[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: united_states
Target surface form: United States
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and <t>United States</t> feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=united_states%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States of America, America, the States, US, USA
2. sense_key=united_states%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context refers to "China and United States" as major world powers engaged in climate negotiations and economic competition. The passage discusses them as countries/nations ("the world's major powers," "the world's two dozen most influential countries"), not as government institutions. This matches the first sense, which defines the United States as the North American republic/nation-state.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "United States" is being used here.

The target surface form is "United States" in the phrase: "with China and <t>United States</t> feuding over their respective obligations"

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "North American republic containing 50 states" - This refers to the country/nation itself as a geographic and political entity.
   - Synonyms: United States of America, America, the States, US, USA

2. Sense 2: "the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States" - This refers specifically to the government branches.
   - Synonyms: United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

In the context: "with China and <t>United States</t> feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative..."

The passage is talking about China and the United States as countries/major powers in a climate negotiation context. It's referring to the United States as a nation-state, not specifically to the government branches. The text discusses "the world's major powers" and "influential countries," which clearly indicates we're talking about the countries as entities, not their governmental structures.

The phrase "the United States would not help China financially" also fits with the country interpretation - it's referring to what the nation will or won't do, though in a practical sense this involves government policy. However, the primary sense here is the country/nation, not the government branches specifically.

Sense 1 is the best fit - "United States" refers to the North American republic/country as a major power in the climate negotiation.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: obligation
Target surface form: obligations
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective <t>obligations</t> while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=obligation%1:04:00:: | definition=the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force; ; - John D.Rockefeller Jr | synonyms=duty, responsibility | examples=we must instill a sense of duty in our children; every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity, an obligation; every possession, a duty
2. sense_key=obligation%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being obligated to do or pay something | examples=he is under an obligation to finish the job
3. sense_key=obligation%1:24:00:: | definition=a personal relation in which one is indebted for a service or favor | synonyms=indebtedness
4. sense_key=obligation%1:21:00:: | definition=a written promise to repay a debt | synonyms=debt instrument, certificate of indebtedness
5. sense_key=obligation%1:10:00:: | definition=a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context describes countries "feuding over their respective obligations" in international climate negotiations involving "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions." This refers to formal legal commitments and agreements specifying what actions each country must take under international law, with consequences for non-compliance. Sense 5 ("a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply") best captures this usage, rather than the more general notions of duty (sense 1) or state of obligation (sense 2).

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "obligations" is being used.

The sentence is: "with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist..."

From the context:
- This is about climate negotiations and international agreements
- The obligations relate to greenhouse gas emissions cuts and climate action responsibilities
- It's about what countries must do or are required to do under international agreements
- Earlier in the text, it mentions "binding cuts" and "voluntary ones" - suggesting these are legal/binding commitments
- The U.S. and China are "feuding over their respective obligations" - meaning they disagree about what they must do

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=obligation%1:04:00:: - "the social force that binds you to the courses of action demanded by that force" with synonyms duty, responsibility - This is about a moral/social duty in general terms.

2. sense_key=obligation%1:26:00:: - "the state of being obligated to do or pay something" - This is a state of being required to do something.

3. sense_key=obligation%1:24:00:: - "a personal relation in which one is indebted for a service or favor" - This is about personal debt/indebtedness, not relevant here.

4. sense_key=obligation%1:21:00:: - "a written promise to repay a debt" - This is about financial debt instruments.

5. sense_key=obligation%1:10:00:: - "a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply" - This is about legal/binding agreements.

In this context, the countries are feuding over their respective obligations in climate negotiations. These are binding commitments made under international agreements about what actions (greenhouse gas cuts) each country must take. This suggests a legal/binding commitment.
Sense 5 fits best here—it directly captures the formal, legally binding nature of international climate agreements with specific requirements and consequences for non-compliance. While sense 2 could work as a general description of being obligated, sense 5 more precisely reflects the structured legal framework underlying these disputes between nations.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nation
Target surface form: nations
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer <t>nations</t> insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nation%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=nation%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=land, country | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
3. sense_key=nation%1:18:00:: | definition=United States prohibitionist who raided saloons and destroyed bottles of liquor with a hatchet (1846-1911) | synonyms=Carry Nation, Carry Amelia Moore Nation
4. sense_key=nation%1:14:02:: | definition=a federation of tribes (especially Native American tribes) | examples=the Shawnee nation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context refers to "poorer nations" as political entities participating in climate negotiations and economic discussions. The passage discusses nations as organized governmental bodies with obligations and economic interests, particularly in relation to climate action and international agreements. This matches sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government," as exemplified by phrases like "African nations" in the provided examples.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "nations" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "...with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer <t>nations</t> insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."

