bells)
- The training of ringers
- The Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637
- Women entering the field of bell-ringing
- Bells that need to be rung in churches
- References to specific prestigious churches like St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey

The three candidate senses are:
1. "the sound of someone playing a set of bells" - This refers to the SOUND produced
2. "persuasion of voters in a political campaign" (electioneering, canvassing) - This is a completely different meaning, not relevant here
3. "playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower" (carillon, carillon playing) - This refers to the ACTIVITY of playing bells

Looking at the context:
- "bell-ringing group" - this is describing a group of people who perform the activity
- "sole source of ringers" - ringers are people who perform the activity
- The passage discusses training ringers, women entering the field - all suggest the ACTIVITY
- Church bells hung in towers is what's being discussed

The context clearly indicates this is about the ACTIVITY of ringing bells, not the sound. It's also not about political campaigning.

Sense 3 is the best fit: "playing a set of bells that are (usually) hung in a tower | synonyms=carillon, carillon playing"

This matches the context where church bells are discussed, ringers are trained, and the activity itself is the focus.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing <t>group</t> in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "group" in this context refers to the Ancient Society of College Youths—a collection of bell-ringers considered as a unit. This matches sense 1: "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit." The chemistry and mathematical group senses are not applicable here.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "group" and I need to find the best sense from the three provided.

Let me analyze the context:
"The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths..."

The word "group" here refers to an organization or association of bell-ringers. It's describing a collective of people who share a common interest/activity (bell-ringing).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
   - This is a general definition about entities considered as a unit. This fits the context - a group of bell-ringers is multiple people considered as a unit.

2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
   - This is clearly a chemistry term. Not applicable here.

3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group
   - This is a mathematical term referring to a group in abstract algebra. Not applicable here.

The correct answer is sense 1. The "group" in this context refers to a collection of bell-ringers (the Ancient Society of College Youths), which is "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: country
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the <t>country</t>, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "country" in this context refers to Britain as a politically organized nation. The passage discusses "the oldest bell-ringing group in the country" and later explicitly states "This being Britain," establishing that "country" refers to the nation as a whole. The context emphasizes the political and organizational aspects (prestigious national churches, national newspaper), supporting the sense of "a politically organized body of people under a single government."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "country" is being used.

The sentence is: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the <t>country</t>, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only..."

The text is discussing bell-ringing groups in Britain. The context makes it clear this is referring to Britain as a whole - the nation/state. The passage discusses:
- Small rural parishes and inner-city churches (implying across the nation)
- A council's program
- Britain's most prestigious churches (St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey)
- Britain (explicitly mentioned as "This being Britain")
- The Ringing World, a weekly newspaper for ringers (British publication)

So "the country" here refers to Britain/the nation as a whole.

Let me check the senses:

1. "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - This is about the political entity/nation (the government and people)
2. "the territory occupied by a nation" - This is about the geographic territory
3. "the people who live in a nation or country" - This is about the population
4. "an area outside of cities and towns" - This is about rural areas
5. "a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary" - This is about a special region

In this context, "the oldest bell-ringing group in the country" is referring to the oldest such group in Britain (the nation). This could be sense 1, 2, or 3, but most naturally it refers to the entire nation as a political/geographic entity.

Sense 1 or 2 would be most appropriate. The phrase "in the country" suggests the territorial/geographic extent of the nation, which would be sense 2. But it could also refer to the nation as a political entity (sense 1).

Given the context where we're talking about "Britain's most prestigious churches," it seems like "country" and "Britain" are being used interchangeably, referring to the nation.

