[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: added
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she <t>added</t>, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "added" in this context functions as a speech attribution verb. The sentence "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with...'" shows the speaker introducing a continuation of Dorothy L. Sayers' statement. This matches sense 2: "state or say further" (synonyms: append, supply), which captures the usage of "added" to mean "said additionally" or "continued by saying."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "added" is being used.

The sentence is: "Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"

This is clearly a usage where the writer is attributing a quote to Dorothy L. Sayers. The verb "added" here means that she said or stated something further. It's not about making an addition to a physical object, nor about mathematical operations.

Let me check each sense:

1. "make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of" - This is about physically or conceptually combining things. The example "We added two students to that dorm room" shows combining things. This doesn't fit.

2. "state or say further" - synonyms: append, supply. This fits perfectly! The example "'It doesn't matter,' he supplied" shows the exact usage where someone is stating something. This is clearly the right sense.

3. "bestow a quality on" - This would be about giving a quality to something. The example "Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company" shows adding a quality. This doesn't fit our usage.

4. "make an addition by combining numbers" - This is mathematical. Doesn't fit.

5. "determine the sum of" - This is also mathematical. Doesn't fit.

6. "constitute an addition" - This means being an addition to something. Doesn't fit.

The answer is clearly sense 2: "state or say further" - this is the sense where "added" means she said or stated something further/additionally. In the context of quoted speech attribution, "she added" means she said something more or continued speaking.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: filled
Target surface form: filled
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "<t>filled</t> with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=filled%5:00:01:full:00 | definition=(usually followed by `with' or used as a combining form) generously supplied with | examples=theirs was a house filled with laughter; a large hall filled with rows of desks
2. sense_key=filled%3:44:00:: | definition=of purchase orders that have been filled
3. sense_key=filled%5:00:00:occupied:00 | definition=(of time) taken up | examples=well-filled hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "filled" in this sentence:

"Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.""

The sentence structure is "filled with [something]" - specifically "filled with the solemn intoxication."

Now let's look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=filled%5:00:01:full:00 | definition=(usually followed by `with' or used as a combining form) generously supplied with | examples=theirs was a house filled with laughter; a large hall filled with rows of desks

This matches the pattern "filled with..." and the examples show exactly this construction: "a house filled with laughter," "a hall filled with rows of desks." This is about being generously supplied or full of something.

2. sense_key=filled%3:44:00:: | definition=of purchase orders that have been filled

This is about purchase orders being fulfilled/completed. This doesn't fit the context at all, as we're not talking about orders.

3. sense_key=filled%5:00:00:occupied:00 | definition=(of time) taken up | examples=well-filled hours

This is about time being occupied/taken up. While it's possible to interpret "filled with intoxication" as time being occupied, the primary meaning here is about being full of an emotional state, not about time being taken up.

Sense 1 is the best fit because:
- It uses the exact pattern "filled with [something]"
- The examples match the structure perfectly
- "Filled with the solemn intoxication" means they are generously supplied with or full of this intoxication
- This makes semantic sense in the context

The answer should be sense 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: solemn
Target surface form: solemn
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the <t>solemn</t> intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=solemn%5:00:00:serious:00 | definition=dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises | synonyms=grave, sedate, sober | examples=a grave God-fearing man; a quiet sedate nature
2. sense_key=solemn%5:00:01:serious:00 | definition=characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions | synonyms=earnest, sincere | examples=both sides were deeply in earnest, even passionate; an entirely sincere and cruel tyrant

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes bell ringers performing an intricate ritual with complete absorption and dedication. The phrase "solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed" uses "solemn" to convey a dignified, somber, and serious character in their manner of performing. This aligns with sense 1, which emphasizes dignified and somber manner and character, with synonyms like "grave" and "sedate." The ringers are depicted as committed to their craft in a serious, dignified way, rather than expressing a firm belief in opinions (which would be sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"

I need to understand what "solemn" means in this context. The passage is describing bell ringers who are deeply absorbed in their craft, finding satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. The "solemn intoxication" refers to the serious, earnest feeling they get from performing the intricate ritual perfectly.

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "dignified and somber in manner or character and committed to keeping promises"
Synonyms: grave, sedate, sober
Examples: "a grave God-fearing man; a quiet sedate nature"
This sense emphasizes dignity, somber character, and commitment to promises.

Sense 2: "characterized by a firm and humorless belief in the validity of your opinions"
Synonyms: earnest, sincere
Examples: "both sides were deeply in earnest, even passionate; an entirely sincere and cruel tyrant"
This sense emphasizes firmness, lack of humor, and earnest belief in opinions.