The context is about climate negotiations and refers to "poorer nations" as entities that are negotiating about climate change obligations. The passage discusses:
- Developing countries and their economic trajectories
- Individual economies and their obligations
- Vulnerable countries seeking to hold emitters accountable
- References to China, United States, Costa Rica as separate entities

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - This refers to nations as political entities or states. The examples include "African nations" which fits our usage.

2. "the people who live in a nation or country" - This would mean "the people" rather than the political entity itself.

3. "United States prohibitionist who raided saloons" - This is clearly not relevant (it's a proper noun/person).

4. "a federation of tribes (especially Native American tribes)" - This is too specific and doesn't fit the context about developing/vulnerable countries in climate negotiations.

In the context, "poorer nations" refers to countries as political and economic entities participating in climate negotiations. This is best captured by sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - referring to nations as states or countries.

Sense 2 would be if it said "the poorer nations' views" meaning "the people of poorer nations," but that's not how it's being used here.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: world
Target surface form: world
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the <t>world</t>'s two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: | definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: | definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: | definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

The target word "world" in the phrase "the world's two dozen most influential countries" refers to all of the living human inhabitants of the earth collectively. The passage discusses how the poorer nations view the actions of the world's most powerful countries in addressing climate change, using "world's" to indicate these countries belong to and represent humanity as a whole.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "world" in the sentence: "poorer nations insist that the <t>world</t>'s two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."

In this context, "world's" is possessive and refers to "the world's two dozen most influential countries." This is saying that the two dozen most influential countries belong to the world, meaning all of humanity or the collective nations of the earth.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: - everything that exists anywhere (universe, cosmos) - This is too broad and abstract.

2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: - people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest - This could fit, referring to "the Western world" type usage.

3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: - all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you - This is personal/subjective, doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: - the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on - This could fit, as "the world's countries" means countries on Earth.

5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: - people in general considered as a whole - This could fit, as it refers to humanity as a collective.

6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: - a part of the earth that can be considered separately - This doesn't fit well.

7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: - the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife - This doesn't fit.

8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: - all of the living human inhabitants of the earth - This fits well. The phrase "the world's two dozen most influential countries" means the countries inhabited by all of humanity.

Looking at the context more carefully: "the world's two dozen most influential countries" - this is referring to the world in the sense of all the nations/peoples of the earth.

Sense 8 captures this best—it specifically denotes all living human inhabitants of the earth, which aligns with the passage discussing humanity's collective nations and their responsibility to take climate action. While sense 5 also works, sense 8 is the more precise fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential <t>countries</t> are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses countries in terms of their political obligations, economic responsibilities, and collective action regarding climate policy. The phrase "the world's two dozen most influential countries" refers to sovereign political entities making binding commitments and bearing costs—emphasizing countries as politically organized bodies of people under governments, rather than territories or rural areas. This aligns best with sense 1.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "countries" in this passage.

The target word appears in this context:
"...with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative..."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: - "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - synonyms: state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic
   - Examples mention: "the state has elected a new president; African nations"

2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: - "the territory occupied by a nation" - synonyms: state, land
   - Examples: "he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries"

3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: - "the people who live in a nation or country" - synonyms: nation, land
   - Examples: "a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation"

4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: - "an area outside of cities and towns" - synonyms: rural area
   - This is clearly not relevant (rural areas)

5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: - "a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary" - synonyms: area
   - This is about a geographical region

In the context, "countries" refers to "the world's two dozen most influential countries" - this is clearly referring to sovereign political entities/nations. The passage discusses obligations, emissions, economic trajectory, and political conflicts between nations like China and the United States.

