[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged <t>copy</t> of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

**Reasoning**: In the genetic context, "copy" refers to one version or instance of a gene inherited from a parent. The sentence discusses inheriting "a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other." This matches sense 2 - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - where each copy of the gene is essentially an identical reproduction of the genetic material passed from parent to offspring.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "copy" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

In this context, "copy" refers to one instance or version of a gene. The person inherited one copy from each parent. This is about having one of two versions of something - a genetic copy.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "copy%1:10:00::" - a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) - This is about documents/records, not genes.

2. "copy%1:06:00::" - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing - This is closer. The examples are "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor". This sense describes something that is made to be similar or identical to another. A gene copy could fit this - it's one version of a gene that exists as a copy from a parent.

3. "copy%1:10:01::" - matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials - This is about publishing/printing, not genes.

4. "copy%1:10:02::" - material suitable for a journalistic account - This is about journalism/news, not genes.

In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to one instance or version of the genetic material. This is sense 2 - it's describing something that is similar/identical to another thing (the other copy from the other parent, or the template).

The answer should be sense 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "parent" is being used.

The target sentence is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one <t>parent</t> and a normal copy from the other."

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian

2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

In the context, we're discussing genetics and inheritance. The passage talks about how "an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

This is clearly referring to biological parents - a father or mother - in the context of genetic inheritance. The passage is discussing how genes are inherited from biological parents to children.

Sense 1 (parent%1:18:00::) refers to "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child" - this is the human/personal parent in a family relationship context.

Sense 2 (parent%1:03:00::) refers to "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained" - this is a more general biological sense that could apply to any organism.

While both could technically apply in a genetic context, Sense 1 is more specific and appropriate here because the context is specifically about human inheritance (an infant inheriting genes from parents). The passage is discussing human genetics and how genes are passed from parents to children in families.

Therefore, the best choice is Sense 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a <t>normal</t> copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "normal" in this context refers to a gene copy that conforms to the standard, expected version without defects—contrasted explicitly with the "damaged copy" inherited from the other parent. This matches sense 1, which defines "normal" as "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard...not abnormal."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "normal" in this sentence:

"He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

The context is about genetic defects and tumor-suppressor genes. The word "normal" is contrasted with "damaged" - so it's referring to a gene that is not damaged, that functions as it should without defects.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal" - This is about conforming to a standard or norm. In the genetic context, a "normal copy" of a gene would be one that functions according to the standard/expected way without defects. This seems to fit well.

2. "in accordance with scientific laws" - This is about conforming to scientific laws. A normal gene copy would be one that follows normal biological/genetic principles without mutations or defects. This could also fit.

3. "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development" - This is more specific to being within normal ranges for characteristics like intelligence and development. The context is about genes being either damaged or normal (functioning properly), not about being "average" in a statistical sense.

4. "forming a right angle" - This is about perpendicular geometry and has nothing to do with the context.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 is about conforming with a norm or standard - a normal copy is one that meets the standard for how a gene should function
- Sense 2 is about conforming to scientific laws - technically a gene follows scientific laws whether it's damaged or not

Sense 1 seems more appropriate because it captures the idea of "normal" meaning "as it should be according to standard expectations" - contrasted with damaged. A normal gene copy is the standard, expected version without defects.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
Right now about a dozen laboratories, in the U.S., Canada and Britain, are racing to unmask other suspected tumor-suppressing genes. They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal <t>copy</t> from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses genetics, where an infant inherited "a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other." In this biological context, "copy" refers to a duplicate or reproduction of a gene that is similar/identical to another version of the same gene. This matches sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," which directly corresponds to the concept of gene copies inherited from each parent.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "copy" in this passage.

The target word appears twice:
1. "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

In this context, "copy" refers to a duplicate or reproduction of a gene. Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: - "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" - This is about written records/transcripts. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - Examples: "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor". This fits! A gene copy is indeed a duplicate/reproduction of a gene that is similar or identical to another copy.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: - "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" - This is about printing/written matter. Not applicable here.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: - "material suitable for a journalistic account" - This is about journalistic content. Not applicable here.

