[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. <t>American</t> education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "American education" in this context refers to the education system of the United States of America. The discussion focuses on U.S. educational practices, the education establishment, and policies affecting American children and parents. This clearly invokes the first sense, which pertains to the United States of America and its culture/institutions, rather than the second sense, which would refer to the geographical Americas broadly.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "American" is being used.

The context is discussing education in what appears to be the United States. The text mentions:
- "American education's future"
- Discussion of education systems, parents, and children
- References to "the education establishment"

The two candidate senses are:
1. "of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture" - with examples like "American citizens; American English"
2. "of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas" - with examples like "the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna"

Given the context, "American education" is clearly referring to the education system of the United States of America, not the broader Americas. The author is discussing U.S. educational practices and their future.

Sense 1 is the correct interpretation here because:
- It's specifically about the United States of America
- The context is about education policy and practice, which is a cultural/institutional matter
- This matches the example "American citizens" and the type of reference being made

Sense 2 would apply to geographical or biological references to the Americas broadly, which is not what's being discussed here.

Therefore, the answer should be sense index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American <t>education</t>'s future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The phrase "the education establishment" refers to the institutional system and activities of educating and instructing. The context discusses education as a system engaged in disciplined instruction and traditional teaching methods. Sense 1 (the activities of educating or instructing) best captures this meaning, as "the education establishment" denotes the organized institution responsible for these educational activities.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the target word "education" in the given passage.

The sentence is: "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way."

Earlier in the passage, there are references to:
- "get a decent education as traditionally understood"
- The broader context discusses education as an institution/system dealing with instruction and teaching

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - This refers to the act/activities of teaching and instructing.

2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: - "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" - This refers to knowledge itself.

3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: - "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - This refers to the process of learning.

4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: - "the profession of teaching" - This refers to teaching as a profession.

5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: - "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)" - This refers to refinement/breeding.

6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: - "the United States federal department..." - This is about the Department of Education.

In the phrase "the education establishment," the word "education" is being used to describe an institution/system. The passage talks about "the education establishment" as an organizational entity that "will fight against common sense."

This suggests a systemic/institutional sense of education. Looking at the context:
- "decent education as traditionally understood" - this refers to the system/institution of education
- "The education establishment" - this is referring to the educational institution/system

Sense 1 (activities of educating/instructing) fits best because "education establishment" refers to the system that performs these activities - the institution of education as a whole.
The profession of teaching could apply, but "education establishment" encompasses a broader institutional scope. Sense 1 captures the systemic nature of the educational activities being referenced.

{"sense_index": 1}

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: future
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's <t>future</t> will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "future" in "American education's future will be determined by..." refers to the time yet to come. The passage discusses what will happen to American education in the times ahead, making this a temporal reference to "the time yet to come" rather than a grammatical term (sense 2) or a financial/commodities trading term (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "future" is being used.

The sentence is: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Let me consider each candidate sense:

1. **sense_key=future%1:28:00::** - "the time yet to come" | synonyms: hereafter, futurity, time to come
   - This refers to time that hasn't happened yet. In the context, "American education's future" means what will happen to American education in the time to come.

2. **sense_key=future%1:10:00::** - "a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future" | synonyms: future tense
   - This is a grammatical term referring to verb tense. The word "future" here is not being used as a grammatical term.

3. **sense_key=future%1:06:00::** - "bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date"
   - This refers to financial futures/commodities trading. The context is clearly about education, not financial trading.

The correct answer is clearly sense 1, which means "the time yet to come." In the phrase "American education's future," the word "future" refers to what will happen in the time to come for American education.

