attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: art
Target surface form: art
Context:
The <t>art</t> of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=art%1:06:00:: | definition=the products of human creativity; works of art collectively | synonyms=fine art | examples=an art exhibition; a fine collection of art
2. sense_key=art%1:04:00:: | definition=the creation of beautiful or significant things | synonyms=artistic creation, artistic production | examples=art does not need to be innovative to be good; I was never any good at art
3. sense_key=art%1:09:00:: | definition=a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation | synonyms=artistry, prowess | examples=the art of conversation; it's quite an art
4. sense_key=art%1:10:00:: | definition=photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication | synonyms=artwork, graphics, nontextual matter | examples=the publisher was responsible for all the artwork in the book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The phrase "the art of change-ringing" refers to a learned skill or technique that can be mastered through study, practice, and observation. This matches sense 3's definition and is directly paralleled by the example "the art of conversation" provided in that sense. Change-ringing is a bell-ringing technique that requires acquired expertise, not a product of creativity (sense 1), not the creative process itself (sense 2), and not visual matter in print (sense 4).

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses.

The sentence is: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

Change-ringing is a bell-ringing technique. The phrase "the art of change-ringing" is referring to the skill and technique involved in performing change-ringing.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=art%1:06:00:: - "the products of human creativity; works of art collectively" - This refers to tangible art objects like paintings, sculptures, etc. The example "an art exhibition" shows it's about actual artworks. This doesn't fit "the art of change-ringing" which isn't a product of creativity but rather a skill.

2. sense_key=art%1:04:00:: - "the creation of beautiful or significant things" - This is about the creative process itself. While change-ringing could be considered creative, this sense is more about visual/fine arts creation. The examples mention "art does not need to be innovative" and "I was never any good at art" which refer more to creating visual art.

3. sense_key=art%1:09:00:: - "a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation" - This fits perfectly! The example given is "the art of conversation" which is structurally very similar to "the art of change-ringing". Both are referring to a learned skill. The synonyms "artistry, prowess" also fit well.

4. sense_key=art%1:10:00:: - "photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication" - This is about visual matter in printed publications. This doesn't fit at all.

The best fit is sense 3, which defines "art" as a learned skill that can be mastered through practice and observation. The example "the art of conversation" is structurally identical to "the art of change-ringing."
Sense 3 is the correct answer.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: peculiar
Target surface form: peculiar
Context:
The art of change-ringing is <t>peculiar</t> to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=beyond or deviating from the usual or expected | synonyms=curious, funny, odd, queer, rum, rummy | examples=a curious hybrid accent; her speech has a funny twang
2. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:specific:00 | definition=unique or specific to a person or thing or category | synonyms=particular, special | examples=the particular demands of the job; has a particular preference for Chinese art
3. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:unusual:00 | definition=markedly different from the usual; ; -Virginia Woolf | examples=a peculiar hobby of stuffing and mounting bats; a man...feels it a peculiar insult to be taunted with cowardice by a woman
4. sense_key=peculiar%5:00:00:characteristic:00 | definition=characteristic of one only; distinctive or special; - R.B.Taney | examples=the peculiar character of the Government of the U.S.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "peculiar to the English" in context means something that is specific to or characteristic of the English people. This aligns best with sense 2, which defines peculiar as "unique or specific to a person or thing or category" with synonyms "particular, special." The phrase "peculiar to" is an idiom meaning "characteristic of" or "belonging distinctively to," which directly corresponds to this sense rather than the "strange/unusual" senses (1, 3) or the "distinctive characteristics" sense (4).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "peculiar."

Context: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

The key phrase here is "peculiar to the English" which means "characteristic of the English" or "specific/unique to the English."

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "beyond or deviating from the usual or expected" - This means strange or odd. The synonyms include "curious, funny, odd, queer." While the text does say it's "unintelligible to the rest of the world," the primary meaning here is not that it's strange, but that it's characteristic of/specific to the English.

2. Sense 2: "unique or specific to a person or thing or category" - This means particular or special. The synonyms are "particular, special." The phrase "peculiar to the English" definitely fits this meaning - it's specific to the English people.

3. Sense 3: "markedly different from the usual" - This is similar to sense 1, emphasizing that it's markedly different/unusual.

4. Sense 4: "characteristic of one only; distinctive or special" - This also fits the meaning of being specific/distinctive to the English.

The phrase "peculiar to" is a common English idiom that means "characteristic of" or "specific to." Looking at the context, the phrase "peculiar to the English" most clearly means "characteristic of or specific to the English people."

Senses 2 and 4 both seem to fit this meaning well. Let me compare:
- Sense 2: "unique or specific to a person or thing or category" with synonyms "particular, special"
- Sense 4: "characteristic of one only; distinctive or special"

Both capture the idea, but sense 2's definition and synonyms ("particular, special") seem to directly match the use case of "peculiar to the English" - meaning it's particular/specific to the English.
Sense 4 also works with "characteristic of one only," though its examples focus more on distinctive traits like "the peculiar character of the Government." Sense 2 aligns most directly with the phrase "peculiar to" since it emphasizes something being particular or specific to a category, which is exactly how the phrase functions here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the <t>English</t>, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: | definition=an Indo-European language belonging to the West Germanic branch; the official language of Britain and the United States and most of the commonwealth countries | synonyms=English language
2. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: | definition=the people of England | synonyms=English people
3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: | definition=the discipline that studies the English language and literature
4. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=side

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context "peculiar to the English" and "English peculiarities" clearly refers to the people of England and their characteristics, not the language, academic discipline, or sports terminology. The passage is stating that change-ringing is a unique practice associated with the English people.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

Looking at the target word "English" - it appears twice in this excerpt. The first instance says "peculiar to the English" and the second is used as an adjective "English peculiarities."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=english%1:10:00:: - the Indo-European language - This is about a language. The word "English" in "peculiar to the English" wouldn't refer to the language itself, but rather to people who speak it.