The context is clearly about genetics - an infant inheriting "a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other." This is describing that there are multiple versions/duplicates of the same gene (one from each parent).

Sense 2 (sense_key=copy%1:06:00::) is the best fit because it describes "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," which is exactly what a gene copy is - a reproduction/duplicate of a gene that is similar to the original.

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: developed
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, <t>developed</t> when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context describes how the tumor "came into existence" or originated when the second gene copy was damaged. Sense 5 ("come into existence; take on form or shape") with synonyms "originate, arise, spring up, grow" best captures this meaning of the tumor forming/arising as a result of the genetic condition, rather than being deliberately created or gradually growing over time.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged."

This is talking about how a tumor came into existence or was formed. It's describing how the tumor originated or came into being when the second gene copy was damaged.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: - "make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation" - Not quite right, this is more about creating/inventing something intentionally.

2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: - "work out" - Not quite right for this context.

3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: - "gain through experience" - Not relevant.

4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: - "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - Examples include "The patient developed abdominal pains" - this is close but more about acquiring symptoms.

5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: - "come into existence; take on form or shape" - This seems very relevant! "A new religious movement originated in that country" and "a love that sprang up from friendship" - this talks about something coming into existence or taking form.

10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: - "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - This could work, examples include "A flower developed on the branch".

20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: - "happen" - synonyms include "break, recrudesce" - This is about something occurring or happening.

The context is describing how a tumor came into existence when the second gene copy was damaged. The most fitting meaning would be either:
- Sense 5 (come into existence; take on form or shape)
- Sense 10 (grow, progress, unfold through evolution or natural growth)
- Sense 20 (happen)

In this biological context, where the tumor originated as a result of specific genetic conditions, sense 5 best captures the notion of something coming into being. While sense 10 emphasizes gradual growth and development, the narrative here focuses on the tumor's emergence when both gene copies were damaged. Sense 5 is the strongest match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "second" in this context refers to the second copy of the gene (coming after the first in sequence). The sentence describes how both the first and second copies of a tumor-suppressor gene become damaged. This is an ordinal usage indicating position/order in sequence, matching sense 1 (coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "second" is being used.

In the sentence: "The tumor, he suggested, developed when the <t>second</t>, normal copy also was damaged."

Here, "second" is being used to describe something that comes after the first one. The context is about genetic copies - one inherited from each parent. The first copy is damaged (inherited from one parent), and then the second copy (from the other parent) is also damaged.

This is clearly using "second" in the sense of "coming next after the first" - it's an ordinal number indicating position/order. The gene copy is the second one to be damaged.

Sense 1: "coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude" with synonyms 2nd, 2d - This fits perfectly. "Second" here is ordinal.

Sense 2: "a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first" with examples "second flute; the second violins" - This is about musical parts and has nothing to do with the biological/genetic context.

The answer is clearly sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, <t>normal</t> copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes a gene copy that is not damaged or defective, contrasting it with the "damaged copy" from the other parent. The word "normal" here means conforming to the standard or typical version of the gene - not abnormal or defective. This directly aligns with sense 1, which defines normal as "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard...not abnormal."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "normal" in this passage.

The context is about tumor-suppressor genes. The passage mentions:
"He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

The target word "normal" describes a copy of a gene that is NOT damaged. It's contrasting with the damaged copy mentioned earlier.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal" - This fits well. A "normal" copy of a gene would be one that conforms to the standard/typical version, not abnormal (not damaged).

2. "in accordance with scientific laws" - This could apply in a scientific context, but it's too vague and doesn't capture the specific meaning needed here.

3. "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development" - This talks about being average or within normal limits for intelligence and development. While it touches on "normal limits," this is more specific to intelligence/development and doesn't capture the meaning in the context as well.