The sense index would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: determine
Target surface form: determined
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be <t>determined</t> by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=determine%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=find, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
2. sense_key=determine%2:31:02:: | definition=shape or influence; give direction to | synonyms=shape, mold, influence, regulate | examples=experience often determines ability; mold public opinion
3. sense_key=determine%2:31:01:: | definition=fix conclusively or authoritatively | synonyms=set | examples=set the rules
4. sense_key=determine%2:32:03:: | definition=decide upon or fix definitely | synonyms=specify, set, define, fix, limit | examples=fix the variables; specify the parameters
5. sense_key=determine%2:31:00:: | definition=reach, make, or come to a decision about something | synonyms=decide, make up one's mind | examples=We finally decided after lengthy deliberations
6. sense_key=determine%2:31:03:: | definition=fix in scope; fix the boundaries of | examples=the tree determines the border of the property
7. sense_key=determine%2:32:05:: | definition=settle conclusively; come to terms | synonyms=settle, square off, square up | examples=We finally settled the argument
8. sense_key=determine%2:32:01:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=check, find out, see, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The sentence states that "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we...allow this common sense to prevail." Here, "determined" means the future will be shaped or influenced by the prevalence of common sense. This matches sense 2 ("shape or influence; give direction to"), as evidenced by the synonym "mold" and the example "experience often determines ability," which similarly describes how one factor influences or shapes an outcome.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "determined" to find the best matching sense.

Context analysis:
"American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

In this sentence, "determined" means that the future of American education will be shaped or influenced by the degree to which common sense prevails. The sentence is saying that common sense (or its absence) will influence what happens to American education's future.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This is about finding out through investigation. Not the best fit here.

2. "shape or influence; give direction to" - This fits well. The sentence says the future will be "shaped or influenced by" the degree to which common sense prevails. This seems like a strong match.

3. "fix conclusively or authoritatively" - This is about setting rules or fixing something authoritatively. Doesn't fit as well.

4. "decide upon or fix definitely" - About setting or specifying parameters. Not the best fit.

5. "reach, make, or come to a decision about something" - This is about making a decision. Not quite right.

6. "fix in scope; fix the boundaries of" - About fixing boundaries. Not relevant here.

7. "settle conclusively" - About settling an argument or dispute. Not relevant.

8. "find out, learn, or determine with certainty" - This is about discovering something through inquiry. Not the best fit.

The best match is sense 2: "shape or influence; give direction to" with the example "experience often determines ability; mold public opinion". This captures the meaning that the future of education will be shaped/influenced by how much common sense prevails.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degree
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the <t>degree</t> to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "degree" in this context means "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series." The phrase "the degree to which we...allow this common sense to prevail" is asking about the extent or position on a scale at which common sense will be permitted. This matches sense 2, which captures the idea of a position on a continuum of extent/amount, similar to the example "a remarkable degree of frankness" provided for this sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "degree" is being used.

The sentence is: "American education's future will be determined by the <t>degree</t> to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Looking at the context, "degree" is used to indicate the extent or level to which something happens. It's about the amount or extent of something - specifically "to what extent/level will we allow common sense to prevail."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: - "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" with examples like "a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required" - This seems to fit, as it's about a position on a scale of amount/extent.

2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: - "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" with examples like "a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?" - This also fits well. The phrase "to what degree" is asking about a position on a continuum/scale.

3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: - academic degree - clearly not relevant

4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: - measure for arcs and angles - not relevant

5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: - highest power of a term - not relevant

6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: - unit of temperature - not relevant

7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: - seriousness of something - not really fitting here

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 emphasizes "intensity or amount or quality"
- Sense 2 emphasizes "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series"

The phrase "to the degree to which" is asking about extent/level.

