[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: about
Target surface form: about
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes <t>about</t> three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: | definition=(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct | synonyms=approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less | examples=lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute
2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: | definition=all around or on all sides | synonyms=around | examples=dirty clothes lying around (or about); let's look about for help
3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: | definition=in the area or vicinity | synonyms=around | examples=a few spectators standing about; hanging around
4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: | definition=used of movement to or among many different places or in no particular direction | synonyms=around | examples=wandering about with no place to go; people were rushing about
5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: | definition=in or to a reversed position or direction | synonyms=around | examples=about face; suddenly she turned around
6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: | definition=in rotation or succession | examples=turn about is fair play
7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=almost, most, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "about" in "takes about three hours" is used to express an approximate quantity - indicating that the duration is roughly three hours, not precisely three hours. This matches sense 1's definition of "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct" with the synonym "approximately" and similar examples like "lasted approximately an hour."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "about" in the context of this sentence:

"A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes <t>about</t> three hours."

Here, "about" is used to indicate an approximate duration. The sentence is saying that a peal takes approximately three hours, not exactly three hours.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=about%4:02:00:: - "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct" with synonyms "approximately, close to, just about, some, roughly, more or less" and examples like "lasted approximately an hour; in just about a minute"

2. sense_key=about%4:02:06:: - "all around or on all sides" - not applicable here

3. sense_key=about%4:02:01:: - "in the area or vicinity" - not applicable here

4. sense_key=about%4:02:04:: - "used of movement to or among many different places" - not applicable here

5. sense_key=about%4:02:02:: - "in or to a reversed position or direction" - not applicable here

6. sense_key=about%4:02:03:: - "in rotation or succession" - not applicable here

7. sense_key=about%4:02:05:: - "(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but" - this could also work with "almost" being a synonym

The key phrase is "takes about three hours." This is clearly expressing an approximation of time. Sense 1 is perfect for this usage with its definition "(of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct" and the synonym "approximately." The example "lasted approximately an hour" is very similar to our usage.

Sense 7 could work with "almost" but the example "the job is (just) about done" suggests incompleteness, which doesn't fit our context. We're not saying it's not quite three hours; we're saying it's approximately three hours.
Sense 1 is the correct match here.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hour
Target surface form: hours
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three <t>hours</t>. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hour%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day | synonyms=hr, 60 minutes | examples=the job will take more than an hour
2. sense_key=hour%1:28:01:: | definition=clock time | synonyms=time of day | examples=the hour is getting late
3. sense_key=hour%1:28:02:: | definition=a special and memorable period | examples=it was their finest hour
4. sense_key=hour%1:07:00:: | definition=distance measured by the time taken to cover it | synonyms=minute | examples=we live an hour from the airport; its just 10 minutes away

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates that "hours" refers to a unit of time duration. The phrase "takes about three hours" describes how long a peal (series of bell changes) lasts. This matches sense 1, which defines hour as "a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day" with the example "the job will take more than an hour." The other senses refer to clock time (sense 2), metaphorical significance (sense 3), or distance measurement (sense 4), none of which apply here.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "hours" in this sentence.

The sentence states: "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal" and takes about three hours."

This is clearly referring to a duration of time - the peal takes about three hours to complete. The phrase "takes about three hours" indicates a measurement of elapsed time.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=hour%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day | synonyms=hr, 60 minutes | examples=the job will take more than an hour
   - This fits the context. "Takes about three hours" means a duration of three periods of time (24-hour periods divided by 24).

2. sense_key=hour%1:28:01:: | definition=clock time | synonyms=time of day | examples=the hour is getting late
   - This doesn't fit. The text isn't referring to what time of day it is, but rather a duration.

3. sense_key=hour%1:28:02:: | definition=a special and memorable period | examples=it was their finest hour
   - This doesn't fit. There's no indication this is a special or memorable period in the metaphorical sense.

4. sense_key=hour%1:07:00:: | definition=distance measured by the time taken to cover it | synonyms=minute | examples=we live an hour from the airport; its just 10 minutes away
   - This doesn't fit. The text is about the duration of a performance/activity, not distance.

The correct answer is sense 1, which refers to a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day. This is the standard meaning when we say something "takes" a certain number of hours.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look
Target surface form: look
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A <t>look</t> at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look%1:07:01:: | definition=the feelings expressed on a person's face | synonyms=expression, aspect, facial expression, face | examples=a sad expression; a look of triumph
2. sense_key=look%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually | synonyms=looking, looking at | examples=he went out to have a look; his look was fixed on her eyes
3. sense_key=look%1:07:00:: | definition=physical appearance | examples=I don't like the looks of this place
4. sense_key=look%1:26:00:: | definition=the general atmosphere of a place or situation and the effect that it has on people | synonyms=spirit, tone, feel, feeling, flavor, flavour | examples=the feel of the city excited him; a clergyman improved the tone of the meeting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "A look at a Thursday night practice" uses "look" to mean the act of examining or observing something visually. This matches sense 2, which defines it as "the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually," with the example "he went out to have a look" being directly parallel to the structure in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "look" in the context provided.

The sentence is: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved."

In this context, "look" is being used as a noun meaning an examination or observation of something. Let me check the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=look%1:07:01:: - the feelings expressed on a person's face (expression)
2. sense_key=look%1:04:00:: - the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually (looking, looking at) - examples: "he went out to have a look"
3. sense_key=look%1:07:00:: - physical appearance
4. sense_key=look%1:26:00:: - the general atmosphere of a place or situation

In "A look at a Thursday night practice," the phrase means "an examination of" or "an instance of looking at" the Thursday night practice. The speaker is describing what observation or viewing of the practice can reveal.

