[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swing
Target surface form: swing
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next <t>swing</t>, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swing%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of steady vigorous action that is characteristic of an activity | examples=the party went with a swing; it took time to get into the swing of things
2. sense_key=swing%1:06:00:: | definition=mechanical device used as a plaything to support someone swinging back and forth
3. sense_key=swing%1:04:06:: | definition=a sweeping blow or stroke | examples=he took a wild swing at my head
4. sense_key=swing%1:04:00:: | definition=changing location by moving back and forth | synonyms=swinging, vacillation
5. sense_key=swing%1:10:01:: | definition=a style of jazz played by big bands popular in the 1930s; flowing rhythms but less complex than later styles of jazz | synonyms=swing music, jive
6. sense_key=swing%1:07:00:: | definition=a jaunty rhythm in music | synonyms=lilt
7. sense_key=swing%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of swinging a golf club at a golf ball and (usually) hitting it | synonyms=golf stroke, golf shot
8. sense_key=swing%1:04:02:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, cut | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
9. sense_key=swing%1:04:04:: | definition=a square dance figure; a pair of dancers join hands and dance around a point between them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The target word refers to the back-and-forth oscillating motion of the bell as it swings through its arc. The context describes how skilled ringers "advance or retard the next swing" - controlling the timing of the bell's pendulum-like motion. This directly corresponds to sense 4 ("changing location by moving back and forth"), which captures the physical swinging motion of the bells mounted on wheels in the belfry.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next <t>swing</t>, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

This is about church bell ringing. The "swing" here refers to the motion or movement of the bell as it swings back and forth. The context mentions:

- "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees"
- The ringers pull ropes to control the bells
- "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing"

So "swing" here refers to the back-and-forth motion of the bell. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. A state of steady vigorous action - not quite right
2. Mechanical device (plaything) - no, this is a toy swing
3. A sweeping blow or stroke - no
4. Changing location by moving back and forth - YES, this could fit
5. Jazz music style - no
6. A jaunty rhythm in music - no
7. Golf swing - no
8. Baseball swing - no
9. Square dance figure - no

Sense 4 says "changing location by moving back and forth" with synonyms "swinging, vacillation". This is about the physical motion of moving back and forth, which is exactly what the bells do when they swing.

Actually, let me reconsider. The definition of sense 4 is "changing location by moving back and forth" - this describes the motion itself. In the context, the bells are swinging back and forth, and the ringers control the timing of "the next swing" - meaning the next oscillation or cycle of the bell's motion.

Sense 4 (swing%1:04:00::) seems to be the best fit as it describes the back-and-forth motion of the bells.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, <t>so</t> that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "so" in this context appears in the phrase "so that one bell can swap places with another," which expresses purpose or manner that facilitates a result. This matches sense 2: "in a manner that facilitates," as exemplified by similar constructions like "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior" and "he stooped down so he could pick up his hat." The ringers advance or retard the swing in such a manner that it allows/facilitates the bells swapping places.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "so" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

Let me examine what "so" means here. The phrase "so that" indicates purpose or result. The ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the swing IN ORDER THAT one bell can swap places with another.

This is expressing purpose - "so that" means "in order that" or "with the result that."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "to a very great extent" - Not applicable
2. "in a manner that facilitates" - This says "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior" - this is very similar to our context! It's expressing purpose/manner that allows something to happen
3. "in such a condition or manner" - Not quite right
4. "to a certain unspecified extent" - Not applicable
5. "in the same way; also" - Not applicable
6. "in the way indicated" - Not applicable
7. "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree" - This is for expressions like "so tired that..."
8. "subsequently or soon afterward" - Not applicable
9. "(used to introduce a logical conclusion)" - Not applicable
10. "in truth" - Not applicable

Sense 2 seems to be the best fit: "in a manner that facilitates" with the example "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior" and "he stooped down so he could pick up his hat".

This matches our context perfectly: "use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places" - the action is done SO THAT (in a manner that facilitates) a result can occur.

The answer should be 2.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one <t>bell</t> can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to the physical bronze bells mounted on wheels in the church belfry that are swung through 360 degrees during bell-ringing. The passage describes "huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels" and how "one bell can swap places with another," referring to the actual metal devices themselves, not the sound they produce or their shape. This matches sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "bell" is being used.