The example "a remarkable degree of frankness" in sense 2 parallels our usage closely. While both definitions work, sense 2 better captures the notion of asking where on a scale something falls, which aligns with the phrasing "to the degree to which."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: allow
Target surface form: allow
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- <t>allow</t> this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=allow%2:41:00:: | definition=make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen | synonyms=let, permit | examples=This permits the water to rush in; This sealed door won't allow the water come into the basement
2. sense_key=allow%2:32:00:: | definition=consent to, give permission | synonyms=permit, let, countenance | examples=She permitted her son to visit her estranged husband; I won't let the police search her basement
3. sense_key=allow%2:40:00:: | definition=let have | synonyms=grant | examples=grant permission; Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison
4. sense_key=allow%2:31:01:: | definition=give or assign a resource to a particular person or cause | synonyms=appropriate, earmark, set aside, reserve | examples=I will earmark this money for your research; She sets aside time for meditation every day
5. sense_key=allow%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, provide | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=allow%2:31:00:: | definition=allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth or validity of something | synonyms=take into account | examples=I allow for this possibility; The seamstress planned for 5% shrinkage after the first wash
7. sense_key=allow%2:42:07:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=admit | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
8. sense_key=allow%2:41:01:: | definition=allow the other (baseball) team to score | synonyms=give up | examples=give up a run
9. sense_key=allow%2:40:01:: | definition=grant as a discount or in exchange | examples=The camera store owner allowed me $50 on my old camera
10. sense_key=allow%2:32:06:: | definition=allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting | synonyms=permit, tolerate | examples=We don't allow dogs here; Children are not permitted beyond this point

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "allow" in the phrase "allow this common sense to prevail" means to make it possible for something to happen. The sentence argues that education's future depends on the degree to which we enable or make possible the prevalence of common sense over illusions. This corresponds to sense 1, which defines "allow" as making it possible through action or inaction for something to happen, with synonyms like "let" and "permit."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "allow" in the sentence:

"American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

The sentence is asking about allowing "common sense to prevail." This means making it possible for common sense to overcome illusions. Let me examine each sense:

1. "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen" - This could fit, as "allow" here means making it possible for common sense to prevail.

2. "consent to, give permission" - This doesn't fit as well. We're not giving permission to common sense.

3. "let have" - Doesn't fit well.

4. "give or assign a resource" - Doesn't fit.

5. "make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain" - This fits well. "Allow common sense to prevail" means providing the opportunity or making it possible for common sense to prevail.

6. "allow or plan for a certain possibility; concede the truth" - Doesn't fit perfectly.

7. "afford possibility; admit" - This could fit.

8. Baseball term - Not relevant.

9. Grant as discount - Not relevant.

10. "allow the presence of or allow (an activity) without opposing or prohibiting" - This could fit - not opposing common sense, tolerating it.

The key question is whether this is about:
- Making something possible (sense 1 or 5)
- Or tolerating something (sense 10)
- Or permitting something (sense 2)

In context, "allow this common sense to prevail" means to let it happen, to make it possible for it to happen. This is closest to sense 1 or sense 5.

Sense 1 is very general: "make it possible through a specific action or lack of action for something to happen"
Sense 5 focuses more on providing opportunity. Looking at the examples—"This permits the water to rush in" versus "The evidence allows only one conclusion"—the first demonstrates enabling action while the second shows affording a particular outcome. The phrase "allow common sense to prevail" fits the first pattern better, where our actions or inactions create conditions for something to happen. Sense 1 is the strongest match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: prevail
Target surface form: prevail
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to <t>prevail</t> over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=prevail%2:42:02:: | definition=be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance | synonyms=predominate, dominate, rule, reign | examples=Money reigns supreme here; Hispanics predominate in this neighborhood
2. sense_key=prevail%2:42:01:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=hold, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
3. sense_key=prevail%2:42:00:: | definition=continue to exist | synonyms=persist, die hard, run, endure | examples=These stories die hard; The legend of Elvis endures
4. sense_key=prevail%2:33:00:: | definition=prove superior | synonyms=triumph | examples=The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight
5. sense_key=prevail%2:32:02:: | definition=use persuasion successfully | examples=He prevailed upon her to visit his parents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context shows "allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions," where "prevail over" indicates one force triumphing or proving superior against another. This matches sense 4: "prove superior," with the synonym "triumph." The author is describing common sense winning against illusions, not simply being more numerous or powerful, which aligns with the competitive, victory-oriented meaning of "prevail" in this passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "prevail" in this passage.

The sentence is: "American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share."

Context clues:
- "prevail over the illusions" - the phrase "prevail over" suggests being superior to or winning against something
- The author is talking about common sense triumphing/winning against illusions
- The contrast is between common sense and illusions - common sense should "win" or be superior

Let me examine each sense:

1. "be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance" - This could fit, as common sense would be "more important" or have more power than illusions.