Looking at sense 2: "the act of directing the eyes toward something and perceiving it visually" with synonyms "looking, looking at" and examples like "he went out to have a look; his look was fixed on her eyes"

This matches perfectly. "A look at" means "an observation of" or "an examination of" - the act of looking at something.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: night
Target surface form: night
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday <t>night</t> practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=night%1:28:00:: | definition=the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside | synonyms=nighttime, dark
2. sense_key=night%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of ignorance or backwardness or gloom
3. sense_key=night%1:28:04:: | definition=the period spent sleeping | examples=I had a restless night
4. sense_key=night%1:28:02:: | definition=the dark part of the diurnal cycle considered a time unit | examples=three nights later he collapsed
5. sense_key=night%1:26:00:: | definition=darkness | examples=it vanished into the night
6. sense_key=night%1:28:05:: | definition=a shortening of nightfall | examples=they worked from morning to night
7. sense_key=night%1:28:03:: | definition=the time between sunset and midnight | examples=he watched television every night
8. sense_key=night%1:18:00:: | definition=Roman goddess of night; daughter of Erebus; counterpart of Greek Nyx | synonyms=Nox

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "Thursday night practice" refers to the practice session occurring during the evening time when it is dark outside—the period after sunset and before sunrise. This is the literal, most straightforward temporal reference to when the bell-ringing practice takes place at St. Mary Abbot church.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "night" in this passage about bell ringing.

The sentence in question is: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved."

The context indicates this is referring to a practice session that happens on a Thursday night. It's describing when the practice takes place - specifically in the evening/nighttime on Thursday.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=night%1:28:00:: - "the time after sunset and before sunrise while it is dark outside" - This is the literal time period of darkness
2. sense_key=night%1:28:01:: - "a period of ignorance or backwardness or gloom" - Metaphorical, doesn't fit
3. sense_key=night%1:28:04:: - "the period spent sleeping" - Doesn't fit, this is about practice time
4. sense_key=night%1:28:02:: - "the dark part of the diurnal cycle considered a time unit" - This is about night as a unit of time measurement
5. sense_key=night%1:26:00:: - "darkness" - More abstract
6. sense_key=night%1:28:05:: - "a shortening of nightfall" - from morning to night means from start to end of the day
7. sense_key=night%1:28:03:: - "the time between sunset and midnight" - More specific time period
8. sense_key=night%1:18:00:: - "Roman goddess of night" - Proper noun, doesn't fit

In the context "Thursday night practice," the word "night" is referring to the evening time when the practice occurs. This is most naturally understood as the time period after sunset and before sunrise when it is dark - sense 1.

However, I should consider if it means the time between sunset and midnight (sense 3/7), or if it's more about the general time period of darkness (sense 1).
The phrase "Thursday night practice" indicates the practice happens during evening hours when it's dark outside. Sense 1 best captures this meaning - the time after sunset and before sunrise.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: practice
Target surface form: practice
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night <t>practice</t> at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=practice%1:04:00:: | definition=a customary way of operation or behavior | synonyms=pattern | examples=it is their practice to give annual raises; they changed their dietary pattern
2. sense_key=practice%1:04:02:: | definition=systematic training by multiple repetitions | synonyms=exercise, drill, practice session, recitation | examples=practice makes perfect
3. sense_key=practice%1:04:04:: | definition=translating an idea into action | synonyms=praxis | examples=a hard theory to put into practice; differences between theory and praxis of communism
4. sense_key=practice%1:04:03:: | definition=the exercise of a profession | examples=the practice of the law; I took over his practice when he retired
5. sense_key=practice%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge of how something is usually done | examples=it is not the local practice to wear shorts to dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "practice" refers to a training session where the bell-ringers systematically work on their techniques and memorized patterns. This matches sense 2 ("systematic training by multiple repetitions"), which includes "practice session" as a synonym and aligns with the context of a structured Thursday night training event at the church. The passage emphasizes the work and training involved, not a customary behavior (sense 1), professional work (sense 4), or general knowledge (sense 5).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "practice" is being used.

The sentence is: "A look at a Thursday night <t>practice</t> at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved."

This is referring to a bell-ringing session where ringers are training and rehearsing. The context describes:
- A Thursday night practice (a specific session)
- Ringers memorizing patterns
- A series of changes that takes about three hours
- Ten ringers standing in a circle pulling ropes

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. **sense 1** - "a customary way of operation or behavior" - This doesn't fit. The context is not describing a habitual/customary behavior but a specific training session.

2. **sense 2** - "systematic training by multiple repetitions" with synonyms exercise, drill, practice session, recitation. Examples: "practice makes perfect" - This fits very well. A "practice" here is a training session where ringers systematically work through their techniques and patterns.

3. **sense 3** - "translating an idea into action" - This doesn't fit the context.

4. **sense 4** - "the exercise of a profession" - This is about professional practice (like a law practice), which doesn't fit here.

5. **sense 5** - "knowledge of how something is usually done" - This is close to sense 1, about customary behavior, and doesn't fit as well as sense 2.

The best fit is **sense 2** - "systematic training by multiple repetitions" because the context describes a training session where bell-ringers are working on their techniques and patterns. The word "practice" here refers to a training session, which aligns with the definition of "practice session" and "systematic training."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: church
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot <t>church</t> in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "A Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church" with details about "the ringing chamber" as a physical space within the building. The church is being referenced as a specific location/building where bell-ringing practice occurs, not as a religious service, congregation, or denomination. This clearly corresponds to sense 2: a place for public (especially Christian) worship.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "church" is being used.

The context is: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot <t>church</t> in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: - "one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship" (synonyms: Christian church) - This refers to a denomination or organization of Christians.

2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: - "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" (synonyms: church building) (examples: the church was empty) - This refers to the physical building where worship takes place.

3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: - "a service conducted in a house of worship" (synonyms: church service) (examples: don't be late for church) - This refers to a religious service/ceremony.

4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: - "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church" (examples: our church is hosting a picnic next week) - This refers to the congregation/people.

In the context, "St. Mary Abbot church" is being mentioned as a location where a "Thursday night practice" at a specific place is happening. The description mentions "the ringing chamber" which suggests a physical location within a building.

The phrase "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church" is referring to the church as a physical location/building where the bell-ringing practice is taking place. This is clearly sense 2 - the place for public worship, i.e., the church building.

