[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: proportion
Target surface form: proportion
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large <t>proportion</t> of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole
2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions
3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry
4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin
5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design); - John Ruskin | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The target word "proportion" in this context means the relation between a part and the whole with respect to comparative quantity. The phrase "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners" refers to the relative amount or fraction of naturalised immigrants among Nobel prize winners compared to the total. This matches sense 4 perfectly, as illustrated by the similar example structure "a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" provided in that sense definition.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "proportion" is being used.

The sentence reads: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners"

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=proportion%1:24:00:: | definition=the quotient obtained when the magnitude of a part is divided by the magnitude of the whole

2. sense_key=proportion%1:07:00:: | definition=magnitude or extent | synonyms=dimension | examples=a building of vast proportions

3. sense_key=proportion%1:25:00:: | definition=balance among the parts of something | synonyms=symmetry

4. sense_key=proportion%1:24:01:: | definition=the relation between things (or parts of things) with respect to their comparative quantity, magnitude, or degree | synonyms=ratio | examples=an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin

5. sense_key=proportion%1:07:01:: | definition=harmonious arrangement or relation of parts or elements within a whole (as in a design) | synonyms=proportionality, balance | examples=in all perfectly beautiful objects there is found the opposition of one part to another and a reciprocal balance

In context: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners"

This is talking about the relative amount or fraction of naturalised immigrants compared to all Nobel prize winners. It's expressing a relationship between a part (naturalised immigrants who won) and the whole (all Nobel prize winners).

Sense 1 fits this well - it's about a quotient obtained when dividing a part by the whole.

Sense 4 also seems relevant with the example "an inordinate proportion of the book is given over to quotations; a dry martini has a large proportion of gin" - these are about comparative quantities.

Between senses 1 and 4, both could work. Sense 1 is more specific about the mathematical quotient. Sense 4 is about the relation between things with respect to comparative quantity.
The phrasing "a large proportion of gin" in sense 4's example mirrors our usage almost exactly, suggesting this is the intended meaning. While sense 1 emphasizes the mathematical quotient specifically, sense 4 captures the broader notion of comparative quantity and degree that fits the context about immigrant representation among Nobel winners.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among <t>American</t> Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The phrase "American Nobel prize winners" refers to Nobel Prize winners from the United States of America. The context discusses immigration in relation to the U.S. economy and contrasts it with European countries, making it clear that "American" refers specifically to the United States and its citizens, matching sense 1 (of or relating to the United States of America or its people).

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "American" in the phrase "American Nobel prize winners". Let me analyze which sense fits best:

Sense 1: "of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture" - Examples: American citizens; American English

Sense 2: "of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas" - Examples: the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

The context mentions "American Nobel prize winners" alongside companies like Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo that were "founded by immigrants" in the context of a discussion about immigration and economic growth. The text seems to be discussing the United States specifically, given that it mentions "European countries" in contrast and appears to be analyzing economic impacts in developed Western nations.

The phrase "American Nobel prize winners" most naturally refers to Nobel Prize winners from the United States, not from the broader Americas. This would be sense 1 - "of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture."

Sense 2 refers to the broader Americas (continents and islands), but in the context of Nobel Prize winners, we're clearly talking about the United States specifically. The example "American citizens" in sense 1 is directly comparable to "American Nobel prize winners."

