[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: director
Target surface form: director
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, <t>director</t> of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=director%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who controls resources and expenditures | synonyms=manager, managing director
2. sense_key=director%1:18:03:: | definition=member of a board of directors
3. sense_key=director%1:18:02:: | definition=someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show | synonyms=theater director, theatre director
4. sense_key=director%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who directs the making of a film | synonyms=film director
5. sense_key=director%1:18:01:: | definition=the person who leads a musical group | synonyms=conductor, music director

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "director" for Samuel Broder.

The context states: "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute."

The National Cancer Institute is a government health/research organization. Samuel Broder is being identified as the "director" of this institute.

Let me review the candidate senses:
1. someone who controls resources and expenditures (manager, managing director)
2. member of a board of directors
3. someone who supervises the actors and directs the action in the production of a show (theater director)
4. the person who directs the making of a film (film director)
5. the person who leads a musical group (conductor, music director)

The person being described is the head of a major scientific/medical research institute. This is clearly an administrative/executive leadership position, not related to:
- Theater (sense 3)
- Film (sense 4)
- Music (sense 5)
- Simply being a board member (sense 2)

The best fit is sense 1: "someone who controls resources and expenditures" - this describes someone who heads an organization/institute and manages its operations, resources, and budget. The synonym "managing director" also fits well with this role.

Sense 2 (board member) doesn't fit because the sentence clearly indicates this person is the head/director of the institute, not just a member of its board.

The answer should be sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: public
Target surface form: public
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the <t>public</t>, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=public%1:14:00:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, world | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
2. sense_key=public%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of people sharing some common interest | examples=the reading public

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "public" refers to "people in general considered as a whole" in this context. Samuel Broder is discussing how the general population as a whole is concerned about advances in treatment, contrasting this with the broader implications of basic cancer research. The phrase "the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment" uses "public" to mean the general populace without reference to a specific subset, rather than a particular body of people sharing a specialized interest.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "public" appears:

"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Here, Samuel Broder is talking about how "the public" is concerned about advances in treatment. He's contrasting the general population's interest in treatment advances with the importance of basic research.

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=public%1:14:00:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, world | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
   - This refers to "people in general considered as a whole"
   - Examples show the broader population

2. sense_key=public%1:14:01:: | definition=a body of people sharing some common interest | examples=the reading public
   - This refers to "a body of people sharing some common interest"
   - Example: "the reading public" (people who read)

In the context, "the public" is referring to the general population of people who are concerned about advances in cancer treatment. It's not specifically referring to a particular subset of people with a common interest (like "the reading public"), but rather to people in general.

The phrase "concerned about advances in treatment" describes what the general public is interested in, but it's still referring to people broadly, not to a specific subset.

This should be sense 1: "people in general considered as a whole"

The sense_index should be 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concerned
Target surface form: concerned
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is <t>concerned</t> about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concerned%3:00:00:: | definition=feeling or showing worry or solicitude | examples=concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future
2. sense_key=concerned%5:00:00:involved:00 | definition=involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in | synonyms=interested | examples=a memorandum to those concerned; an enterprise in which three men are concerned
3. sense_key=concerned%5:00:01:involved:00 | definition=culpably involved | synonyms=implicated | examples=all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified; named three officials implicated in the plot

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the word "concerned" to determine the best sense.

The sentence is: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is <t>concerned</t> about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. "feeling or showing worry or solicitude" - examples: "concerned parents of youthful offenders; was concerned about the future" - This sense means to worry or show solicitude about something.

2. "involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share in" - examples: "a memorandum to those concerned; an enterprise in which three men are concerned" - This sense means to be involved in or affected by something.

3. "culpably involved" - examples: "all those concerned in the bribery case have been identified; named three officials implicated in the plot" - This sense means to be guilty or implicated in something.

In the context of the sentence, the public is "concerned about advances in treatment." This clearly means the public is worried or anxious about advances in treatment. The public is showing worry or solicitude about this topic.

Sense 1 is the best fit here. The public is worried about/showing solicitude about advances in treatment.