2. sense_key=english%1:18:00:: - the people of England - This makes sense. "Peculiar to the English" means it's peculiar to the English people. "Most English peculiarities" also refers to peculiarities of the English people.

3. sense_key=english%1:09:00:: - the discipline studying English language and literature - This doesn't fit the context at all. The passage is not about linguistics or literature studies.

4. sense_key=english%1:11:00:: - (sports) spin given to a ball - This is clearly about sports terminology and doesn't fit the context about change-ringing and national peculiarities.

The most appropriate sense is sense 2, which refers to "the English people" or "the people of England." The phrase "peculiar to the English" clearly refers to something that characterizes the English people, and "English peculiarities" also refers to peculiarities associated with English people.

The answer should be sense_index: 2


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like <t>most</t> English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%3:00:02:: | definition=(superlative of `many' used with count nouns and often preceded by `the') quantifier meaning the greatest in number | examples=who has the most apples?; most people like eggs
2. sense_key=most%3:00:01:: | definition=the superlative of `much' that can be used with mass nouns and is usually preceded by `the'; a quantifier meaning the greatest in amount or extent or degree | examples=made the most money he could; what attracts the most attention?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "most" in "most English peculiarities" is used with a count noun (peculiarities are countable individual items). The phrase refers to the greatest number of English peculiarities, which matches sense 1 - the superlative of 'many' used with count nouns meaning "the greatest in number."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the use of "most" in the sentence:

"The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

Here, "most" is being used in the phrase "most English peculiarities". This is referring to a plurality of peculiarities - the greatest number of English peculiarities.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=most%3:00:02:: - This is the superlative of 'many' used with count nouns. The definition says "the greatest in number" and the example "most people like eggs" shows it being used with a countable noun (people). This sense applies when you're counting discrete items.

2. sense_key=most%3:00:01:: - This is the superlative of 'much' used with mass nouns. The definition says "the greatest in amount or extent or degree" and the example "made the most money he could" shows it with a mass noun (money as an amount).

In the context, "most English peculiarities" - "peculiarities" is a count noun (you can count individual peculiarities). The phrase means "the majority of English peculiarities" or "the greatest number of English peculiarities."

This clearly fits Sense 1 (most%3:00:02::), which is used with count nouns and refers to the greatest in number.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most <t>English</t> peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "English peculiarities" in this context refers to characteristics distinctive to England and English culture/people. The passage is discussing how change-ringing is a peculiar English practice that is unintelligible to the rest of the world—this is about English cultural and national traits, not about the English language specifically.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "English" is being used.

The sentence reads: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

In this context, "English peculiarities" refers to peculiar characteristics or traits that are distinctive to England or English people and culture.

Let me consider the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people" - Examples: English history; the English landed aristocracy
   - This refers to things related to or characteristic of England, its culture, or people
   - The phrase "English peculiarities" in context means peculiarities characteristic of England and English people/culture
   - This fits perfectly

2. Sense 2: "of or relating to the English language"
   - This would mean "peculiarities of the English language"
   - While change-ringing could theoretically have linguistic aspects, the context suggests something broader about English culture and people
   - The phrase "peculiar to the English" earlier in the sentence suggests the peculiarities belong to the English people/nation, not just their language

The context is clearly about cultural and national peculiarities distinctive to England and English people, not about the English language specifically. Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: peculiarity
Target surface form: peculiarities
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English <t>peculiarities</t>, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=peculiarity%1:09:00:: | definition=an odd or unusual characteristic | synonyms=distinctive feature, distinguishing characteristic
2. sense_key=peculiarity%1:07:02:: | definition=a distinguishing trait | synonyms=specialness, specialty, speciality, distinctiveness
3. sense_key=peculiarity%1:06:00:: | definition=something unusual -- perhaps worthy of collecting | synonyms=curio, curiosity, oddity, oddment, rarity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context emphasizes that English peculiarities are "unintelligible to the rest of the world," which points to traits that are odd or unusual rather than merely distinctive or collectible. The phrase "like most English peculiarities" refers to strange, unusual characteristics of English culture, making sense 1 ("an odd or unusual characteristic") the best fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the sentence:

"The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English <t>peculiarities</t>, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

The sentence is saying that there are characteristics/traits of the English that are peculiar (strange or odd) and unintelligible to the rest of the world. The word "peculiarities" here refers to distinctive characteristics or traits of English culture that are odd or unusual.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "an odd or unusual characteristic" - This fits the context well. The sentence describes English peculiarities as things that are unintelligible to the rest of the world, which suggests they are odd or unusual.

2. "a distinguishing trait" - This could work, but the emphasis in the context is more on the oddness/unusualness rather than just the distinction.

3. "something unusual -- perhaps worthy of collecting" - This seems too much about collecting items (curio, curiosity, oddity). The context is about cultural traits, not collectibles.

The key phrase is "unintelligible to the rest of the world" - this emphasizes the oddness, strangeness, and incomprehensibility of these traits. This best aligns with sense 1, which emphasizes "odd or unusual characteristic."

Sense 2 is more neutral - it just says "distinguishing trait" without the emphasis on oddness.

Sense 3 is about unusual objects/things worthy of collecting, which doesn't fit the human/cultural context here.

I believe sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unintelligible
Target surface form: unintelligible
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, <t>unintelligible</t> to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unintelligible%3:00:00:: | definition=poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise | examples=unintelligible speech
2. sense_key=unintelligible%5:00:00:incomprehensible:00 | definition=not clearly understood or expressed | synonyms=opaque

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes change-ringing as something that is not clearly understood or comprehended by people outside of England. The sentence is about conceptual understanding rather than articulation or audibility of speech. Sense 2 ("not clearly understood or expressed") captures this metaphorical usage where an entire practice or custom is opaque or incomprehensible to outsiders.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "unintelligible".

Context: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

The sentence is saying that change-ringing (a practice specific to English people) is unintelligible to the rest of the world - meaning people from other countries don't understand it.