In the context, "solemn intoxication" suggests a serious, earnest, deeply committed feeling. The Sayers quote emphasizes the passion and commitment to "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." This seems to fit more with a sense of earnest, sincere, firm belief in what they're doing - the serious dedication to their craft.

However, sense 1 with "grave" and "somber" could also work, suggesting a dignified, serious manner.

Looking more carefully at the context: the passage describes ringers being "totally absorbed" and finding "satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." The "solemn intoxication" is about the serious, earnest dedication to performing the ritual perfectly. This seems to align more with sense 1's "dignified and somber" character showing commitment, or perhaps sense 2's emphasis on earnest, sincere belief.
Weighing both options, sense 1 fits better—the "grave" and "somber" qualities capture the dignified, serious manner in which the ringers approach their craft with unwavering commitment. The solemn atmosphere they experience comes from this dignified dedication to performing the ritual with precision.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: come
Target surface form: comes
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that <t>comes</t> of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: | definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | synonyms=come up | examples=He came singing down the road; Come with me to the Casbah
2. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, get | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
3. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: | definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later; It came as a shock
4. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: | definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=follow | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
6. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: | definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
7. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: | definition=come forth | synonyms=issue forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth; His breath came hard
8. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: | definition=be a native of | synonyms=hail | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
9. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: | definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist; The sleeves come to your knuckles
10. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: | definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
11. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
12. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: | definition=come under, be classified or included | synonyms=fall | examples=fall into a category; This comes under a new heading
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: | definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
14. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: | definition=add up in number or quantity | synonyms=total, number, add up, amount | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000; The bill came to $2,000
15. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: | definition=develop into | synonyms=add up, amount | examples=This idea will never amount to anything; nothing came of his grandiose plans
16. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: | definition=be received | synonyms=come in | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
17. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=occur | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
18. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: | definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | synonyms=derive, descend | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family; he comes from humble origins
19. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, fare, make out, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
20. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: | definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
21. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: | definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The phrase "comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed" means "is the product or result of" that ritual. This matches sense 5 ("to be the product or result"), which has the synonym "follow" and the example "Understanding comes from experience" - both align with the meaning that the intoxication results from or is produced by the faultless performance of ritual.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "comes" in this sentence:

"Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.""

The phrase is "comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed" which means "results from" or "is the product of" intricate ritual faultlessly performed.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. move toward - doesn't fit
2. reach a destination - doesn't fit
3. come to pass; arrive - doesn't fit
4. reach or enter a state - doesn't fit
5. to be the product or result - This looks promising! "Understanding comes from experience" - synonyms: follow. This matches the meaning of "results from"
6. be found or available - doesn't fit
7. come forth - doesn't fit
8. be a native of - doesn't fit
9. extend or reach - doesn't fit
10. exist or occur in a certain point in a series - doesn't fit
11. cover a certain distance - doesn't fit
12. come under, be classified - doesn't fit
13. happen as a result - This could work too! "Nothing good will come of this" - similar to "comes of"
14. add up in number - doesn't fit
15. develop into - doesn't fit
16. be received - doesn't fit
17. come to one's mind - doesn't fit
18. come from; be connected by relationship - doesn't fit
19. proceed or get along - doesn't fit
20. experience orgasm - doesn't fit
21. have a certain priority - doesn't fit

Between sense 5 and 13:
- Sense 5: "to be the product or result" with examples like "Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience"
- Sense 13: "happen as a result" with examples like "Nothing good will come of this"
- The phrase "comes of" matches the exact phrasing in sense 13's example, but sense 5 captures the core meaning of being a product or result. Sense 5 is the best fit—it directly expresses how the intoxication is produced by the ritual's flawless execution.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ritual
Target surface form: ritual
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate <t>ritual</t> faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ritual%1:04:00:: | definition=any customary observance or practice | synonyms=rite
2. sense_key=ritual%1:04:01:: | definition=the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies
3. sense_key=ritual%1:04:02:: | definition=stereotyped behavior

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The passage describes church bell ringing as an intricate, precisely structured practice performed in a religious context (St. Mary Abbot church). Sayers' description of "intricate ritual faultlessly performed" emphasizes the prescribed, methodical procedure required for conducting this religious activity. The emphasis on mathematical precision, mechanical perfection, and the solemn context of church bells points to ritual as a prescribed procedure for religious practice, rather than general customary observance or mere stereotyped behavior.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "ritual" in this passage.