The answer is sense 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: winner
Target surface form: winners
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize <t>winners</t>, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=winner%1:18:00:: | definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor
2. sense_key=winner%1:18:01:: | definition=a gambler who wins a bet
3. sense_key=winner%1:18:02:: | definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples=his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 3
}
```

The word "winners" in this context refers to "American Nobel prize winners" - people who have achieved significant success and recognition in their fields. This aligns with sense 3, which defines a "winner" as "a person with a record of successes" (synonymous with achiever, success, succeeder). The passage uses "winners" to highlight immigrants as successful, accomplished individuals, emphasizing their achievements and track record of success, rather than simply focusing on them as contestants who won a particular competition.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "winners" in this passage about immigrants.

The sentence reads: "a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners"

I need to determine which sense of "winner" is being used here:

1. sense_key=winner%1:18:00:: | definition=the contestant who wins the contest | synonyms=victor
2. sense_key=winner%1:18:01:: | definition=a gambler who wins a bet
3. sense_key=winner%1:18:02:: | definition=a person with a record of successes | synonyms=achiever, success, succeeder | examples=his son would never be the achiever that his father was; only winners need apply

Let's think about the context:
- "American Nobel prize winners" refers to people who have won Nobel Prizes
- Nobel Prize winners are people who have achieved significant success in their fields
- They are not necessarily "contestants in a contest" in the narrow sense (though one could argue they competed for the prize)
- They are definitely not gamblers
- They are people with a record of successes - they are achievers and succeeds in their fields

Sense 1 is about "the contestant who wins the contest" - while Nobel Prize winners do compete for and win the prize, this sense seems more about the immediate victory in a competition.

Sense 3 is about "a person with a record of successes" and includes "achiever" as a synonym. The example "only winners need apply" suggests people who are successful generally, not just those who won a specific contest.

Given the context is highlighting that immigrants are among successful people (Nobel Prize winners), and the passage is using "winners" to mean successful people generally, sense 3 seems most appropriate. It emphasizes their achievement and success record.

Actually, let me reconsider. Nobel Prize winners ARE contestants who won the contest of competing for the Nobel Prize. Sense 1 would fit this literally. But sense 3 is broader and more about their general record of success, which seems to be what the passage is emphasizing - these are successful people.
Sense 3 fits better because the passage frames these immigrants as accomplished individuals with proven track records, not merely as people who won a particular competition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yahoo
Target surface form: Yahoo
Context:
But experience shows that in reality immigrants are much more complementary to, rather than replacements of, local labor, exercising trades in which there is a shortage of local labor. Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and <t>Yahoo</t> were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture | synonyms=yokel, rube, hick, hayseed, bumpkin, chawbacon
2. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:00:: | definition=one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift
3. sense_key=yahoo%1:10:00:: | definition=a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context clearly refers to Yahoo as a technology company founded by immigrants, grouped with other major tech companies like Google, Intel, PayPal, and eBay. This matches sense 3, the web search engine company, not the other senses which refer to a type of person or a fictional creature from Jonathan Swift.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "Yahoo" appears:

"A large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants."

The context clearly discusses companies founded by immigrants. Yahoo is being mentioned as a major technology company alongside Google, Intel, PayPal, and eBay.

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:01:: - "a person who is not very intelligent or interested in culture" (yokel, rube, hick, etc.) - This refers to a type of person, not a company.

2. sense_key=yahoo%1:18:00:: - "one of a race of brutes resembling men but subject to the Houyhnhnms in a novel by Jonathan Swift" - This is from Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels," a fictional creature.

3. sense_key=yahoo%1:10:00:: - "a widely used search engine for the web that finds information, news, images, products, finance" - This is the web search engine company Yahoo!

In the context, Yahoo is clearly referring to the technology company/search engine that was founded as a business. This matches sense 3 perfectly.

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contributor
Target surface form: contributors
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net <t>contributors</t> to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01:: | definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context makes clear that "contributors" refers to migrants who make financial contributions to social systems and public budgets (as stated: "averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries" and discussing their "net contribution" in monetary terms). This matches sense 1, which defines a contributor as "someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money." Sense 2 (a writer) is not relevant to the financial context of the passage.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "contributors" in the context provided. Let me analyze the sentence:

"Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."

The context indicates that migrants contribute money/financial resources to social systems. The passage explains they make net contributions to public budgets.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=contributor%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money | synonyms=subscriber
   - This refers to someone who gives money/financial contributions

2. sense_key=contributor%1:18:01:: | definition=a writer whose work is published in a newspaper or magazine or as part of a book
   - This refers to someone who writes for publications

Given the context "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries" and the following explanation about their financial contributions to public budgets, it's clear that the word "contributors" here refers to people who contribute money/financial resources to social systems.

This matches sense 1: "someone who contributes (or promises to contribute) a sum of money"

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
Unskilled immigrants work in sectors, which do not attract local labor and the most highly skilled ones in dynamic sectors where training does is not linked to offers of employment. A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total <t>budgets</t> of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "budgets" in this context refers to the total sums of money allocated by European countries for government spending. The phrase "1% of the total budgets of European countries" indicates a proportion of money resources rather than formal planning documents or proposals, which aligns with sense 1: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "budgets" appears and which sense it represents.