The passage is describing bell-ringing in a church. Key context clues:
- "ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other"
- "each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling"
- "the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling"
- "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees"
- "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another"

The passage is clearly about the physical bells themselves - the bronze bells mounted on wheels in the belfry that are swung through 360 degrees when rung. The "one bell" mentioned refers to the physical bell being swung/moved.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This fits! The passage talks about "huge bronze bells" that are physical objects mounted on wheels.

2. "a push button at an outer door" - No, not applicable here.

3. "the sound of a bell being struck" - The context is about the physical bell, not the sound.

4. "nautical time signal" - Not relevant.

5. "the shape of a bell" - Not the focus here.

6-8. Personal names - Not relevant.

9. "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" - This could apply, but the context is more about the individual bells themselves, not a set of tuned bells as an orchestral instrument.

10. "the flared opening of a tubular device" - Not relevant.
The most fitting definition is the first one—a hollow metal device that produces sound when struck. The passage emphasizes the physical bronze bells mounted on wheels in the belfry, which swing and ring when the ringers pull the ropes from below.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: swap
Target surface form: swap
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can <t>swap</t> places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=swap%2:40:00:: | definition=exchange or give (something) in exchange for | synonyms=trade, swop, switch
2. sense_key=swap%2:38:00:: | definition=move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes bell-ringing where "one bell can swap places with another." This is clearly about exchanging or switching positions between two bells - an act of exchange. This matches sense 1 (exchange or give something in exchange for), supported by the synonym "switch." Sense 2, relating to computer memory operations, is entirely irrelevant to the bell-ringing context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "swap" is used:

"Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

The target word is "swap" in the phrase "swap places with another".

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=swap%2:40:00:: | definition=exchange or give (something) in exchange for | synonyms=trade, swop, switch
This definition means to exchange or trade something.

2. sense_key=swap%2:38:00:: | definition=move (a piece of a program) into memory, in computer science
This is a technical computing term.

In the context, "one bell can swap places with another in the following change" clearly means that one bell exchanges positions with another bell. This is the meaning of exchanging or switching positions, which aligns with sense 1: "exchange or give (something) in exchange for" with the synonyms "trade, swop, switch".

The synonym "switch" is particularly relevant here since "swap places" means to exchange positions, which is essentially switching positions.

Sense 2 is about computer science memory operations, which is completely unrelated to the bell-ringing context.

The answer is clearly sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: place
Target surface form: places
Context:
A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap <t>places</t> with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=place%1:15:00:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, spot | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=place%1:15:04:: | definition=any area set aside for a particular purpose | synonyms=property | examples=who owns this place?; the president was concerned about the property across from the White House
3. sense_key=place%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract mental location | examples=he has a special place in my thoughts; a place in my heart
4. sense_key=place%1:15:01:: | definition=a general vicinity | examples=He comes from a place near Chicago
5. sense_key=place%1:04:01:: | definition=the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another | synonyms=stead, position, lieu | examples=can you go in my stead?; took his place
6. sense_key=place%1:26:01:: | definition=a particular situation | synonyms=shoes | examples=If you were in my place what would you do?
7. sense_key=place%1:15:06:: | definition=where you live at a particular time | synonyms=home | examples=deliver the package to my home; he doesn't have a home to go to
8. sense_key=place%1:04:00:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, spot, billet | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=place%1:15:05:: | definition=the particular portion of space occupied by something | synonyms=position | examples=he put the lamp back in its place
10. sense_key=place%1:26:00:: | definition=proper or designated social situation | synonyms=station | examples=he overstepped his place; the responsibilities of a man in his station
11. sense_key=place%1:15:03:: | definition=a space reserved for sitting (as in a theater or on a train or airplane) | synonyms=seat | examples=he booked their seats in advance; he sat in someone else's place
12. sense_key=place%1:10:00:: | definition=the passage that is being read | examples=he lost his place on the page
13. sense_key=place%1:26:02:: | definition=proper or appropriate position or location | examples=a woman's place is no longer in the kitchen
14. sense_key=place%1:15:02:: | definition=a public square with room for pedestrians | synonyms=plaza, piazza | examples=they met at Elm Plaza; Grosvenor Place
15. sense_key=place%1:10:02:: | definition=an item on a list or in a sequence | synonyms=position | examples=in the second place; moved from third to fifth position
16. sense_key=place%1:10:01:: | definition=a blank area | synonyms=space, blank space | examples=write your name in the space provided

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 5}

The phrase "swap places with another" refers to one bell exchanging the position or function that another bell occupies in the ringing sequence. This aligns with sense 5, which defines "place" as "the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another," with the directly parallel example "took his place." In bell-ringing, each bell has a designated role in the sequence, and the ringers control when a bell can exchange that role with another bell's role.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "places" appears:

"Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change."