Candidate Sense 1: "poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise" with example "unintelligible speech"
- This refers to speech that cannot be heard or understood due to poor pronunciation, articulation, or background noise.
- This is a more literal, physical sense of the word.

Candidate Sense 2: "not clearly understood or expressed" with synonyms "opaque"
- This is about lack of clarity in meaning or comprehension.
- It's more abstract and metaphorical.

In the given context, the author is saying that the practice of change-ringing is not understood or comprehended by non-English people. It's not about speech being poorly articulated or drowned out by noise. It's about the practice itself being unclear or hard to understand in concept.

This matches Sense 2 better - "not clearly understood or expressed" - the practice is obscure, unclear, and incomprehensible to outsiders.

So the answer should be sense_index: 2


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rest
Target surface form: rest
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the <t>rest</t> of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rest%1:24:00:: | definition=something left after other parts have been taken away | synonyms=remainder, balance, residual, residue, residuum | examples=there was no remainder; he threw away the rest
2. sense_key=rest%1:04:00:: | definition=freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility) | synonyms=ease, repose, relaxation | examples=took his repose by the swimming pool
3. sense_key=rest%1:28:00:: | definition=a pause for relaxation | synonyms=respite, relief, rest period | examples=people actually accomplish more when they take time for short rests
4. sense_key=rest%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of inaction | examples=a body will continue in a state of rest until acted upon
5. sense_key=rest%1:26:01:: | definition=euphemisms for death (based on an analogy between lying in a bed and in a tomb) | synonyms=eternal rest, sleep, eternal sleep, quietus | examples=she was laid to rest beside her husband; they had to put their family pet to sleep
6. sense_key=rest%1:06:00:: | definition=a support on which things can be put | examples=the gun was steadied on a special rest
7. sense_key=rest%1:10:00:: | definition=a musical notation indicating a silence of a specified duration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The phrase "the rest of the world" refers to the remainder or remaining people of the world—everyone except the English. This matches sense 1: "something left after other parts have been taken away," with synonyms like "remainder" and examples such as "he threw away the rest."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the sentence: "The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world."

The key phrase is "the rest of the world." Here, "rest" refers to what is remaining or leftover after the English have been accounted for. In other words, it means "the remainder" or "the remaining people/things."

Let me check each sense:

1. rest%1:24:00:: - "something left after other parts have been taken away" with synonyms "remainder, balance, residual, residue, residuum" and examples "there was no remainder; he threw away the rest"
   - This fits perfectly! "The rest of the world" = the remainder of the world = the world except for the English.

2. rest%1:04:00:: - "freedom from activity (work or strain or responsibility)" - This is about relaxation/ease. Not relevant.

3. rest%1:28:00:: - "a pause for relaxation" - This is about taking a break. Not relevant.

4. rest%1:26:00:: - "a state of inaction" - This could mean stillness/motionlessness. Not relevant in this context.

5. rest%1:26:01:: - euphemism for death - Not relevant.

6. rest%1:06:00:: - "a support on which things can be put" - Not relevant.

7. rest%1:10:00:: - "a musical notation indicating a silence" - Not relevant.

The correct answer is sense 1, which refers to "remainder" or "the remaining part."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: world
Target surface form: world
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the <t>world</t>. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: | definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: | definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: | definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

In this context, "the rest of the world" refers to all the people on earth (humanity) who are not English and therefore find the English art of change-ringing unintelligible. This matches sense 8: "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth," with synonyms like "human race" and "humanity."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully:

"The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the <t>world</t>."

The sentence is saying that change-ringing is peculiar to English people, and like other English peculiarities, it's not understood by the rest of the world - meaning the rest of the people/humanity.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. Everything that exists anywhere (universe, cosmos) - Not a fit here
2. People in general; a distinctive group with shared interest (domain) - This could work
3. All your experiences that determine how things appear to you - Not a fit
4. The 3rd planet from the sun - Not the right sense here
5. People in general considered as a whole (populace, public) - This could work
6. A part of earth that can be considered separately - Not quite right
7. Concerns of this life vs heaven - Not relevant
8. All of the living human inhabitants of the earth (human race, humanity) - This seems like the best fit

The key phrase is "the rest of the world" - meaning the rest of humanity/people. This is referring to all the people outside of England who wouldn't understand this English practice.

Between sense 2, 5, and 8:
- Sense 2 emphasizes "distinctive group with some shared interest" (domain) - seems too narrow
- Sense 5 is "people in general considered as a whole" with synonyms "populace, public"
- Sense 8 is "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth" with synonyms "human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind"

Sense 8 seems to be the most comprehensive and directly refers to "all of the living human inhabitants of the earth" which aligns perfectly with "the rest of the world" meaning all the other people on earth besides the English.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scene
Target surface form: scenes
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all <t>scenes</t> that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scene%1:15:00:: | definition=the place where some action occurs | examples=the police returned to the scene of the crime
2. sense_key=scene%1:11:00:: | definition=an incident (real or imaginary) | examples=their parting was a sad scene
3. sense_key=scene%1:09:00:: | definition=the visual percept of a region | synonyms=view, aspect, prospect, vista, panorama | examples=the most desirable feature of the park are the beautiful views
4. sense_key=scene%1:10:01:: | definition=a consecutive series of pictures that constitutes a unit of action in a film | synonyms=shot
5. sense_key=scene%1:26:00:: | definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=picture | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
6. sense_key=scene%1:10:00:: | definition=a subdivision of an act of a play | examples=the first act has three scenes
7. sense_key=scene%1:26:01:: | definition=a display of bad temper | synonyms=fit, tantrum, conniption | examples=he had a fit; she threw a tantrum
8. sense_key=scene%1:06:01:: | definition=graphic art consisting of the graphic or photographic representation of a visual percept | synonyms=view | examples=he painted scenes from everyday life; figure 2 shows photographic and schematic views of the equipment
9. sense_key=scene%1:15:01:: | definition=the context and environment in which something is set | synonyms=setting | examples=the perfect setting for a ghost story
10. sense_key=scene%1:06:00:: | definition=the painted structures of a stage set that are intended to suggest a particular locale | synonyms=scenery | examples=they worked all night painting the scenery

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes "scenes that evoke rural England" as picturesque visual imagery of the English countryside—an ancient church in fields with bells cascading from its tower. The passage is focused on what one perceives visually when viewing this region. Sense 3, "the visual percept of a region" with synonyms like "view, vista, panorama," is the best match. This aligns with the examples of "beautiful views" and captures the sense of scenic landscapes being described.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "scenes" is being used.