Between the two, sense 1 fits better idiomatically—"the country" as a phrase naturally refers to the nation as a unified whole rather than emphasizing its territorial boundaries. This is the most common usage when discussing something being "the oldest in the country."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: found
Target surface form: founded
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, <t>founded</t> in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=found%2:41:00:: | definition=set up or found | synonyms=establish, set up, launch | examples=She set up a literacy program
2. sense_key=found%2:36:00:: | definition=set up or lay the groundwork for | synonyms=establish, plant, constitute, institute | examples=establish a new department
3. sense_key=found%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, base, ground | examples=base a claim on some observation
4. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=find, happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
5. sense_key=detect%2:39:00:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
6. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=find, regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
7. sense_key=determine%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
8. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=find, feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
9. sense_key=witness%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
10. sense_key=line_up%2:40:00:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up, find | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
11. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover, find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
12. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover, find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
13. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | synonyms=find | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
14. sense_key=rule%2:32:00:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule, find | examples=find someone guilty
15. sense_key=receive%2:30:01:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, find, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
16. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | synonyms=find | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
17. sense_key=recover%2:40:00:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, find, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
18. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | synonyms=find | examples=The arrow found its mark
19. sense_key=find_oneself%2:30:00:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself, find | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "founded" used in the context: "The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, <t>founded</t> in 1637..."

This is clearly referring to when the organization was established or created. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "set up or found" - establish, set up, launch - "She set up a literacy program"
2. "set up or lay the groundwork for" - establish, plant, constitute, institute - "establish a new department"
3. "use as a basis for; found on" - establish, base, ground - "base a claim on some observation"
4-19. Various "find" related senses

The word "founded" in the sentence means the organization was established/created in 1637. This matches with senses 1 or 2.

Sense 1: "set up or found" with examples like "She set up a literacy program" - this is about establishing something
Sense 2: "set up or lay the groundwork for" with examples like "establish a new department" - this is also about establishing

Both 1 and 2 seem very similar, but sense 1 explicitly includes the verb "found" in its definition. "Founded in 1637" clearly means "established in 1637" in the sense of creating/starting an organization.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate because:
- The definition explicitly includes "found"
- The synonyms include "establish, set up, launch"
- "Founded" is the past tense of "found"

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: remain
Target surface form: remains
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, <t>remains</t> male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=remain%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=stay, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=remain%2:42:03:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay, stay on, continue | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
3. sense_key=remain%2:42:05:: | definition=be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc. | examples=There remains the question of who pulled the trigger; Carter remains the only President in recent history under whose Presidency the U.S. did not fight a war
4. sense_key=remain%2:42:01:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, stay | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "remains" in this context means the Ancient Society of College Youths continues to be in a male-only state. This matches sense 1, which defines "remain" as "stay the same; remain in a certain state." The organization maintains its male-only condition, similar to how "The dress remained wet" describes something staying in a particular state.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "remains" in the sentence:

"The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women..."

The word "remains" here means that the Ancient Society of College Youths continues to be male-only. It's describing the current state of the organization.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "stay the same; remain in a certain state" - This is about something staying in a certain state. The example "The dress remained wet" suggests something maintaining a property. This could fit because the organization "remains male-only" (stays in the male-only state).

2. "continue in a place, position, or situation" - This is about physically staying somewhere or continuing in a role. The examples mention "stayed on in Cambridge" and "Stay with me, please" - these are about people staying in places or with others.

3. "be left; of persons, questions, problems, results, evidence, etc." - This is about something being left over or existing. The examples are "There remains the question of..." and "Carter remains the only President..." This seems to be about what still exists or is still true.

4. "stay behind" - This is about remaining in a place after others leave, or persisting. Examples like "The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up" suggest something lingering.

Looking at the sentence again: "remains male-only" - the organization continues to be male-only.

Sense 1 focuses on "staying the same" or "remaining in a certain state" - the organization stays in a male-only state.

Sense 3 is about what is "left" or what "still exists as true" - the organization still exists as a male-only group.

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 3's examples: "Carter remains the only President..." - this is very similar in structure to "the Ancient Society remains male-only" - both are stating that something continues to be a certain way or holds a certain distinction.
Sense 1 best captures the meaning here—the organization persists in its male-only condition, maintaining that particular state rather than changing it.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a <t>fact</t> that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "fact" in this context refers to "a piece of information about circumstances that exist." The sentence presents the male-only status of the Ancient Society of College Youths as a concrete piece of information about the current circumstance in bell-ringing. This usage aligns with sense 1, which captures information about existing circumstances, rather than sense 3 (which emphasizes the distinction between reality and fiction) or sense 2 (which emphasizes verified assertion).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "fact" in the sentence:

"a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches"

The sentence is referring to the fact that the Ancient Society of College Youths remains male-only. This is being presented as a piece of information/reality about the situation.