The key phrase is "swap places with another." This means one bell takes the position of another bell. The bells are in sequence, and by controlling the timing of the swings, one bell can exchange its position/position in sequence with another bell.

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. A topographic point/spot - No, bells aren't swapping locations on a map
2. Any area set aside for a particular purpose - No
3. An abstract mental location - No
4. A general vicinity - No
5. The post or function properly occupied by another (stead, position, lieu) - This could work! "took his place" in the example is similar to "swap places"
6. A particular situation (shoes) - Could work with "put yourself in my place"
7. Where you live - No
8. A job in an organization - No
9. The particular portion of space occupied by something (position) - This could work, as in the physical position/location of the bell
10. Proper or designated social situation (station) - Not really
11. A space reserved for sitting - No, not about seating
12. The passage being read - No
13. Proper or appropriate position - No
14. A public square - No
15. An item on a list or in a sequence (position) - This could work if we think of the bells as being in a sequence
16. A blank area - No

Looking at the most relevant ones:
- Sense 5: "the post or function properly or customarily occupied or served by another" with examples "can you go in my stead?; took his place" - This is about one thing substituting for another's position/role
- Sense 9: "the particular portion of space occupied by something" with synonym "position" - This is about the physical location where something is
- Sense 15: "an item on a list or in a sequence" - This is about position in a sequence

The bells occupy specific positions within the ringing sequence, and when they swap places, they're exchanging those sequential positions. Sense 5 seems most fitting since it captures the idea of one bell taking the position that another customarily holds in the change pattern.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: well-known
Target surface form: well-known
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a <t>well-known</t> detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=well-known%5:00:00:known:00 | definition=widely or fully known | examples=a well-known politician; well-known facts
2. sense_key=well-known%5:00:00:familiar:00 | definition=frequently experienced; known closely or intimately | synonyms=long-familiar | examples=a long-familiar face; a well-known voice reached her ears

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context refers to "a well-known detective-story," describing a literary work that is famous and widely recognized. This corresponds to sense 1 ("widely or fully known"), which applies to things that are generally acknowledged as famous or renowned in the public domain. The detective story is not described as intimately familiar or frequently experienced by the narrator, but rather as a celebrated work in literature—matching the examples like "a well-known politician."

reasoning_content:
The target word is "well-known" and I need to determine which sense is correct in the given context.

Looking at the context: "In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing..."

The text is referring to a detective story by Dorothy L. Sayers about church bells. The phrase "well-known detective-story" is describing that this particular story is widely recognized or famous.

Now let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. "widely or fully known" with examples "a well-known politician; well-known facts" - This sense focuses on something being known by many people, widely recognized.

2. "frequently experienced; known closely or intimately" with synonym "long-familiar" and examples "a long-familiar face; a well-known voice reached her ears" - This sense focuses on something being familiar through frequent experience or intimate knowledge.

In the context, "well-known detective-story" refers to a story that is famous/widely recognized in the literary world. It's not saying the story is familiar to the narrator on a personal level or through intimate knowledge. It's saying it's a detective story that is widely known.

Sense 1 ("widely or fully known") is the correct interpretation here because:
- It refers to something being well-known in general/public knowledge
- The detective story is famous/well-known in literature
- This matches the example "a well-known politician" which is also something recognized widely

Sense 2 is about familiarity through intimate or frequent experience, which doesn't apply here.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involve
Target surface form: involving
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story <t>involving</t> church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
3. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
7. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The phrase "a detective-story involving church bells" describes a story that **contains church bells as a component or subject matter**. This matches sense 5 "contain as a part," which is clearly paralleled by the example "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" — just as dinner encompasses multiple courses, the detective story encompasses church bells within its narrative.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "involving" in this passage about church bell ringing.

The sentence is: "In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"

Here, "involving" is describing what kind of detective story - one that involves/contains/has church bells as a subject matter.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "connect closely and often incriminatingly" - This is more about implicating someone in wrongdoing. Not the right sense here.

2. "engage as a participant" - This would mean the story engages church bells as a participant, which doesn't quite fit.