2. "be valid, applicable, or true" - This doesn't fit well. The context isn't about whether something is true or valid, but about one force winning over another.

3. "continue to exist" - This doesn't fit the context at all.

4. "prove superior" - This fits well. The author is saying common sense should prove superior/triumph over illusions.

5. "use persuasion successfully" - This doesn't fit. The context isn't about persuading someone.

Between senses 1 and 4:
- Sense 1 focuses on being larger in number or power
- Sense 4 focuses on proving superior or triumphing

The phrase "prevail over" with the examples "The champion prevailed, though it was a hard fight" strongly suggests sense 4 - proving superior or triumphing. The author is saying common sense should triumph over illusions, which is about one force winning against another, not just being more numerous or powerful.

The answer should be sense 4 (index 4).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: illusion
Target surface form: illusions
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the <t>illusions</t> that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=illusion%1:09:01:: | definition=an erroneous mental representation | synonyms=semblance
2. sense_key=illusion%1:09:00:: | definition=something many people believe that is false | synonyms=fantasy, phantasy, fancy | examples=they have the illusion that I am very wealthy
3. sense_key=illusion%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas | synonyms=delusion, head game
4. sense_key=illusion%1:04:02:: | definition=an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers | synonyms=magic trick, conjuring trick, trick, magic, legerdemain, conjuration

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The passage refers to "illusions that we also share" - false beliefs held widely by people about education and the role of "creativity." The context emphasizes these as misconceptions that the general public collectively believes, which fits sense 2: "something many people believe that is false." This is reinforced by the phrase "we also share," indicating these are common, widespread false notions rather than individual mental errors or the act of deception itself.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine the correct sense of "illusions" in this passage.

Context analysis:
The passage discusses the tension between "creativity" in education (which the author seems critical of) and traditional education with disciplined instruction. The passage states that parents have "common sense" about what education should demand, but the author is concerned that "the education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way" due to the "illusions" that "we also share."

In this context, "illusions" refers to false beliefs or misconceptions that people hold. The author is saying we all share certain false notions or misconceptions about education and creativity.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=illusion%1:09:01:: - "an erroneous mental representation" - This could fit, as illusions are false mental representations.

2. sense_key=illusion%1:09:00:: - "something many people believe that is false" - This seems very fitting. The example "they have the illusion that I am very wealthy" shows people believing something false. In the passage, "we also share" these illusions, suggesting widely held false beliefs about education.

3. sense_key=illusion%1:04:00:: - "the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas" - This refers to the act of delusion itself, not the false beliefs people hold.

4. sense_key=illusion%1:04:02:: - "an illusory feat; considered magical by naive observers" - This is about magic tricks and conjuring, which doesn't fit this context at all.

The best fit is sense 2: "something many people believe that is false" - because the passage emphasizes "illusions that we also share," suggesting widespread false beliefs about education. This aligns with the example given in sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: share
Target surface form: share
Context:
The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also <t>share</t>. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=share%2:42:00:: | definition=have in common | examples=Our children share a love of music; The two countries share a long border
2. sense_key=share%2:40:02:: | definition=use jointly or in common
3. sense_key=share%2:40:01:: | definition=have, give, or receive a share of | synonyms=partake, partake in | examples=We shared the cake
4. sense_key=share%2:40:00:: | definition=give out as one's portion or share | synonyms=divvy up, portion out, apportion, deal
5. sense_key=share%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate | examples=I'd like to share this idea with you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context states "the illusions that we also share," meaning the illusions that we all have in common. This clearly corresponds to the sense "have in common," as exemplified by "Our children share a love of music; The two countries share a long border." The other senses involve different meanings (distributing portions, using jointly, or communicating) that don't fit this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "share" appears:

"American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also <t>share</t>."

Here, "share" means that "we" (all of us) have these illusions in common. The subject is "we" and the object is "the illusions." The sentence is saying that we all have these illusions - they are common to us.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "have in common" - This fits perfectly. The sentence is saying we all have/share the illusions in common.