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: - "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" | examples: "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
   - This refers to information/details about circumstances

2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: - "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" | examples: "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
   - This is more about an assertion or statement that has been verified

3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: - "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" | examples: "your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
   - This refers to something that actually happened or exists (reality vs fiction)

4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: - "a concept whose truth can be proved" | examples: "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
   - This is about provable concepts/truths

In the context, "a fact that's particularly galling" refers to the actual reality/circumstance that the Ancient Society of College Youths remains male-only. This is something that exists/is true about the situation.

I think sense 3 is the best fit because it emphasizes something that "is known to have existed" or the reality of the situation, contrasting with perception or desire. This also aligns with the phrase "this being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced" - showing the reality/fact of the situation.
Reconsidering between senses 1 and 3: sense 1 frames this as information about current circumstances (the group's male-only status), while sense 3 emphasizes the reality or truth of the situation. Given the phrasing "a fact that's particularly galling," which stresses the known truth being frustrating, sense 1 better captures the idea of presenting information about an existing circumstance.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: particularly
Target surface form: particularly
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's <t>particularly</t> galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=particularly%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=peculiarly, especially, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=particularly%4:02:02:: | definition=specifically or especially distinguished from others | synonyms=in particular | examples=loves Bach, particularly his partitas; recommended one book in particular
3. sense_key=particularly%4:02:01:: | definition=uniquely or characteristically; ; ; - John Knowles | synonyms=peculiarly | examples=these peculiarly cinematic elements; a peculiarly French phenomenon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "particularly" in this context modifies "galling" to indicate that the exclusion is especially or distinctly bothersome to women to a greater degree than would otherwise be typical. The context explains why—the male-only group controls access to prestigious churches. This matches Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common," which aligns with the use of "especially" to emphasize the intensity of how annoying this situation is.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "particularly" in this sentence:

"They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

The word "particularly" is used to modify how "galling" this fact is to women. The context suggests:
- Women in bell-ringing are not accepted everywhere
- The Ancient Society of College Youths is male-only
- This is especially/particularly galling to women BECAUSE it's the sole source of ringers for prestigious churches

Now let me examine the three senses:

1. **Sense 1** (to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common): This means "especially" or "more than usual." The example "he was particularly fussy about spelling" fits this - he was fussy to a greater degree than is common.

2. **Sense 2** (specifically or especially distinguished from others): This means "in particular" - singling something out from a group. The example "loves Bach, particularly his partitas" fits this - singling out partitas from other Bach works.

3. **Sense 3** (uniquely or characteristically): This suggests something is special or distinctive in character. The example "a peculiarly French phenomenon" fits this - something that is characteristically French.

In the target sentence, "particularly galling" means the fact is "especially/exceptionally galling" - more galling than it might otherwise be, to a greater degree. This fits Sense 1 best.

The reason it's "particularly galling" is explained in the context - because this male-only group is the sole source of ringers for prestigious churches, making the exclusion of women especially frustrating.
The meaning here is unmistakably Sense 1—the fact registers as galling to an unusually intense degree, heightened by the group's monopoly on prestigious church positions.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: women
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to <t>women</t> because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly uses "women" to refer to adult female bell-ringers in contrast to the traditionally male-dominated field ("male-only," "male-dominated"). The passage discusses women as a distinct gender group entering a profession previously dominated by men, which aligns with the basic sense of women as adult females (as opposed to men).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "women" in this passage.

The passage discusses bell-ringing, a profession/activity that was traditionally male-dominated. The key sentence is: "One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

And later: "They are not accepted everywhere, however... remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers..."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" - This is the straightforward definition of women as adult females, contrasted with men. This seems to be the most direct and general sense.