3. "have as a necessary feature" - This means the story has/contains church bells as a feature. This seems very close.

4. "require as useful, just, or proper" - Doesn't fit the context.

5. "contain as a part" - The story contains church bells as a part/subject. This could work, with the example "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" showing that something can have components/parts.

6. "occupy or engage the interest of" - This is more about engaging someone's attention/interest in an activity. Not quite right.

7. "make complex or intricate or complicated" - Doesn't fit; the story is not being made complex.

Between 3 and 5:
- Sense 3: "have as a necessary feature" with synonym "imply" - The story has church bells as a necessary feature (the story is about/involves church bells)
- Sense 5: "contain as a part" - The story contains church bells as a component

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 3: "This decision involves many changes" - the decision has changes as necessary features
- Sense 5: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - dinner contains six courses as parts
- Sense 5 fits better because the detective story contains church bells as a component element, much like how a dinner contains courses. The story's subject matter includes church bells as part of its makeup.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving <t>church</t> bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "church bells" refers to the bells located in a church building (the physical structure). The context describes the physical setting—the ringing chamber, belfry, ceiling, and bronze bells mounted on wheels—which all indicate the target word refers to the place of worship as a physical building, not to a religious organization, service, or congregation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "church" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as..."

The key phrase is "church bells" - these are bells that are located in a church building (a place of worship). The context is about bell ringing that happens in a church, specifically in the belfry (bell tower) of a church building.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: - "one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship" (synonyms: Christian church) - This refers to religious denominations/organizations, not relevant here.

2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: - "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" (synonyms: church building, examples: the church was empty) - This refers to the physical building/place. The bells are in a church building, so "church bells" would naturally refer to bells in this kind of structure.

3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: - "a service conducted in a house of worship" (synonyms: church service, examples: don't be late for church) - This refers to a religious service/ceremony, not the physical location.

4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: - "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church" (synonyms: none given, examples: our church is hosting a picnic next week) - This refers to the congregation/community.

In "church bells," the word "church" is being used as an adjective-like modifier to indicate where the bells are located. The entire passage is about the physical location where bell ringing takes place - the belfry of a church building with its ringing chamber and ceiling.

The most appropriate sense is #2 - "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" because "church bells" are bells located in a church building (the physical place of worship).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church <t>bells</t>, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes large bronze bells mounted on wheels in a church belfry that swing through 360 degrees. The passage focuses on the physical bells themselves as devices that ringers operate through ropes. This matches sense 1, which defines a bell as "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense for "bells" in this passage.

The context describes:
- Ten ringers pulling ropes in a circle
- The ropes disappear through the ceiling into the ringing chamber
- "the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees"
- "in the belfry, the huge bronze bells"
- The passage is about church bell ringing
- It mentions a detective story involving church bells

The passage is clearly referring to actual physical bells in a church belfry - large bronze bells that swing and ring. The description talks about the physical bells themselves, not the sound they make.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This fits well. The passage describes "huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels" that are physical objects.

2. "a push button at an outer door" - No, not relevant to church bells.

3. "the sound of a bell being struck" - The passage mentions "the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves" but this is referring to the physical bells, not the sound itself.

4. "nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell" - Not relevant, this is about church bells.

5. "the shape of a bell" - No, not about shape here.

6-8. These are proper nouns (people's names) - Not relevant.

9. "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" - This could apply, but the passage is describing individual large bronze bells in a belfry, not a set of tuned bells as an orchestral instrument.

10. "the flared opening of a tubular device" - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This describes the physical bronze bells in the church belfry that the ringers are operating.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, <t>English</t> novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "English" here modifies "novelist" to indicate Dorothy L. Sayers' national origin or cultural affiliation (she was from England), not the language of her writing. This aligns with sense 1: "of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "English" is being used.

The sentence is: "In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, <t>English</t> novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"

The target word "English" is describing "novelist" - it's referring to Dorothy L. Sayers being an English novelist.

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people" with examples like "English history; the English landed aristocracy"

2. Sense 2: "of or relating to the English language"

In the context, "English novelist" means a novelist from England or of England - it's referring to the person's nationality/origin, not the language they write in (although that might be implied). The phrase "English novelist" is describing Dorothy L. Sayers as being from England or English in nationality.

This clearly corresponds to Sense 1: "of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people" - because it's describing someone as being from England/of English nationality/culture.