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: give
Target surface form: gives
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London <t>gives</t> an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=give%2:40:03:: | definition=cause to have, in the abstract sense or physical sense | examples=She gave him a black eye; The draft gave me a cold
2. sense_key=give%2:40:05:: | definition=be the cause or source of | synonyms=yield, afford | examples=He gave me a lot of trouble; Our meeting afforded much interesting information
3. sense_key=give%2:40:00:: | definition=transfer possession of something concrete or abstract to somebody | examples=I gave her my money; can you give me lessons?
4. sense_key=give%2:40:07:: | definition=convey or reveal information | examples=Give one's name
5. sense_key=give%2:32:01:: | definition=convey, as of a compliment, regards, attention, etc.; bestow | synonyms=pay | examples=Don't pay him any mind; give the orders
6. sense_key=give%2:36:02:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, make | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
7. sense_key=give%2:32:00:: | definition=convey or communicate; of a smile, a look, a physical gesture | synonyms=throw | examples=Throw a glance; She gave me a dirty look
8. sense_key=give%2:40:01:: | definition=give as a present; make a gift of | synonyms=gift, present | examples=What will you give her for her birthday?
9. sense_key=give%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen or be responsible for | synonyms=yield | examples=His two singles gave the team the victory
10. sense_key=give%2:31:02:: | definition=dedicate | synonyms=pay, devote | examples=give thought to; give priority to
11. sense_key=give%2:36:00:: | definition=give or supply | synonyms=render, yield, return, generate | examples=The cow brings in 5 liters of milk; This year's crop yielded 1,000 bushels of corn
12. sense_key=give%2:40:09:: | definition=transmit (knowledge or skills) | synonyms=impart, leave, pass on | examples=give a secret to the Russians; leave your name and address here
13. sense_key=give%2:36:01:: | definition=bring about | synonyms=establish | examples=The trompe l'oeil-illusion establishes depth
14. sense_key=give%2:40:02:: | definition=leave with; give temporarily | examples=Can I give you my keys while I go in the pool?; Can I give you the children for the weekend?
15. sense_key=give%2:41:00:: | definition=emit or utter | examples=Give a gulp; give a yelp
16. sense_key=give%2:40:10:: | definition=endure the loss of | synonyms=sacrifice | examples=He gave his life for his children; I gave two sons to the war
17. sense_key=give%2:40:06:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=pass, hand, reach, pass on, turn over | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
18. sense_key=give%2:32:03:: | definition=give entirely to a specific person, activity, or cause | synonyms=dedicate, consecrate, commit, devote | examples=She committed herself to the work of God; give one's talents to a good cause
19. sense_key=give%2:40:13:: | definition=give (as medicine) | examples=I gave him the drug
20. sense_key=give%2:40:14:: | definition=give or convey physically | synonyms=apply | examples=She gave him First Aid; I gave him a punch in the nose
21. sense_key=give%2:32:02:: | definition=bestow | synonyms=render | examples=give homage; render thanks
22. sense_key=give%2:40:11:: | definition=bestow, especially officially | synonyms=grant | examples=grant a degree; give a divorce
23. sense_key=give%2:38:00:: | definition=move in order to make room for someone for something | synonyms=move over, give way, ease up, yield | examples=The park gave way to a supermarket; `Move over,' he told the crowd
24. sense_key=give%2:34:00:: | definition=give food to | synonyms=feed | examples=Feed the starving children in India; don't give the child this tough meat
25. sense_key=give%2:40:08:: | definition=contribute to some cause | synonyms=contribute, chip in, kick in | examples=I gave at the office
26. sense_key=give%2:38:13:: | definition=break down, literally or metaphorically | synonyms=collapse, fall in, cave in, give way, break, founder | examples=The wall collapsed; The business collapsed
27. sense_key=give%2:31:00:: | definition=estimate the duration or outcome of something | examples=He gave the patient three months to live; I gave him a very good chance at success
28. sense_key=give%2:41:10:: | definition=execute and deliver | examples=Give bond
29. sense_key=give%2:40:12:: | definition=deliver in exchange or recompense | examples=I'll give you three books for four CDs
30. sense_key=give%2:40:15:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, open | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
31. sense_key=give%2:36:13:: | definition=present to view | examples=He gave the sign to start
32. sense_key=give%2:36:12:: | definition=perform for an audience | examples=Pollini is giving another concert in New York
33. sense_key=give%2:35:00:: | definition=be flexible under stress of physical force | synonyms=yield | examples=This material doesn't give
34. sense_key=give%2:34:10:: | definition=propose | examples=He gave the first of many toasts at the birthday party
35. sense_key=give%2:32:11:: | definition=accord by verdict | examples=give a decision for the plaintiff
36. sense_key=give%2:32:08:: | definition=manifest or show | examples=This student gives promise of real creativity; The office gave evidence of tampering
37. sense_key=give%2:32:15:: | definition=offer in good faith | examples=He gave her his word
38. sense_key=give%2:32:14:: | definition=submit for consideration, judgment, or use | examples=give one's opinion; give an excuse
39. sense_key=give%2:32:09:: | definition=guide or direct, as by behavior of persuasion | examples=You gave me to think that you agreed with me
40. sense_key=give%2:32:07:: | definition=allow to have or take | examples=I give you two minutes to respond
41. sense_key=give%2:32:10:: | definition=inflict as a punishment | examples=She gave the boy a good spanking; The judge gave me 10 years
42. sense_key=give%2:30:13:: | definition=occur | examples=what gives?
43. sense_key=give%2:29:11:: | definition=consent to engage in sexual intercourse with a man | examples=She gave herself to many men
44. sense_key=give%2:29:10:: | definition=proffer (a body part) | examples=She gave her hand to her little sister

