[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the <t>other</t> copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "other" in this context refers to the remaining copy of the suppressor gene—the one not already mentioned as defective or damaged. The text discusses two copies of a gene (one from each parent), and "the other copy" means the second one that is still functional. This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied," as exemplified by phrases like "the construction of highways and other public works."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "other" in the sentence:

"A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

The word "other" here is used to refer to the remaining or second copy of the suppressor gene. Earlier in the text, it mentions "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."

So we have two copies - one is already defective/damaged, and the person needs to lose "the other copy" - meaning the remaining/second one.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: - "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - This fits perfectly. The context is discussing two copies of a gene. One copy is defective/damaged, and "the other" refers to the remaining one that hasn't been mentioned as defective yet. The examples "today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works" show this sense being used to refer to something different from what was already mentioned.

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 - "recently past" - This doesn't fit at all. The text isn't talking about a recent time period.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 - "belonging to the distant past" - This doesn't fit either. Same reason as #2.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 - "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" - This doesn't fit. The word isn't being used to suggest something strange or unusual.

The best answer is sense 1, which is the straightforward use of "other" to mean "the remaining one" or "not the same one already mentioned."


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other <t>copy</t> for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "copy" in this genetic context refers to one of two identical or nearly identical versions of a tumor-suppressor gene that a person inherits (one from each parent). This matches sense 2, which defines copy as "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." The passage explicitly establishes this meaning by stating genes "are inherited in two copies, one from each parent," where each copy is essentially identical genetic material passed down through inheritance.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "copy" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

In this context, "copy" refers to one of two versions/instances of a gene - specifically one of the two copies of a tumor-suppressor gene that a person inherits (one from each parent). The passage explicitly states: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."

So "copy" here means "one instance or version of something" - in this case, one version of a gene.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: - "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" - This is about written records, not applicable.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" with examples like "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor" - This is about making something similar to another. In the genetic context, a "copy" of a gene is indeed something similar/identical to another copy.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: - "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" - This is about written matter for printing, not applicable.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: - "material suitable for a journalistic account" - This is about journalistic material, not applicable.

The best fit is sense 2 (copy%1:06:00::) - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". In genetics, when we say someone has "two copies of a gene," we mean two identical or nearly identical versions of that gene.

This definition captures the genetic meaning perfectly—each copy of the gene is essentially identical to the other, matching the sense of being "similar or identical to another thing."

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a <t>cancer</t> to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cancer" is being used.

The context is about:
- Genetic genes and cell biology
- Oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes
- Malignant growth and cell division
- A person born with defective copies of genes being prone to cancer
- Genetic tests for cancer-susceptible individuals

The target word "cancer" appears in this phrase: "for a cancer to develop"

This is clearly in the context of medical/biological discussion about malignant tumors and uncontrolled cell growth. The passage is discussing the genetic basis of cancer as a disease.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This matches perfectly with the context. The passage discusses malignant cell growth, tumor-suppressor genes, and abnormal cell division.
2. A person born while the sun is in Cancer (astrology) - Clearly not relevant
3. A zodiacal constellation - Not relevant to this biological context
4. Fourth sign of the zodiac - Not relevant
5. Type genus of the family Cancridae (a crab genus) - Not relevant

The answer is clearly sense 1, which corresponds to the medical definition of cancer as a malignant disease caused by uncontrolled cell division. This is the only sense that makes sense in the given context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to <t>develop</t>. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "develop" appears:

"A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

In this context, "develop" means "come into existence" or "occur/happen" in the sense of cancer forming/arising as a disease.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "make something new" - No, not about creating something intentionally
2. "work out" - No
3. "gain through experience" - No
4. "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - Possible, but this seems more about acquiring attributes
5. "come into existence; take on form or shape" - This seems very relevant. Cancer developing means it comes into existence/takes form
6. "change the use of and make available or usable" - No
7. "elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses" - No
8. "create by training and teaching" - No
9. "be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest" - Possible, but more about revealing
10. "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - This could work, describing natural growth/progression
11. "become technologically advanced" - No
12. "cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development" - This is about causing development, not the cancer developing itself
13. "generate gradually" - Not quite
14. "grow emotionally or mature" - No
15. "make visible by means of chemical solutions" - No
16-19. Specialized senses - No
20. "happen" - This is very relevant! "for a cancer to happen/occur"
21. "expand in the form of a series" - No

Between sense 5 ("come into existence; take on form or shape") and sense 20 ("happen"), I think sense 20 is best.