2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: "a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man" - This is not applicable here. The context is not about women in relation to particular men in their personal lives.

3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: "a human female employed to do housework" - This is clearly not applicable. The context is about bell-ringers, not domestic workers.

4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: "women as a class" - This could work, as the passage does seem to be discussing women as a group entering a male-dominated field.

Between senses 1 and 4:
- Sense 1 emphasizes women as adult females (as opposed to men)
- Sense 4 emphasizes women as a class/group

The context is discussing women entering bell-ringing and not being accepted in certain groups. While it does discuss women as a group, the primary meaning seems to be simply referring to women (adult females) as opposed to the men who previously dominated the field.

Sense 1 is the most natural and straightforward interpretation here - referring to women (adult females) in contrast to the male-dominated field of bell-ringing.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: group
Target surface form: group
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the <t>group</t> is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "group" refers to the "Ancient Society of College Youths," which is an organization of bell-ringers. This is clearly a collection of individual members (bell-ringers) considered together as a unified organization or entity. This matches sense 1: "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit." The chemical and mathematical senses are not applicable in this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "group" in this sentence.

The target word "group" appears in this context:
"The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

The "group" here refers to the "Ancient Society of College Youths" - which is a collection of bell-ringers organized together. This is clearly referring to a group of people organized for a common purpose.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=group%1:03:00:: | definition=any number of entities (members) considered as a unit | synonyms=grouping
   - This refers to multiple entities (members) considered together as a unit. This fits perfectly for the bell-ringing organization.

2. sense_key=group%1:27:00:: | definition=(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule | synonyms=radical, chemical group
   - This is clearly a chemistry term, which is not relevant to bell-ringers.

3. sense_key=group%1:09:00:: | definition=a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse | synonyms=mathematical group
   - This is a mathematical term referring to algebraic structures, which is not relevant to bell-ringers.

The correct sense is clearly sense 1, which refers to "any number of entities (members) considered as a unit" - the Ancient Society of College Youths is a group of bell-ringers, a collection of people considered as a single organization/unit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of <t>ringers</t> for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "ringer" applies.

The passage is discussing bell-ringing, specifically about church bell ringers. Key contextual clues:
- "ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung"
- "small, rural parishes and inner-city churches"
- "council's program to attract and train ringers"
- "after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10"
- "women have entered the once male-dominated field"
- "the ringers today are women"
- "the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey"
- "The Ringing World, a weekly newspaper for ringers"

This is clearly about people who ring church bells. The passage is discussing bell-ringing as a practice, the people who do it, training programs for bell-ringers, and gender issues in the bell-ringing community.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - This matches perfectly. The passage discusses church bell ringing, training ringers, and refers to them in the context of churches.

2. "a person who is almost identical to another" - This doesn't fit at all. The passage has nothing to do with identical people.

3. "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - This doesn't fit. The passage is about bell ringers in churches, not competitions with false pretenses.

4. "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg" - This is about a game, not church bells.

The answer is clearly sense 1, which is the only sense that matches the context about church bell ringing.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's <t>most</t> prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "most" appears:

"...the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

I need to determine which sense of "most" is being used here.

The three candidate senses are:
1. Used to form the superlative (e.g., "the most dangerous snake")
2. Very (e.g., "a most welcome relief")
3. Slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but (e.g., "about done", "almost asleep")

In the sentence "Britain's most prestigious churches," the word "most" is being used to form the superlative form of the adjective "prestigious." It means these are the churches that are prestigious to the highest degree - more prestigious than other churches.

This clearly matches sense 1: "used to form the superlative" with the definition about "the king cobra is the most dangerous snake" being a perfect parallel construction.

Sense 2 (very) would make it read like "Britain's very prestigious churches," which is grammatically different and less precise.

Sense 3 (almost) doesn't apply here at all - there's no indication that the churches are "almost" prestigious.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: churches
Context:
Also, ringers do not always live where the bells need to be rung -- like in small, rural parishes and inner-city churches. But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious <t>churches</t>, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The context indicates that "churches" refers to specific prestigious buildings—St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey—where bell-ringing takes place. These are physical structures or places of worship, not denominations, services, or congregations. The passage discusses the practical aspect of ringers needing to be at particular buildings to ring bells, which clearly invokes the sense of churches as physical buildings for worship.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence in question is: "the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious <t>churches</t>, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey."