The context is: "Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

The passage is describing scenic, picturesque views of rural England - specifically mentioning an ancient stone church, fields, bells in a tower. It's talking about visual imagery and landscapes that characterize rural England.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "the place where some action occurs" - Not the primary meaning here
2. "an incident (real or imaginary)" - Not about an incident
3. "the visual percept of a region" - This is about views/visual perception of landscapes
4. "a consecutive series of pictures that constitutes a unit of action in a film" - Not about film scenes
5. "a situation treated as an observable object" - Could fit, but seems less specific than #3
6. "a subdivision of an act of a play" - Not about theater
7. "a display of bad temper" - Definitely not
8. "graphic art consisting of the graphic or photographic representation of a visual percept" - This is about artistic depictions
9. "the context and environment in which something is set" - This is about setting
10. "the painted structures of a stage set that are intended to suggest a particular locale" - Not about stage sets

The passage is talking about "scenes that evoke rural England" - visual imagery of the English countryside. It's describing what one sees/perceives when looking at rural England.

Sense 3 seems most appropriate: "the visual percept of a region" with synonyms like view, aspect, prospect, vista, panorama. The examples show "beautiful views" and the passage is indeed about visual perceptions of a rural region.
Sense 5 could also apply as a situation treated as an observable object, but sense 3 captures the visual perception aspect more precisely. I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evoke
Target surface form: evoke
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that <t>evoke</t> rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evoke%2:37:00:: | definition=call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) | synonyms=arouse, elicit, enkindle, kindle, fire, raise | examples=arouse pity; raise a smile
2. sense_key=evoke%2:36:00:: | definition=evoke or provoke to appear or occur | synonyms=provoke, call forth, kick up | examples=Her behavior provoked a quarrel between the couple
3. sense_key=evoke%2:36:01:: | definition=deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning) | synonyms=educe, elicit, extract, draw out | examples=We drew out some interesting linguistic data from the native informant
4. sense_key=evoke%2:36:02:: | definition=summon into action or bring into existence, often as if by magic | synonyms=raise, conjure, conjure up, invoke, stir, call down | examples=raise the specter of unemployment; he conjured wild birds in the air
5. sense_key=evoke%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=suggest, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context describes scenes that evoke rural England—bringing that image and concept to mind. The passage emphasizes how the picturesque church scene suggests or paints a picture of quintessential English countryside. This aligns with sense 5's definition "call to mind" with synonyms "suggest, paint a picture," which captures how these visual scenes conjure up the mental image of rural England.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for "evoke" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Of all scenes that <t>evoke</t> rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

The context is describing scenes that evoke (bring to mind, recall, suggest) rural England. The passage is describing a picturesque English church scene that exemplifies or represents rural England.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)" - This is about evoking emotions or feelings. The example "arouse pity; raise a smile" fits this. In context, the scenes evoke something... but what? The sentence doesn't explicitly mention evoking emotions. However, it does evoke the idea/image of rural England.

2. "evoke or provoke to appear or occur" - This is about causing something to happen. Example: "Her behavior provoked a quarrel between the couple." This doesn't seem to fit well.

3. "deduce (a principle) or construe (a meaning)" - This is about deducing or drawing out meaning. The examples mention drawing out linguistic data. This doesn't seem to fit.

4. "summon into action or bring into existence, often as if by magic" - This is about conjuring or summoning. Examples: "raise the specter of unemployment; he conjured wild birds in the air." This seems too magical/supernatural for the context.

5. "call to mind" - synonyms: suggest, paint a picture. Examples: "this remark evoked sadness." This is about bringing something to mind or suggesting something.

Looking at the context again: scenes that "evoke rural England" - this means the scenes bring rural England to mind, they suggest or paint a picture of rural England. This fits best with sense 5 "call to mind" or sense 1 "call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)."
The distinction is that sense 1 focuses on summoning emotions and responses, while sense 5 is about conjuring an image or concept to mind. Since the passage emphasizes the scenes suggesting the visual and atmospheric qualities of rural England rather than explicitly triggering emotional reactions, sense 5 "call to mind" with its synonyms of suggest and paint a picture appears most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lovely
Target surface form: loveliest
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the <t>loveliest</t>: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lovely%5:00:00:beautiful:00 | definition=appealing to the emotions as well as the eye
2. sense_key=lovely%5:00:00:lovable:00 | definition=lovable especially in a childlike or naive way | synonyms=adorable, endearing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes a picturesque rural English scene featuring an ancient stone church with cascading bells. The word "loveliest" is used to convey the visual beauty and aesthetic appeal of this landscape, which "evoke[s]" emotional responses. This aligns with sense 1: "appealing to the emotions as well as the eye," rather than sense 2, which suggests something childlike or naively adorable.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "lovely" (in its superlative form "loveliest") is being used.

The sentence is: "Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

The context describes:
- A rural English scene
- An ancient stone church
- Fields
- Bells cascading from a tower
- The faithful being called to evensong

The passage is clearly describing the visual beauty and aesthetic appeal of this scene. It's talking about a picturesque, beautiful landscape and religious setting.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. "appealing to the emotions as well as the eye" - This captures the sense of something being beautiful and emotionally moving. The scene is being described as aesthetically beautiful and evocative of rural England.

2. "lovable especially in a childlike or naive way" - This suggests something endearing or adorable, which doesn't fit the context. The passage isn't describing the scene as childlike or naively lovable.