Sense 20's synonyms—"break, recrudesce"—and its examples about news and political movements unfolding show it captures the simple notion of something occurring. While sense 5 emphasizes origination and taking form through synonyms like "arise" and "spring up," sense 20 more directly conveys the straightforward idea of an event happening. In this passage, cancer developing is fundamentally about the disease occurring, making sense 20 the most fitting choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerging
Target surface form: Emerging
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. <t>Emerging</t> genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:future:00 | definition=coming to maturity | synonyms=rising | examples=the rising generation
2. sense_key=emerging%5:00:00:nascent:00 | definition=coming into existence | synonyms=emergent | examples=an emergent republic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "Emerging genetic tests" as part of "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" that scientists have recently come to believe in. The word "emerging" here describes tests that are coming into existence and appearing as new developments in the field, rather than reaching maturity. This aligns with sense 2's definition of "coming into existence" with the synonym "nascent," similar to how an "emergent republic" is a newly formed nation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "Emerging" is best.

The sentence is: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "coming to maturity" with synonyms "rising" and examples "the rising generation"
   - This refers to something that is coming to full development or reaching maturity
   - "rising generation" suggests a generation that is growing up

2. Sense 2: "coming into existence" with synonyms "emergent" and examples "an emergent republic"
   - This refers to something that is just beginning to exist or appear
   - "emergent republic" suggests a new nation that has just come into being

In the context: "Emerging genetic tests" - these are genetic tests that are being developed or are new to the field. They are described as part of what "some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis," suggesting they are beginning to appear or come into existence.

The word "Emerging" here describes tests that are newly appearing or coming into existence in the scientific field, not necessarily tests that are reaching maturity. The phrase "new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" further supports that these are nascent/new developments.

Sense 2 (coming into existence/nascent) seems more appropriate because the tests are described as part of a "new age" and they are presented as a recent development that will enable new diagnostic capabilities.

The answer should be sense 2, which means the index would be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging <t>genetic</t> tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses "genetic tests" that can identify individuals with cancer susceptibility based on their genes and genetic makeup. The phrase "genetic tests" refers directly to tests that examine genes and genetic material (sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"). While the passage discusses inherited traits, the word "genetic" modifies "tests" - the tests themselves are not hereditary, but rather examine genetic/gene-related information. This aligns with sense 2's focus on genes themselves rather than sense 1's focus on hereditary traits.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "genetic" is being used.

The sentence is: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

The context is discussing:
- Cancer genes and their inheritance patterns
- Tumor-suppressor genes that are inherited in two copies from parents
- The hereditary nature of cancer susceptibility
- Tests that can identify individuals prone to cancer based on their genetic makeup

Now let's examine each sense:

1. **genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00** - "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" | synonyms: familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples: an inherited disease; familial traits
   - This relates to inheritance and things that run in families

2. **genetic%3:01:02::** - "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" | synonyms: genic, genetical | examples: genic combinations; genetic code
   - This relates directly to genes and genetic material

3. **genetic%3:01:01::** - "pertaining to or referring to origin" | examples: genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
   - This is about origins/etymology, less likely here

4. **genetic%3:01:00::** - "of or relating to the science of genetics" | synonyms: genetical | examples: genetic research
   - This relates to the field of genetics

In the context, "genetic tests" refers to tests that examine genes or DNA to identify cancer susceptibility. The phrase "genetic tests" is most commonly understood as tests related to genes themselves (sense 2) or tests related to the science of genetics (sense 4).