The sentence reads: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."

Let me consider the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" | examples: "the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year"
   - This refers to a specific amount of money set aside for a particular purpose

2. Sense 2: "a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them" | examples: "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress"
   - This refers to a financial plan or document showing planned spending

In the context, "budgets of European countries" refers to the total money/financial allocations that these countries have. The statement is that migrants contribute 1% to these budgets. This suggests we're talking about the total sum of money - the financial resource pools of these countries.

The phrase "budgets of European countries" is referring to the total financial resources or money allocated for government spending, not specifically a financial plan or proposal. It's more about the actual pools of money (sense 1).

However, I should reconsider. In common usage, when we talk about "national budgets" or "government budgets," we're often referring to the comprehensive financial plan that encompasses all government spending. The example in sense 2 mentions "the president submitted the annual budget to Congress" which is about government budgets.

Actually, thinking about it more carefully - "budgets of European countries" in this context could mean either:
- The total amounts of money these countries have allocated (sense 1)
- The financial plans/schemes of these countries (sense 2)

But given the context "averaging 1% of the total budgets" - this is talking about a proportion of something. If immigrants contribute 1% to the budgets, it suggests we're talking about the total financial resources/amounts, not necessarily the formal planning documents.
When discussing a percentage contribution like "1% of the total budgets," the reference is to quantifiable sums of money rather than planning frameworks. Sense 1 fits better here since it captures the actual monetary allocations that can be measured and proportioned.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: labor
Target surface form: Labor
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=labor%1:14:00:: | definition=a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages | synonyms=labour, working class, proletariat | examples=there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field
2. sense_key=labor%1:04:00:: | definition=productive work (especially physical work done for wages) | synonyms=labour, toil | examples=his labor did not require a great deal of skill
3. sense_key=labor%1:26:00:: | definition=concluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child | synonyms=parturiency, labour, confinement, lying-in, travail, childbed | examples=she was in labor for six hours
4. sense_key=labor%1:14:04:: | definition=an organized attempt by workers to improve their status by united action (particularly via labor unions) or the leaders of this movement | synonyms=labor movement, trade union movement
5. sense_key=labor%1:14:02:: | definition=a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900; characterized by the promotion of labor's interests and formerly the socialization of key industries | synonyms=British Labour Party, Labour Party, Labour
6. sense_key=labor%1:14:01:: | definition=the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States; created in 1913 | synonyms=Department of Labor, Labor Department, DoL
7. sense_key=labor%1:04:01:: | definition=any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted | synonyms=undertaking, project, task | examples=he prepared for great undertakings

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context refers to the "World Labor Organisation," which is an international organization concerned with workers and labor issues. In this organizational context, "Labor" refers to the collective body of workers or the working class that the organization represents and serves. This matches sense 1, which defines labor as "a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "Labor" is being used.

The sentence is: "The World <t>Labor</t> Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30..."

This is referring to the "World Labor Organisation," which is an international organization (also known as the International Labour Organization or ILO).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. labor%1:14:00:: - a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages (working class, proletariat)
2. labor%1:04:00:: - productive work (especially physical work done for wages)
3. labor%1:26:00:: - concluding state of pregnancy (obstetric sense)
4. labor%1:14:04:: - an organized attempt by workers to improve their status
5. labor%1:14:02:: - a political party formed in Great Britain in 1900
6. labor%1:14:01:: - the federal department responsible for promoting the working conditions of wage earners in the United States
7. labor%1:04:01:: - any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted

In the context of "World Labor Organisation," this is referring to labor as work/employment in general, particularly in the context of workers and labor issues/conditions.

The World Labour Organization is an international body that deals with labor issues, workers' rights, employment, etc. When used in this organizational context, "Labor" refers to work and workers as a broader concept.

Sense 1 (1:14:00) - a social class comprising those who do manual labor - this could fit
Sense 2 (1:04:00) - productive work done for wages - this could also fit
Sense 6 (1:14:01) - the federal department - this is specifically US
Sense 4 (1:14:04) - organized labor movement - this could fit
Sense 4 seems most fitting since the organization's name emphasizes the collective movement and advocacy for workers' rights and improved working conditions, rather than just work itself or a specific social class.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: organisation
Target surface form: Organisation
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor <t>Organisation</t> estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=organisation%1:14:01:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, establishment, brass, organization | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
2. sense_key=organisation%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people who work together | synonyms=organization
3. sense_key=organisation%1:09:00:: | definition=an organized structure for arranging or classifying | synonyms=arrangement, organization, system | examples=he changed the arrangement of the topics; the facts were familiar but it was in the organization of them that he was original
4. sense_key=organisation%1:07:00:: | definition=an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical and well organized | synonyms=organization, system | examples=his compulsive organization was not an endearing quality; we can't do it unless we establish some system around here
5. sense_key=organisation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business | synonyms=organization | examples=he was brought in to supervise the organization of a new department