Given the context where "loveliest" describes a scene with an ancient church, fields, and bells - a visually beautiful and evocative rural setting - sense 1 is clearly the better fit. The word is being used to describe visual beauty and aesthetic appeal that moves the emotions.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ancient
Target surface form: ancient
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An <t>ancient</t> stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire | examples=ancient history; ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians
2. sense_key=ancient%5:00:00:old:02 | definition=very old | examples=an ancient mariner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "an ancient stone church" that has been a gathering place for parishioners throughout time. This usage refers to the church being very old—its considerable age—rather than belonging to a specific historical period like the pre-Roman Empire era. This matches sense 2 ("very old"), similar to the example "an ancient mariner."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "ancient" in the context provided.

The sentence is: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

The two candidate senses are:
1. ancient%5:00:00:past:00 - "belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire" with examples like "ancient history; ancient civilizations such as those of the Etruscans and Sumerians"
2. ancient%5:00:00:old:02 - "very old" with example "an ancient mariner"

In the context, we're describing a stone church. The word "ancient" here is describing the age of the church - it's a very old church. This is not specifically about the historical period before the fall of the Roman Empire, but rather just that the church is old/of considerable age.

Sense 2 ("very old") seems to be the best fit because:
- The church is described as old/ancient in terms of its actual age
- The context emphasizes its timelessness and how "members here always have" gathered - suggesting it's been around for a very long time
- The phrase "ancient mariner" in the example shows this sense is used for things that are simply very old, not necessarily related to ancient historical periods

Sense 1 is about ancient history and civilizations from specific historical periods, which is not what's being discussed here with the church.

Therefore, the answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stone
Target surface form: stone
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient <t>stone</t> church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stone%1:17:00:: | definition=a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter | synonyms=rock | examples=he threw a rock at me
2. sense_key=stone%1:06:00:: | definition=building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose | examples=he wanted a special stone to mark the site
3. sense_key=stone%1:27:00:: | definition=material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust | synonyms=rock | examples=that mountain is solid rock; stone is abundant in New England and there are many quarries
4. sense_key=stone%1:27:01:: | definition=a crystalline rock that can be cut and polished for jewelry | synonyms=gem, gemstone | examples=he had the gem set in a ring for his wife; she had jewels made of all the rarest stones
5. sense_key=stone%1:23:00:: | definition=an avoirdupois unit used to measure the weight of a human body; equal to 14 pounds | examples=a heavy chap who must have weighed more than twenty stone
6. sense_key=stone%1:20:00:: | definition=the hard inner (usually woody) layer of the pericarp of some fruits (as peaches or plums or cherries or olives) that contains the seed | synonyms=pit, endocarp | examples=you should remove the stones from prunes before cooking
7. sense_key=stone%1:18:05:: | definition=United States jurist who was named chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1941 by Franklin D. Roosevelt (1872-1946) | synonyms=Harlan Stone, Harlan F. Stone, Harlan Fisk Stone
8. sense_key=stone%1:18:04:: | definition=United States filmmaker (born in 1946) | synonyms=Oliver Stone
9. sense_key=stone%1:18:03:: | definition=United States feminist and suffragist (1818-1893) | synonyms=Lucy Stone
10. sense_key=stone%1:18:02:: | definition=United States journalist who advocated liberal causes (1907-1989) | synonyms=I. F. Stone, Isidor Feinstein Stone
11. sense_key=stone%1:18:01:: | definition=United States jurist who served on the United States Supreme Court as chief justice (1872-1946) | synonyms=Harlan Fiske Stone
12. sense_key=stone%1:18:00:: | definition=United States architect (1902-1978) | synonyms=Edward Durell Stone
13. sense_key=stone%1:07:00:: | definition=a lack of feeling or expression or movement | examples=he must have a heart of stone; her face was as hard as stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "an ancient stone church," where "stone" refers to the material used to construct the building. This matches sense 2 (stone%1:06:00::), which defines stone as "building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose." This sense directly applies to the use of stone as a construction material for the church structure.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "stone" in this passage.

The passage reads: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

Here, "stone" is describing the material or substance that the church is made of. It's modifying "church" to indicate what the church is built from.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=stone%1:17:00:: - a lump or mass of hard consolidated mineral matter (like a rock you throw)
2. sense_key=stone%1:06:00:: - building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose
3. sense_key=stone%1:27:00:: - material consisting of the aggregate of minerals like those making up the Earth's crust
4. sense_key=stone%1:27:01:: - a crystalline rock that can be cut and polished for jewelry
5. sense_key=stone%1:23:00:: - an avoirdupois unit of weight (14 pounds)
6. sense_key=stone%1:20:00:: - the hard inner layer of fruit pits
7-12. Various proper nouns (people)
13. sense_key=stone%1:07:00:: - a lack of feeling or expression

The context is "stone church" - describing what material the church is built from.

Sense 2 (stone%1:06:00::) specifically refers to "building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn in a definite shape for a special purpose" with the example "he wanted a special stone to mark the site". This is clearly about stone used as a building material.

This seems like the best fit since we're talking about a stone church - a church made from stone as a building material.
The correct sense is index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone <t>church</t> stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly describes a physical church building ("An ancient stone church stands amid the fields"), emphasizing its architectural features (tower, door) and its concrete location in the landscape. This aligns with sense 2's definition of "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" and its synonym "church building," rather than referring to a religious organization, a service, or a congregation of people.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "church" in the provided passage.

The sentence is: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

The passage is describing a physical building - "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields" with specific physical features like "its tower" and bells coming from it. The church is described as a place where "the faithful" gather for "evensong" (an evening prayer service).

Later it mentions "The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door" - again referring to the physical building and its door.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: - "one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship" - This is about a religious organization/denomination, not what's being described here.

2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: - "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" with synonyms "church building" and examples "the church was empty" - This fits! The context explicitly describes it as "An ancient stone church" (a building) that stands in fields, has a tower, and is used for worship services.

3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: - "a service conducted in a house of worship" - The text mentions evensong and the service aspect, but the focus is on the physical building itself, not the service.