Sense 1 (inheritable/hereditary) doesn't quite fit because the tests themselves aren't hereditary - they test for hereditary conditions.
Sense 3 (origin) doesn't apply here. Between the remaining options, sense 2 is more direct—these tests examine genes and genetic material directly, making it the most natural interpretation in this medical context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: able
Target surface form: able
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be <t>able</t> to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer
2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator
3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet
4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "able" in the sentence:

"Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=able%3:00:00:: | definition=(usually followed by `to') having the necessary means or skill or know-how or authority to do something | examples=able to swim; she was able to program her computer

2. sense_key=able%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=have the skills and qualifications to do things well | synonyms=capable | examples=able teachers; a capable administrator

3. sense_key=able%5:00:00:capable:00 | definition=having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity | examples=able to learn; human beings are able to walk on two feet

4. sense_key=able%5:00:00:fit:01 | definition=having a strong healthy body | synonyms=able-bodied | examples=an able seaman; every able-bodied young man served in the army

In the context, "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals" means that the tests will have the capability/capacity to identify these individuals.

Sense 1 is about having necessary means, skill, know-how, or authority - this fits well with "will be able to spot"

Sense 2 is about having skills and qualifications to do things well - this is about competence in a professional sense

Sense 3 is about having inherent physical or mental ability or capacity - this also fits

Sense 4 is about having a strong healthy body - this doesn't fit

The most natural interpretation is sense 1, which specifically includes the phrase "usually followed by `to'" and the examples "able to swim; she was able to program her computer" directly parallel the structure "able to spot" in the sentence. Sense 1 captures the idea that the tests have the necessary capability to perform this function.
Sense 3 could work as well given its focus on inherent capacity, but sense 1 is more precise and better reflects the standard phrasing of "be able to do something."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: individual
Target surface form: individuals
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible <t>individuals</t>, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: | definition=a single organism

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "individuals" in this context refers to human beings who are cancer-susceptible and can be identified through genetic testing. The passage discusses people born with defective tumor-suppressor genes and mentions specific humans ("Bill and Bonnie Quinlan") as beneficiaries. This clearly indicates the sense of "a human being" rather than the broader biological sense of "a single organism."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "individuals" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

Looking at the context:
- The passage discusses cancer-susceptible individuals who have inherited defective tumor-suppressor genes
- It mentions "A person who is born with one defective copy" - establishing this is about human beings
- Later it says "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries" - specific people

The two senses are:
1. sense_key=individual%1:03:00:: - "a human being" with synonyms person, someone, somebody, mortal, soul
2. sense_key=individual%1:18:00:: - "a single organism"

In this context, "individuals" clearly refers to human beings (people) who are cancer-susceptible. The discussion is about human genetics and cancer diagnosis in people.

Sense 1 (a human being) is the appropriate choice, as it refers to specific people who might be tested for cancer susceptibility. This is much more specific to humans than "a single organism" which could refer to any living creature.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believe
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists <t>believe</t> is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "believe" appears:

"Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

The target word is "believe" used here as "some scientists believe is a new age..."

Let me examine each sense:

1. "accept as true; take to be true" - This is about accepting something as true, like believing a report or story.

2. "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - This is about considering or regarding something in a certain way. Synonyms include think, consider, conceive. Examples: "I believe her to be very smart"

3. "be confident about something" - This is about having confidence, trust in something. Examples: "I believe that he will come back"

4. "follow a credo; have a faith" - This is religious/faith-based belief.

5. "credit with veracity" - This is about believing someone is truthful.

In the context, "some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" - the scientists are regarding/considering this as a new age. They are expressing a judgment or opinion that this represents a new age.

This seems closest to sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - where believe means to consider or regard something in a particular way.

The structure "believe is a new age" is similar to "believe her to be very smart" - it's expressing a judgment about what something is.