The context discusses:
- Bell-ringing groups and ringers
- Prestigious churches
- St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey are specifically mentioned as examples

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: - "one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship" (Christian church) - This refers to denominations or religious organizations as a whole, not physical locations.

2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: - "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" (church building) - This refers to the physical building where worship takes place. The examples "the church was empty" supports this as a physical location.

3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: - "a service conducted in a house of worship" (church service) - This refers to the service itself, not a place.

4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: - "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church" - This refers to the congregation of a specific local church.

In the sentence "the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey," the word "churches" refers to the physical buildings/places where bell-ringing occurs. St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey are explicitly mentioned as prestigious churches - these are famous buildings.

The passage is about bell-ringing in churches, and these specific buildings are mentioned as examples. This clearly refers to the physical buildings (sense 2).

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: woman
Target surface form: woman
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no <t>woman</t> has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=woman%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult female person (as opposed to a man) | synonyms=adult female | examples=the woman kept house while the man hunted
2. sense_key=woman%1:18:01:: | definition=a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man | examples=he was faithful to his woman
3. sense_key=woman%1:18:02:: | definition=a human female employed to do housework | synonyms=charwoman, char, cleaning woman, cleaning lady | examples=the char will clean the carpet; I have a woman who comes in four hours a day while I write
4. sense_key=woman%1:14:00:: | definition=women as a class | synonyms=womanhood, fair sex | examples=it's an insult to American womanhood; woman is the glory of creation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage is about bell-ringing and discusses how "a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women."

The target word "woman" appears in the phrase "no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit" and in the context about the "Ancient Society of College Youths" which remains male-only.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "an adult female person (as opposed to a man)" - This is the most general sense referring to adult female humans. The example "the woman kept house while the man hunted" shows a basic distinction between male and female.

2. "a female person who plays a significant role (wife or mistress or girlfriend) in the life of a particular man" - This refers to a woman in relation to a specific man. The example "he was faithful to his woman" shows this romantic/relational sense.

3. "a human female employed to do housework" - This is specifically about domestic workers. The examples mention "char will clean the carpet" and "I have a woman who comes in four hours a day."

4. "women as a class" - This refers to women collectively as a group. The examples mention "woman is the glory of creation" and "an insult to American womanhood."

In the context "no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit," the word refers to an individual adult female person, not a specific woman in relation to a man, not a houseworker, and not women as a collective class. This is clearly sense 1 - simply referring to an adult female person.

The context is about discrimination in bell-ringing, and the phrase means that no individual woman (adult female person) has filed a suit, which is a general reference to adult females without the other connotations of the other senses.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: file
Target surface form: filed
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has <t>filed</t> an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=file%2:32:02:: | definition=record in a public office or in a court of law | synonyms=register | examples=file for divorce; file a complaint
2. sense_key=file%2:35:00:: | definition=smooth with a file | examples=file one's fingernails
3. sense_key=file%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed in line | examples=The students filed into the classroom
4. sense_key=file%2:32:01:: | definition=file a formal charge against | synonyms=charge, lodge | examples=The suspect was charged with murdering his wife
5. sense_key=file%2:32:00:: | definition=place in a container for keeping records | synonyms=file away | examples=File these bills, please

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "filed an equal-opportunity suit," which is a legal action of formally submitting a complaint or lawsuit to a court of law. This matches sense 1: "record in a public office or in a court of law," with examples like "file for divorce" and "file a complaint." These are parallel constructions to "file a suit."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "filed" in this sentence:

"This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer..."

The phrase "filed an equal-opportunity suit" clearly indicates a legal action. When someone "files" a lawsuit or suit, they are submitting it to a court of law or legal authority.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=file%2:32:02:: | definition=record in a public office or in a court of law | synonyms=register | examples=file for divorce; file a complaint
   - This matches the context well. "Filing an equal-opportunity suit" means formally submitting it to a court or legal authority.