6. sense_key=organisation%1:04:01:: | definition=the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things properly or methodically | synonyms=organization | examples=his organization of the work force was very efficient
7. sense_key=organisation%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, formation, organization | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The context refers to "The World Labor Organisation," which is a specific institutional body that administers labor standards and policies. This matches sense 1, which defines organisation as "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something." The World Labor Organization is indeed an administrative body responsible for labor governance, making this the most precise fit among the candidates.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target word is "Organisation" in the phrase "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany..."

This is clearly referring to a specific organization/institution - the World Labor Organization, which is an actual international organization that sets labor standards and policies.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=organisation%1:14:01:: - "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" - This could fit, as it refers to an administrative body
2. sense_key=organisation%1:14:00:: - "a group of people who work together" - This is generic and could apply
3. sense_key=organisation%1:09:00:: - "an organized structure for arranging or classifying" - This doesn't fit well
4. sense_key=organisation%1:07:00:: - "an ordered manner; orderliness by virtue of being methodical" - This doesn't fit
5. sense_key=organisation%1:04:00:: - "the act of organizing a business or an activity related to a business" - This refers to the process/act, not the entity
6. sense_key=organisation%1:04:01:: - "the activity or result of distributing or disposing persons or things" - This is about the process
7. sense_key=organisation%1:04:02:: - "the act of forming or establishing something" - This is about the process/act

In this context, "The World Labor Organisation" is a collective noun referring to a specific institutional entity that makes estimates. It's not referring to the act of organizing, nor to orderliness, nor to an abstract structure for classification.

The best fit would be either:
- Sense 1: An administrative body that administers labor policies
- Sense 2: A group of people who work together

Sense 1 is more specific and accurate - the World Labor Organization is indeed an administrative/governing body.

Since we're discussing a formal institutional entity with administrative responsibilities rather than just any group working together, sense 1 (organisation%1:14:01::) is the most precise match. The answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: age
Target surface form: age
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context "an immigrant arriving at the age of 30" refers to a specific point in a person's life measured in years. This matches sense 3, which defines "a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises." The phrase structure parallels the example "she was now of school age," where a numerical age designation marks a particular life stage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "age" appears:

"The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the <t>age</t> of 30, will make a net contribution..."

The phrase is "arriving at the age of 30". This is talking about a specific point in a person's life when they are 30 years old.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=age%1:07:00:: | definition=how long something has existed | examples=it was replaced because of its age
   - This refers to the duration of existence, not applicable here.

2. sense_key=age%1:28:02:: | definition=an era of history having some distinctive feature | synonyms=historic period | examples=we live in a litigious age
   - This refers to historical periods/eras, not applicable here.

3. sense_key=age%1:28:00:: | definition=a time of life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises | synonyms=eld | examples=she was now of school age; tall for his eld
   - This refers to a specific point in someone's life, typically measured in years. "age of 30" fits this definition perfectly. The examples "school age" is similar to "age of 30".

4. sense_key=age%1:28:03:: | definition=a prolonged period of time | synonyms=long time, years | examples=we've known each other for ages; I haven't been there for years and years
   - This is about a long period of time ("for ages"), not a specific age point.

5. sense_key=age%1:28:01:: | definition=a late time of life | synonyms=old age, years, eld, geezerhood | examples=old age is not for sissies; he's showing his years
   - This refers to advanced years or the final stage of life, which doesn't match the context of someone at 30.

Sense 3 is the correct match—it captures the meaning of a particular life stage measured in years, which aligns with "arriving at the age of 30."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contribution
Target surface form: contribution
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contribution%1:04:02:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=part, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work
2. sense_key=contribution%1:21:00:: | definition=a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause | synonyms=donation
3. sense_key=contribution%1:04:00:: | definition=act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity | synonyms=donation
4. sense_key=contribution%1:21:01:: | definition=an amount of money contributed | examples=he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest
5. sense_key=contribution%1:04:01:: | definition=a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context clearly specifies a monetary amount: "will make a net contribution... of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets." This is explicitly about an amount of money contributed, which matches sense 4 perfectly. The parenthetical clarification "(receipts less expenditure)" reinforces that this is a calculated monetary value, not a voluntary gift or charitable donation, nor a role/part played in something.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "contribution" in this passage.

The key sentence is: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net <t>contribution</t> (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

The definition provided in parentheses "(receipts less expenditure)" clarifies what "contribution" means here. It refers to the amount of money (150,000 Euros) that an immigrant contributes to public budgets, calculated as receipts minus expenditure.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=contribution%1:04:02:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | This is about the role or part someone plays - not specifically about money

2. sense_key=contribution%1:21:00:: | definition=a voluntary gift (as of money or service or ideas) made to some worthwhile cause | This mentions money but emphasizes it as a "voluntary gift" to a worthwhile cause - public budgets aren't really a "worthwhile cause" in the typical sense

3. sense_key=contribution%1:04:00:: | definition=act of giving in common with others for a common purpose especially to a charity | This is about giving to a charity or common cause - again, not quite right for payment to public budgets

4. sense_key=contribution%1:21:01:: | definition=an amount of money contributed | examples=he expected his contribution to be repaid with interest | This is specifically about an amount of money contributed, which matches perfectly with "150,000 Euros" in the context