So the answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a <t>new</t> age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The phrase "ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" describes an era or period that represents something unprecedented—a novel approach to cancer diagnosis that has no prior example or precedent. The context emphasizes that emerging genetic tests are enabling a fundamentally new kind of diagnostic capability, which aligns with sense 4's definition of "having no previous example or precedent or parallel."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "new" in the phrase "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

The context is about genetic testing and cancer diagnosis. The text says that emerging genetic tests will "usher in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being" - This is about time duration
2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - This suggests something novel/original
3. "lacking training or experience" - This is about inexperience, not relevant
4. "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" - This suggests unprecedented
5. "other than the former one(s); different" - This means different/other
6. "unaffected by use or exposure" - This is about pristine condition, not relevant
7. "(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new" - newfangled, not relevant
8. "in use after medieval times" - historical language usage, not relevant
9. "used of a living language; being the current stage" - about language development, not relevant
10. "(of crops) harvested at an early stage" - about agriculture, not relevant
11. "unfamiliar" - new experiences unfamiliar to someone

In the phrase "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis," the word "new" is describing an age or era that hasn't existed before. This is describing something that is original, unprecedented, or of a kind not seen before.

The best fit would be sense 2 or sense 4. Both seem to fit:
- Sense 2: "original and of a kind not seen before" with synonym "novel"
- Sense 4: "having no previous example or precedent or parallel"

Actually, sense 4 seems most appropriate because "ushering in a new age" suggests an unprecedented time period - a new era that hasn't been experienced before in this way.
Between senses 2 and 4, I'm weighing whether the emphasis should be on originality or lack of precedent. Sense 4 better captures the idea of an entire era without historical parallel, making it the stronger choice for describing an unprecedented period in cancer diagnosis.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new <t>age</t> of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The target phrase "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" uses "age" to refer to a historical era or period characterized by a distinctive feature - in this case, the emergence of predictive cancer diagnosis capabilities. This matches sense 2 perfectly, as evidenced by the synonym "historic period" and the parallel example "we live in a litigious age," which uses the same metaphorical pattern of naming an era by its defining characteristic.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "age" in the phrase "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis."

The context is about a new era or period in cancer diagnosis - they're talking about an emerging time period characterized by predictive cancer diagnosis capabilities. This is clearly metaphorical use referring to a historical period or era.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
   - This is about the duration of existence of a physical object. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
   - This is about a historical era or period with distinctive features. The example "we live in a litigious age" is very similar to "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis" - both refer to a period defined by some characteristic feature.

3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
   - This is about life stages. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
   - This is a general prolonged period of time. While "age" could mean this, in the context of "a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis," it's more specific than just a prolonged period.

5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years
   - This refers to advanced stages of life, not relevant here.

Sense 2 is the clear match - it captures the meaning of a new historical period defined by predictive cancer diagnosis capabilities, just as "a litigious age" describes an era marked by litigation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive <t>cancer</t> diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is entirely medical and scientific, discussing oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, malignant cell growth, and cancer diagnosis. The target word "cancer" appears in "predictive cancer diagnosis" within a passage explaining the genetic basis of malignant tumors. This clearly refers to cancer as a disease—a malignant growth caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division—not to any astronomical or astrological sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cancer" is being used.

The passage is discussing:
- Malignant cells
- Cell division
- Tumor-suppressor genes
- Oncogenes
- Cell growth control
- Malignant growth or tumor
- Cancer-susceptible individuals
- Cancer diagnosis

This is clearly a medical/biological context discussing the disease cancer. The target word "cancer" appears in the phrase "predictive cancer diagnosis."

Let me look at each sense:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" - This is the medical definition of cancer as a disease.
2. A person born while the sun is in Cancer (astrology)
3. A zodiacal constellation
4. The fourth sign of the zodiac
5. Genus Cancer (a type of crab)

The context is entirely medical/scientific, discussing oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, malignant cells, cell division, and genetic testing for cancer diagnosis. This clearly refers to cancer as a disease/medical condition.

The best sense is sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: first
Target surface form: first
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=first%3:00:00:: | definition=preceding all others in time or space or degree | examples=the first house on the right; the first day of spring
2. sense_key=first%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=indicating the beginning unit in a series | synonyms=1st
3. sense_key=first%5:00:02:opening:00 | definition=serving to set in motion | synonyms=inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden | examples=the magazine's inaugural issue; the initiative phase in the negotiations
4. sense_key=first%5:00:01:opening:00 | definition=serving to begin | synonyms=beginning | examples=the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse
5. sense_key=first%5:00:00:best:00 | definition=ranking above all others | synonyms=foremost, world-class | examples=was first in her class; the foremost figure among marine artists
6. sense_key=first%3:00:03:: | definition=highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections | examples=first soprano; the first violin section

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In this context, "first" in the phrase "among the first beneficiaries" refers to those who are earliest or preceding in time. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the earliest people to benefit from the new genetic findings about cancer-susceptible individuals. This matches sense 1: "preceding all others in time or space or degree," which captures the temporal meaning of being among the initial/earliest beneficiaries.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "first" in the sentence "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the <t>first</t> beneficiaries of the new findings."