2. sense_key=file%2:35:00:: | definition=smooth with a file | examples=file one's fingernails
   - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about smoothing anything with a tool.

3. sense_key=file%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed in line | examples=The students filed into the classroom
   - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about people moving in a line.

4. sense_key=file%2:32:01:: | definition=file a formal charge against | synonyms=charge, lodge | examples=The suspect was charged with murdering his wife
   - This could work as it involves filing a formal action, but it's more about charges against someone.

5. sense_key=file%2:35:00:: | definition=place in a container for keeping records | synonyms=file away | examples=File these bills, please
   - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about organizing documents in a filing system.

The best match is sense 1: "record in a public office or in a court of law" with the example "file a complaint" and "file for divorce". Filing an equal-opportunity suit is exactly this kind of action - submitting a formal legal document to court.
The correct sense is the first one, which captures the legal submission of a formal document to court authorities.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suit
Target surface form: suit
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity <t>suit</t>, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suit%1:06:00:: | definition=a set of garments (usually including a jacket and trousers or skirt) for outerwear all of the same fabric and color | synonyms=suit of clothes | examples=they buried him in his best suit
2. sense_key=suit%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, case, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
3. sense_key=suit%1:18:00:: | definition=(slang) a businessman dressed in a business suit | examples=all the suits care about is the bottom line
4. sense_key=suit%1:10:01:: | definition=a man's courting of a woman; seeking the affections of a woman (usually with the hope of marriage) | synonyms=courtship, wooing, courting | examples=its was a brief and intense courtship
5. sense_key=suit%1:10:00:: | definition=a petition or appeal made to a person of superior status or rank
6. sense_key=suit%1:06:01:: | definition=playing card in any of four sets of 13 cards in a pack; each set has its own symbol and color | examples=a flush is five cards in the same suit; in bridge you must follow suit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly indicates "equal-opportunity suit" refers to a legal proceeding. The sentence discusses discrimination against women in a bell-ringing organization, and mentions that women could file a legal action (suit) regarding this discriminatory practice. This matches sense 2: "a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy" with synonyms like "lawsuit" and "case."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity <t>suit</t>, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers."

The context is about women being excluded from a male-only bell-ringing group (the Ancient Society of College Youths). The text mentions "equal-opportunity suit" - this is clearly referring to a legal action.

Let me check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=suit%1:06:00:: - a set of garments - No, this doesn't fit
2. sense_key=suit%1:04:00:: - a proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy - YES, this fits perfectly! An "equal-opportunity suit" would be a lawsuit related to equal opportunity
3. sense_key=suit%1:18:00:: - a businessman dressed in a business suit - No
4. sense_key=suit%1:10:01:: - a man's courting of a woman - No
5. sense_key=suit%1:10:00:: - a petition or appeal made to a person of superior status - Possibly, but less likely than sense 2
6. sense_key=suit%1:06:01:: - playing card - No

The phrase "equal-opportunity suit" clearly refers to a legal action/lawsuit seeking remedy for discrimination. This matches sense 2 perfectly.

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: extent
Target surface form: extent
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the <t>extent</t> of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law
2. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The word "extent" in this context refers to "the point or degree to which something extends" - specifically, the degree or magnitude of the discrimination problem that surfaced. The phrase "the extent of the problem" is asking about how serious or widespread the problem is, similar to the example "the extent of the damage." This is a non-spatial use referring to degree or scope, rather than physical distance or area.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "extent" in this passage.

The sentence reads: "This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World," a weekly newspaper for ringers."

Here, "extent" refers to the degree or magnitude of the problem - how much of a problem it is, or how serious/significant the problem is.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=extent%1:26:00:: | definition=the point or degree to which something extends | examples=the extent of the damage; the full extent of the law
   - This refers to the degree/level to which something extends or applies

2. sense_key=extent%1:07:00:: | definition=the distance or area or volume over which something extends | examples=the vast extent of the desert; an orchard of considerable extent
   - This refers to spatial dimensions (distance, area, volume)

In the context "the extent of the problem," we're talking about the degree or magnitude of the problem, not its physical size. This is more about "how much of a problem" or "how serious the problem is."