5. sense_key=contribution%1:04:01:: | definition=a writing for publication especially one of a collection of writings as an article or story | This is clearly not relevant - it's about written works
Sense 4 is the correct match since it directly refers to a monetary amount, aligning with how the passage quantifies the immigrant's fiscal impact as 150,000 Euros.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditure
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less <t>expenditure</t>) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "expenditure" is being used.

The target word is "expenditure" in the phrase: "an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

The context clearly indicates that "expenditure" refers to government spending/money paid out. The phrase "receipts less expenditure" is showing a calculation where:
- Receipts = money coming in (from taxes paid by immigrants)
- Expenditure = money going out (government spending on services/benefits for immigrants)

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
   - This is clearly about money paid out - the amount of government spending on the immigrant

2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
   - This is about the act/activity of spending money

3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up
   - This is about consuming/using resources

In this context, "expenditure" refers to the concrete amount of money that the government spends on the immigrant (in terms of benefits, services, etc.). It's the amount of money paid out by public budgets, not just the act of spending.

Sense 1 (money paid out; an amount spent) is the best fit because:
- It refers to the monetary amount, not just the act
- The context is about calculating "receipts less expenditure" - a concrete financial figure
- The synonyms (outgo, spending, outlay) all fit this context where we're talking about what the government pays out

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: average
Target surface form: average
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an <t>average</t> of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=average%1:09:00:: | definition=a statistic describing the location of a distribution | synonyms=norm | examples=it set the norm for American homes
2. sense_key=average%1:24:00:: | definition=(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities
3. sense_key=average%1:09:01:: | definition=an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual | examples=he is about average in height; the snowfall this month is below average

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "an average of 150,000 Euros" as a representative monetary value—a statistic describing the typical contribution. This usage aligns with sense 1, which defines average as "a statistic describing the location of a distribution." The phrase presents a specific numerical measure of central tendency, which is the mathematical/statistical meaning of average.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "average" to determine which sense is being used.

The sentence is: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime."

Here, "average of 150,000 Euros" refers to a typical or normal amount - it's describing what a typical immigrant would contribute. It's not about a sports statistic (sense 2), and it's more than just a general statistical measure.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "a statistic describing the location of a distribution" with synonym "norm" - This refers to the mathematical average/mean, a statistical measure.

2. Sense 2: "(sports) the ratio of successful performances to opportunities" - This is clearly not relevant here since we're not talking about sports.

3. Sense 3: "an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual" with examples "he is about average in height; the snowfall this month is below average" - This refers to something being typical or normal.

In the context, "an average of 150,000 Euros" is stating the typical or expected contribution amount. This could be interpreted as either sense 1 or sense 3.

Sense 1 is about a statistical average (like the mean of a distribution).
Sense 3 is about something being normal or typical in an intermediate range.

Given that the text says "an average of 150,000 Euros," it's using "average" as a noun to describe a representative value, which would be sense 1 - a statistic describing the location of a distribution. This is the mathematical meaning of average.

So the answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: budget
Target surface form: budgets
Context:
A positive effect on wages In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public <t>budgets</t> during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year
2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "budgets" in context.

The sentence states: "Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries."

And in the following sentence: "The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public <t>budgets</t> during his lifetime."

The word "budgets" here is referring to the total amount of money allocated or available in the public/government systems. It's being used to describe the overall financial resources of governments/countries.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=budget%1:21:02:: | definition=a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose | examples=the laboratory runs on a budget of a million a year

2. sense_key=budget%1:21:03:: | definition=a summary of intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them | examples=the president submitted the annual budget to Congress

In the context, "budgets of European countries" and "public budgets" refer to the total sums of money available to these governments. This is more aligned with sense 1 - "a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose" (in this case, for public expenditure).

Sense 2 is more about a formal document/plan of intended expenditures, which doesn't fit as well here. The context is about the actual money contributed to and used by these systems, not about formal budget proposals or planning documents.

So the best fit is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mandate
Target surface form: mandate
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mandate%1:10:00:: | definition=a document giving an official instruction or command | synonyms=authorization, authorisation
2. sense_key=mandate%1:15:00:: | definition=a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves | synonyms=mandatory
3. sense_key=mandate%1:04:00:: | definition=the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context refers to Nicolas Sarkozy at the beginning of his term as President of France. "Mandate" here denotes the political authority and commission granted to him through his electoral victory, which aligns with sense 3: "the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory." This is a standard use of "mandate" in political discourse, distinct from the formal written instruction (sense 1) or the post-WWI territorial arrangement (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "mandate" appears:

"Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his <t>mandate</t> to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth.""

Nicolas Sarkozy was the President of France. The context is talking about him at the "start of his mandate" - this refers to his term in office as president.

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=mandate%1:10:00:: | definition=a document giving an official instruction or command | synonyms=authorization, authorisation