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 36}
```

The sentence uses "gives" in the sense of "manifest or show." The look at the practice manifests or reveals an idea of the work involved. This is supported by the glossary example "This student gives promise of real creativity," which has the same structural pattern where something (a look/student) gives (manifests/shows) an abstraction (an idea/promise).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context. The sentence is:

"A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved."

So "gives" here means that "a look" provides/offers/conveys an idea of the work involved.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "cause to have" - not really what's happening here
2. "be the cause or source of" - this could work - the look is the source of the idea
3. "transfer possession" - not really about possession
4. "convey or reveal information" - could work
5. "convey, as of a compliment, regards, attention, etc.; bestow" - not quite
6. "organize or be responsible for" - no
7. "convey or communicate; of a smile, a look, a physical gesture" - this looks very relevant! "a look" is mentioned as an example
8. "give as a present; make a gift of" - no
9. "cause to happen or be responsible for" - possibly
10. "dedicate" - no
11. "give or supply" - could work
12. "transmit (knowledge or skills)" - could work
13. "bring about" - not quite
14. "leave with; give temporarily" - no
15. "emit or utter" - no
16. "endure the loss of" - no
17. "place into the hands or custody of" - no
18. "give entirely to a specific person" - no
19. "give (as medicine)" - no
20. "give or convey physically" - could work
21. "bestow" - possibly
22. "bestow, especially officially" - no
23. "move in order to make room" - no
24. "give food to" - no
25. "contribute to some cause" - no
26. "break down" - no
27. "estimate the duration or outcome" - no
28. "execute and deliver" - no
29. "deliver in exchange or recompense" - no
30. "afford access to" - possibly
31. "present to view" - possibly
32. "perform for an audience" - no
33. "be flexible under stress" - no
34. "propose" - no
35. "accord by verdict" - no
36. "manifest or show" - YES! This sense captures it perfectly. The look manifests or displays an idea of the work involved, similar to how "this student gives promise" means the student shows or demonstrates promise.

Sense 2 "be the cause or source of" with examples like "He gave me a lot of trouble" could work too, but sense 36 feels like the clearest match for the context here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an <t>idea</t> of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The phrase "gives an idea of the work involved" means the practice provides an approximate sense or understanding of the amount of work required. This matches sense 4 (an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth), particularly evident from the example "a rough idea how long it would take," which parallels the contextual usage here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "idea" in this sentence:

"A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an <t>idea</t> of the work involved."

The sentence is saying that looking at the practice gives a sense or understanding of how much work is involved in bell ringing.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" - This could fit, as we're talking about what you understand/think about the work involved.

2. "your intention; what you intend to do" - This doesn't fit. The sentence isn't about the intention of the speaker or the ringers.

3. "a personal view" - This doesn't fit well. We're not saying the practice is "his view" but rather it gives understanding of something.

4. "an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth" - This fits well! The phrase "gives an idea of the work involved" means it gives an approximate sense or understanding of how much work is involved. This is about getting a rough estimate or approximation of something.

5. "(music) melodic subject of a musical composition" - This doesn't fit at all; nothing about music in the context here.

Between sense 1 and sense 4, sense 4 seems more precise. The phrase "gives an idea of" typically means "gives an approximate sense of" or "provides an approximation of." The examples given for sense 4 include "an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take" - and the exact phrase "a rough idea" appears in the examples!

The answer should be sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the <t>work</t> involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%1:04:00:: | definition=activity directed toward making or doing something | examples=she checked several points needing further work
2. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: | definition=a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing | synonyms=piece of work | examples=it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works; the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work
3. sense_key=work%1:04:01:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid | synonyms=employment | examples=he is looking for employment; a lot of people are out of work
4. sense_key=work%1:09:00:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=study | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
5. sense_key=work%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) a manifestation of energy; the transfer of energy from one physical system to another expressed as the product of a force and the distance through which it moves a body in the direction of that force | examples=work equals force times distance
6. sense_key=work%1:06:01:: | definition=a place where work is done | synonyms=workplace | examples=he arrived at work early today
7. sense_key=work%1:06:02:: | definition=the total output of a writer or artist (or a substantial part of it) | synonyms=oeuvre, body of work | examples=he studied the entire Wagnerian oeuvre; Picasso's work can be divided into periods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "the work involved" refers to the effort, exertion, and activity required to perform bell ringing. The context describes the physical stance, memorization, coordination, and concentration needed by the ringers, all of which constitute the activity and labor involved in this practice. This directly matches sense 1: "activity directed toward making or doing something."

reasoning_content:
The sentence is: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved."

The context is about bell ringing - the effort and activity required to perform bell ringing, including the physical stance, memorizing patterns, coordinating with other ringers, etc.

Let me analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=work%1:04:00:: | definition=activity directed toward making or doing something - This refers to the effort/activity involved in bell ringing. This fits well.

2. sense_key=work%1:06:00:: | definition=a product produced or accomplished - This would be the bell ringing itself as a product. This could fit but seems less natural.

3. sense_key=work%1:04:01:: | definition=the occupation for which you are paid - Bell ringing is not their paid occupation in this context.

4. sense_key=work%1:09:00:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject - While there is learning involved, the phrase "work involved" is more about the physical/mental effort required, not specifically studying.

5. sense_key=work%1:19:00:: | definition=(physics) a manifestation of energy - This is too technical and doesn't fit the context.

6. sense_key=work%1:06:01:: | definition=a place where work is done - This is about a physical location, not applicable here.

7. sense_key=work%1:06:02:: | definition=the total output of a writer or artist - Not applicable.

The phrase "work involved" refers to the effort and activity required to perform bell ringing. The best match is sense 1: "activity directed toward making or doing something" - which captures the effort and exertion needed.

Sense 2 could also work (the bell ringing as a product/accomplishment), but sense 1 is more directly about the effort/activity itself, which is what "the work involved" emphasizes.