Sense 2 would be about the English language, which is not what's being expressed here. While Dorothy L. Sayers did write in English, the adjective "English" here is modifying "novelist" to indicate her national origin, not the language.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: describe
Target surface form: described
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers <t>described</t> ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=describe%2:32:00:: | definition=give a description of | synonyms=depict, draw | examples=He drew an elaborate plan of attack
2. sense_key=describe%2:32:01:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=report, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
3. sense_key=describe%2:35:00:: | definition=make a mark or lines on a surface | synonyms=trace, draw, line, delineate | examples=draw a line; trace the outline of a figure in the sand
4. sense_key=describe%2:31:00:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows Dorothy L. Sayers giving an account or representation of ringing in words, characterizing it as "a passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." This matches sense 2's definition "to give an account or representation of in words" with synonyms "report, account." The structure is parallel to the provided example "Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "described".

The sentence is: "In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"

The word "described" here means that Dorothy L. Sayers gave a characterization or account of what ringing is - she portrayed it as a passion with certain qualities. She's giving a representation or account of ringing in words.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "give a description of" - synonyms: depict, draw. Example: "He drew an elaborate plan of attack". This is about giving a description visually or in detail.

2. "to give an account or representation of in words" - synonyms: report, account. Example: "Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental". This is about giving an account or representation in words.

3. "make a mark or lines on a surface" - synonyms: trace, draw, line, delineate. Example: "draw a line; trace the outline of a figure in the sand". This is about physically marking or drawing.

4. "identify as in botany or biology, for example" - synonyms: identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, name. This is about identifying/classifying something scientifically.

In the context, Dorothy L. Sayers "described ringing as a passion..." - she's giving a representation or account of what ringing is in words. This fits best with sense 2, which explicitly mentions "to give an account or representation of in words" and has synonyms like "report, account". The example "Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental" is very similar in structure to our sentence.

Sense 1 is also plausible ("give a description of"), but sense 2 seems more specific and accurate since it explicitly mentions "in words" and the synonyms "report, account" are more aligned with giving an account of something.
Sense 2 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: passion
Target surface form: passion
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "<t>passion</t> that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=passion%1:12:00:: | definition=a strong feeling or emotion | synonyms=passionateness
2. sense_key=passion%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being intensely emotional | synonyms=heat, warmth
3. sense_key=passion%1:26:01:: | definition=something that is desired intensely | synonyms=rage | examples=his rage for fame destroyed him
4. sense_key=passion%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action | synonyms=mania, cacoethes
5. sense_key=passion%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of strong sexual desire
6. sense_key=passion%1:09:00:: | definition=any object of warm affection or devotion | synonyms=love | examples=the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting
7. sense_key=passion%1:26:02:: | definition=the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion | synonyms=Passion of Christ

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "passion" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"

In this context, "passion" refers to an intense interest or devotion to bell-ringing. Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "a strong feeling or emotion" - This is very general and could apply.
2. "the trait of being intensely emotional" - Not quite right; it's not about the trait of being emotional.
3. "something that is desired intensely" - This refers to an intense desire, but the example "his rage for fame" doesn't quite fit.
4. "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action" - This could fit, as passion for bell-ringing could be seen as an irresistible motive.
5. "a feeling of strong sexual desire" - Clearly not appropriate here.
6. "any object of warm affection or devotion" - This seems perfect. The examples include "the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting." This matches exactly - bell-ringing is an object of warm affection and devotion.
7. "the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion" - Not relevant.

The best match is sense 6: "any object of warm affection or devotion" because bell-ringing is described as something the ringers are totally absorbed in and devoted to, and the example "he has a passion for cock fighting" directly parallels the usage here.

Wait, let me reconsider sense 4 as well. "An irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action" - this could also work, but sense 6 is more direct with its example "he has a passion for cock fighting."
Sense 6 captures it best—bell-ringing as an object of warm devotion aligns perfectly with Sayers' description and the parallel example of passion for cock fighting.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finds
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that <t>finds</t> its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 10}

The phrase "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection" uses "finds" in the sense of "obtain through effort or management." The passion achieves or obtains its satisfaction by means of these qualities. This matches sense 10's definition and the example "She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents" shows a similar usage where "find" means to obtain or achieve something through effort.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "finds" in the context provided.

The phrase is: "a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.'"

This means the passion achieves or obtains its satisfaction through mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "come upon, as if by accident; meet with" - Doesn't fit. This is accidental.