4. "forming a right angle" - This is clearly not relevant. It's a mathematical/geometric definition.

The most appropriate sense is #1, which captures the meaning of a gene copy that is not defective/abnormal - it conforms to the standard, healthy version of the gene. The context explicitly contrasts "normal copy" with "damaged copy," which aligns perfectly with sense #1 definition: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard...not abnormal."

The answer is sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal <t>copy</t> also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses inheriting "a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other." In genetics, a "copy" of a gene refers to one version of genetic material that is similar or identical to another version of the same gene. This matches sense 2, which defines copy as "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," with the example of a clone being a copy of its ancestor—a parallel to how gene copies are similar/identical versions of the same genetic sequence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "copy" in this passage.

The context is about genetics and tumor-suppressor genes. The relevant sentence is: "He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: - "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" - This is about reproductions of official documents. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - Examples include "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor". This is about a physical object that is made to be similar or identical to another thing.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: - "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" - This is about text/material to be printed. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: - "material suitable for a journalistic account" - This is about content for journalism. Not applicable.

In the genetic context, "copy" refers to one instance or version of a gene. The person inherited "a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other." This is referring to one version/instance of the genetic material that is similar to another version (the other copy).

This sense most closely aligns with sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - because in genetics, copies of genes are versions that are similar (or identical) to other versions of the same gene. This is the best fit because it describes something that is similar or identical to another instance of the same thing.
The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
They have about seven candidates. Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was <t>damaged</t>. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes a genetic gene copy that has become defective or impaired. The word "damaged" refers to harm or injury to the gene's function, which aligns with sense 1 (harmed or injured or spoiled). Sense 2, concerning reputational harm, is not relevant to the biological/genetic discussion.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for the word "damaged".

Context: The sentence is about a genetic copy of a gene that was "damaged". The passage discusses tumor-suppressor genes and how when both copies become damaged, cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings

2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

The context is clearly about a genetic mutation or defect - a gene that has been harmed or altered. The passage talks about "a damaged copy of a gene" and later "the second, normal copy also was damaged."

Sense 1 refers to physical or functional harm - something that is injured, spoiled, or impaired. This fits perfectly with the genetic context where a gene is harmed or made defective.

Sense 2 refers to reputation being harmed or brought into disrepute. This doesn't fit the context at all - we're not talking about someone's reputation being damaged.

The answer is clearly sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's theory" means there was no means or method available to prove the theory. This matches sense 2: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" with synonyms "means, agency." The context clearly indicates that scientists lacked the necessary method or means to test/prove the hypothesis.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "way" appears:

"But there was no <t>way</t> to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."

The sentence is saying that there was no method or means to prove the theory. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "how something is done or how it happens" - manner, mode, style, fashion
2. "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" - means, agency
3. "a line leading to a place or point" - direction
4. "the condition of things generally" - that's the way it is
5. "a course of conduct" - path, way of life
6. "any artifact consisting of a road or path" - physical path
7. "a journey or passage" - on the way
8. "space for movement" - room, elbow room
9. "the property of distance in general" - long way to Moscow
10. "doing as one pleases" - if I had my way
11. "a general category of things" - in the way of clothing
12. "a portion of something divided into shares" - split three ways

In this context, "there was no way to prove" means "there was no means/method to prove". This is clearly sense 2: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" with synonyms "means, agency".

Sense 1 could also work (manner), but sense 2 is more precise because it specifically refers to the means of achieving an end (proving the theory).