Sense 1 is the right choice here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work <t>involved</t>. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "the work involved" in this context means the work that is connected with or associated with bell ringing practice. Sense 1 ("connected by participation or association or use") best captures this meaning, where "involved" describes work that is inherently connected to the bell ringing activity being discussed. This interpretation aligns with the example "people involved" meaning those participating in an activity.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "involved" is being used.

The sentence is: "A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved."

The context is about bell ringing and the physical/mental work that the ringers do. The phrase "the work involved" means the work that is connected with or part of this activity.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "connected by participation or association or use" - This refers to things or people that are connected with something through participation or use. Example: "people involved" means people who participate. This fits well with "the work involved" - meaning the work that is connected with/part of bell ringing.

2. "entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire" - This is about being trapped or hindered. This doesn't fit the context of describing bell ringing work.

3. "emotionally involved" - This is about emotional attachment. This doesn't fit the context.

4. "highly complex or intricate" - This would mean the work is complex/intricate. While bell ringing might be complex, this doesn't seem to be the primary meaning intended here.

5. "enveloped" - This is about being enclosed or wrapped. This doesn't fit.

The best sense is #1. "The work involved" means the work that is associated with or participates in this bell ringing activity. The phrase "the work involved [in bell ringing]" refers to the work connected with this practice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved <t>ringers</t> stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly describes people pulling ropes to ring church bells at St. Mary Abbot church in London. The passage discusses bell-ringing practices, methods, and peals, with "ringers" standing in a circle pulling ropes connected to bells. This matches sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "ringers."

From the context:
- "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound"
- "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber"
- The passage discusses church bells, bell-ringing, methods, peals, and practices at St. Mary Abbot church
- The ringers are pulling ropes connected to bells

This is clearly referring to people who ring church bells. The context is about bell-ringing practice at a church.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - This matches perfectly. The context discusses people pulling ropes to ring church bells.
2. "a person who is almost identical to another" (dead ringer) - Not applicable here
3. "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - Not applicable
4. "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg" - Not applicable

The answer is clearly sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stand
Target surface form: stand
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers <t>stand</t> in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stand%2:35:00:: | definition=be standing; be upright | synonyms=stand up | examples=We had to stand for the entire performance!
2. sense_key=stand%2:42:04:: | definition=be in some specified state or condition | examples=I stand corrected
3. sense_key=stand%2:42:03:: | definition=occupy a place or location, also metaphorically | examples=We stand on common ground
4. sense_key=stand%2:42:00:: | definition=hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright | synonyms=remain firm | examples=I am standing my ground and won't give in!
5. sense_key=stand%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, bear, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
6. sense_key=stand%2:31:01:: | definition=have or maintain a position or stand on an issue | examples=Where do you stand on the War?
7. sense_key=stand%2:42:06:: | definition=remain inactive or immobile | examples=standing water
8. sense_key=stand%2:42:02:: | definition=be in effect; be or remain in force | examples=The law stands!
9. sense_key=stand%2:42:01:: | definition=be tall; have a height of; copula | examples=She stands 6 feet tall
10. sense_key=stand%2:35:01:: | definition=put into an upright position | synonyms=stand up, place upright | examples=Can you stand the bookshelf up?
11. sense_key=stand%2:33:00:: | definition=withstand the force of something | synonyms=resist, fend | examples=The trees resisted her; stand the test of time
12. sense_key=stand%2:35:10:: | definition=be available for stud services | examples=male domestic animals such as stallions serve selected females

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly describes ringers who are physically standing upright in a circle ("Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance"). This is the basic, literal sense of being in an upright position, which matches sense 1: "be standing; be upright" with the example "We had to stand for the entire performance!"

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "stand" in this sentence about bell ringers:

"Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber."

The context describes ringers who are physically standing in a circle in a specific posture. The phrase "one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance" indicates they are in an upright, active physical position.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "be standing; be upright" - This is about being in an upright position. The example "We had to stand for the entire performance!" matches the meaning here.

2. "be in some specified state or condition" - This is more about a state of being (like "stand corrected"), not about physical position.

3. "occupy a place or location, also metaphorically" - This is about location/position, but the focus is on occupying a place rather than the physical act of standing upright.

4. "hold one's ground; maintain a position; be steadfast or upright" - This could work, but it's more about maintaining a position in a figurative sense.

5. "put up with something or somebody unpleasant" - Clearly not relevant.

6. "have or maintain a position or stand on an issue" - Not relevant, this is about opinions.

7. "remain inactive or immobile" - Not relevant.

8. "be in effect; be or remain in force" - Not relevant.

9. "be tall; have a height of; copula" - This is about height, not directly about the action of standing.

10. "put into an upright position" - This is transitive, but in the sentence it's intransitive.

11. "withstand the force of something" - Not relevant.

12. "be available for stud services" - Clearly not relevant.
The most fitting sense is the first one—"be standing; be upright"—since the ringers are literally positioned upright in a circle performing their task. This usage directly parallels the example about standing through an entire performance, where people maintain an upright posture while engaged in an activity.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: circle
Target surface form: circle
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a <t>circle</t>, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=circle%1:25:00:: | definition=ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point | examples=he calculated the circumference of the circle
2. sense_key=circle%1:14:00:: | definition=an unofficial association of people or groups | synonyms=set, band, lot | examples=the smart set goes there; they were an angry lot
3. sense_key=circle%1:25:01:: | definition=something approximating the shape of a circle | examples=the chairs were arranged in a circle
4. sense_key=circle%1:04:00:: | definition=movement once around a course | synonyms=lap, circuit | examples=he drove an extra lap just for insurance
5. sense_key=circle%1:06:01:: | definition=a road junction at which traffic streams circularly around a central island | synonyms=traffic circle, rotary, roundabout | examples=the accident blocked all traffic at the rotary
6. sense_key=circle%1:06:03:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, rope, roofy, roach