2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - Not quite. We're not discovering something's existence.

3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - Not applicable here.

4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - Doesn't fit the context.

5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds" - This could work, but it's not the best fit.

6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - Not the right sense.

7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - Could work. The passion "gets" or "obtains" its satisfaction through mathematical completeness.

8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - Not the right sense.

9. "make a discovery" - Not quite.

10. "obtain through effort or management" - This seems to fit. The passion "obtains" its satisfaction through mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.

11. "decide on and make a declaration about" - Not applicable.

12. "receive a specified treatment" - Not the right sense.

13. "perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place" - Not applicable.

14. "get or find back; recover the use of" - Not the right sense.

15. "succeed in reaching; arrive at" - This could work. The passion "arrives at" or "reaches" its satisfaction.
16. "accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation" - Not applicable.

Sense 10 appears strongest—the passion secures its satisfaction through these specific qualities. Though sense 15 also merits consideration since "arrives at" captures how the passion reaches its fulfillment, sense 10 better emphasizes the deliberate acquisition of satisfaction through mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. Sense 7 could potentially apply as well, suggesting the passion procures satisfaction as a means to an end.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: satisfaction
Target surface form: satisfaction
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its <t>satisfaction</t> in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=satisfaction%1:12:00:: | definition=the contentment one feels when one has fulfilled a desire, need, or expectation | examples=the chef tasted the sauce with great satisfaction
2. sense_key=satisfaction%1:26:00:: | definition=state of being gratified or satisfied | synonyms=gratification | examples=dull repetitious work gives no gratification; to my immense gratification he arrived on time
3. sense_key=satisfaction%1:21:00:: | definition=compensation for a wrong | synonyms=atonement, expiation | examples=we were unable to get satisfaction from the local store
4. sense_key=satisfaction%1:21:01:: | definition=(law) the payment of a debt or fulfillment of an obligation | examples=the full and final satisfaction of the claim
5. sense_key=satisfaction%1:04:00:: | definition=act of fulfilling a desire or need or appetite | examples=the satisfaction of their demand for better services

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The context describes bell ringers who are passionate about their craft, and their "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." This refers to the contentment or fulfillment they experience when their desire for precision and perfect execution is met. The phrase "filled with the solemn intoxication" further emphasizes the emotional gratification that comes from accomplishing something difficult well - which aligns with sense 1's definition of "the contentment one feels when one has fulfilled a desire, need, or expectation."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection"

The context is about bell ringing - ringers are described as being passionate about the activity, and their satisfaction comes from achieving mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection in their craft.

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. "the contentment one feels when one has fulfilled a desire, need, or expectation" - This is about contentment/fulfillment. The example is "the chef tasted the sauce with great satisfaction" which shows personal contentment.

2. "state of being gratified or satisfied" - This is about gratification, a state of pleasure. Synonyms: gratification. Examples show being pleased or gratified about something.

3. "compensation for a wrong" - This is about restitution/atonement. Not relevant to the context.

4. "(law) the payment of a debt or fulfillment of an obligation" - This is a legal term. Not relevant.

5. "act of fulfilling a desire or need or appetite" - This is about the act/process of fulfilling something. Example: "the satisfaction of their demand for better services" - this is about fulfilling demands.

In the context, Sayers is saying that bell ringers are passionate about something and that passion "finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection."

This means their passion/desire is fulfilled or satisfied by achieving this mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. The satisfaction is the state/feeling that results from fulfilling their passion/desire.

Senses 1, 2, and 5 are all quite similar - they're about fulfillment and contentment. But:
- Sense 1: contentment when fulfilling a desire/need/expectation
- Sense 2: state of being gratified or satisfied
- Sense 5: act of fulfilling a desire/need/appetite
- The key phrase is "passion that finds its satisfaction in..." - this suggests a state or feeling that comes from fulfilling something. Sense 1 is most precise here, capturing the contentment that emerges when the ringers' passionate desire is satisfied through achieving mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. While sense 2 also describes a state of gratification, sense 1 more directly captures the fulfillment of a specific desire or expectation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mathematical
Target surface form: mathematical
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in <t>mathematical</t> completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mathematical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics | examples=a mathematical textbook; slide rules and other mathematical instruments
2. sense_key=mathematical%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers | synonyms=numerical | examples=tests for rating numerical aptitude; a mathematical whiz
3. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:unquestionable:00 | definition=beyond question | examples=a mathematical certainty
4. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:possible:00 | definition=statistically possible though highly improbable | examples=have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs
5. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics | examples=mathematical precision

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context describes bell ringing as finding satisfaction in "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection" and emphasizes "intricate ritual faultlessly performed." The word "mathematical" here refers to the precision, exactness, and completeness that characterizes something done with mathematical-like accuracy. This matches sense 5: "characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics," not the other senses which relate to mathematics as a discipline, numerical ability, absolute certainty, or statistical probability.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "mathematical" in this passage about bell ringing.