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prove
Target surface form: prove
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to <t>prove</t> Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prove%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=turn out, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=prove%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=demonstrate, establish, show, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=prove%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, evidence, show | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=prove%2:31:02:: | definition=prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof
5. sense_key=prove%2:41:03:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=test, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
6. sense_key=prove%2:38:01:: | definition=increase in volume | synonyms=rise | examples=the dough rose slowly in the warm room
7. sense_key=prove%2:38:00:: | definition=cause to puff up with a leaven | synonyms=raise, leaven | examples=unleavened bread
8. sense_key=prove%2:36:00:: | definition=take a trial impression of
9. sense_key=prove%2:31:01:: | definition=obtain probate of | examples=prove a will

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context indicates that scientists lacked the ability to "establish the validity" of Knudson's two-hit theory. The phrase "there was no way to prove" means they couldn't demonstrate or experimentally validate the theory. This matches sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment." The synonyms "demonstrate, establish, show" and the example about an experiment demonstrating compound instability directly parallel the scientific context here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "prove" in this sentence:

"But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."

In this context, the sentence is discussing the inability to validate or demonstrate the validity of Knudson's theory. The researchers couldn't establish whether the theory was correct or not because they lacked the scientific tools to examine genes at that time.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "be shown or be found to be" - This means something turns out to be a certain way. Not the right sense here.

2. "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - This fits well. To prove a theory means to establish its validity through experimentation or demonstration. The context says they had "no way to prove" the theory because they lacked the scientific methods.

3. "provide evidence for" - This is similar to sense 2 but more about providing evidence specifically.

4. "prove formally; demonstrate by a mathematical, formal proof" - This is more specific to mathematical/formal proofs.

5. "put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to" - This is about testing something, which is related but slightly different.

6-9. These are clearly not relevant (biological processes, printing, legal documents).

The best fit is sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" with synonyms "demonstrate, establish, show, shew" and examples like "The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture."

This perfectly matches the context where they couldn't establish/demonstrate the validity of the theory.

The answer should be sense_index: 2


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: theory
Target surface form: theory
Context:
Researchers say the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes, alone or in combination, appears crucial to the development of such scourges as cancer of the brain, the skin, kidney, prostate, and cervix. There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "<t>theory</t>. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=theory%1:09:00:: | definition=a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena | examples=theories can incorporate facts and laws and tested hypotheses; true in fact and theory
2. sense_key=theory%1:09:01:: | definition=a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena | synonyms=hypothesis, possibility | examples=a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory of alkalis that later was accepted in chemical practices
3. sense_key=theory%1:09:02:: | definition=a belief that can guide behavior | examples=the architect has a theory that more is less; they killed him on the theory that dead men tell no tales

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes Dr. Knudson's proposal about retinoblastoma that "there was no way to prove" at the time. This is a tentative, unverified scientific explanation—exactly what sense 2 defines: "a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena." The passage emphasizes the lack of proof and the speculative nature of the proposal, distinguishing it from sense 1 (a well-substantiated explanation) and sense 3 (a guiding belief).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "theory" as it appears in the sentence: "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's 'two-hit' theory."

The context discusses Dr. Knudson Jr.'s proposal about retinoblastoma stemming from two separate genetic defects. He theorized about how the eye cancer develops with inherited genetic damage. At the time he proposed this, there was "no way to prove" this theory because scientists "had no way of ferreting out specific genes."

This is clearly referring to a proposal that hasn't yet been proven - it's a tentative explanation of how something works. The passage explicitly states there was no way to prove it at that time.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. Sense 1 (theory%1:09:00): "a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge..." - This describes an established, proven theory. But the context explicitly says there was "no way to prove" this theory, so it's not well-substantiated at the time of proposal.

2. Sense 2 (theory%1:09:01): "a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena" - This fits perfectly. The definition explicitly mentions something "not yet verified" and the examples include "a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory; he proposed a fresh theory..." This matches the context of Knudson proposing something that wasn't yet proven.

3. Sense 3 (theory%1:09:02): "a belief that can guide behavior" - This doesn't fit. The context is about a scientific proposal, not about a belief that guides behavior.