Sense 1 with examples like "the extent of the damage" and "the full extent of the law" fits much better. These are non-physical extents - they're about the degree or scope.

Sense 2 would be for physical measurements like "the vast extent of the desert."

The answer should be sense 1, which would be indexed as 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the <t>problem</t> surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes the discrimination against women in the bell-ringing society as something that "surfaced" and has "extent," referring to a persistent state of difficulty requiring resolution. This aligns with sense 1 (a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved), rather than sense 2 (an intellectual question/puzzle) or sense 3 (merely a source of trouble). The passage presents the gender exclusion as an ongoing problem/conflict that exists and should be addressed, matching the definition of sense 1.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the three candidate senses for the word "problem" in this passage.

The context is about women being excluded from the Ancient Society of College Youths, a male-only bell-ringing group. The passage states: "This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer..."

Let me examine each sense:

1. **Sense 1 (problem%1:26:00::)**: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - This is about a difficulty or conflict that requires resolution. The examples given are "she and her husband are having problems" and "it is always a job to contact him." This sense captures a general state of difficulty.

2. **Sense 2 (problem%1:10:00::)**: "a question raised for consideration or solution" - This is more about a question or puzzle that needs solving. The example is "our homework consisted of ten problems to solve." This is more about intellectual problems or mathematical/logical problems.

3. **Sense 3 (problem%1:09:00::)**: "a source of difficulty" - This is about something that causes trouble or difficulty. The examples are "one trouble after another delayed the job" and "what's the problem?" This focuses on the source or origin of the difficulty.

In the passage, "the extent of the problem" refers to the issue or difficulty caused by the discrimination against women in the bell-ringing society. It's about a state of difficulty (the exclusion of women) that needs to be resolved (through equal opportunities).

Sense 1 seems most appropriate because:
- It describes a state of difficulty that needs resolution
- The discrimination against women is a state of difficulty
- It matches the phrase "the extent of the problem" which suggests a scope or magnitude of difficulty

Sense 3 could also work as it mentions "source of difficulty," but sense 1 is more about "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved," which better captures the discriminatory situation as a problem that exists and should be addressed.
Sense 1 is the best fit here. The passage frames the gender exclusion as an ongoing difficulty requiring resolution, not as a puzzle to solve or merely a source of trouble.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: surface
Target surface form: surfaced
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem <t>surfaced</t> this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=surface%2:38:00:: | definition=come to the surface | synonyms=come up, rise up, rise
2. sense_key=surface%2:35:00:: | definition=put a coat on; cover the surface of; furnish with a surface | synonyms=coat | examples=coat the cake with chocolate
3. sense_key=surface%2:30:00:: | definition=appear or become visible; make a showing | synonyms=come on, come out, turn up, show up | examples=She turned up at the funeral; I hope the list key is going to surface again

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "surfaced" in this context means the problem "appeared" or "became visible/known." The sentence states "the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters," indicating that the issue became apparent through public discourse. This matches sense 3: "appear or become visible; make a showing" with synonyms like "come out," "turn up," and "show up," which all fit the meaning of the problem becoming known or apparent.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "surfaced" in this passage.

The sentence is: "This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World," a weekly newspaper for ringers."

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=surface%2:38:00:: | definition=come to the surface | synonyms=come up, rise up, rise
   - This is about coming to the surface (like a submarine surfacing)
   - Doesn't quite fit the context

2. sense_key=surface%2:35:00:: | definition=put a coat on; cover the surface of; furnish with a surface | synonyms=coat | examples=coat the cake with chocolate
   - This is about putting a physical coat or covering on something
   - Definitely doesn't fit - this is about a problem appearing, not coating something

3. sense_key=surface%2:30:00:: | definition=appear or become visible; make a showing | synonyms=come on, come out, turn up, show up | examples=She turned up at the funeral; I hope the list key is going to surface again
   - This means "appear or become visible"
   - In the context: "the extent of the problem surfaced this summer" - meaning the problem became visible/apparent through the letters
   - This fits perfectly with the context of "the problem appeared/became known"

The word "surfaced" here means that the extent of the problem became visible/apparent. The synonyms given in sense 3 (come out, turn up, show up) all fit this meaning. The example "I hope the list key is going to surface again" is similar in meaning - hoping something will appear/become visible again.