   - This refers to a formal written document/instruction

2. sense_key=mandate%1:15:00:: | definition=a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves | synonyms=mandatory
   - This is about post-WWI territories, clearly not relevant here

3. sense_key=mandate%1:04:00:: | definition=the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory
   - This refers to the political authority/commission given to a government/leader through an election

In the context, Sarkozy "at the start of his mandate" means at the beginning of his term of office as President. This is clearly referring to the political authority/commission he received through his electoral victory - sense 3.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 3}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
In the same way as a surgeon would find it difficult to work in a country with a shortage of anaesthetists, the complementarities existing between locals and immigrants bring it about that the arrival of immigrants has a positive effect on the pay of locals. Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of <t>growth</t> "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is about economic impact of immigrants. Let me look at the sentence with "growth":

"And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth"

This is clearly talking about "economic growth" - an increase in the economic output/size of an economy.

Let me review the senses:
1. Biological growth - not relevant here
2. A progression from simpler to more complex forms - could fit "economic growth" as it involves development
3. A process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important - "increase, increment" - YES, this fits perfectly with economic growth
4. Vegetation that has grown - not relevant
5. The gradual beginning or coming forth - not relevant
6. An abnormal proliferation of tissue (tumor) - not relevant
7. Something grown or growing - too vague

Sense 3 is clearly the best: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" with synonyms "increase, increment". Economic growth is exactly this - an increase in economic output, making the economy larger and more important.

The answer should be sense index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: question
Target surface form: question
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in <t>question</t>, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=question%1:10:00:: | definition=an instance of questioning | synonyms=inquiry, enquiry, query, interrogation | examples=there was a question about my training; we made inquiries of all those who were present
2. sense_key=question%1:10:01:: | definition=the subject matter at issue | synonyms=head | examples=the question of disease merits serious discussion; under the head of minor Roman poets
3. sense_key=question%1:10:03:: | definition=a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply | synonyms=interrogation, interrogative, interrogative sentence | examples=he asked a direct question; he had trouble phrasing his interrogations
4. sense_key=question%1:07:00:: | definition=uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something | synonyms=doubt, dubiousness, doubtfulness | examples=the dubiousness of his claim; there is no question about the validity of the enterprise
5. sense_key=question%1:10:02:: | definition=a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly for discussion and vote | synonyms=motion | examples=he made a motion to adjourn; she called for the question
6. sense_key=question%1:10:04:: | definition=an informal reference to a marriage proposal | examples=he was ready to pop the question

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "the teeth in question" uses "question" in the idiomatic expression "in question," which refers to the subject matter or topic under discussion. The teeth being referred to are those mentioned earlier in the context (Sarkozy's policy measures to discourage immigration). This corresponds to sense 2: "the subject matter at issue," where "in question" means "under consideration" or "being discussed."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "question" fits best.

The sentence is: "The teeth in <t>question</t>, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect."

In this context, "the teeth in question" is a reference to a phrase mentioned earlier in the text: Nicolas Sarkozy wished to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The phrase "the teeth in question" means "the teeth being referred to" or "the aforesaid teeth."

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. an instance of questioning - This would be about the act of asking something
2. the subject matter at issue - This would mean the topic or issue under discussion
3. a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply - This would be a literal question
4. uncertainty about the truth or factuality or existence of something - This would relate to doubt
5. a formal proposal for action made to a deliberative assembly - This would be a motion in a formal assembly
6. an informal reference to a marriage proposal - This would be about proposing marriage

In the phrase "the teeth in question," the word "question" is being used as a noun meaning "the matter being discussed" or "the subject at issue." This is sense 2: "the subject matter at issue."

The expression "in question" is a common English idiom meaning "being discussed" or "in issue" or "at hand." For example, "the person in question" means "the person being discussed" or "the person at issue."

So the best answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effect
Target surface form: effect
Context:
Giovanni Peri has calculated that a rise of 1% in the migratory flow causes an increase of between 0,6 and 0,9% in real long-term pay. And does so without taking into account the fact that the diversity contributed by immigrants contributes to the creation of ideas and to economic growth (a large proportion of naturalised immigrants are among American Nobel prize winners, whilst Google, Intel, Paypal, eBay and Yahoo were all founded by immigrants). Migrants are also net contributors to social systems, averaging 1% of the total budgets of European countries. The World Labor Organisation estimates that for example in Germany, an immigrant arriving at the age of 30, will make a net contribution (receipts less expenditure) of an average of 150,000 Euros to public budgets during his lifetime. Nicolas Sarkozy wished at the start of his mandate to look for missing points of growth "with the teeth." The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite <t>effect</t>.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: | definition=an outward appearance | synonyms=impression | examples=he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success
3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: | definition=an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived) | examples=he just did it for effect
4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=essence, burden, core, gist
5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: | definition=(of a law) having legal validity | synonyms=force | examples=the law is still in effect
6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: | definition=a symptom caused by an illness or a drug | examples=the effects of sleep loss; the effect of the anesthetic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "effect" in the context "had precisely the opposite effect" refers to a result or consequence of the preceding action (Sarkozy's measures to dissuade immigrants). This directly matches sense 1, which defines effect as "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" with synonyms consequence, outcome, and result. The context indicates that the intended outcome (to dissuade immigrants) was not achieved, and instead the opposite consequence resulted.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine which sense of "effect" is being used.