In this context, "first" refers to being among the initial or earliest group of people to benefit from these new genetic findings. Let me consider each sense:

1. "preceding all others in time or space or degree" - This could work, as it's about them being among the earliest (in time) beneficiaries.

2. "indicating the beginning unit in a series" - This is about ordinal numbers (1st, 2nd, etc.), which doesn't fit perfectly here.

3. "serving to set in motion" - Examples include "inaugural, initiative, initiatory, maiden" - this relates to something that begins or initiates.

4. "serving to begin" - Examples include "the beginning canto of the poem; the first verse" - this is about something that begins a sequence.

5. "ranking above all others" - This is about being superior, which isn't the intended meaning here.

6. "highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections" - This is clearly musical terminology, not applicable.

The context is "the first beneficiaries" - meaning the earliest or initial group of people who benefited. This is describing them as being among the earliest in time to receive these benefits, which aligns with sense 1 "preceding all others in time or space or degree."

Actually, let me reconsider. The phrase is "among the first beneficiaries" - this could also mean they are among the initial/inaugural beneficiaries, which might align with sense 3 (serving to set in motion, inaugural).

But I think sense 1 is the most straightforward: "first" here means preceding in time - they were among the earliest people to benefit from these findings. The definition "preceding all others in time or space or degree" fits perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: beneficiary
Target surface form: beneficiaries
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first <t>beneficiaries</t> of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=beneficiary%1:18:00:: | definition=the recipient of funds or other benefits | synonyms=donee
2. sense_key=beneficiary%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=benefactive role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "beneficiaries" in this sentence.

The sentence reads: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."

This is discussing how Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are benefiting from the new genetic research findings about cancer-susceptible individuals and predictive cancer diagnosis.

Let me look at the two senses:

1. **Sense 1 (beneficiary%1:18:00:)**: "the recipient of funds or other benefits" - This is the noun sense referring to someone who receives money, property, or other benefits.

2. **Sense 2 (beneficiary%1:10:00:)**: "the semantic role of the intended recipient who benefits from the happening denoted by the verb in the clause" - This is a semantic role sense (benefactive role), which is more of a linguistic/grammatical role.

In the context, "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings" means they are people who receive or benefit from the new findings. They are recipients of benefits (in this case, the benefit is having access to new genetic testing and understanding of cancer risk).

This matches sense 1: "the recipient of funds or other benefits" - because while they're not receiving funds directly, they are receiving the benefit of the new findings and diagnostic capabilities.

Sense 2 is a purely grammatical/semantic role, which is not what's being used here in the concrete sense.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the <t>new</t> findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "new" modifies "findings" in the context of recently discovered scientific research about cancer genes. This refers to discoveries that have just (or relatively recently) come into being or been discovered, which directly corresponds to sense 1's definition: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "new" is being used.

The context is: "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."

The word "new" here is modifying "findings" - referring to recently discovered or recently made scientific findings about cancer genes.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - This seems to fit. The findings are recent discoveries that have just been made.

2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - This could fit, but it emphasizes being completely novel/unprecedented in kind, which isn't necessarily the case here.

3. "lacking training or experience" - This doesn't fit at all. The findings aren't inexperienced.

4. "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" - This is possible but seems too strong.

5. "other than the former one(s); different" - This could work, suggesting these are different findings from before, but it's not the primary meaning here.

6. "unaffected by use or exposure" - Doesn't fit.

7. "gratuitously new" / "newfangled" - Doesn't fit well; the findings aren't being criticized as unnecessarily new.

8. "in use after medieval times" - Doesn't fit; this is about historical periods.