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: summer
Target surface form: summer
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this <t>summer</t> in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=summer%1:28:00:: | definition=the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox | synonyms=summertime | examples=they spent a lazy summer at the shore
2. sense_key=summer%1:28:01:: | definition=the period of finest development, happiness, or beauty | examples=the golden summer of his life

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates "summer" refers to the warmest season of the year as a temporal reference point. The phrase "this summer" is used to specify when the letters to "The Ringing World" newspaper surfaced, establishing a specific time period within the calendar year. This is a direct reference to the seasonal meaning, not a metaphorical use describing a "golden period" or "finest development" of life.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "summer" is being used.

The sentence states: "One writer, signing his letter as 'Red-blooded, balanced male,' remarked on the 'frequency of women fainting in peals,' and suggested that they 'settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings.'"

And earlier: "This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this <t>summer</t> in a series of letters to 'The Ringing World,' a weekly newspaper for ringers."

The context clearly indicates that "summer" is being used as a specific season of the year when something happened (letters were published in a newspaper). The text is talking about when this controversy emerged - it surfaced "this summer," meaning the summer season of that particular year.

Let me compare the two senses:

1. Sense 1: "the warmest season of the year; in the northern hemisphere it extends from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox" - This is the literal, seasonal definition. The example given is "they spent a lazy summer at the shore," which clearly refers to the season.

2. Sense 2: "the period of finest development, happiness, or beauty" - This is a metaphorical or figurative usage. The example given is "the golden summer of his life," which refers to a period of life, not the actual season.

In the given context, "summer" clearly refers to the actual season of the year when these letters surfaced. It's used to indicate a point in time - "this summer" - which is a temporal reference to the season, not to a metaphorical period of life or happiness.

Therefore, the answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: series
Target surface form: series
Context:
But the council's program to attract and train ringers is only partly successful, says Mr. Baldwin. "Right now, we're lucky if after five years we keep one new ringer out of 10, "he adds. One bright sign is that a growing number of women have entered the once male-dominated field; more than a third of the ringers today are women. They are not accepted everywhere, however. The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a <t>series</t> of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs | synonyms=serial | examples=a comedy series; the Masterworks concert series
3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times | synonyms=serial, serial publication
4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams | examples=the visiting team swept the series
5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other | examples=the voltage divider consisted of a series of fixed resistors
6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection | examples=the Post Office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers; his coin collection included the complete series of Indian-head pennies
7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The target word refers to multiple letters appearing one after another to "The Ringing World" newspaper. This matches sense 1: "similar things placed in order or happening one after another," as evidenced by the context describing "a series of letters" that surfaced sequentially. This is parallel to the given example "they were investigating a series of bank robberies."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "series" in this passage.

The context states: "the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World," a weekly newspaper for ringers."

So we're talking about multiple letters appearing one after another or in sequence to a newspaper. Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies
   - This could fit: a series of letters would be letters placed in order or happening one after another.

2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs | synonyms=serial | examples=a comedy series; the Masterworks concert series
   - This is about TV/radio programs, not applicable here.

3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times | synonyms=serial, serial publication
   - This is about periodicals themselves, not a series of something else.

4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams
   - This is sports-specific, not applicable.

5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other
   - This is about electronics, not applicable.

6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection
   - This is specifically about stamps or coins, not letters.

7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions
   - This is a mathematical term, not applicable.

Sense 1 is the clear match here—multiple letters arriving sequentially to the newspaper, just as the example describes a succession of robberies being investigated. The answer is sense index 1.