The answer is clearly sense 2, which is the index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: back
Target surface form: Back
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. <t>Back</t> then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=back%4:02:04:: | definition=in or to or toward a former location | examples=she went back to her parents' house
2. sense_key=back%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or toward the back or rear | synonyms=backward, backwards, rearward, rearwards | examples=he moved back; tripped when he stepped backward
3. sense_key=back%4:02:05:: | definition=in or to or toward an original condition | examples=he went back to sleep
4. sense_key=back%4:02:01:: | definition=in or to or toward a past time | synonyms=backward | examples=set the clocks back an hour; never look back
5. sense_key=back%4:02:06:: | definition=in reply | examples=he wrote back three days later
6. sense_key=back%4:02:03:: | definition=in repayment or retaliation | examples=we paid back everything we had borrowed; he hit me and I hit him back

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The phrase "Back then" in the sentence refers to a past time period (the 1970s), contrasting with the present scientific capabilities. This usage clearly corresponds to sense 4, which defines "back" as "in or to or toward a past time," with examples like "set the clocks back an hour" and "never look back."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "Back" to determine which sense is being used.

The sentence is: "Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes."

The phrase "Back then" is referring to a time in the past - specifically the 1970s era when scientists couldn't do what they can do now. It's referring to a past time period.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "in or to or toward a former location" - This is about going back to a place. Not about time.

2. "at or to or toward the back or rear" - This is spatial, about direction. Not about time.

3. "in or to or toward an original condition" - This is about returning to a state. Not about time.

4. "in or to or toward a past time" - This matches! The example "set the clocks back an hour" and "never look back" relate to time. And the sense has synonyms "backward" which fits temporal usage.

5. "in reply" - This is about responding. Not about time.

6. "in repayment or retaliation" - This is about payment/retaliation. Not about time.

The phrase "Back then" clearly refers to a past time period. This is sense 4, which has the definition "in or to or toward a past time" with the synonym "backward" and examples like "set the clocks back an hour; never look back".

The answer is sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back <t>then</t>, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "then" in the phrase "Back then" refers to a specific time in the past—namely, the 1970s when scientists lacked the technology to identify specific genes. This matches sense 3 ("at that time"), which is further supported by the example "prices were lower back then" that uses the exact same phrase structure.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "then" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes."

The word "then" here is being used to refer to a specific time period in the past. The context makes it clear that this is referring to the 1970s (mentioned earlier) when Dr. Knudson proposed his theory. The phrase "back then" specifically means "at that time in the past."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: - "subsequently or soon afterward" - This would mean something happens after something else, like a sequence of events. This doesn't fit here.

2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: - "in that case or as a consequence" - This would be used in conditional statements or when drawing conclusions. Not a fit here.

3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: - "at that time" - This directly refers to a specific time in the past. The example "I was young then" and "prices were lower back then" both match the usage in the target sentence perfectly. This is the correct sense.

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: way
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no <t>way</t> of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context "scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes" uses "way" to mean a method or means by which something can be accomplished. This matches sense 2: "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" with synonyms "means, agency." The scientists lacked the means or method to accomplish the task of ferreting out genes.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the target word "way" in the passage:

"But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no <t>way</t> of ferreting out specific genes..."

The target is the second occurrence of "way" - "scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes"

In this context, "way" means "a method or means by which something is done" - it's describing the method or means of doing something (ferreting out specific genes).

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: - "how something is done or how it happens" - manner, mode, style, fashion
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: - "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" - means, agency
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: - "a line leading to a place or point" - direction
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: - "the condition of things generally"
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: - "a course of conduct" - path, way of life
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: - "any artifact consisting of a road or path"
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: - "a journey or passage"
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: - "space for movement" - room, elbow room
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: - "the property of distance in general"
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: - "doing as one pleases or chooses"
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: - "a general category of things"
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: - "a portion of something divided into shares"

The phrase "had no way of ferreting out specific genes" indicates scientists lacked the means to accomplish this task. Between sense 1 (manner, style) and sense 2 (means to achieve an end), sense 2 is the better fit since it specifically captures the idea of lacking the mechanism or agency needed to accomplish the goal of identifying genes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: see
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could <t>see</t> the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly describes scientists using a microscope to visually observe chromosomes. The phrase "under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes" refers to the basic act of perceiving by sight - observing structures through visual means. This is the prototypical use of sense 1: "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight," which matches the provided examples like "Can you see the bird in that tree?"