7. sense_key=circle%1:06:02:: | definition=a curved section or tier of seats in a hall or theater or opera house; usually the first tier above the orchestra | synonyms=dress circle | examples=they had excellent seats in the dress circle
8. sense_key=circle%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism | synonyms=round | examples=the machine punched out metal circles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes ten ringers standing in a circular formation ("stand in a circle"). This is describing the physical spatial arrangement of the people, not a mathematical or abstract concept. Sense 3 ("something approximating the shape of a circle") with its example "the chairs were arranged in a circle" most closely matches this usage of describing how objects or people are arranged in a roughly circular formation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "circle" is being used.

The passage describes bell ringers at a church. The key phrase is: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance..."

This is describing the physical arrangement of the people - they are standing in a circular formation. The sentence explains how they are positioned relative to each other.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length" - This is the mathematical/geometric definition of a circle. While technically the ringers are standing in a circle shape, this sense is about the mathematical concept.

2. "an unofficial association of people or groups" - This refers to a social group, not a physical formation.

3. "something approximating the shape of a circle" - This is about the physical shape/arrangement. The ringers are standing in a circular formation, which is described as "approximating the shape of a circle."

4. "movement once around a course" - This is about movement, not applicable here.

5. "a road junction" - Not applicable.

6. "street names for flunitrazepam" - Clearly not applicable.

7. "a curved section or tier of seats" - Not applicable.

8. "any circular or rotating mechanism" - Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 3: "something approximating the shape of a circle" with the example "the chairs were arranged in a circle." This directly parallels the context where the ringers are arranged in a circular formation. The example given (chairs arranged in a circle) is almost identical to the situation described (ringers standing in a circle).

Sense 1 would be too technical/mathematical for this context. While sense 3 is the practical, non-technical understanding of a circular arrangement or formation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: foot
Target surface form: foot
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one <t>foot</t> ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=foot%1:08:01:: | definition=the part of the leg of a human being below the ankle joint | synonyms=human foot, pes | examples=his bare feet projected from his trousers; armored from head to foot
2. sense_key=foot%1:23:00:: | definition=a linear unit of length equal to 12 inches or a third of a yard | synonyms=ft | examples=he is six feet tall
3. sense_key=foot%1:15:00:: | definition=the lower part of anything | examples=curled up on the foot of the bed; the foot of the page
4. sense_key=foot%1:05:01:: | definition=the pedal extremity of vertebrates other than human beings | synonyms=animal foot
5. sense_key=foot%1:06:00:: | definition=lowest support of a structure | synonyms=foundation, base, fundament, groundwork, substructure, understructure | examples=it was built on a base of solid rock; he stood at the foot of the tower
6. sense_key=foot%1:05:00:: | definition=any of various organs of locomotion or attachment in invertebrates | synonyms=invertebrate foot
7. sense_key=foot%1:04:00:: | definition=travel by walking | examples=he followed on foot; the swiftest of foot
8. sense_key=foot%1:18:00:: | definition=a member of a surveillance team who works on foot or rides as a passenger
9. sense_key=foot%1:14:00:: | definition=an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot | synonyms=infantry | examples=there came ten thousand horsemen and as many fully-armed foot
10. sense_key=foot%1:10:00:: | definition=(prosody) a group of 2 or 3 syllables forming the basic unit of poetic rhythm | synonyms=metrical foot, metrical unit
11. sense_key=foot%1:06:01:: | definition=a support resembling a pedal extremity | examples=one foot of the chair was on the carpet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "one foot ahead of the other" uses "foot" as a linear unit of measurement. The ringers are standing in a circle with each person positioned approximately 12 inches (one foot) ahead of the next person. This is a straightforward use of the measurement sense, not referring to the body part or any structural element.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one <t>foot</t> ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber."

The phrase "one foot ahead of the other" is describing the spatial relationship between the ringers standing in a circle. This is clearly using "foot" as a measurement of distance - one foot (12 inches) ahead of the other.

Let me check the candidate senses:

1. The part of the leg below the ankle joint - NO, this is about the body part
2. A linear unit of length equal to 12 inches - YES, this fits perfectly with "one foot ahead of the other"
3. The lower part of anything - NO, not the right sense
4. The pedal extremity of vertebrates other than humans - NO, not about animals
5. Lowest support of a structure - NO, not about foundation
6. Organs of locomotion in invertebrates - NO, not applicable
7. Travel by walking - NO, not about movement here
8. A member of a surveillance team - NO, completely different context
9. An army unit - NO, wrong context
10. A group of syllables in poetry - NO, not relevant
11. A support resembling a pedal extremity - NO, not about chair supports

Sense 2 is clearly the correct answer. "One foot ahead of the other" is using "foot" as a unit of measurement - specifically 12 inches or 1/3 of a yard.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ahead
Target surface form: ahead
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot <t>ahead</t> of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ahead%4:02:00:: | definition=at or in the front | synonyms=in front, before | examples=I see the lights of a town ahead; the road ahead is foggy
2. sense_key=ahead%4:02:06:: | definition=toward the future; forward in time | synonyms=forward | examples=I like to look ahead in imagination to what the future may bring; I look forward to seeing you
3. sense_key=ahead%4:02:02:: | definition=in a forward direction | synonyms=onward, onwards, forward, forwards, forrader | examples=go ahead; the train moved ahead slowly
4. sense_key=ahead%4:02:01:: | definition=ahead of time; in anticipation | synonyms=in advance, beforehand | examples=when you pay ahead (or in advance) you receive a discount; We like to plan ahead
5. sense_key=ahead%4:02:05:: | definition=to a more advanced or advantageous position | examples=a young man sure to get ahead; pushing talented students ahead
6. sense_key=ahead%4:02:04:: | definition=to a different or a more advanced time (meaning advanced either toward the present or toward the future) | examples=moved the appointment ahead from Tuesday to Monday; pushed the deadline ahead from Tuesday to Wednesday
7. sense_key=ahead%4:02:03:: | definition=leading or ahead in a competition | synonyms=out front, in the lead | examples=the horse was three lengths ahead going into the home stretch; ahead by two pawns

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "one foot ahead of the other" describes a spatial positioning where one foot is placed in front of the other, characteristic of a boxer's stance. This matches sense 1 ("at or in the front") with synonyms "in front" and "before," which capture the physical positioning described in the context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "ahead" in this sentence:

"One foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance"

The phrase is describing the physical positioning of the ringers' feet. One foot is positioned ahead of (in front of) the other foot, which is a typical boxing/fighter stance.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "at or in the front" - This describes something being in front or at the front position. In the context, one foot is positioned ahead (in front) of the other foot. This matches well.