This could be either sense 1 (politically organized body of people) or sense 2 (territory occupied by a nation).

Looking at the context more carefully: the passage talks about "countries" in terms of their political obligations, their actions, and responsibilities. The focus is on them as political entities with agency and responsibility, not just the territory.

The passage frames these entities as decision-makers with economic positions and political responsibilities—major powers, emerging economies, developing and industrialized nations. This language emphasizes their role as organized political bodies rather than geographical spaces. Sense 1 (country%1:14:00::) best captures this meaning: "a politically organized body of people under a single government."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: imperative
Target surface form: imperative
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific <t>imperative</t> to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=imperative%1:24:00:: | definition=a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior | synonyms=imperative mood, jussive mood, imperative form
2. sense_key=imperative%1:04:00:: | definition=some duty that is essential and urgent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "imperative" in this context refers to "the scientific imperative to take bolder action" - meaning an essential and urgent duty or obligation that science demands. The countries are accused of ignoring this pressing necessity. This is not about grammatical mood, but rather a compelling requirement or obligation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "imperative" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "...the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific <t>imperative</t> to take bolder action."

Let me consider the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1 (sense_key=imperative%1:24:00::): "a mood that expresses an intention to influence the listener's behavior" - This is the grammatical mood used in command sentences.

2. Sense 2 (sense_key=imperative%1:04:00::): "some duty that is essential and urgent" - This is about something that is a necessary or pressing obligation.

In the context, "the scientific imperative to take bolder action" refers to a pressing obligation or necessity that science demands. The countries are "ignoring the scientific imperative" - meaning they're ignoring the urgent duty/obligation that science requires them to fulfill.

This is clearly not about the grammatical mood (sense 1), but rather about an essential and urgent duty (sense 2). The word is used as a noun to describe a compelling necessity or obligation.

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cost
Target surface form: costs
Context:
The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the <t>costs</t> for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cost%1:21:00:: | definition=the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor
2. sense_key=cost%1:07:00:: | definition=the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold) | synonyms=monetary value, price | examples=the fluctuating monetary value of gold and silver; he puts a high price on his services
3. sense_key=cost%1:07:01:: | definition=value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something | synonyms=price, toll | examples=the cost in human life was enormous; the price of success is hard work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "costs" in this context refers to the burden or sacrifice that countries must undertake to address climate change. The passage discusses which countries should "bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases," indicating the obligations and efforts required, not merely a monetary price. This matches sense 3, which defines cost as "value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something," with examples like "the cost in human life was enormous; the price of success is hard work." This sense captures the broader notion of burden or obligation at stake in the climate negotiations.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "costs" in this passage about climate negotiations.

The sentence reads: "Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases..."

The three candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=cost%1:21:00:: - "the total spent for goods or services including money and time and labor"
2. sense_key=cost%1:07:00:: - "the property of having material worth (often indicated by the amount of money something would bring if sold)" with synonyms: monetary value, price
3. sense_key=cost%1:07:01:: - "value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something" with synonyms: price, toll; examples: "the cost in human life was enormous; the price of success is hard work"

In the context, the passage is about fighting over "who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases." This is about the burden or price that different countries must pay or undertake in order to address climate change.

Sense 1 is about total spending for goods/services - this could fit, but it's more specific to purchasing.

Sense 2 is about monetary value or market price - this doesn't really fit the context well.

Sense 3 is "value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something" with examples like "the cost in human life was enormous; the price of success is hard work." This seems to match best - the "costs" here refer to what different countries must give up or do to address climate change. This is more about the burden or sacrifice.

The example "the cost in human life was enormous" and "the price of success is hard work" show that this sense is about the price/burden of achieving something, not just monetary value.
Sense 3 captures the intended meaning most accurately.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable <t>countries</t> have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "countries" in this context refers to "vulnerable countries" as political entities participating in international climate negotiations. The passage emphasizes these countries as agents in a global political and economic discussion ("have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable"), which corresponds to sense 1: a politically organized body of people under a single government. This is distinct from the territorial sense (2), the people sense (3), the rural area sense (4), or geographical region sense (5).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "countries" in the target sentence:

"Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable <t>countries</t> have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions."