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "see" in this sentence:

"Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes."

The context is about scientists using a microscope to observe chromosomes. The key phrase is "under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes."

This is clearly about visual perception - looking at something through a microscope and observing it. The scientists are looking at chromosomes and can perceive them visually.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight" - This is the most basic sense of seeing, about visual perception. The examples are "You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?" - This fits perfectly with looking at chromosomes under a microscope.

2. "perceive (an idea or situation) mentally" - This is about understanding, not visual perception.

3. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - This could work, but it seems less specific.

4. "imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind" - Not applicable here.

5. "deem to be" - Not applicable.

6. "get to know or become aware of" - Not the primary meaning here.

7. "see or watch" - Could work, but sense 1 is more specific to the basic visual perception.

20. "observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect" - This could also fit, as scientists are examining chromosomes under a microscope.

The most straightforward reading is sense 1: "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight" - the basic visual perception meaning. Scientists using a microscope to see chromosomes is the prototypical example of this sense.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pair
Target surface form: pairs
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 <t>pairs</t> of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pair%1:14:01:: | definition=a set of two similar things considered as a unit | synonyms=brace
2. sense_key=pair%1:23:00:: | definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=couple, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
3. sense_key=pair%1:14:00:: | definition=two people considered as a unit
4. sense_key=pair%1:14:02:: | definition=a poker hand with 2 cards of the same value

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "23 pairs of chromosomes" in human cells. This refers to two chromosomes of the same kind grouped together as a unit—humans inherit one chromosome from each parent, resulting in pairs. Sense 2 ("two items of the same kind") best captures this biological meaning, as it refers to matching chromosomal elements rather than specific human pairs or poker hands.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "pairs" in the sentence "under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes."

The context is about chromosomes in human cells. The reference to "23 pairs of chromosomes" is a biological fact - humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=pair%1:14:01:: | definition=a set of two similar things considered as a unit | synonyms=brace
   - This refers to two similar things as a unit. Chromosomes do come in pairs (one from each parent), so this could fit.

2. sense_key=pair%1:23:00:: | definition=two items of the same kind | synonyms=couple, twosome, twain, brace, span, yoke
   - This is a general definition of two items of the same kind. This fits well for chromosomes which are the same kind.

3. sense_key=pair%1:14:00:: | definition=two people considered as a unit
   - This is specifically about two people, so it doesn't fit. Chromosomes are not people.

4. sense_key=pair%1:14:02:: | definition=a poker hand with 2 cards of the same value
   - This is about poker/cards, which is not relevant to chromosomes.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 emphasizes "similar things considered as a unit"
- Sense 2 emphasizes "two items of the same kind"

Both are quite similar, but sense 2 seems more general and better fits the biological context where we're talking about two chromosomes of the same kind. The definition "two items of the same kind" is more appropriate for chromosomes than "a set of two similar things considered as a unit."

Actually, both 1 and 2 seem very similar. Looking at the definitions:
- Sense 1 focuses on "similar things as a unit" while sense 2 is broader, describing "two items of the same kind." In scientific contexts, sense 2's more general phrasing aligns better with how chromosomes are typically described. I'll select sense 2, indexed as 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the <t>cells</t> that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "cells" in this passage.

The passage is about genetics and cancer, specifically discussing:
- Genes and tumor-suppressor genes
- Retinoblastoma (eye cancer)
- Chromosomes in cells that contain genes
- "under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells"

This is clearly a biological/scientific context. The passage is talking about cells as the fundamental biological units that contain chromosomes and genes.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: - "any small compartment" (honeycomb example) - Too generic, not specific to biology
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: - "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms" - This is the correct biological sense
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: - "a device that delivers an electric current" - Not relevant
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: - "a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement" - Not relevant
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: - "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone" - Not relevant
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: - "small room in which a monk or nun lives" - Not relevant
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: - "a room where a prisoner is kept" - Not relevant

The context clearly refers to biological cells that contain chromosomes and genes. Sense 2 (cell%1:03:00::) is the correct answer - "the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms."