The sentence reads: "The teeth in question, intended to serve to dissuade immigrants, had precisely the opposite effect."

In this context, "effect" refers to a result or consequence. The sentence is saying that Sarkozy's measures (the "teeth") intended to dissuade immigrants had the opposite result/consequence - meaning they had the opposite outcome from what was intended.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=effect%1:19:00:: - "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" with synonyms: consequence, outcome, result, event, issue, upshot. Examples include "the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business"

2. sense_key=effect%1:07:00:: - "an outward appearance" with synonyms: impression. Examples: "he made a good impression; I wanted to create an impression of success"

3. sense_key=effect%1:09:00:: - "an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived)" Examples: "he just did it for effect"

4. sense_key=effect%1:10:00:: - "the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work" with synonyms: essence, burden, core, gist

5. sense_key=effect%1:07:01:: - "(of a law) having legal validity" with synonyms: force

6. sense_key=effect%1:26:00:: - "a symptom caused by an illness or a drug"

In the context given, "had precisely the opposite effect" clearly means "had precisely the opposite result/consequence." This directly matches sense 1, which defines effect as "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" with synonyms like consequence, outcome, result.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pound
Target surface form: pound
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million <t>pound</t> fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pound%1:23:09:: | definition=16 ounces avoirdupois | synonyms=lb | examples=he got a hernia when he tried to lift 100 pounds
2. sense_key=pound%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=British pound, British pound sterling, pound sterling, quid
3. sense_key=pound%1:23:10:: | definition=a unit of apothecary weight equal to 12 ounces troy
4. sense_key=pound%1:23:08:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Syria; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Syrian pound
5. sense_key=pound%1:23:07:: | definition=the basic unit of money in the Sudan; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Sudanese pound
6. sense_key=pound%1:23:05:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Lebanon; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Lebanese pound
7. sense_key=pound%1:23:04:: | definition=formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland; equal to 100 pence | synonyms=Irish pound, Irish punt, punt
8. sense_key=pound%1:23:03:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Egypt; equal to 100 piasters | synonyms=Egyptian pound
9. sense_key=pound%1:23:02:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Cyprus; equal to 100 cents | synonyms=Cypriot pound
10. sense_key=pound%1:23:00:: | definition=a nontechnical unit of force equal to the mass of 1 pound with an acceleration of free fall equal to 32 feet/sec/sec | synonyms=lbf.
11. sense_key=pound%1:18:00:: | definition=United States writer who lived in Europe; strongly influenced the development of modern literature (1885-1972) | synonyms=Ezra Pound, Ezra Loomis Pound
12. sense_key=pound%1:10:00:: | definition=a symbol for a unit of currency (especially for the pound sterling in Great Britain) | synonyms=pound sign
13. sense_key=pound%1:06:00:: | definition=a public enclosure for stray or unlicensed dogs | synonyms=dog pound | examples=unlicensed dogs will be taken to the pound
14. sense_key=pound%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of pounding (delivering repeated heavy blows) | synonyms=hammer, hammering, pounding | examples=the sudden hammer of fists caught him off guard; the pounding of feet on the hallway

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

The context "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine" clearly refers to a monetary amount. The phrase "multi-million pound" describes a financial penalty in British currency. Sense 2 (the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is the only appropriate interpretation among the candidates, as it is the standard currency unit that would be used to express a large financial fine in this context.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "pound" in the context: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA"

This is clearly referring to British currency. The phrase "multi-million pound fine" indicates a monetary amount. Looking at the candidate senses:

1. 16 ounces avoirdupois - a unit of weight, not currency
2. the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence - THIS IS IT
3. a unit of apothecary weight - weight unit
4. the basic unit of money in Syria - Syrian currency
5. the basic unit of money in the Sudan - Sudanese currency
6. the basic unit of money in Lebanon - Lebanese currency
7. formerly the basic unit of money in Ireland - Irish currency (but context is about Deutsche Bank/USA)
8. the basic unit of money in Egypt - Egyptian currency
9. the basic unit of money in Cyprus - Cypriot currency
10. a nontechnical unit of force - force unit
11. Ezra Pound - a person
12. a symbol for a unit of currency - symbol
13. a public enclosure for stray dogs - a place
14. the act of pounding - an action

Given that Deutsche Bank is a German bank and the context mentions "USA" but the fine is described in "pound," and Deutsche Bank has major operations in the UK, the most logical interpretation is British pounds (GBP).

Sense 2 is "the basic unit of money in Great Britain and Northern Ireland; equal to 100 pence" with synonyms "British pound, British pound sterling, pound sterling, quid"

This is clearly the correct sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: usa
Target surface form: USA
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the <t>USA</t> Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=usa%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, US
2. sense_key=usa%1:14:00:: | definition=the army of the United States of America; the agency that organizes and trains soldiers for land warfare | synonyms=United States Army, US Army, Army

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes Deutsche Bank facing a "multi-million pound fine in the USA," which refers to the USA as a country/nation-state where legal jurisdiction and regulatory fines apply. This clearly uses USA to mean the geographical and political entity (the United States of America), not the military forces. Sense 1 (the North American republic) is the appropriate sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "USA" is being used.

The sentence is: "Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."

The context is about Deutsche Bank facing a fine. A fine would be paid to a regulatory or legal authority within a country/jurisdiction, not to an army. The sentence is using "USA" to refer to the geographical location/country where this fine will be paid.

Let me examine the two senses:
1. sense_key=usa%1:15:00:: - "North American republic containing 50 states..." - This is the USA as a country/nation-state