The context is discussing climate negotiations and international agreements. The word "vulnerable countries" refers to nations as political/economic entities that are participating in climate negotiations.

Let me examine each sense:

1. A politically organized body of people under a single government - This fits. "Countries" here refers to nations as political entities participating in international negotiations.

2. The territory occupied by a nation - This could work, but the context is more about political entities and their roles in negotiations.

3. The people who live in a nation or country - This could work as well, but the context emphasizes the countries as political/economic actors.

4. An area outside of cities and towns - This doesn't fit. The context is not about rural areas.

5. A particular geographical region with distinctive characteristics - This could work, but it's not the primary meaning here.

Given the context about climate negotiations, international agreements, and political/economic roles, the target word "countries" refers to nations as politically organized bodies. This best matches sense 1, which defines country as "a politically organized body of people under a single government."

The context emphasizes countries as actors in international negotiations ("vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable"), which aligns with the political entity sense rather than just territory or rural area.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: action
Target surface form: actions
Context:
The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their <t>actions</t>. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=action%1:04:02:: | definition=something done (usually as opposed to something said) | examples=there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions
2. sense_key=action%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being active | synonyms=activity, activeness | examples=his sphere of activity; he is out of action
3. sense_key=action%1:04:03:: | definition=a military engagement | synonyms=military action | examples=he saw action in Korea
4. sense_key=action%1:22:00:: | definition=a process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) | synonyms=natural process, natural action, activity | examples=the action of natural forces; volcanic activity
5. sense_key=action%1:10:00:: | definition=the series of events that form a plot | examples=his novels always have a lot of action
6. sense_key=action%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being active and energetic and forceful | examples=a man of action
7. sense_key=action%1:06:00:: | definition=the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism | synonyms=action mechanism | examples=the piano had a very stiff action
8. sense_key=action%1:04:01:: | definition=a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another; one party prosecutes another for a wrong done or for protection of a right or for prevention of a wrong | synonyms=legal action, action at law
9. sense_key=action%1:04:04:: | definition=an act by a government body or supranational organization | examples=recent federal action undermined the segregationist position; the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues
10. sense_key=action%1:04:00:: | definition=the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field | examples=the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds; gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "actions" in this context refers to the deeds and conduct of the big emitters (major polluting countries) regarding greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. The vulnerable countries seek to hold these emitters accountable for "what they have done" - their specific deeds rather than words. This matches sense 1 perfectly: "something done (usually as opposed to something said)," which is the core meaning of "actions" as concrete deeds or behaviors.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "actions" appears.

The sentence is: "...seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their <t>actions</t>."

In this context, "actions" refers to what the big emitters (major polluting countries) have done - their deeds, behaviors, or conduct regarding greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. The vulnerable countries want to hold them accountable for what they have done.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "something done (usually as opposed to something said)" - This fits well. The actions are what the big emitters have actually done.

2. "the state of being active" - This doesn't fit. It's about a state of activity, not specific deeds.

3. "a military engagement" - This doesn't fit. There's no military context here.

4. "a process existing in or produced by nature" - This doesn't fit. These are human actions.

5. "the series of events that form a plot" - This doesn't fit. Not about a narrative plot.

6. "the trait of being active and energetic and forceful" - This is a personality trait, doesn't fit.

7. "the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism" - Mechanical/technical meaning, doesn't fit.

8. "a judicial proceeding brought by one party against another" - This could potentially fit if we're talking about legal action, but that's not the primary meaning here.

9. "an act by a government body or supranational organization" - This could fit since we're talking about what governments/major powers have done. The big emitters are governments.

10. "the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field" - This doesn't fit.