9. "used of a living language; being the current stage" - Doesn't fit.

10. "harvested at an early stage" - Doesn't fit.

11. "unfamiliar" - Could work, but less precise than sense 1.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate. The findings are recently discovered/made, which is the primary meaning of "new" in this context.

The passage centers on recent breakthroughs in cancer gene research that have just emerged, allowing the Quinlans to benefit from these discoveries.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: finding
Target surface form: findings
Context:
In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new <t>findings</t>. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=finding%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation | synonyms=determination | examples=the determination of molecular structures
2. sense_key=finding%1:04:01:: | definition=the decision of a court on issues of fact or law
3. sense_key=finding%1:17:00:: | definition=something that is found | examples=the findings in the gastrointestinal tract indicate that he died several hours after dinner; an area rich in archaeological findings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "findings" in this context refers to the scientific discoveries and results about how cancer genes work and the development of genetic tests that researchers have made. The passage describes what scientists have discovered through research, and the Quinlans are benefiting from these discoveries. This matches sense 3: "something that is found" - referring to the actual results or discoveries themselves, rather than the act of determining them (sense 1) or a legal decision (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "findings" is being used.

The target word is "findings" in this sentence:
"Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings."

Context: The passage discusses recent discoveries about how cancer genes work. Scientists have discovered that oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes work together in causing cancer. They've developed emerging genetic tests. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first to benefit from these new "findings."

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=finding%1:04:00:: - "the act of determining the properties of something, usually by research or calculation" with synonym "determination" and example about molecular structures. This is about the process/act of determining something through research.

2. sense_key=finding%1:04:01:: - "the decision of a court on issues of fact or law" - This is clearly about legal decisions, which doesn't fit the context at all.

3. sense_key=finding%1:17:00:: - "something that is found" with examples about findings in the gastrointestinal tract and archaeological findings. This refers to the results or discoveries themselves.

In the context, "the new findings" refers to the scientific discoveries/results about how cancer genes work and the development of genetic tests. It's referring to what has been discovered through the research mentioned earlier in the passage.

This fits sense 3 best: "something that is found" - the discoveries themselves, the results of research. The passage talks about what researchers have discovered and developed, and the Quinlans are benefiting from these discoveries (findings).

Sense 1 would be about the act or process of determining, but "findings" here refers to the actual results/discoveries, not the act of discovering.

So the answer should be sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: couple
Target surface form: couple
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., <t>couple</t> knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=couple%1:14:00:: | definition=a pair who associate with one another | synonyms=twosome, duo, duet | examples=the engaged couple; an inseparable twosome
2. sense_key=couple%1:14:01:: | definition=a pair of people who live together | synonyms=mates, match | examples=a married couple from Chicago
3. sense_key=couple%1:23:01:: | definition=a small indefinite number | examples=he's coming for a couple of days
4. sense_key=couple%1:23:00:: | definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=pair, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
5. sense_key=couple%1:17:00:: | definition=(physics) something joined by two equal and opposite forces that act along parallel lines

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context makes clear that "couple" refers to Bill and Bonnie Quinlan as a domestic pair—they are expecting a child together, live in the same location, and the passage emphasizes their shared genetic risk. Sense 2 ("a pair of people who live together") best captures this meaning, as opposed to sense 1 which would be too general for any two people who merely associate with one another.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage mentions "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

The word "couple" is used here to refer to Bill and Bonnie Quinlan. The context indicates:
1. They are named individuals (Bill and Bonnie)
2. They are in a relationship where they can have children together (Bonnie became pregnant)
3. The passage later refers to "Mr. Quinlan" specifically, and discusses their marital history

Now let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "a pair who associate with one another" - general definition for any two people who are together
2. "a pair of people who live together" - synonyms are "mates, match", example is "a married couple from Chicago"
3. "a small indefinite number" - this doesn't fit as we're clearly talking about exactly two specific people
4. "two items of the same kind" - this is too generic and doesn't capture the relational meaning
5. "physics definition" - clearly not applicable here

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1: "a pair who associate with one another" - could be any two people together
- Sense 2: "a pair of people who live together" - this specifically refers to people in a domestic relationship