4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: - "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church" - While parishioners are mentioned, the primary focus is still on the physical structure, not the congregation as the main subject.

The best fit is sense 2 - the physical place/building for worship. The description emphasizes the ancient stone building, its physical features (tower), and its location in fields.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stand
Target surface form: stands
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church <t>stands</t> amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stand%2:35:00:: | definition=be standing; be upright | synonyms=stand up | examples=We had to stand for the entire performance!
2. sense_key=stand%2:42:04:: | definition=be in some specified state or condition | examples=I stand corrected
3. sense_key=stand%2:42:03:: | definition=occupy a place or location, also metaphorically | examples=We stand on common ground
4. sense_key=stand%2:42:00:: | definition=hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright | synonyms=remain firm | examples=I am standing my ground and won't give in!
5. sense_key=stand%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
6. sense_key=stand%2:31:01:: | definition=have or maintain a position or stand on an issue | examples=Where do you stand on the War?
7. sense_key=stand%2:42:06:: | definition=remain inactive or immobile | examples=standing water
8. sense_key=stand%2:42:02:: | definition=be in effect; be or remain in force | examples=The law stands!
9. sense_key=stand%2:42:01:: | definition=be tall; have a height of; copula | examples=She stands 6 feet tall
10. sense_key=stand%2:35:01:: | definition=put into an upright position | synonyms=stand up, place upright | examples=Can you stand the bookshelf up?
11. sense_key=stand%2:33:00:: | definition=withstand the force of something | synonyms=resist, fend | examples=The trees resisted her; stand the test of time
12. sense_key=stand%2:35:10:: | definition=be available for stud services | examples=male domestic animals such as stallions serve selected females

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The verb "stands" in this context describes the church's location and existence in a particular place ("amid the fields"). This matches sense 3, "occupy a place or location," which directly captures how the church is positioned in the landscape described in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "An ancient stone church <t>stands</t> amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

Here, "stands" is describing the location of the church. The church is positioned/located amid the fields. This is about the existence and location of the church in a particular place.

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. "be standing; be upright" - This refers to physical posture (standing up), like people standing. While a church is physically upright, this sense is more about the posture/position of a person or object in that sense.

2. "be in some specified state or condition" - Not about state or condition here.

3. "occupy a place or location, also metaphorically" - This says "occupy a place or location" which fits perfectly. The church occupies/is located amid the fields. The example "We stand on common ground" also shows metaphorical use but the primary sense is about occupying a place.

4. "hold one's ground; maintain a position" - This is more about resisting or maintaining a stance, not about location.

5. "put up with something or somebody unpleasant" - Not relevant here.

6. "have or maintain a position or stand on an issue" - About opinions/positions on issues, not physical location.

7. "remain inactive or immobile" - Not really about the location aspect.

8. "be in effect; be or remain in force" - About laws, rules being in effect, not location.

9. "be tall; have a height of" - About measurement/height, not location.

10. "put into an upright position" - This is about moving something to upright position, not about the church's existence/location.

11. "withstand the force of something" - About resisting force.

12. "be available for stud services" - Irrelevant.

The best answer is sense 3: "occupy a place or location, also metaphorically" - the church occupies/stands in a location amid the fields.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: field
Target surface form: fields
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the <t>fields</t>, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=field%1:15:00:: | definition=a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed | examples=he planted a field of wheat
2. sense_key=field%1:15:04:: | definition=a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought | synonyms=battlefield, battleground, field of battle, field of honor | examples=they made a tour of Civil War battlefields
3. sense_key=field%1:15:01:: | definition=somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected | examples=anthropologists do much of their work in the field
4. sense_key=field%1:09:00:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field of study, study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
5. sense_key=field%1:19:00:: | definition=the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it | synonyms=field of force, force field
6. sense_key=field%1:04:00:: | definition=a particular kind of commercial enterprise | synonyms=field of operation, line of business | examples=they are outstanding in their field
7. sense_key=field%1:26:00:: | definition=a particular environment or walk of life | synonyms=sphere, domain, area, orbit, arena | examples=his social sphere is limited; it was a closed area of employment
8. sense_key=field%1:15:02:: | definition=a piece of land prepared for playing a game | synonyms=playing field, athletic field, playing area | examples=the home crowd cheered when Princeton took the field
9. sense_key=field%1:17:00:: | definition=extensive tract of level open land | synonyms=plain, champaign | examples=they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth
10. sense_key=field%1:14:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1 | examples=the set of all rational numbers is a field
11. sense_key=field%1:15:03:: | definition=a region in which active military operations are in progress | synonyms=field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations | examples=the army was in the field awaiting action; he served in the Vietnam theater for three years
12. sense_key=field%1:14:01:: | definition=all of the horses in a particular horse race
13. sense_key=field%1:14:02:: | definition=all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
14. sense_key=field%1:15:05:: | definition=a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found | examples=the diamond fields of South Africa
15. sense_key=field%1:14:03:: | definition=(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
16. sense_key=field%1:09:01:: | definition=the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) | synonyms=field of view
17. sense_key=field%1:06:00:: | definition=a place where planes take off and land | synonyms=airfield, landing field, flying field

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes a pastoral scene in rural England with "fields" surrounding an ancient stone church. This usage refers to agricultural land - pieces of cleared land used for farming or crops, which is the characteristic landscape of English villages. Sense 1 ("a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed") is the most appropriate match for this rural, pastoral setting.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "fields" in this sentence:

"An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

The context describes a rural England scene with:
- An ancient stone church
- Fields surrounding it
- Bell sounds
- Parishioners gathering at the church
- A pastoral, countryside setting

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. "a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed" - This refers to agricultural land used for farming/growing crops
2. "a region where a battle is being (or has been) fought" - No battle context here
3. "somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done" - Not the primary meaning here
4. "a branch of knowledge" - No knowledge/academic context
5. "electromagnetic field" - Not relevant
6. "a particular kind of commercial enterprise" - Not relevant
7. "a particular environment or walk of life" - Not the primary meaning
8. "a piece of land prepared for playing a game" - This is a sports field, not a rural pastoral field
9. "extensive tract of level open land" - This refers to open plains/grassland
10. Mathematical definition - Not relevant
11. "a region in which active military operations are in progress" - No military context
12-17. Other specialized uses - Not relevant

The best fit is between sense 1 and sense 9.