Senses 2 and 3 don't fit. Sense 2 might mean involved in or affected by advances in treatment, which could work but doesn't capture the emotional aspect of worry that's implied. Sense 3 is about culpable involvement, which clearly doesn't apply here.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advance
Target surface form: advances
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advance%1:11:00:: | definition=a movement forward | synonyms=progress, progression | examples=he listened for the progress of the troops
2. sense_key=advance%1:11:01:: | definition=a change for the better; progress in development | synonyms=improvement, betterment
3. sense_key=advance%1:10:00:: | definition=a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others | synonyms=overture, approach, feeler | examples=she rejected his advances
4. sense_key=advance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) | synonyms=progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion
5. sense_key=advance%1:21:00:: | definition=an amount paid before it is earned | synonyms=cash advance
6. sense_key=advance%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=rise | examples=the news caused a general advance on the stock market

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly indicates "advances in treatment" refers to improvements and progress in medical approaches to cancer treatment. Sense 2 ("a change for the better; progress in development") with synonyms "improvement, betterment" best captures this meaning. While senses 1 and 4 also involve progress/movement forward, they lack the evaluative connotation of improvement that is essential to the phrase "advances in treatment."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "advances" in this sentence:

"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about <t>advances</t> in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

The context is about cancer research and treatment. The statement is talking about progress in medical treatment - specifically improvements in how cancer is treated.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=advance%1:11:00:: | definition=a movement forward | synonyms=progress, progression
   - This is a general movement forward, which could apply

2. sense_key=advance%1:11:01:: | definition=a change for the better; progress in development | synonyms=improvement, betterment
   - This refers to improvement and progress in development. This fits well with "advances in treatment" - improvements in medical treatment approaches

3. sense_key=advance%1:10:00:: | definition=a tentative suggestion designed to elicit the reactions of others | synonyms=overture, approach, feeler
   - This refers to personal or romantic advances. Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=advance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving forward (as toward a goal) | synonyms=progress, progression, procession, advancement, forward motion, onward motion
   - This is about moving forward toward a goal, similar to sense 1 but more specific to goal-directed movement

5. sense_key=advance%1:21:00:: | definition=an amount paid before it is earned | synonyms=cash advance
   - Financial term. Not relevant here.

6. sense_key=advance%1:04:01:: | definition=increase in price or value | synonyms=rise
   - Financial term about price increases. Not relevant here.

The key phrase is "advances in treatment." In a medical context, "advances" clearly refers to improvements and progress in medical treatment.

Sense 2 is the most precise match because it specifically captures "change for the better" rather than just generic forward movement. The phrase "advances in treatment" fundamentally means improvements in therapeutic approaches, which aligns with the definition of improvement and betterment. While senses 1 and 4 could work with their broader notion of progress, they lack the explicit emphasis on positive change that sense 2provides.

The answer is: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: treatment
Target surface form: treatment
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in <t>treatment</t>, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=treatment%1:04:00:: | definition=care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury) | synonyms=intervention
2. sense_key=treatment%1:04:01:: | definition=the management of someone or something | synonyms=handling | examples=the handling of prisoners; the treatment of water sewage
3. sense_key=treatment%1:07:00:: | definition=a manner of dealing with something artistically | examples=his treatment of space borrows from Italian architecture
4. sense_key=treatment%1:10:00:: | definition=an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic | synonyms=discussion, discourse | examples=the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic; his treatment of the race question is badly biased

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is clearly about cancer research and medical advances. Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute, references "advances in treatment" in relation to cancer research. The passage discusses medical procedures and discoveries aimed at combating cancer—specifically retinoblastoma. Sense 1, which defines treatment as "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)," is the appropriate sense here. This matches the medical context of the passage perfectly.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "treatment" in this passage.

The sentence is: "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

The context is about cancer research and medical advances. Samuel Broder, the director of the National Cancer Institute, is saying that the public is concerned about advances in treatment (medical treatment for cancer).

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "care provided to improve a situation (especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury)" - This is clearly about medical treatment. The synonym is "intervention" and it's explicitly about medical procedures.

2. Sense 2: "the management of someone or something" - This would be more about handling or management in a general sense, like the handling of prisoners or sewage treatment.

3. Sense 3: "a manner of dealing with something artistically" - This is about artistic treatment, which doesn't fit at all.

4. Sense 4: "an extended communication dealing with some particular topic" - This is about a discussion or discourse, which doesn't fit.