2. "use jointly or in common" - This doesn't fit as well. We're not using the illusions jointly.

3. "have, give, or receive a share of" - This is about partaking or dividing something. It doesn't fit the context.

4. "give out as one's portion or share" - This is about distributing portions. Doesn't fit.

5. "communicate" - This could potentially fit (sharing an idea with someone), but in this context, the meaning is more about having the illusions in common rather than communicating them.

The best sense is clearly sense 1: "have in common" with examples "Our children share a love of music; The two countries share a long border." This matches perfectly - we all share (have in common) these illusions.

The answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The <t>education</t> establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The phrase "the education establishment" refers to the institutional and professional structures involved in teaching and instruction. This usage aligns with sense 4, "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)," which encompasses the organized system and institutions that the passage criticizes as resisting common sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "education" is being used.

The passage discusses:
1. The romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction in education
2. Parents wanting their children to get a "decent education as traditionally understood"
3. The "education establishment" fighting against common sense

The phrase "the education establishment" is key here. In the context of this passage, "education" refers to the institution, system, and profession of teaching/instruction, not:
- Just the knowledge acquired (senses 2, 3, 5)
- The result of upbringing (sense 5)
- The government department (sense 6)

Looking at the specific mention: "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way."

This refers to the institutional system and the profession of teaching. "The education establishment" is referring to the professional and institutional infrastructure of education.

Let me evaluate the senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - This could work, talking about the system/activities
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: - "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" - Doesn't fit "the education establishment"
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: - "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - Doesn't fit well either
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: - "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)" - This fits perfectly with "the education establishment"
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: - "the result of good upbringing" - Doesn't fit
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: - "the United States federal department" - Not relevant

Sense 4 (the profession of teaching) is the best fit for "the education establishment" because it refers to the institutional system and professional structures involved in teaching. This is what would constitute an "establishment."
The answer is sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: establishment
Target surface form: establishment
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education <t>establishment</t> will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, formation, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization founded and united for a specific purpose | synonyms=institution
3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: | definition=a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: | definition=any large organization
6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: | definition=(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat | synonyms=ecesis
7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: | definition=the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof | synonyms=validation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The phrase "the education establishment" in this context refers to the administrative bodies, leadership, and decision-making structures that govern the education system. This matches sense 3, which defines "establishment" as "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something." The context indicates the author is critiquing those in power within the educational bureaucracy who resist common-sense educational practices.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "establishment" in this passage.

The passage discusses education policy and mentions "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way."

In this context, "the education establishment" refers to the institutions, organizations, and the people who run the educational system. It's referring to the bureaucratic/administrative structures and leadership within education.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: - the act of forming or establishing something (formation/constitution) - This is about the process of creating something, not relevant here.

2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: - an organization founded and united for a specific purpose; institution - This could fit, but it's singular/specific.

3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: - the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something; administration, governance, governing body - This is about the people/administrative bodies that administer something. This fits well with "the education establishment" referring to the administrators and decision-makers in education.

4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: - a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment - This is about physical structures, not applicable here.

5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: - any large organization - This is generic and doesn't capture the administrative/leadership aspect as well.

6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: - (ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat - Not relevant.

7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: - the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 3, which refers to "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" - this perfectly captures what "the education establishment" means in this context: the administrators, committees, and bureaucratic structures that run the education system.
Sense index 3 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fight
Target surface form: fight
Context:
The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children. It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will <t>fight</t> against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fight%2:33:00:: | definition=be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight | synonyms=contend, struggle | examples=the tribesmen fought each other; Siblings are always fighting
2. sense_key=fight%2:33:01:: | definition=fight against or resist strongly | synonyms=oppose, fight back, fight down, defend | examples=The senator said he would oppose the bill; Don't fight it!
3. sense_key=fight%2:41:00:: | definition=make a strenuous or labored effort | synonyms=struggle | examples=She struggled for years to survive without welfare; He fought for breath
4. sense_key=fight%2:41:10:: | definition=exert oneself continuously, vigorously, or obtrusively to gain an end or engage in a crusade for a certain cause or person; be an advocate for | synonyms=crusade, press, campaign, push, agitate | examples=The liberal party pushed for reforms; She is crusading for women's rights