The best fit is sense 1: "something done (usually as opposed to something said)" - This is the basic, most general sense of actions as deeds or things that have been done. The vulnerable countries want to hold the big emitters accountable for what they have done (their actions/emissions policies).
Sense 9 could also work since it specifically addresses government conduct, but sense 1 is broader and more appropriate here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: central_america
Target surface form: Central America
Context:
The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and <t>Central America</t> climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=central_america%1:15:00:: | definition=the isthmus joining North America and South America; extends from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia
2. sense_key=central_america%1:14:00:: | definition=the nations of Central America collectively

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context refers to Ricardo Ulate serving as "the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser." In this political and policy context discussing nations, obligations, emissions, and economic trajectories, "Central America" refers to the nations/countries of the region collectively rather than the geographical isthmus itself. The focus on governmental advisors, country obligations, and regional governance supports the interpretation of Central America as the political entities rather than merely the physical geography.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "Central America" is being used.

The context is about Ricardo Ulate, who "serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International."

Let me examine the two senses:
1. Sense 1: "the isthmus joining North America and South America; extends from the southern border of Mexico to the northern border of Colombia" - This is a geographical/physical definition referring to the land mass/region itself.

2. Sense 2: "the nations of Central America collectively" - This is a political/geopolitical definition referring to the countries as political entities.

In the context, Ricardo Ulate is a "regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser." The phrase "regional adviser for Mexico and Central America" suggests we're talking about the political entities - the nations/countries of the region - not just the geographical isthmus. He's advising countries (regional governments) on climate change policy.

However, one could also argue that "regional adviser" covers a geographic area that happens to correspond to the isthmus. But the more natural reading, especially in a political/climate policy context where we're discussing countries, obligations, and emissions, is that we're referring to the nations/countries of Central America collectively.

I think sense 2 is the better fit here. The context emphasizes nations, countries, obligations, and economic trajectories - all of which suggest we're talking about the political entities (the nations) rather than just the geographical feature.

Answer: sense 2


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the <t>countries</t> most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "countries" in this context refers to politically organized entities (nations/states) that participate in international climate negotiations and can take action. The passage discusses "countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change" pushing for treaties and holding "big emitters accountable." This usage treats countries as political actors and governing bodies, which aligns with sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government." The synonyms (state, nation) and the examples of nations as actors further support this sense over the territorial (sense 2) or population-based (sense 3) interpretations.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "countries" in this passage.

The target phrase is: "Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen..."

Looking at the context:
- The passage is discussing climate change negotiations and international relations
- It mentions "the world's two dozen most influential countries"
- It talks about "vulnerable countries"
- It discusses "major powers" and their economic obligations
- The Alliance of Small Island States is mentioned as having 43 member countries
- The context is clearly about political entities/nations participating in climate negotiations

Now let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "country%1:14:00::" - a politically organized body of people under a single government (state, nation)
2. "country%1:15:00::" - the territory occupied by a nation (state, land)
3. "country%1:14:01::" - the people who live in a nation or country (nation, land)
4. "country%1:15:01::" - an area outside of cities and towns (rural area)
5. "country%1:15:02::" - a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary

Sense 4 is clearly wrong as it refers to rural areas, which doesn't fit here at all.

Sense 5 is also wrong as it's about geographical regions without clear boundaries, which doesn't fit the political context.

Between senses 1, 2, and 3:
- Sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - This refers to the political entity itself
- Sense 2: "the territory occupied by a nation" - This refers to the geographical area/territory
- Sense 3: "the people who live in a nation or country" - This refers to the population

In this context, "the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change" - the countries are entities that can be vulnerable and can push for treaties. This is using "countries" to mean the political entities/nations, not just their territories or populations.
Sense 1 fits best here since the passage treats countries as political actors capable of negotiating and advocating for international agreements.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the <t>impact</t> of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "impact" in this context refers to the effects or consequences of climate change on vulnerable countries. The sentence describes countries being "vulnerable to the impact of climate change," which clearly indicates the meaning of strong effects or consequences rather than physical collision, combat, or the act of influencing. This matches sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect," which is analogous to the example "the book had an important impact on my thinking."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "impact" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen..."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
   - This is about physical collision, not applicable here

2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
   - This refers to the effect or consequence of climate change on vulnerable countries
   - The example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" is similar to "countries vulnerable to the impact of climate change"
   - This seems very appropriate

3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
   - This is about influencing or encroachment
   - Could fit but seems less direct than sense 2

4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle
   - This is about violent combat/war, not relevant here

The context clearly indicates that "impact" refers to the effects or consequences of climate change on vulnerable countries. This matches sense 2 best - "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" with the example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" being analogous to how climate change has impacts on countries.