Given that the context is explicitly about cancer research and medical advances, and Samuel Broder is talking about advances in medical treatment, Sense 1 is clearly the correct answer. This sense explicitly mentions "medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury," which is exactly what they're discussing.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this <t>basic</t> research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "basic" in "this basic research will begin showing results" refers to research that pertains to or constitutes the foundation/base of scientific understanding. The context emphasizes how this research has provided "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer," indicating that "basic" here means foundational or fundamental—research that forms the basis for understanding cancer mechanisms, rather than applied research aimed at immediate treatments. This aligns with sense 1: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "basic" is being used.

The sentence is: "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

The context discusses:
- A scientific discovery about the retinoblastoma suppressor gene
- How studying this tumor has led to "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer"
- Now referring to "basic research"

Let me consider each sense:

1. "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis" - This is about something being foundational. Example: "a basic fact; the basic ingredients"

2. "reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality" - This is about canonical/simplified forms. Synonyms: canonic, canonical. Examples: "a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern"

3. "serving as a base or starting point" - This is about being introductory/foundational as a starting point. Examples: "a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits"

4. "of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base" - This is about alkaline/chemical bases. Not relevant here.

The phrase "basic research" in the context refers to fundamental research - research that investigates fundamental principles and workings of nature, rather than applied research aimed at practical solutions.

Looking at the context, "basic workings of cancer" appears earlier in the passage, and we're talking about research that reveals fundamental insights.

Sense 1 (pertaining to or constituting a base or basis) seems most appropriate. "Basic research" means foundational research - research that forms the base/foundation for understanding.

Sense 3 is about being introductory or a starting point, which could also apply.

However, "basic research" in scientific terminology typically means foundational, fundamental research - research that concerns itself with fundamental principles. This aligns best with sense 1 "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis."

The best answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows that "basic research will begin showing results soon." This is describing the research starting to perform the action of showing results. This matches sense 1 ("take the first step or steps in carrying out an action"), which has the parallel example "We began working at dawn" - both describe initiating or commencing an action.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"I am convinced this basic research will <t>begin</t> showing results there soon."

This is saying that the basic research will start/commence showing results soon. Let me look at each sense:

1. "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - "We began working at dawn" - This is about starting to do an action.

2. "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense" - "The DMZ begins right over the hill" - This is about something having a starting point in space/time.

3. "set in motion, cause to start" - "The U.S. started a war" - This is about causing something to start.

4. "begin to speak or say" - This is about speaking.

5. "be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series" - This is about being first in a series.

6. "have a beginning, of a temporal event" - "WW II began in 1939" - This is about an event starting at a specific time.

7. "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" - "The novel begins with a murder" - This is about something starting in a particular way.

8. "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" - "begin a cigar; She started the soup" - This is about starting something with an inherent function.

9. "achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative" - "doesn't even begin to deal with" - This is a negative construction.

10. "begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language" - This is about learning a language.

The sentence "this basic research will begin showing results" is saying that the research will START showing results. This means the research will commence/start demonstrating/exhibiting results.
The research will commence the action of showing results, which aligns with sense 1—taking the first steps in carrying out an action, similar to "We began working at dawn." The phrase captures the moment when the research transitions from not displaying results to actively demonstrating them.

The answer is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showing
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context indicates that basic cancer research "will begin showing results soon," meaning the research will produce evidence of effectiveness or demonstrate its validity through tangible outcomes. This aligns with sense 2's definition of "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" with synonyms like "demonstrate" and "prove." The phrase "showing results" in this scientific context means producing evidence of success or demonstrating the effectiveness of the research direction.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "showing" in this passage.

The context is: "I am convinced this basic research will begin <t>showing</t> results there soon."

The key is understanding what "showing results" means. In this context, the researcher is saying that they are convinced this basic research will "show results" - meaning it will demonstrate or produce evidence of effectiveness or success in treating cancer.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. Give an exhibition of to an interested audience - Not quite right
2. Establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment (prove, demonstrate, establish) - This is about demonstrating validity
3. Provide evidence for (testify, bear witness, prove, evidence) - This is about providing evidence
4. Make visible or noticeable - Could work but less specific
5. Show in, or as in, a picture - Not relevant
6. Give expression to - Not relevant
7. Indicate a place, direction, person, or thing - Not relevant
8. Be or become visible or noticeable - Similar to 4
9. Indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments - Not relevant
10. Give evidence of, as of records - This could work, "give evidence of"
11. Take (someone) to their seats - Not relevant
12. Finish third or better in a horse or dog race - Not relevant

The phrase "showing results" means producing or demonstrating evidence of success/progress.