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows the education establishment actively resisting or opposing common sense ("fight against common sense every inch of the way"). This matches sense 2: "fight against or resist strongly" with its synonyms of "oppose, fight back, fight down, defend." The example "The senator said he would oppose the bill" parallels the metaphorical opposition in the target sentence. Sense 1 refers to direct physical combat, sense 3 to struggling through difficulty, and sense 4 to campaigning for a cause—none of which fit the resistant opposition indicated here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way."

This is about the education establishment resisting or opposing common sense in education. Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=fight%2:33:00:: - "be engaged in a fight; carry on a fight" with examples like "the tribesmen fought each other; Siblings are always fighting" - This is about physical or direct fighting, which doesn't fit the metaphorical use here.

2. sense_key=fight%2:33:01:: - "fight against or resist strongly" with synonyms oppose, fight back, fight down, defend and examples "The senator said he would oppose the bill; Don't fight it!" - This fits well. The education establishment is resisting or opposing common sense.

3. sense_key=fight%2:41:00:: - "make a strenuous or labored effort" with examples "She struggled for years to survive without welfare; He fought for breath" - This is about struggling to achieve something, which is close but not the primary meaning here.

4. sense_key=fight%2:41:10:: - "exert oneself continuously, vigorously, or obtrusively to gain an end or engage in a crusade" with examples about pushing for reforms, crusading for rights - This is about actively campaigning for something, which doesn't fit as well since the education establishment is resisting, not campaigning for something.

The phrase "fight against common sense" most clearly aligns with sense 2, which is "fight against or resist strongly" with the definition and examples supporting resistance/opposition.

The answer should be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The <t>reasons</t> are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "reasons" in this context refers to explanations of why the education establishment fights against common sense. The author is providing a causal explanation—that progressive education is more interesting and agreeable to teachers—which matches the definition of "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon." The plural "reasons are complex" followed by "one simple reason" clearly indicates the author is offering explanations for the cause of the phenomenon being discussed.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "reasons" is being used.

The sentence is: "The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The <t>reasons</t> are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

The passage is asking "what are the reasons" that the education establishment will fight against common sense. The author is saying the reasons are complex, but then provides one simple reason: that "Progressive education" is more interesting and agreeable to teachers.

Let me look at the senses:

1. "a rational motive for a belief or action" - This could fit. A motive for why the education establishment fights common sense.

2. "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - This could also fit. The author is explaining the cause of why the education establishment fights common sense.

3. "the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination" - This doesn't fit. The text isn't talking about the capacity for rational thought.

4. "the state of having good sense and sound judgment" - This doesn't fit. The text isn't talking about rationality as a state.

5. "a justification for something existing or happening" - This could fit. The reasons justify why the education establishment fights common sense.

6. "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" - This could fit. Facts that justify the conclusion about why education establishment fights common sense.

The key distinction is between senses 1, 2, and 5:
- Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action"
- Sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon"
- Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening"

Looking at the context, the author is asking WHY the education establishment fights common sense. The "reasons" are the explanations/causes/motives for this behavior.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate because it talks about "explanation of the cause" which matches the context. The author is explaining what causes the education establishment to fight against common sense - it's because progressive education is more interesting to teachers.
Sense 1 and 5 both capture important aspects—the motives driving the behavior and the justifications for it—but sense 2 best encompasses the causal explanation the author is providing. The "reasons" function as explanations for why this phenomenon occurs, grounded in the appeal of progressive education to teachers.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one <t>simple</t> reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "simple" is used here to contrast with "complex" in the preceding clause: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated." The author is identifying a straightforward, uncomplicated reason (that progressive education is more agreeable to teachers) amid a more complex set of causes. This directly corresponds to sense 1, which defines simple as "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "simple" is being used.

The sentence is: "The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated."