Sense 1: "a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed" with the example "he planted a field of wheat" - This is agricultural land.

Sense 9: "extensive tract of level open land" with synonyms "plain, champaign" and examples "they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain; he longed for the fields of his youth" - This emphasizes the open, extensive nature.

Given the poetic, pastoral context of "The Nine Tailors" and the description of rural England with "fields" as part of a lovely, pastoral scene, sense 9 seems more appropriate as it emphasizes the open landscape characteristic of the English countryside, rather than specifically agricultural/cultivated fields.
Reconsidering though—"fields" in rural England typically denotes individual parcels of farmland rather than one vast expanse. Sense 1 better captures the patchwork of enclosed agricultural plots surrounding the church, which aligns with "amid the fields" suggesting multiple distinct parcels rather than a single broad landscape.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the <t>sound</t> of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%1:07:00:: | definition=the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause | examples=the sound of rain on the roof; the beautiful sound of music
2. sense_key=sound%1:09:00:: | definition=the subjective sensation of hearing something | synonyms=auditory sensation | examples=he strained to hear the faint sounds
3. sense_key=sound%1:19:00:: | definition=mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium | examples=falling trees make a sound in the forest even when no one is there to hear them
4. sense_key=sound%1:11:00:: | definition=the sudden occurrence of an audible event | examples=the sound awakened them
5. sense_key=sound%1:10:00:: | definition=the audible part of a transmitted signal | synonyms=audio | examples=they always raise the audio for commercials
6. sense_key=sound%1:10:01:: | definition=(phonetics) an individual sound unit of speech without concern as to whether or not it is a phoneme of some language | synonyms=phone, speech sound
7. sense_key=sound%1:17:01:: | definition=a narrow channel of the sea joining two larger bodies of water | synonyms=strait
8. sense_key=sound%1:17:00:: | definition=a large ocean inlet or deep bay | examples=the main body of the sound ran parallel to the coast

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "the sound of bells cascading from its tower" - this refers to the particular auditory effect produced by the ringing bells. This matches sense 1: "the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause," with the example "the beautiful sound of music" being analogous to the bells' sound.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "sound" in this passage.

Context: "the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong"

The passage is describing the auditory effect produced by bells ringing in a church tower. The person is describing what they hear - the bells producing a sound.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause" - This fits well. The bells (the cause) produce a particular auditory effect (the cascading sound).

2. "the subjective sensation of hearing something" - This could work, referring to the act of hearing the bells, but it's more about the sensation of hearing rather than the actual auditory effect.

3. "mechanical vibrations transmitted by an elastic medium" - This is the physical phenomenon underlying sound, but the context is describing the auditory effect, not the mechanical vibrations.

4. "the sudden occurrence of an audible event" - This doesn't fit as well because "cascading" suggests a continuous sound rather than a sudden occurrence.

5. "the audible part of a transmitted signal" - This is about broadcast/electronic audio, not relevant here.

6. "an individual sound unit of speech" - This is about phonetics/language, not relevant.

7. "a narrow channel of the sea" - Not relevant.

8. "a large ocean inlet or deep bay" - Not relevant.

Sense 1 is the best fit because it directly describes "the particular auditory effect produced by a given cause" - in this case, the bells producing a cascading auditory effect.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of <t>bells</t> cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The passage emphasizes "the sound of bells cascading from its tower," which directly references the auditory experience rather than the physical object. The context focuses on the acoustic aspect of the bells—their ringing sound calling the faithful to evensong. This matches sense 3, "the sound of a bell being struck," which aligns perfectly with the example "she heard the distant toll of church bells."

reasoning_content:
The context is about a church tower with "the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

Let me analyze the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This is the physical object itself
2. sense 2: "a push button at an outer door" - doorbell, not relevant
3. sense 3: "the sound of a bell being struck" - This refers to the sound produced
4. sense 4: nautical bells - not relevant to a church context
5. sense 5: "the shape of a bell" - not about the actual bells
6-8: These are about people named Bell - not relevant
9. sense 9: "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" - orchestral bells/chimes
10. sense 10: "the flared opening of a tubular device" - not relevant

The key phrase is "the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to eventsong."

The passage mentions:
- "the sound of bells" - this emphasizes the sound aspect
- "cascading from its tower" - bells in a church tower
- "calling the faithful to evensong" - the bells are summoning people

The context emphasizes the sound aspect ("the sound of bells cascading"). This suggests sense 3 which is "the sound of a bell being struck" with synonyms like "toll" and examples "she heard the distant toll of church bells" which fits perfectly.

However, I need to be careful - the passage says "the sound of bells" which could be referring to the actual bells themselves, and the sound is coming from them. But the key is that the passage specifically says "the sound of bells" - it's about the auditory experience.

Actually, re-reading: "the sound of bells cascading from its tower" - this could be either:
- The physical bells (sense 1) from which the sound comes
- The sound itself (sense 3)

Since the passage explicitly foregrounds "the sound of bells" rather than just mentioning bells, it's pointing to the auditory phenomenon itself. The example "she heard the distant toll of church bells" aligns perfectly with this passage's focus on the acoustic experience of bells ringing. Sense 3 captures this best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cascade
Target surface form: cascading
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells <t>cascading</t> from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cascade%2:38:00:: | definition=rush down in big quantities, like a cascade | synonyms=cascade down
2. sense_key=cascade%2:35:00:: | definition=arrange (open windows) on a computer desktop so that they overlap each other, with the title bars visible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes the sound of bells flowing and rushing downward from the church tower ("cascading from its tower"). This matches sense 1, which defines cascade as "rush down in big quantities, like a cascade." The image of sound falling/flowing from above in a continuous stream fits this definition perfectly. Sense 2 is a technical computing term that is completely irrelevant to the description of bell sounds in a rural English church setting.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "cascading" in this sentence about bell ringing at an English church.