The instruction asks me to return only the sense_index. Looking at the ordering:
1 = sense 1
2 = sense 2
3 = sense 3
etc.

So sense 2 corresponds to index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: contain
Target surface form: contain
Context:
There is evidence that if people inherit defective versions of these genes, they are especially prone to cancer, perhaps explaining, finally, why some cancers seem to haunt certain families. The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that <t>contain</t> the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=contain%2:42:00:: | definition=include or contain; have as a component | synonyms=incorporate, comprise | examples=A totally new idea is comprised in this paper; The record contains many old songs from the 1930's
2. sense_key=contain%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, bear, carry | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
3. sense_key=contain%2:41:00:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, hold, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
4. sense_key=contain%2:42:06:: | definition=be divisible by | examples=24 contains 6
5. sense_key=contain%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=take, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
6. sense_key=contain%2:33:00:: | definition=hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of | synonyms=check, turn back, arrest, stop, hold back | examples=Arrest the downward trend; Check the growth of communism in South East Asia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes chromosomes that "contain the genes," meaning genes are components present within chromosomes. This matches sense 1 (include or contain; have as a component), which is exemplified by "The record contains many old songs" - a structurally parallel use where the container (record) has component items (songs) within it. The genes are the components contained within the chromosomes.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "contain" is being used.

The context is: "under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes."

Here, "contain" is used to describe the relationship between chromosomes and genes. The chromosomes have genes within them - genes are components that are present in the chromosomes.

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=contain%2:42:00:: | definition=include or contain; have as a component | synonyms=incorporate, comprise | examples=A totally new idea is comprised in this paper; The record contains many old songs from the 1930's
   - This means to include something as a component. The example "The record contains many old songs" is very similar to our context where chromosomes contain genes.

2. sense_key=contain%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, bear, carry | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
   - This is about having something within/holding something physically.

3. sense_key=contain%2:41:00:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, hold, check, curb, moderate
   - This is about restraint/control, not relevant here.

4. sense_key=contain%2:42:06:: | definition=be divisible by | examples=24 contains 6
   - This is mathematical, not relevant.

5. sense_key=contain%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=take, hold
   - This is about capacity/capability to hold.

6. sense_key=contain%2:33:00:: | definition=hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of
   - This is about restraint/control of something dangerous, not relevant.

Between the viable options, sense 1 best fits the biological context. It emphasizes having something as a component, which aligns with how chromosomes contain genes as structural elements. Sense 2 could also apply with its focus on physical containment, but the component-based definition of sense 1 more precisely captures the genetic relationship.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: gross
Target surface form: gross
Context:
The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, <t>gross</t> chromosome damage was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=gross%3:00:00:: | definition=before any deductions | examples=gross income
2. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:general:00 | definition=lacking fine distinctions or detail | examples=the gross details of the structure appear reasonable
3. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:fat:01 | definition=repellently fat | synonyms=porcine | examples=a bald porcine old man
4. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:visible:00 | definition=visible to the naked eye (especially of rocks and anatomical features) | synonyms=megascopic
5. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:unmitigated:00 | definition=without qualification; used informally as (often pejorative) intensifiers | synonyms=arrant, complete, consummate, double-dyed, everlasting, perfect | examples=an arrant fool; a complete coward
6. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:indecent:00 | definition=conspicuously and tastelessly indecent | synonyms=crude, earthy, vulgar | examples=coarse language; a crude joke
7. sense_key=gross%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuously and outrageously bad or reprehensible | synonyms=crying, egregious, flagrant, glaring, rank | examples=a crying shame; an egregious lie

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes chromosome damage that "was visible" under a microscope. In scientific and medical terminology, "gross" refers to features or structures visible to the naked eye or at low magnification (macroscopic level), as opposed to microscopic details requiring high magnification. This sense (visible to the naked eye) is the most appropriate interpretation in this biological context, where gross chromosome damage represents large-scale, observable damage as contrasted with the fine genetic details that scientists couldn't resolve at that time.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "gross" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome damage was visible."