Sense 2 (establish the validity of something) fits well - the research will demonstrate/establish validity through results.

Sense 3 (provide evidence for) also fits - the research will provide evidence of effectiveness.

But sense 2 seems more aligned with "showing results" - it's about establishing or demonstrating validity/effectiveness through concrete results or examples.

Actually, looking more carefully, "showing results" is a common idiom meaning "producing evidence of success" or "producing tangible outcomes." This is closest to sense 2 or sense 3.
Sense 2 best captures the meaning here—the research will prove and demonstrate its value through tangible results. This aligns with the researcher's conviction that the work will establish its effectiveness.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing <t>results</t> there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "showing results" refers to the consequences or outcomes that will follow from the basic research. The director of the National Cancer Institute is expressing confidence that the fundamental research will eventually lead to practical consequences/outcomes in cancer treatment. This matches sense 1, which defines results as "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (consequence, effect, outcome). The causal relationship is key here—the research will cause or produce tangible results/consequences in treatment advancement.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "results" to determine the best sense.

The sentence is: "I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon."

The context is about cancer research and whether basic research will eventually show practical results (outcomes/benefits) in treatment.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: - "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" (consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot)
   - This refers to outcomes or consequences that follow from something.
   - Example: "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business"
   - This fits well - the basic research will lead to results (consequences/outcomes) in treatment.

2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: - "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem" (solution, answer, resolution, solvent)
   - This would be about solutions/answers to problems.
   - The phrase "showing results" doesn't really fit this sense well.

3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: - "something that results" (resultant, final result, outcome, termination)
   - This is quite similar to sense 1, referring to outcomes.
   - Example: "he listened for the results on the radio"
   - This could also fit, but it seems more about concrete results/outcomes.

4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: - "the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause"
   - This is a linguistic/semantic role, not relevant to the context.

Between senses 1 and 3, both could work. However, sense 1 seems more general and emphasizes the causal relationship ("phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon"), while sense 3 is more about the concrete result/outcome.
The phrase "showing results" suggests practical outcomes emerging from the research effort. Sense 1 captures this best with its emphasis on consequences caused by prior activity, whereas sense 3, though similar, leans more toward tangible deliverables. The causal dimension in sense 1 aligns well with how the speaker frames the research producing beneficial effects.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: there
Target surface form: there
Context:
A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=there%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at that place | synonyms=at that place, in that location | examples=they have lived there for years; it's not there
2. sense_key=there%4:02:02:: | definition=in that matter | synonyms=in that respect, on that point | examples=I agree with you there
3. sense_key=there%4:02:01:: | definition=to or toward that place; away from the speaker | synonyms=thither | examples=go there around noon!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "there" in this context means "in that respect" or "in that matter." The director is responding to public concerns about advances in treatment by saying that basic research "will begin showing results there soon" – meaning results in that respect/matter (regarding treatment advances). This is sense 2: "in that matter."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "there" appears:

"All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results <t>there</t> soon."

In this sentence, "there" is used in the phrase "showing results there soon." Let me think about what "there" means in this context:

1. "in or at that place" - Would mean showing results "in that physical location" (at that place)
2. "in that matter" - Would mean showing results "in that respect/on that point"
3. "to or toward that place; away from the speaker" - Would mean showing results "toward that place"

The key is understanding what "there" refers to in this context. The passage discusses cancer research and the director is saying that basic research "will begin showing results there soon."

Given the sentence structure and context, "there" seems to be used metaphorically or idiomatically to mean "in that respect" or "in that matter" - referring to the area of advances in treatment that was just mentioned. The director is saying that basic research will show results in that regard/respect/matter.

Actually, looking more carefully, "there" could also be interpreted as a filler word or as meaning "in that area/field" of cancer research.

But the most natural interpretation seems to be sense 2: "in that matter/in that respect" - meaning the basic research will show results in that respect (in the matter of treatment advances).

Let me reconsider. The context is about advances in treatment and how basic research will show results. "There" likely means "in that respect" or "in that matter" - sense 2.