The passage quotes Dorothy L. Sayers describing ringing as finding satisfaction in "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection."

Let me examine each sense:

1. **Sense 1**: "of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics" - This would mean relating to the mathematical discipline itself, like a mathematical textbook. The passage isn't about mathematics as a field of study.

2. **Sense 2**: "relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers" - This is about numerical aptitude or numerical work. While bell ringing does involve timing and coordination that could be numerical, this sense seems too specific to numbers.

3. **Sense 3**: "beyond question" - This would mean certainty. "Mathematical certainty" means something is absolutely certain. But the context talks about "completeness and mechanical perfection," not about certainty.

4. **Sense 4**: "statistically possible though highly improbable" - This is about probability. This doesn't fit the context.

5. **Sense 5**: "characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics" - This means having mathematical precision and exactness. The passage emphasizes "completeness and mechanical perfection" and "intricate ritual faultlessly performed" - this is about precision and exactness.

The key phrase is "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." The word is being used to describe the quality of precision, exactness, and perfection - like the precision of mathematics. This best matches sense 5, which describes something "characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics."

The answer should be sense index 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: completeness
Target surface form: completeness
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical <t>completeness</t> and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=completeness%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being complete and entire; having everything that is needed
2. sense_key=completeness%1:07:00:: | definition=(logic) an attribute of a logical system that is so constituted that a contradiction arises if any proposition is introduced that cannot be derived from the axioms of the system

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes bell ringing as a passion finding "satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection," paired with "intricate ritual faultlessly performed." Here, completeness refers to the quality of something being complete and entire—everything in its proper place and timing, with nothing missing. This aligns with the general sense of wholeness and having all necessary parts, rather than the technical logical definition. The broader meaning of "complete and entire" is appropriate for describing the satisfaction found in performing a complex ritual with all elements perfectly executed.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "completeness" in the sentence: "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'" and earlier: "a passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection."

The two candidate senses are:
1. completeness%1:26:00:: - "the state of being complete and entire; having everything that is needed"
2. completeness%1:07:00:: - "(logic) an attribute of a logical system that is so constituted that a contradiction arises if any proposition is introduced that cannot be derived from the axioms of the system"

In the context, Dorothy L. Sayers is describing bell ringing as a passion that finds satisfaction in "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." This is paired with "intricate ritual faultlessly performed."

The second sense is a technical logical/mathematical term referring to a specific formal property of logical systems. The first sense is the general meaning of something being complete and entire.

Given the context, the passage is about:
- Bell ringers performing intricate rituals faultlessly
- The satisfaction they find in "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection"
- This relates to things being done perfectly, entirely, without anything missing

The word "completeness" here refers to the general notion of something being complete and entire - the bells swinging through a full 360 degrees, the ritual being performed with everything in its proper place and timing. While the author mentions "mathematical completeness," this seems to be using the general meaning of completeness, not the specific technical logical definition.

Sense 1 (the state of being complete and entire; having everything that is needed) is clearly the better fit. This is the general English meaning of completeness in the context of something being done perfectly and entirely.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mechanical
Target surface form: mechanical
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and <t>mechanical</t> perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mechanical%3:00:00:: | definition=using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices | examples=a mechanical process; his smile was very mechanical
2. sense_key=mechanical%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or concerned with machinery or tools | synonyms=mechanically skillful | examples=mechanical arts; mechanical design
3. sense_key=mechanical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or governed by or in accordance with mechanics | examples=a belief that the universe is a mechanical contrivance; the mechanical pressure of a strong wind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 3}

The context describes bell ringing achieving "mechanical perfection" - referring to precise, exact performance governed by mechanical principles and physical laws. The passage emphasizes the mathematical completeness and precise timing required, which aligns with sense 3's definition of "relating to or governed by or in accordance with mechanics." The bells operate as mechanical contrivances swinging through exact angles, and the ringers must achieve precision in accordance with these mechanical principles.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "mechanical".