2. "toward the future; forward in time" - This is about time, not spatial position. Doesn't fit.

3. "in a forward direction" - This is about movement in a forward direction. The sentence is describing a static position, not movement.

4. "ahead of time; in anticipation" - This is about timing and advance planning. Doesn't fit.

5. "to a more advanced or advantageous position" - This is about progression or superiority. Doesn't fit this context.

6. "to a different or a more advanced time" - About temporal changes. Doesn't fit.

7. "leading or ahead in a competition" - About being ahead in a competition or race. Doesn't fit.

The most appropriate sense is #1 "at or in the front" because the description is about one foot being positioned in front of the other foot in a physical stance. The synonyms "in front" and "before" support this - one foot is positioned in front of the other.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stance
Target surface form: stance
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's <t>stance</t>, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stance%1:07:00:: | definition=standing posture
2. sense_key=stance%1:09:00:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=position, posture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context explicitly describes the physical standing position of the ringers: "one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance." This is a direct reference to their bodily posture while standing, which corresponds to the "standing posture" sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "stance."

The sentence is: "Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's <t>stance</t>, each pulling a rope..."

The context describes the physical position of the ringers - they are standing with "one foot ahead of the other" like a "prize-fighter's stance." This is clearly describing their physical standing posture.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=stance%1:07:00:: | definition=standing posture
   - This directly matches the context, which describes the physical position and posture of the ringers

2. sense_key=stance%1:09:00:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=position, posture
   - This is about a mental/ideological position or attitude, not physical posture

The context clearly indicates a physical standing position ("one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance"), which is the first sense: "standing posture."

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pull
Target surface form: pulling
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each <t>pulling</t> a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pull%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to move by pulling | synonyms=draw, force | examples=draw a wagon; pull a sled
2. sense_key=pull%2:35:02:: | definition=direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power or physical attributes | synonyms=attract, pull in, draw, draw in | examples=Her good looks attract the stares of many men; The ad pulled in many potential customers
3. sense_key=pull%2:38:01:: | definition=move into a certain direction | examples=the car pulls to the right
4. sense_key=pull%2:35:04:: | definition=apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion | examples=Pull the rope; Pull the handle towards you
5. sense_key=pull%2:41:00:: | definition=perform an act, usually with a negative connotation | synonyms=perpetrate, commit | examples=perpetrate a crime; pull a bank robbery
6. sense_key=pull%2:38:03:: | definition=bring, take, or pull out of a container or from under a cover | synonyms=draw, pull out, get out, take out | examples=draw a weapon; pull out a gun
7. sense_key=pull%2:38:00:: | definition=steer into a certain direction | examples=pull one's horse to a stand; Pull the car over
8. sense_key=pull%2:29:00:: | definition=strain abnormally | synonyms=overstretch | examples=I pulled a muscle in my leg when I jumped up; The athlete pulled a tendon in the competition
9. sense_key=pull%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move in a certain direction by exerting a force upon, either physically or in an abstract sense | synonyms=draw | examples=A declining dollar pulled down the export figures for the last quarter
10. sense_key=pull%2:38:02:: | definition=operate when rowing a boat | examples=pull the oars
11. sense_key=pull%2:38:04:: | definition=rein in to keep from winning a race | examples=pull a horse
12. sense_key=pull%2:35:01:: | definition=tear or be torn violently | synonyms=rend, rip, rive | examples=The curtain ripped from top to bottom; pull the cooked chicken into strips
13. sense_key=pull%2:35:03:: | definition=hit in the direction that the player is facing when carrying through the swing | examples=pull the ball
14. sense_key=pull%2:35:05:: | definition=strip of feathers | synonyms=pluck, tear, deplume, deplumate, displume | examples=pull a chicken; pluck the capon
15. sense_key=pull%2:35:10:: | definition=remove, usually with some force or effort; also used in an abstract sense | synonyms=extract, pull out, pull up, take out, draw out | examples=pull weeds; extract a bad tooth
16. sense_key=pull%2:33:13:: | definition=take sides with; align oneself with; show strong sympathy for | synonyms=root for | examples=We all rooted for the home team; I'm pulling for the underdog
17. sense_key=pull%2:30:11:: | definition=take away | examples=pull the old soup cans from the supermarket shelf

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes bell ringers pulling ropes to ring bells. This is a straightforward application of force to cause motion of the rope toward the source (the ringer pulling it). Sense 4's definition "apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion" with examples "Pull the rope; Pull the handle towards you" directly matches this physical action described in the text.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "pulling" is used:

"Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber."

The context describes bell ringers in a church who are pulling ropes. The ropes are connected to bells above. The action is to make the bells ring by pulling the ropes.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "cause to move by pulling" - draw, force - This is about causing movement
2. "direct toward itself or oneself by means of some psychological power" - attracting, not applicable
3. "move into a certain direction" - about the car/object moving, not applicable here
4. "apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion" - This fits! Pulling a rope toward oneself
5. "perform an act, usually with a negative connotation" - perpetrate, commit - not applicable
6. "bring, take, or pull out of a container" - extracting, not applicable
7. "steer into a certain direction" - about steering, not applicable
8. "strain abnormally" - injury, not applicable
9. "cause to move in a certain direction by exerting a force" - This could work too
10. "operate when rowing a boat" - rowing, not applicable
11. "rein in to keep from winning a race" - racing, not applicable
12. "tear or be torn violently" - not applicable
13. "hit in the direction" - sports, not applicable
14. "strip of feathers" - not applicable
15. "remove, usually with some force or effort" - extracting, not applicable
16. "take sides with" - not applicable
17. "take away" - not applicable

The best fit is sense 4: "apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion" with examples "Pull the rope; Pull the handle towards you"
This matches perfectly—the ringers exert force on the ropes to draw them upward, setting the bells in motion.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rope
Target surface form: rope
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a <t>rope</t> that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rope%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong line
2. sense_key=rope%1:06:01:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepan | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, roofy, roach, forget me drug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly describes bell-ringers pulling physical ropes to ring bells in a church. This is the standard meaning of rope as a strong line or cord used to transmit force. The second sense referring to a drug is entirely unrelated to the bell-ringing context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "rope" in this sentence.