The context discusses how education establishment resists common sense. The author is saying that while the reasons for this resistance are complex, there is one simple reason that shouldn't be overlooked - namely that progressive education is more interesting and agreeable to teachers than disciplined instruction.

In this context, "simple" is being contrasted with "complex." The author is saying there's one straightforward, uncomplicated reason - as opposed to the many complex reasons.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" - This fits well. The author contrasts "complex reasons" with "one simple reason," suggesting a reason that is not complicated or involved.

2. "easy and not involved or complicated" - This could work, meaning the reason is easy to understand and straightforward.

3. "apart from anything else; without additions or modifications" - This could mean bare or mere, but it doesn't fit as well in context.

4. "exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity" - Doesn't fit. The reason being presented isn't childlike or naive.

5. "lacking mental capacity and subtlety" - Doesn't fit at all.

6. (botany) of leaf shapes - Not relevant here.

7. "unornamented" - Could mean plain or basic, but this seems more about physical appearance.

The best fit is sense 1: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved." The context clearly contrasts "complex" reasons with "one simple reason," making this the most appropriate sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
It is not surprising that parents find this romantic extravagance so attractive. Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple <t>reason</t> ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The word "reason" in this context refers to a justification or explanation for why something happens—specifically, an explanation for why the education establishment prefers progressive education over disciplined instruction. The speaker states "one simple reason ought not to be underestimated" and then provides that justification: progressive education is "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers." This matches sense 5, which defines "reason" as "a justification for something existing or happening," with synonyms "cause" and "grounds."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the sentence where "reason" appears:

"The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. 'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

The speaker is explaining WHY the education establishment will fight against common sense. They say "The reasons are complex" - meaning the causes or explanations are multiple. Then they say "but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated" - they're about to give one explanation/cause for why progressive education is favored.

The explanation that follows is: "Progressive education is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

So the "reason" here is an explanation or justification for why something exists or happens - specifically, why the education establishment prefers progressive education.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. "a rational motive for a belief or action" - This could fit, as it's a motive/ground for the education establishment's preference
2. "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - This fits well - the phenomenon is why progressive education is preferred, and this gives an explanation
3. "the capacity for rational thought" - Doesn't fit, this is not about the capacity
4. "the state of having good sense" - Doesn't fit here
5. "a justification for something existing or happening" - This fits very well - it justifies why progressive education exists/is preferred
6. "a fact that logically justifies some premise" - This could fit

The best fit appears to be sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" with the synonym "cause" and examples like "they had good reason to rejoice".

Or sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" with synonym "ground".
Sense 2 also works well as an explanation for why progressive education is popular. But sense 5 seems most fitting—it's justifying why the education establishment prefers progressive education over disciplined instruction.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progressive
Target surface form: Progressive
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "<t>Progressive</t> education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses "Progressive education" as an approach to education characterized by different pedagogical methods focused on "personality development" rather than "disciplined instruction." This aligns with sense 1, which defines "progressive" as "favoring or promoting progress" with the direct example "progressive schools." This captures the educational philosophy being referenced in the passage, where the term describes a school of thought that advocates for a particular form of educational progress and modernization.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "Progressive" is being used.

The passage is discussing "Progressive education" in quotes, describing it as an approach to education that is "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction." The passage mentions it involves "personality development" and minimizing "irksome tests."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "favoring or promoting progress" - This could fit, as progressive education is about a certain approach to education. The example given is "progressive schools" which is relevant.

2. "favoring or promoting reform (often by government action)" - This is about reform-minded approaches. Progressive education was indeed a reformist movement in education.

3. "(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases" - This is clearly about taxation and not relevant here.

4. "gradually advancing in extent" - This doesn't fit the context of describing an educational philosophy.

5. "(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections..." - This is not relevant.

6. "advancing in severity" - This is not relevant and has a negative connotation that doesn't fit.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 is about "favoring or promoting progress" with the example "progressive schools"
- Sense 2 is about "favoring or promoting reform" with synonyms like "reformist, reform-minded"

In the historical context of education, "Progressive education" was indeed a reform movement that aimed to modernize and improve education by moving away from traditional, rigid instruction. The passage criticizes this approach, but it's still describing what progressive education advocates for - a different, more modern approach to education.