Yes, I believe sense 2 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja <t>made</t> his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 16}
```

The context shows Dr. Dryja "made his retinoblastoma discovery," which means he performed or carried out this discovery. This aligns with sense 16 (perform or carry out), which includes examples like "make a decision; make a move" - all describing the execution of an action rather than physical creation or causation.

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the sentence is: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

This sentence is talking about Dr. Dryja making/performing/conducting a discovery. The key question is: what sense of "make" is being used here?

Looking at the options:
- Sense 1: engage in (make love, make an effort) - This could work as "making a discovery" could be similar to "making an effort"
- Sense 5: give rise to; cause to happen or occur - This could work too
- Sense 6: create or manufacture a man-made product - Not really
- Sense 7: make, formulate, or derive in the mind - Could work
- Sense 16: perform or carry out - This seems very fitting for "made his discovery"
- Sense 24: carry out or commit - This also seems fitting

The sentence is saying Dr. Dryja performed/carried out a discovery. The verb "made" here means "performed" or "carried out."

Looking at sense 16: "perform or carry out" with examples "make a decision; make a move" - this fits perfectly.

Looking at sense 24: "carry out or commit" with examples "make a mistake; commit a faux-pas" - this also could work.

Actually, sense 24 seems more like "commit" than "make a discovery."

Sense 16 "perform or carry out" with examples like "make a decision; make a move" is very similar to "make a discovery" - these are all about performing an action.

I think sense 16 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma <t>discovery</t> in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "discovery" refers to Dr. Dryja's finding of the gene controlling retinal cell growth. In context, this is portrayed as a groundbreaking scientific finding that "has opened a field of cancer study" and enabled "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer." The word is used to denote a productive insight or breakthrough—a discovery with significant implications for cancer research—rather than merely the act of discovering something or a legal disclosure. The synonyms "breakthrough" and "find" reinforce this interpretation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "discovery" is being used.

The target word "discovery" appears in: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986."

Looking at the context:
- This is about scientists finding/discovering genes that control cancer
- The sentence is referring to Dr. Dryja's finding of a gene that controls retinal cell growth (which relates to retinoblastoma)
- The text talks about "the initial discovery of the gene" and later mentions how this discovery "has opened a field of cancer study"
- This is clearly in a scientific research context

Now let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: - "the act of discovering something" - This is about the process/action of discovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: - "something that is discovered" - This would refer to the thing discovered (the gene itself)
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: - "a productive insight" (synonyms: breakthrough, find) - This refers to a finding that produces insight
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: - Legal definition about pretrial disclosure - Not relevant here

The phrase "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery" is interesting. Looking at the fuller context earlier: "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja"

This is referring to something that was found/uncovered - a specific thing (the gene). The word "discovery" here refers to what was discovered, not the act of discovering or a process.

Actually, re-reading: "Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986" - this could be interpreted as either:
- The act/process of discovering (sense 1)
- The thing discovered (sense 2)
- A productive insight/breakthrough (sense 3)
- The text emphasizes this as a "breakthrough" that "opened a field of cancer study" and enabled "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer." Given this framing around the transformative value and new understanding it generated, sense 3 captures the meaning best—it's highlighting the insight and impact, not merely the object or the act itself.

I'll go with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "Then" in this context is used to indicate a subsequent event ("Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene...") that occurs after the initial discovery in 1986. This is a sequential temporal marker connecting two events chronologically, which matches sense 1's definition of "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)." The synonym "and then" fits naturally in the sentence, and the usage parallels the example "go left first, then right."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "Then" in the sentence:

"Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. <t>Then</t> last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."

The word "Then" here is being used to indicate a temporal sequence. The passage is describing events in chronological order:
1. First, Dr. Dryja made his discovery in 1986
2. Then (subsequently), last spring, researchers reported finding another gene

So "Then" is indicating that something happened after the initial event. It's used to mark the sequence of events over time.

Let me consider each sense:

1. **Sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward"** - This refers to something happening after something else, used as a sentence connector. Examples: "then he left; go left first, then right". This fits the context well, as "Then last spring" is showing a sequence of events happening after 1986.

2. **Sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence"** - This is about logical consequence, like "if X happens, then Y happens." This doesn't fit the context well because the passage isn't presenting a conditional or logical consequence.

3. **Sense 3: "at that time"** - This refers to a specific point in time. Examples: "I was young then; prices were lower back then". This could potentially fit, but it's more about describing a state at a particular time rather than the sequence of events.