The context mentions:
- They are named as "Bill and Bonnie Quinlan"
- They are described as "the Dedham, Mass., couple"
- They had a child together ("any child of theirs had a 50% chance")
- The man is referred to as "Mr. Quinlan" with family history implications

This clearly indicates they are a married couple or at least a domestic couple living together, as they have/had children together. Sense 2 "a pair of people who live together" with the example "a married couple from Chicago" is the best fit.
Sense 2 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: knew
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple <t>knew</t> even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows the couple "knew" a fact—that their child had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma. This is clearly about being cognizant or aware of a specific piece of information or fact, which matches sense 1. The example "I know that the President lied to the people" parallels the usage here of knowing a factual claim about genetic risk.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "knew" is being used here.

The relevant sentence is: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

The next sentence clarifies: "Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old..."

In this context, the couple "knew" something - they had knowledge about a fact. They knew about the genetic risk before their child was born. This is about being cognizant or aware of a fact or specific piece of information.

Let me review the senses:

1. "be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about" - This fits. They knew (were aware of) the fact that any child had a 50% chance of being at risk.

2. "know how to do or perform something" - This doesn't fit. It's not about performing an action.

3. "be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt" - This could fit, but sense 1 seems more direct.

4. "be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object" - This doesn't fit. They're not acquainted with something.

5. "have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations" - This could partially fit as they experienced the genetic risk directly, but it's more about being aware of a fact.

6. "accept (someone) to be what is claimed" - This doesn't fit.

7. "have fixed in the mind" - This doesn't fit.

8. "have sexual intercourse with" - Definitely not.
Senses 9-11 don't apply either—knowing the nature of something, distinguishing between things, or perceiving something as familiar aren't what's happening here. The couple possessed factual knowledge about genetic risk, similar to the example "I know that the President lied to the people." Sense 1 is the clearest match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew <t>even</t> before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "even" in this context is used as an intensive to emphasize something notable or somewhat unexpected—that the couple knew about the cancer risk even before (at such an early point as before) Bonnie became pregnant. This matches sense 1, which indicates something unexpected and serves as an intensifier, similar to the examples "even an idiot knows that" or "declined even to consider the idea."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "even" is being used.

The sentence is: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
   - This use means "used to emphasize that something is surprising or unexpected"

2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
   - This use means "despite" or "although"

3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
   - This is comparative, used with comparisons

4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death
   - This means "to the utmost degree"

In the sentence "knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987", the word "even" is being used to emphasize something somewhat unexpected or notable - that they knew about the risk even before she became pregnant (meaning, they were aware of this risk from that early point).

This is consistent with sense 1, which is used as an intensive to indicate something unexpected or to emphasize a point. The examples "even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea" show the same function - emphasizing something that is surprising or notable.
The correct sense is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: before
Target surface form: before
Context:
Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even <t>before</t> Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=before%4:02:03:: | definition=earlier in time; previously | synonyms=earlier | examples=I had known her before; as I said before
2. sense_key=before%4:02:01:: | definition=at or in the front | synonyms=ahead, in front | examples=I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "before" in this context means "earlier in time; previously." The couple knew about the cancer risk at a time earlier than when Bonnie became pregnant in 1987. This is a clear temporal usage indicating a prior point in time, not a spatial relationship.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "before" is being used.

In the sentence: "The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even <t>before</t> Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma..."

The word "before" here is being used to indicate a time relationship. The couple knew about the risk BEFORE Bonnie became pregnant - meaning prior to or earlier than the pregnancy occurred.

Let me check the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "earlier in time; previously" with examples "I had known her before; as I said before"
   - This matches the usage in the context. "Knew...before Bonnie became pregnant" = they knew earlier/previously, before the pregnancy happened.

2. Sense 2: "at or in the front" with examples about physical location
   - This doesn't apply here. The sentence is not talking about spatial relationships or being in front of something.

The target word "before" in this context clearly refers to a temporal/time relationship - the couple had knowledge at an earlier time point compared to when Bonnie became pregnant.

The answer is sense 1.