The context is about chromosome damage that was visible under a microscope. The key phrase is "visible" and "under a microscope."

Let me look at each sense:

1. "before any deductions" (financial sense) - Not applicable here
2. "lacking fine distinctions or detail" - This could fit - gross damage as in large/coarse damage without fine detail
3. "repellently fat" - Not applicable
4. "visible to the naked eye (especially of rocks and anatomical features)" - This talks about being visible, and mentions "megascopic" as a synonym. This seems very relevant given the context mentions "visible" and chromosomes can be seen under a microscope
5. "without qualification; used informally as intensifiers" - Possible but doesn't fit as well
6. "conspicuously and tastelessly indecent" - Not applicable
7. "conspicuously and outrageously bad or reprehensible" - Could mean "obviously bad" damage, but not the best fit

The best match is sense 4: "visible to the naked eye (especially of rocks and anatomical features)" with the synonym "megascopic". The passage talks about chromosome damage that was "visible" - this is describing damage that could be seen, which aligns with the definition of gross as "visible to the naked eye." In scientific/medical contexts, "gross" often refers to features visible without magnification or at low magnification (as opposed to "microscopic" which requires high magnification). The damage was visible under a microscope, making it "gross" in the sense of large-scale or visible damage.
Sense 4 is the answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
The story of tumor-suppressor genes goes back to the 1970s, when a pediatrician named Alfred G. Knudson Jr. proposed that retinoblastoma stemmed from two separate genetic defects. He theorized that in the eye cancer, an infant inherited a damaged copy of a gene from one parent and a normal copy from the other. The tumor, he suggested, developed when the second, normal copy also was damaged. But there was no way to prove Dr. Knudson's "two-hit "theory. Back then, scientists had no way of ferreting out specific genes, but under a microscope they could see the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the cells that contain the genes. Occasionally, gross chromosome <t>damage</t> was visible. Dr. Knudson found that some children with the eye cancer had inherited a damaged copy of chromosome No. 13 from a parent who had had the disease.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "gross chromosome damage was visible" under a microscope, referring to the abnormal state of chromosomes in cancer cells. This matches sense 1 - "the occurrence of a change for the worse" - which describes the observable impairment or harm to the chromosome structure itself, rather than the act of damaging (sense 3) or legal/financial damages (senses 4-5).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "damage" best fits.

The context is about gross chromosome damage visible under a microscope. The passage discusses genetic defects and damaged copies of genes/chromosomes in the context of retinoblastoma (eye cancer).

Let me examine each sense:

1. "the occurrence of a change for the worse" (harm, impairment) - This fits the context of chromosomal abnormalities being a negative change to the chromosome structure.

2. "loss of military equipment" (equipment casualty) - This doesn't fit at all; there's nothing military about chromosome damage.

3. "the act of damaging something or someone" (harm, hurt, scathe) - This is about the action of damaging, not the state of being damaged. The context talks about a damaged chromosome, which is a state/result, not an action.

4. "the amount of money needed to purchase something" (price, terms) - This makes no sense in context; this is clearly about financial damage/compensation, but that's not what's being discussed here.

5. "any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right" (wrong, legal injury) - This is specifically about legal damages, not applicable here.

The key phrase is "gross chromosome damage was visible." This is describing the physical state of the chromosome - something that has been negatively altered or impaired. It's not describing the act of damaging (which would be sense 3), but rather the result/state of damage.

Sense 1 "the occurrence of a change for the worse" with synonyms "harm, impairment" is the best fit. It describes the state of chromosomal abnormality/impairment that was visible, not the action of causing damage.

The answer is sense 1.