The target word is "rope" in the context: "each pulling a rope that disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber."

Looking at the two candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rope%1:06:00:: | definition=a strong line
2. sense_key=rope%1:06:01:: | definition=street names for flunitrazepam | synonyms=R-2, Mexican valium, rophy, roofy, roach, forget me drug

In the context of bell-ringing, each ringer pulls a rope that goes through the ceiling to ring bells. This is clearly referring to a physical object - a rope used to pull and ring bells. This is a standard use of rope as a strong line or cord.

The second sense is about flunitrazepam (a drug), which has nothing to do with bell-ringing or the physical action of pulling something to ring bells.

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1: rope%1:06:00:: with definition "a strong line"

The sense index would be 1 (the first candidate sense).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: small
Target surface form: small
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a <t>small</t> hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=small%3:00:00:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=little | examples=a little dining room; a little house
2. sense_key=small%5:00:00:limited:00 | definition=limited in size or scope | synonyms=minor, modest, small-scale, pocket-size, pocket-sized | examples=a small business; a newspaper with a modest circulation
3. sense_key=small%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=little | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
4. sense_key=small%5:00:00:little:03 | definition=slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope | examples=a series of death struggles with small time in between
5. sense_key=small%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, low, lowly, modest | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
6. sense_key=small%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=little, minuscule | examples=little a; small a
7. sense_key=small%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=little | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
8. sense_key=small%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=have fine or very small constituent particles | examples=a small misty rain
9. sense_key=small%5:00:00:moderate:00 | definition=not large but sufficient in size or amount | synonyms=modest | examples=a modest salary; modest inflation
10. sense_key=small%5:00:00:decreased:00 | definition=made to seem smaller or less (especially in worth) | synonyms=belittled, diminished | examples=her comments made me feel small

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes a rope that "disappears through a small hole" - referring to the physical magnitude or extent of the hole. Sense 1 directly captures this basic meaning: "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent." The synonyms and examples (small dining room, little house) parallel the usage of describing a spatially limited opening.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context. The sentence is: "each pulling a rope that disappears through a <t>small</t> hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber."

The word "small" is describing a "hole" - it's indicating that the hole is of limited size or magnitude. Let me consider each candidate sense:

1. "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent" - This fits well. A small hole means the hole is limited in magnitude/extent.

2. "limited in size or scope" - This could fit. A small hole is limited in size.

3. "(of children and animals) young, immature" - Doesn't apply here, as a hole isn't young or immature.

4. "slight or limited; especially in degree or intensity or scope" - Could fit, describing the hole as limited in scope.

5. "low or inferior in station or quality" - Doesn't apply to a hole.

6. "lowercase" - Doesn't apply.

7. "(of a voice) faint" - Doesn't apply.

8. "have fine or very small constituent particles" - Not about particles here.

9. "not large but sufficient in size or amount" - Could fit.

10. "made to seem smaller or less" - Doesn't apply.

The most direct and basic sense is sense 1, which describes something as "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent" with synonyms "little" and examples about physical spaces (dining room, house). This directly captures that the hole is of limited magnitude.

Sense 2 is also a possibility, but it seems more specific to "size or scope" in a broader sense (business, newspapers).

Sense 1 is the most straightforward and general meaning - the hole has a small magnitude/extent. This is the primary, most literal sense of "small" when describing physical dimensions.
Sense 1 best captures the core meaning here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hole
Target surface form: hole
Context:
Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved. Ten shirt-sleeved ringers stand in a circle, one foot ahead of the other in a prize-fighter's stance, each pulling a rope that disappears through a small <t>hole</t> in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber. No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hole%1:17:01:: | definition=an opening into or through something
2. sense_key=hole%1:06:00:: | definition=an opening deliberately made in or through something
3. sense_key=hole%1:06:01:: | definition=one playing period (from tee to green) on a golf course | synonyms=golf hole | examples=he played 18 holes
4. sense_key=hole%1:25:00:: | definition=an unoccupied space
5. sense_key=hole%1:17:02:: | definition=a depression hollowed out of solid matter | synonyms=hollow
6. sense_key=hole%1:26:01:: | definition=a fault | examples=he shot holes in my argument
7. sense_key=hole%1:26:00:: | definition=informal terms for a difficult situation | synonyms=fix, jam, mess, muddle, pickle, kettle of fish | examples=he got into a terrible fix; he made a muddle of his marriage
8. sense_key=hole%1:08:00:: | definition=informal terms for the mouth | synonyms=trap, cakehole, maw, yap, gob

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes a "small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber" through which the bell-ropes pass. This is clearly a deliberately made opening in the ceiling structure—precisely fitting sense 2's definition of "an opening deliberately made in or through something." While sense 1 is also plausible, sense 2 is more specific and accurate to the functional nature of this architectural opening.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage describes bell-ringing, specifically how ringers stand in a circle and pull ropes that "disappears through a small hole in the high ceiling of the ringing chamber."

In this context, the "hole" is a physical opening in the ceiling that the ropes pass through. Let me evaluate each candidate sense:

1. "an opening into or through something" - This describes a hole as an opening, which fits the context of an opening in the ceiling.

2. "an opening deliberately made in or through something" - This could fit, as the hole in the ceiling was likely deliberately made to allow the ropes to pass through.

3. "one playing period (from tee to green) on a golf course" - Not relevant here, this is about golf.

4. "an unoccupied space" - This is too vague and doesn't capture the specific nature of what's described.

5. "a depression hollowed out of solid matter" - This could fit but is more about a hollow depression rather than an opening through something.

6. "a fault" - Not applicable here.

7. "informal terms for a difficult situation" - Not applicable here.

8. "informal terms for the mouth" - Not applicable here.

The key distinction between senses 1 and 2 is that sense 2 specifies the opening was "deliberately made," while sense 1 is more general. In the context, the hole appears to be a deliberate opening made to allow the bell-ropes to pass through, so sense 2 seems more precise. However, sense 1 is also a valid general description of an opening.

Sense 2 seems most precise because the hole is clearly a deliberate opening made through the ceiling for functional purposes (allowing the ropes to pass). This is the most accurate and specific match.

I'll go with sense 2.