2. sense_key=usa%1:14:00:: - "the army of the United States of America..." - This is the United States Army

Given that the context is about paying a fine in the USA, this clearly refers to the USA as a country/jurisdiction, not as its military. A fine would be imposed by governmental/legal authorities of the country, not by its army.

Therefore, sense 1 (usa%1:15:00::) is the correct sense - it refers to the United States as a country/geographical entity.

The sense index for the first sense would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: trouble
Target surface form: trouble
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh <t>trouble</t> is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA. As if the problems at home were not already enough for Deutsche Bank, the industry giant's past in the USA is now also catching up with it. Frankfurt-based Deutsche Bank will pay 145 million dollars (106 million Euros) to settle disputes arising from the bankruptcy of five major credit unions during the financial crisis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=trouble%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=problem | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?
2. sense_key=trouble%1:11:01:: | definition=an angry disturbance | synonyms=fuss, bother, hassle | examples=he didn't want to make a fuss; they had labor trouble
3. sense_key=trouble%1:11:00:: | definition=an event causing distress or pain | examples=what is the trouble?; heart trouble
4. sense_key=trouble%1:04:02:: | definition=an effort that is inconvenient | synonyms=difficulty | examples=I went to a lot of trouble; he won without any trouble
5. sense_key=trouble%1:12:03:: | definition=a strong feeling of anxiety | synonyms=worry | examples=his worry over the prospect of being fired; it is not work but worry that kills
6. sense_key=trouble%1:26:02:: | definition=an unwanted pregnancy | examples=he got several girls in trouble

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes Deutsche Bank facing legal fines and financial disputes - objective problems and difficulties. The phrase "Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar" clearly refers to successive problems, which aligns with sense 1: "a source of difficulty" (with synonym "problem"). This is distinguished from sense 3 (an event causing distress) because the focus is on the problem itself rather than the emotional impact, and from sense 2 (angry disturbance) because the emphasis is on problems rather than conflict or disruption.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "trouble" is being used.

The context: "Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA."

The word "trouble" here refers to problems or difficulties that Deutsche Bank is experiencing - specifically related to legal fines, financial disputes, and regulatory issues.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=trouble%1:09:00:: - "a source of difficulty" with synonyms "problem" and examples like "one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?"
   - This fits! The context is about difficulties and problems facing Deutsche Bank.

2. sense_key=trouble%1:11:01:: - "an angry disturbance" with synonyms "fuss, bother, hassle" and examples about labor trouble
   - This could fit but emphasizes disruption/disturbance more than the actual problem itself.

3. sense_key=trouble%1:11:00:: - "an event causing distress or pain"
   - This could work but seems more about the emotional impact than the objective problems.

4. sense_key=trouble%1:04:02:: - "an effort that is inconvenient"
   - This doesn't fit - not about inconvenience.

5. sense_key=trouble%1:12:03:: - "a strong feeling of anxiety"
   - This is about emotion/worry, not the problem itself.

6. sense_key=trouble%1:26:02:: - "an unwanted pregnancy"
   - Clearly not applicable here.

The best fit is sense 1 (trouble%1:09:00::) because:
- It's about "a source of difficulty"
- The synonym "problem" matches perfectly with the context
- The example "one trouble after another delayed the job" parallels the idea of recurring troubles
- The context is talking about problems/difficulties (legal fines, disputes) facing Deutsche Bank
- This sense directly captures the objective difficulties Deutsche Bank faces, rather than focusing on disturbance or emotional responses.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: uproar
Target surface form: uproar
Context:
Deutsche Bank pays multi-million pound fine in the USA Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the <t>uproar</t> around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank: Deutsche Bank faces a multi-million pound fine in the USA. As if the problems at home were not already enough for Deutsche Bank, the industry giant's past in the USA is now also catching up with it. Frankfurt-based Deutsche Bank will pay 145 million dollars (106 million Euros) to settle disputes arising from the bankruptcy of five major credit unions during the financial crisis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=uproar%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of commotion and noise and confusion | synonyms=tumult, tumultuousness, garboil
2. sense_key=uproar%1:11:00:: | definition=loud confused noise from many sources | synonyms=hubbub, brouhaha, katzenjammer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses "the uproar around Josef Ackermann," referring to the commotion, disturbance, and confusion caused by the CEO's troubles at Deutsche Bank. This aligns with sense 1, which defines uproar as "a state of commotion and noise and confusion" (synonyms: tumult, tumultuousness, garboil). This sense captures the broader state of turmoil and confusion surrounding the corporate problems, rather than specifically referring to loud noise from multiple sources, which would be sense 2.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "uproar" is being used.

Context: "Fresh trouble is following hard on the heels of the uproar around Josef Ackermann, CEO of Deutsche Bank"

The passage is talking about trouble/problems at Deutsche Bank following a commotion/controversy around the CEO. Let me look at the two senses:

1. sense_key=uproar%1:26:00:: - "a state of commotion and noise and confusion" | synonyms: tumult, tumultuousness, garboil
2. sense_key=uproar%1:11:00:: - "loud confused noise from many sources" | synonyms: hubbub, brouhaha, katzenjammer

The context is about problems and troubles surrounding the CEO. The word "uproar" here refers to a state of commotion, disturbance, and confusion caused by the CEO's issues - it's more about the general state of turmoil and confusion rather than specifically about loud noise from many sources.

Sense 1 (1:26:00) - "a state of commotion and noise and confusion" - this seems to be the broader, more figurative sense that encompasses turmoil and disturbance in general.

Sense 2 (1:11:00) - "loud confused noise from many sources" - this is more literally about actual noise.

In the context of corporate troubles and CEO problems, "uproar" is being used to mean the state of commotion and confusion caused by these events, which is closer to sense 1.

However, let me reconsider. The synonyms for sense 2 include "hubbub, brouhaha, katzenjammer" which can also refer to a disturbance or commotion, not just literal noise. "Brouhaha" and "hubbub" can both mean a commotion or fuss.
The phrase "uproar around Josef Ackermann" points to public controversy and disturbance stemming from the CEO's situation. Sense 1:26:00 captures this better—it's the overarching sense of turmoil and confusion, whereas 1:11:00 focuses more narrowly on noise from multiple sources. The primary usage here aligns with sense 1.