The sentence reads: "the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong"

This is describing how the sound of bells flows down from the church tower. The bells are producing sound that cascades - meaning it flows, falls, or streams down in a continuous manner.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "rush down in big quantities, like a cascade" with synonyms "cascade down"
   - This refers to something flowing or rushing downward in large quantities
   - This fits the context of bells' sound cascading (flowing/streaming) from the tower

2. Sense 2: "arrange (open windows) on a computer desktop so that they overlap each other, with the title bars visible"
   - This is a technical computing term
   - This has nothing to do with bells, sound, or physical movement
   - This clearly doesn't fit the context

The context is about the physical/sensory experience of bells' sound coming down from a church tower. Sense 1 is clearly the correct choice as it describes something flowing or rushing downward in quantities, which matches how bell sounds would cascade from a tower.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tower
Target surface form: tower
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its <t>tower</t>, calling the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tower%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building
2. sense_key=tower%1:25:00:: | definition=anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower | synonyms=column, pillar | examples=the test tube held a column of white powder; a tower of dust rose above the horizon
3. sense_key=tower%1:06:01:: | definition=a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships | synonyms=tugboat, tug, towboat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes an "ancient stone church" with "the sound of bells cascading from its tower." This is clearly referring to the architectural structure of a church tower - a tall structure attached to the building that houses the bells. This matches sense 1: "a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building," which is the standard architectural meaning of tower when referring to church buildings.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "tower" is being used.

The sentence reads: "An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its <t>tower</t>, calling the faithful to evensong."

This is clearly referring to a church tower - a tall structure attached to the church building that houses the bells.

Let me evaluate each candidate sense:

1. "a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building" - This matches perfectly. A church tower is a tall structure that is attached to the church building. This is the architectural meaning of tower.

2. "anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower | synonyms=column, pillar | examples=the test tube held a column of white powder; a tower of dust rose above the horizon" - This is more about figurative or metaphorical uses where something resembles a column/tower shape. The examples given (test tube with powder, dust rising) are about non-architectural structures that happen to look tower-like.

3. "a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships" - This is clearly about tugboats and has nothing to do with the context here.

The context is clearly about a physical, permanent architectural structure (a church tower that houses bells), which makes sense 1 the best fit. The tower is attached to the church building and is tall, matching the definition "a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: calling
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, <t>calling</t> the faithful to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The bells are "calling" the faithful to evensong, meaning they are summoning or commanding people to come. This matches sense 5 ("order, request, or command to come") with its example "Call the police!" The bells serve as a signal/summons for the parishioners to gather for the religious service.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "calling" in the sentence:

"The sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the faithful to evensong."

Here, the bells are "calling" people - summoning them or beckoning them to come to evensong (a religious service).

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. assign a name - not relevant
2. ascribe a quality - not relevant
3. get into communication by telephone - not relevant
4. utter a sudden loud cry - possible, but not the primary meaning here
5. order, request, or command to come - THIS LOOKS VERY RELEVANT. "Call the police!" is an example that matches the pattern of commanding someone to come. The bells are summoning/commanding the faithful to come to evensong.
6. pay a brief visit - not relevant
7. call a meeting - not the same meaning
8. read aloud to check - not relevant
9. send a message by radio/phone - not relevant
10. utter a characteristic note or cry - this could work, but the bells aren't just making a noise for its own sake; they're summoning people
11. stop or postpone - not relevant
12. greet with a title - not relevant
13. make a stop in a harbour - not relevant
14-28. various other meanings not relevant

The key insight is that the bells are "calling" people TO COME to evensong. This matches sense 5: "order, request, or command to come" with the synonym "send for" and examples like "She was called into the director's office; Call the police!"

Actually, let me reconsider sense 10: "utter a characteristic note or cry" - bells do utter a characteristic sound/cry. But the context makes it clear they're summoning people TO evensong, not just making a sound.
Sense #5 fits best—the bells are issuing a summons to the faithful, commanding them to gather for evensong rather than simply producing sound.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: faithful
Target surface form: faithful
Context:
The art of change-ringing is peculiar to the English, and, like most English peculiarities, unintelligible to the rest of the world. Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Nine Tailors "ASLACTON, England -- Of all scenes that evoke rural England, this is one of the loveliest: An ancient stone church stands amid the fields, the sound of bells cascading from its tower, calling the <t>faithful</t> to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=faithful%1:14:01:: | definition=any loyal and steadfast following
2. sense_key=faithful%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who adhere to a common faith and habitually attend a given church | synonyms=congregation, fold

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly refers to "the faithful" as the congregation or churchgoers being called to evensong at a church. The surrounding text mentions "parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels" and "members here," which are all synonymous with the sense of a group of people adhering to a common faith and habitually attending a given church. This matches sense 2, which includes the synonyms "congregation" and "fold."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "faithful" is being used.

The context is: "calling the <t>faithful</t> to evensong. The parishioners of St. Michael and All Angels stop to chat at the church door, as members here always have."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=faithful%1:14:01:: | definition=any loyal and steadfast following
   - This definition seems to refer to followers in general, those who are loyal and steadfast

2. sense_key=faithful%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who adhere to a common faith and habitually attend a given church | synonyms=congregation, fold
   - This definition specifically refers to a group of people who adhere to a common faith and attend a church

In the context, "calling the faithful to evensong" means calling the churchgoers/congregation to an evening prayer service. The sentence explicitly mentions "parishioners" which are church members. This strongly suggests sense 2, which defines faithful as "a group of people who adhere to a common faith and habitually attend a given church" with synonyms "congregation, fold."

The word "faithful" here is used as a noun referring to the congregation/churchgoers, which perfectly matches sense 2.

The answer should be sense index 2 (since the numbering starts from 1, and this is the second sense listed).