The answer is sense 2, which has index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: participant
Target surface form: participants
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major <t>participants</t> say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=participant%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who takes part in an activity
2. sense_key=participant%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who participates in or is skilled at some game | synonyms=player

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The target word "participants" refers to the countries and their representatives taking part in the climate change negotiations and talks in Copenhagen. This is a general usage of someone engaged in an activity (diplomatic negotiations), not a specific reference to players in a game. Sense 1 ("someone who takes part in an activity") is the appropriate match.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "participants" is being used.

The target word is "participants" in the sentence:
"Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best."

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=participant%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who takes part in an activity
2. sense_key=participant%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who participates in or is skilled at some game | synonyms=player

In this context, "participants" refers to the countries or representatives involved in climate change negotiations/talks. The sentence mentions "most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best."

The word "participants" here refers to those taking part in an activity - specifically the climate negotiations/talks happening in Copenhagen. This is a general sense of participation in an activity.

Sense 1 is "someone who takes part in an activity" - this is the general, broader sense.
Sense 2 is "a person who participates in or is skilled at some game" - this is more specific to games/sports.

In the context of climate negotiations and talks, we're not talking about a "game" in the traditional sense (sports or recreational game). We're talking about people/countries participating in a diplomatic conference/negotiation process, which is an "activity."

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit for this context.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: deal
Context:
Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political <t>deal</t> at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | examples=a batch of letters; a deal of trouble
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | synonyms=softwood
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=hand | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | examples=he got a good deal on his car
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | examples=the deal was passed around the table clockwise
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | examples=the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly indicates that "deal" refers to a political agreement resulting from negotiations between countries about climate change obligations. Sense 2 defines "deal" as "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each," which perfectly matches the usage in the sentence about climate talks producing a political deal. The synonym "bargain" and examples of agreements also support this interpretation in the context of international negotiations.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "deal" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best."

The word "deal" is being used to refer to a political agreement or accord that would come out of negotiations/talks. The context shows that these countries are negotiating and seeking a specific type of outcome from the talks.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: - "a particular instance of buying or selling" - Not applicable here, this is about a political agreement, not a commercial transaction.

2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: - "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each" - This fits perfectly! The context talks about negotiations producing a political deal, which is clearly an agreement between parties (countries).

3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: - "a large number or amount or extent" - Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: - "a plank of softwood" - Completely irrelevant.

5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: - "wood that is easy to saw" - Completely irrelevant.

6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: - "the cards held in a card game" - Not relevant.

7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: - "the type of treatment received" - Not the right sense here.

8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: - "the act of distributing playing cards" - Not relevant.