In the passage, Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection."

The context is about bell ringing - a skilled activity that requires precision and faultless performance. The word "mechanical" here is describing the quality of perfection they aim for in their ringing.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=mechanical%3:00:00:: | definition=using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices | examples=a mechanical process; his smile was very mechanical
   - This refers to something that operates like a machine, automatic, or without feeling/emotion. The example "his smile was very mechanical" shows something done without genuine feeling.

2. sense_key=mechanical%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or concerned with machinery or tools | synonyms=mechanically skillful | examples=mechanical arts; mechanical design
   - This is about relating to machinery, tools, mechanical skills. More about physical/technical aspects.

3. sense_key=mechanical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to or governed by or in accordance with mechanics | examples=a belief that the universe is a mechanical contrivance; the mechanical pressure of a strong wind
   - This is about mechanics in the physical sense, following mechanical laws or principles.

In the context of "mechanical perfection" in bell ringing, what is being described? It's precision - perfection according to mechanical/physical principles. The ringers time their pulls with exactness, the bells swing through precise angles, and the "mechanical" perfection refers to the precise, exact performance.

I think sense 3 is the best fit - it's about mechanical perfection in the sense of precise, exact mechanical operation. The phrase "mechanical contrivance" in the example is similar - something operating according to precise mechanical principles.

Sense 1 seems more about automatic or without feeling, which doesn't quite fit.
Sense 2 focuses on tools and technical skills rather than the precision and exactness at play here. Sense 3 best captures what Sayers means - perfection governed by mechanical principles and laws.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: perfection
Target surface form: perfection
Context:
Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical <t>perfection</t>. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=perfection%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being without a flaw or defect | synonyms=flawlessness, ne plus ultra
2. sense_key=perfection%1:09:00:: | definition=an ideal instance; a perfect embodiment of a concept | synonyms=paragon, idol, beau ideal
3. sense_key=perfection%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of making something perfect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes bell ringing as finding "satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." Here, "perfection" refers to the quality or state of being without flaws or defects in the execution of the bell ringing—the condition of faultlessness in the mechanical performance. This aligns with sense 1, which defines perfection as "the state of being without a flaw or defect," supported by the synonym "flawlessness."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "perfection" is being used.

The passage is about bell ringing, and the quote from Dorothy L. Sayers describes ringing as finding "satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection."

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=perfection%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being without a flaw or defect | synonyms=flawlessness, ne plus ultra**
   - This refers to a quality or condition - the absence of flaws or defects
   - The synonyms "flawlessness" and "ne plus ultra" (the highest point of excellence) suggest this is about a state or quality

2. **sense_key=perfection%1:09:00:: | definition=an ideal instance; a perfect embodiment of a concept | synonyms=paragon, idol, beau ideal**
   - This refers to a person or thing that is a perfect example
   - Synonyms like "paragon" and "beau ideal" suggest this is about someone/something that exemplifies perfection

3. **sense_key=perfection%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of making something perfect**
   - This refers to the process or action of achieving perfection

In the context, "mechanical perfection" is being discussed as a quality or state that the ringers are seeking satisfaction in. It's describing the quality of being without flaw or defect in the mechanical/technical aspects of bell ringing.

The key phrase is "mechanical perfection" - this is describing a quality/state of being without flaw, not:
- An instance or embodiment (sense 2)
- An act or process (sense 3)

Therefore, sense 1 (the state of being without a flaw or defect) is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: Ringers
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "<t>Ringers</t>, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "Ringers" in this passage.

The passage is discussing church bell ringing. Key contextual clues:
1. "No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves"
2. "the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision...to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls"
3. "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly"
4. "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing"
5. The passage references "church bells" and "ringing"
6. Stephanie Pattenden is described as "master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers"

This is clearly about people who ring church bells. The context explicitly mentions:
- Church bells
- Ropes for ringing bells
- The belfry (where church bells are kept)
- The activity of bell ringing

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - This matches perfectly. The synonyms are "toller, bell ringer"

2. "a person who is almost identical to another" - This doesn't fit at all. The context is about bell ringing, not about someone looking like someone else.

3. "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - This doesn't fit. There's nothing about competition or false pretenses here.

4. "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg" - This is about horseshoes, not church bells.

The correct answer is sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)"