The best fit is **Sense 1** because:
- "Then last spring" clearly indicates a subsequent event happening after the 1986 discovery
- It's used as a sentence connector to link the two events chronologically
- The synonyms "and so, and then" fit well in this context
- It emphasizes the temporal sequence of discovery events

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "last" in "last spring" refers to the immediately preceding spring. This is a temporal adjective indicating the most recent occurrence of the recurring time period (spring). The example "last Thursday" in sense 1 is directly parallel to this usage pattern, making it the best fit among the candidates.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "last" is being used.

The sentence reads: "Then <t>last</t> spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."

In this context, "last spring" refers to the spring before the time of writing, which was the immediately preceding spring. This is a temporal reference indicating a time period that recently occurred.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "immediately past" - examples: "last Thursday; the last chapter we read" - This refers to the most recent occurrence of something.

2. "coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining" - This is about something being final or last in a sequence.

3. "occurring at or forming an end or termination" - This is about something being at the end or conclusion.

4. "most unlikely or unsuitable" - Not relevant here.

5. "occurring at the time of death" - Not relevant here.

6. "conclusive in a process or progression" - Not relevant here.

7. "highest in extent or degree" - Not relevant here.

8. "not to be altered or undone" - Not relevant here.

9. "lowest in rank or importance" - Not relevant here.

The phrase "last spring" clearly refers to the spring that just passed, i.e., the immediately preceding spring. This matches sense 1: "immediately past" with examples like "last Thursday" which is exactly parallel to "last spring."

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spring
Target surface form: spring
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last <t>spring</t>, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spring%1:28:00:: | definition=the season of growth | synonyms=springtime | examples=the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring; he will hold office until the spring of next year
2. sense_key=spring%1:06:00:: | definition=a metal elastic device that returns to its shape or position when pushed or pulled or pressed | examples=the spring was broken
3. sense_key=spring%1:17:00:: | definition=a natural flow of ground water | synonyms=fountain, outflow, outpouring, natural spring
4. sense_key=spring%1:15:00:: | definition=a point at which water issues forth
5. sense_key=spring%1:07:00:: | definition=the elasticity of something that can be stretched and returns to its original length | synonyms=give, springiness
6. sense_key=spring%1:04:00:: | definition=a light, self-propelled movement upwards or forwards | synonyms=leap, leaping, saltation, bound, bounce

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The target word "spring" in the phrase "Then last spring, researchers reported..." refers to a specific time period in the previous year. This is clearly the seasonal meaning of spring - the season of growth. The context shows it being used temporally to mark when the p53 gene discovery was reported, which matches sense 1's definition "the season of growth" and the example "he will hold office until the spring of next year."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "spring" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53..."

This is clearly referring to a time period. The text is discussing scientific discoveries and their timeline. "Last spring" means the spring season of the previous year being referenced.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spring%1:28:00:: | definition=the season of growth | synonyms=springtime | examples=the emerging buds were a sure sign of spring; he will hold office until the spring of next year

This is the temporal meaning - spring as a season. The example "he will hold office until the spring of next year" is very similar to "last spring" in the context.

2. A metal elastic device - not relevant
3. A natural flow of ground water - not relevant
4. A point where water issues forth - not relevant
5. Elasticity property - not relevant
6. A light, self-propelled movement - not relevant

The context clearly shows "spring" is being used as a time period/season reference. "Last spring" refers to the spring season of a previous year. This matches sense 1, which defines spring as "the season of growth" with the synonym "springtime" and examples that show it being used as a time reference.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reported
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers <t>reported</t> finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%2:32:00:: | definition=to give an account or representation of in words | synonyms=describe, account | examples=Discreet Italian police described it in a manner typically continental
2. sense_key=report%2:32:04:: | definition=announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding | examples=Dozens of incidents of wife beatings are reported daily in this city; The team reported significant advances in their research
3. sense_key=report%2:32:03:: | definition=announce one's presence | examples=I report to work every day at 9 o'clock
4. sense_key=report%2:32:01:: | definition=make known to the authorities | examples=One student reported the other to the principal
5. sense_key=report%2:32:13:: | definition=be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism | synonyms=cover | examples=Snow reported on China in the 1950's; The cub reporter covered New York City
6. sense_key=report%2:32:02:: | definition=complain about; make a charge against | examples=I reported her to the supervisor

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The word "reported" in this context means the researchers made public or announced their scientific findings about the p53 gene. Sense 2 ("announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding") best fits this usage, as it explicitly describes announcing research discoveries. The example "The team reported significant advances in their research" is directly parallel to the context where researchers report finding an important gene in their cancer research.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "reported" in this sentence:

"Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

The sentence is talking about researchers announcing or making public a scientific finding - that they discovered a gene called p53. This is in the context of scientific research and discovery.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "to give an account or representation of in words" - describe/account. This is possible, but not the most specific.

2. "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding" - This fits perfectly! The researchers are announcing the result of their finding/investigation about the p53 gene. The examples even include "The team reported significant advances in their research" which is very similar to our context.

3. "announce one's presence" - Not applicable. This would be "I report to work" type usage.

4. "make known to the authorities" - Not applicable. This is about reporting someone for wrongdoing.

5. "be responsible for reporting the details of, as in journalism" - This would be more about journalism/news reporting, not quite right for scientific researchers announcing their findings.

6. "complain about; make a charge against" - Not applicable. This is about complaints.

The best fit is sense 2 (report%2:32:04::): "announce as the result of an investigation or experience or finding". This perfectly captures what the researchers are doing - they are announcing their discovery of the p53 gene as a result of their investigation/research.

So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported <t>finding</t> a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context shows researchers reporting the discovery of a gene through scientific research and investigation. The sense "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" (with synonyms "determine, find out, ascertain") best captures how the gene p53 was identified through methodological research. This is not a chance discovery but the result of systematic investigation, which aligns with the passage's emphasis on scientific research leading to the finding.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "finding" in the provided passage.

The relevant sentence is: "Then last spring, researchers reported <t>finding</t> a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

The context suggests that researchers reported "finding" - meaning they discovered or identified the existence of a gene. The phrase "reported finding a gene" indicates they made a discovery through research.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "come upon, as if by accident" - This suggests accidental discovery, not really fitting the context of research reporting.

2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This fits well. Researchers determined the existence/presence of a gene called p53 through their research.

3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - This could fit, but the emphasis is more on searching for something lost, not on discovering through research.

4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This fits very well! The passage clearly indicates this is the result of research/investigation. The synonyms include "determine, find out, ascertain" which match the context.

5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds" - Not applicable.

6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - Not applicable.

7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - Not applicable.

8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - This fits! It's about making a discovery through research.

9. "make a discovery" - Similar to 8, fits well.

10. "obtain through effort or management" - Could fit somewhat, but not the best match.

11-16: Don't seem relevant.

The best candidates are:
- Sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - emphasizes the methodological investigation
- Sense 8 or 9: "make a discovery" - emphasizes the discovery aspect

Looking at the exact context again: "researchers reported finding a gene called p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous." This is about researchers discovering through research/investigation that p53 is a gene that causes cancer when impaired. Sense 4 seems most appropriate as it specifically mentions "after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" which matches the research context. The example "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" parallels the discovery of p53 through scientific investigation. Sense 4 best captures both the methodological rigor and the discovery element present in the passage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "To date, scientists have fingered two of these cancer-suppressors. Dr. Dryja made his retinoblastoma discovery in 1986. Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene <t>called</t> p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous. Soon after that report, two other research teams uncovered evidence that the same damaged p53 gene is present in tissue from lung and breast cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "called" in the context "a gene called p53" is being used to assign or give a name to the gene. This matches sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to," which is synonymous with "name." The example "They named their son David" demonstrates the exact same usage pattern as "a gene called p53."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "called" appears:

"Then last spring, researchers reported finding a gene <t>called</t> p53 which, if impaired, turns healthy colon cells cancerous."

In this sentence, "called" is being used to assign a name to something - the gene is "called p53". This is clearly about assigning or naming something.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - with examples like "They named their son David" - This fits perfectly. It's about assigning a name.

2. "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" - This would be more like "he called me a bastard"

3. About telephone communication - doesn't fit

4. "utter a sudden loud cry" - doesn't fit

5. "order, request, or command to come" - doesn't fit

6. "pay a brief visit" - doesn't fit

And so on...

The sentence structure is "a gene called p53" which is equivalent to "a gene named p53". This is clearly sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" with synonyms "name".

So the answer should be sense index 1.