9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: - "the act of apportioning or distributing something" - Not the right sense.
The correct answer is sense 2 (deal%1:10:00::), which captures an agreement reached through discussion between multiple parties with defined obligations. This directly aligns with the passage's reference to a political deal emerging from climate negotiations. The sense index is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: member
Target surface form: members
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 <t>members</t>, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=member%1:18:00:: | definition=one of the persons who compose a social group (especially individuals who have joined and participate in a group organization) | synonyms=fellow member | examples=only members will be admitted; a member of the faculty
2. sense_key=member%1:24:00:: | definition=anything that belongs to a set or class | examples=snakes are members of the class Reptilia; members of the opposite sex
3. sense_key=member%1:08:00:: | definition=an external body part that projects from the body | synonyms=extremity, appendage | examples=it is important to keep the extremities warm
4. sense_key=member%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations) | examples=the library was a member of the interlibrary loan association; Canada is a member of the United Nations
5. sense_key=member%1:08:01:: | definition=the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism) | synonyms=penis, phallus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 4
}
```

The context clearly refers to countries that belong to the "Alliance of Small Island States." Sense 4 is the best match, as it specifically defines members as "an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations)," with the example "Canada is a member of the United Nations." This directly parallels the usage here where island nations are members of an international alliance.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "members" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning."

In this context, "members" refers to the countries that are part of the "Alliance of Small Island States." These are organizations/states that belong to this alliance group.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1 (1:18:00): "one of the persons who compose a social group" - This refers to individual persons in a group. The example "only members will be admitted" suggests people. Not quite right since these are countries/states, not individual persons.

2. Sense 2 (1:24:00): "anything that belongs to a set or class" - This is a very general sense about things belonging to a category. This could work but seems too general.

3. Sense 3 (1:08:00): "an external body part that projects from the body" - This is about limbs/body parts. Not relevant here.

4. Sense 4 (1:14:00): "an organization that is a member of another organization (especially a state that belongs to a group of nations)" - This specifically mentions states that belong to a group of nations. The example "Canada is a member of the United Nations" is very similar to our context. The Alliance of Small Island States is a group of island nations, and these nations are members. This fits perfectly.

5. Sense 5 (1:08:01): This is a vulgar euphemism. Not relevant.

Sense 4 is clearly the best fit. The passage is talking about countries/states that belong to the Alliance of Small Island States, and sense 4 specifically addresses states that belong to groups of nations.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: draft
Target surface form: draft
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page <t>draft</t> treaty proposal early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=draft%1:21:00:: | definition=a document ordering the payment of money; drawn by one person or bank on another | synonyms=bill of exchange, order of payment
2. sense_key=draft%1:19:00:: | definition=a current of air (usually coming into a chimney or room or vehicle) | synonyms=draught
3. sense_key=draft%1:06:01:: | definition=a preliminary sketch of a design or picture | synonyms=rough drawing
4. sense_key=draft%1:13:00:: | definition=a serving of drink (usually alcoholic) drawn from a keg | synonyms=draught, potation, tipple | examples=they served beer on draft
5. sense_key=draft%1:10:00:: | definition=any of the various versions in the development of a written work | synonyms=draft copy | examples=a preliminary draft; the final draft of the constitution
6. sense_key=draft%1:07:00:: | definition=the depth of a vessel's keel below the surface (especially when loaded) | synonyms=draught
7. sense_key=draft%1:06:02:: | definition=a regulator for controlling the flow of air in a fireplace
8. sense_key=draft%1:06:00:: | definition=a dose of liquid medicine | synonyms=draught | examples=he took a sleeping draft
9. sense_key=draft%1:04:03:: | definition=compulsory military service | synonyms=conscription, muster, selective service
10. sense_key=draft%1:04:02:: | definition=a large and hurried swallow | synonyms=gulp, draught, swig | examples=he finished it at a single gulp
11. sense_key=draft%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of moving a load by drawing or pulling | synonyms=draught, drawing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context describes "a 24-page draft treaty proposal," which refers to a preliminary version of a written document in the development process. This matches the definition "any of the various versions in the development of a written work" with the example "a preliminary draft; the final draft of the constitution."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "draft" in this sentence:

"The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning."

Looking at the context:
- The text discusses climate change negotiations and treaties
- "draft treaty proposal" means an early/preliminary version of a treaty that hasn't been finalized yet
- It's describing a document in early stages of development

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. A document ordering payment - not applicable here
2. A current of air - not applicable
3. A preliminary sketch of a design - could be close but usually refers to visual designs
4. A serving of drink - not applicable
5. "any of the various versions in the development of a written work" with example "a preliminary draft; the final draft of the constitution" - THIS MATCHES PERFECTLY
6. The depth of a vessel's keel - not applicable
7. A regulator for controlling air flow - not applicable
8. A dose of liquid medicine - not applicable
9. Compulsory military service - not applicable