Sense 1 seems more general - about promoting progress. Sense 2 is specifically about promoting reform. Progressive education was indeed a reform movement, advocating for reform in how education was conducted.

However, the example "progressive schools" in sense 1 is directly relevant to this passage which talks about "progressive education." This makes sense 1 the most fitting answer.
Sense 1 is the correct answer—the direct parallel between "progressive schools" in the definition and "progressive education" in the passage makes this the most appropriate fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive <t>education</t> "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses education as a system of instruction and teaching activities. The passage refers to "the education establishment," "Progressive education," and contrasts it with "disciplined instruction." The author is talking about the activities, methods, and institutional structures of educating (what is "traditionally understood" in education), which aligns best with sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "education" in this passage.

The passage discusses:
- Parents wanting children to get "a decent education as traditionally understood"
- American education's future and the education establishment
- "Progressive education" being more interesting to teachers
- The contrast between "personality development" and "disciplined instruction"

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - This is about the process/activities of teaching and learning
2. "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" - This is about the knowledge gained
3. "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - This is about the process of becoming educated
4. "the profession of teaching" - This is about being a teacher/profession
5. "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)" - This is more about breeding and refinement
6. The U.S. Department of Education - Not relevant here

In the context, the author uses "education" to refer to:
- What "traditionally understood" means - implying the institution/system and activities
- The activities and systems of education ("the education establishment," "Progressive education," "disciplined instruction")
- The phrase "our instruction was carefully programmed" from sense 1 is very similar to the context

The passage is discussing education as:
- An institution/system (the education establishment)
- A form of instruction/teaching (Progressive education vs disciplined instruction)
- The activities and processes of teaching/learning

This seems to best fit sense 1: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - which includes the institutional and procedural aspects of teaching.

Sense 3 is also possible ("the gradual process of acquiring knowledge"), but the context emphasizes more the institutional/systematic aspects and the activities of instruction rather than just the process.

Sense 1 seems to be the best fit because it encompasses both the systematic/institutional aspects and the instructional activities that the passage is discussing.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "once" in the phrase "as it was once called" means "at a previous time" or "formerly." The speaker is indicating that "Progressive education" was what this educational approach was previously called, which aligns perfectly with the definition "at a previous time" and its synonyms "formerly" and "at one time."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "once" is being used.

The sentence is: "Progressive education" (as it was <t>once</t> called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction.

The word "once" here is used in the phrase "as it was once called" which means "as it was previously/formerly called" or "at a previous time it was called."

Let me look at the three senses:

1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
   - This means "at one specific occasion" - doesn't fit

2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
   - This is a conditional/temporal sense meaning "as soon as" - doesn't fit

3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing
   - This means "at a previous time" or "formerly" - this fits perfectly!

In the context "as it was once called," the speaker is saying that "Progressive education" was what it was previously/formerly called. This clearly aligns with sense 3, which means "at a previous time" with synonyms like "formerly" and "at one time."

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows "Progressive education (as it was once called)" where "called" means to have been referred to by a particular name or designation. This matches sense 1 (assign a specified proper name to), which is synonymous with "name" and fits the meaning of being "called" by a particular label or term.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "called" in this passage.

The context sentence is: "'Progressive education '(as it was once <t>called</t>) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

The word "called" here is being used to refer to what something "was once called" - referring to the name or label that was previously applied to "Progressive education."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - This is about naming something
2. "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" - This is about calling something (a name that reflects a quality)
3. "get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone" - Not relevant
4-29. Various other senses not relevant to this context

The key phrase is "as it was once called" - this is referring to what this educational approach was previously named or referred to as. The person is saying that Progressive education (that's what it was formerly called/named).

Looking at sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" with examples like "They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader" - This fits perfectly. The text is saying "as it was once called" meaning "as it was once named."

Sense 2 is about ascribing a quality, which doesn't fit as well.

The best answer is sense 1.