10. A large and hurried swallow - not applicable
11. The act of moving a load - not applicable

The sentence clearly refers to a preliminary version of a treaty proposal - this is "any of the various versions in the development of a written work" which is sense 5.

The answer is sense 5 (sense_key=draft%1:10:00::).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proposal
Target surface form: proposal
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty <t>proposal</t> early Friday morning. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proposal%1:10:00:: | definition=something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)
2. sense_key=proposal%1:10:02:: | definition=an offer of marriage | synonyms=marriage proposal, proposal of marriage, marriage offer
3. sense_key=proposal%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of making a proposal | synonyms=proposition | examples=they listened to her proposal

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes the Alliance of Small Island States producing "a 24-page draft treaty proposal." This refers to a concrete document that embodies a proposed treaty plan, which matches sense 1: "something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)." The word refers to the tangible proposal object itself, not the act of proposing (sense 3), and it is clearly not a marriage proposal (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "proposal" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday morning."

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=proposal%1:10:00:: | definition=something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)
2. sense_key=proposal%1:10:02:: | definition=an offer of marriage | synonyms=marriage proposal, proposal of marriage, marriage offer
3. sense_key=proposal%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of making a proposal | synonyms=proposition | examples=they listened to her proposal

In the context, the Alliance of Small Island States "produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal." This is clearly referring to a written document that is a proposed treaty - it's something that has been proposed (a plan/treaty).

Sense 2 is definitely wrong - this is not an offer of marriage at all.

Between senses 1 and 3:
- Sense 1: "something proposed (such as a plan or assumption)" - this refers to the thing/object that is proposed
- Sense 3: "the act of making a proposal" - this refers to the action/process of proposing

In the context, "produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal" suggests they created a document that is a proposal - a thing/object. The word "proposal" here is a noun referring to the document itself, not the act of producing it.

Sense 1 seems more appropriate because it describes "something proposed" which matches the treaty proposal document.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: morning
Target surface form: morning
Context:
With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions. This is clearly a game where a new economic hegemony is being developed, said Ulate, who also serves as the regional Mexico and Central America climate change adviser for Conservation International. Some of the countries most vulnerable to the impact of climate change indicated they would continue to push for a legally binding treaty in Copenhagen, although most of the major participants say the talks will produce a political deal at best. The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday <t>morning</t>. Artur Runge-Metzger, who heads international climate negotiations on behalf of the European Commission, said the push by small island nations has "put political pressure on the entire political process," in part because they are now unified and demanding action from emerging economies such as China and India.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=morning%1:28:00:: | definition=the time period between dawn and noon | synonyms=morn, morning time, forenoon | examples=I spent the morning running errands
2. sense_key=morning%1:10:00:: | definition=a conventional expression of greeting or farewell | synonyms=good morning
3. sense_key=morning%1:28:01:: | definition=the first light of day | synonyms=dawn, dawning, aurora, first light, daybreak, break of day | examples=we got up before dawn; they talked until morning
4. sense_key=morning%1:11:00:: | definition=the earliest period | synonyms=dawn | examples=the dawn of civilization; the morning of the world

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "morning" in the phrase "early Friday morning" refers to the time period between dawn and noon on Friday when the draft treaty proposal was produced. This is the standard temporal usage of "morning" indicating a portion of the day, which matches sense 1 most precisely.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "morning" in this sentence:

"The Alliance of Small Island States, which has 43 members, produced a 24-page draft treaty proposal early Friday <t>morning</t>."

The context is about a specific time reference - "early Friday morning" - referring to a particular time of day on Friday when this draft treaty proposal was produced.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=morning%1:28:00:: | definition=the time period between dawn and noon | synonyms=morn, morning time, forenoon | examples=I spent the morning running errands
   - This refers to a portion of the day from dawn to noon
   - This fits the context well - "early Friday morning" refers to the morning hours of Friday

2. sense_key=morning%1:10:00:: | definition=a conventional expression of greeting or farewell | synonyms=good morning
   - This is about greetings/farewells (like "good morning")
   - Doesn't fit the context

3. sense_key=morning%1:28:01:: | definition=the first light of day | synonyms=dawn, dawning, aurora, first light, daybreak, break of day | examples=we got up before dawn; they talked until morning
   - This refers to the actual moment or period of first light/dawn
   - Could fit somewhat, but it seems more about the exact moment of dawn

4. sense_key=morning%1:11:00:: | definition=the earliest period | synonyms=dawn | examples=the dawn of civilization; the morning of the world
   - This is metaphorical - about the earliest period in general (like "the morning of civilization")
   - Doesn't fit the context

The best fit is sense 1: the time period between dawn and noon. The phrase "early Friday morning" clearly refers to the morning hours of Friday, which is a portion of the day between dawn and noon. This is the most straightforward and common use of "morning" in this context.