The passage discusses church bell ringing (change ringing), which is an intricate practice that requires great skill and coordination. The quote from Dorothy L. Sayers describes ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection" and mentions "the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=ritual%1:04:00:: | definition=any customary observance or practice | synonyms=rite
   - This is a general definition covering customary observances or practices

2. sense_key=ritual%1:04:01:: | definition=the prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies
   - This specifically refers to religious ceremonies and prescribed procedures for them

3. sense_key=ritual%1:04:02:: | definition=stereotyped behavior
   - This refers to behavior that is repetitive and follows a pattern

In this context, the passage is about church bell ringing, which is indeed a religious/church activity. However, Sayers is describing the ringing activity itself as a "ritual" - the intricate, coordinated, precisely executed practice of ringing bells. The phrase "intricate ritual faultlessly performed" suggests a highly structured, precisely executed procedure.

The key phrase is "mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection" - this describes the intricate, precisely coordinated nature of the bell ringing. The "ritual" here refers to the prescribed, structured procedure of how the ringing must be performed.

Sense 2 specifically mentions "prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies" - bell ringing IS a religious ceremony/practice in a church context. However, it also specifies "religious ceremonies" which bell ringing is part of.

Actually, looking more closely, bell ringing in this context is part of church activities, so sense 2 (prescribed procedure for conducting religious ceremonies) seems most appropriate. The ringing is a prescribed, structured procedure that is part of the religious/church context.
Sense 1 captures the broader notion of customary practice, but since this is explicitly church bell ringing with emphasis on its prescribed, structured nature as part of religious activity, sense 2 fits better. The ritual here denotes the formalized procedure integral to the church's religious function.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: perform
Target surface form: performed
Context:
No one speaks, and the snaking of the ropes seems to make as much sound as the bells themselves, muffled by the ceiling. Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly <t>performed</t>. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=perform%2:36:00:: | definition=carry out or perform an action | synonyms=execute, do | examples=John did the painting, the weeding, and he cleaned out the gutters; the skater executed a triple pirouette
2. sense_key=perform%2:41:02:: | definition=perform a function | examples=Who will perform the wedding?
3. sense_key=perform%2:36:01:: | definition=give a performance (of something) | examples=Horowitz is performing at Carnegie Hall tonight; We performed a popular Gilbert and Sullivan opera
4. sense_key=perform%2:41:00:: | definition=get (something) done | synonyms=do | examples=I did my job

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes bell ringing as "intricate ritual faultlessly performed," emphasizing the execution and carrying out of the ritual action. While bell ringing could be considered a performance in sense 3, the passage focuses on the mechanical execution and precision of the action (mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection), which aligns with the "carry out or perform an action" sense (sense 1) that emphasizes the execution itself.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "performed."

The context is about church bell ringing. Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as "a 'passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection.' Ringers, she added, are 'filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed.'"

The target word "performed" is describing the "intricate ritual" - specifically, how the bell ringing ritual is executed/carried out in a "faultless" manner.

Let me examine each sense:

1. **sense_key=perform%2:36:00::** - "carry out or perform an action" with examples like "John did the painting, the weeding, and he cleaned out the gutters; the skater executed a triple pirouette"
   - This sense is about carrying out/executing an action

2. **sense_key=perform%2:41:02::** - "perform a function" with example "Who will perform the wedding?"
   - This is about functioning or fulfilling a role

3. **sense_key=perform%2:36:01::** - "give a performance (of something)" with examples "Horowitz is performing at Carnegie Hall tonight; We performed a popular Gilbert and Sullivan opera"
   - This is about performing a public presentation/entertainment

4. **sense_key=perform%2:41:00::** - "get (something) done" with example "I did my job"
   - This is about completing or accomplishing something

In the context, "intricate ritual faultlessly performed" refers to the bell ringing ritual being carried out or executed in a faultless manner. This is most consistent with sense 1 - "carry out or perform an action" - which emphasizes the execution or carrying out of the action.

While sense 3 could be relevant since bell ringing is a kind of performance, the context emphasizes the ritual being executed faultlessly (mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection), which aligns more with the general "carry out" sense (sense 1) rather than the theatrical performance sense.
Sense 1 best captures the meaning here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does <t>become</t> a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The sentence "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession" describes ringing entering or assuming a certain state or condition (the state of being an obsession). This matches sense 1's definition of "enter or assume a certain state or condition," which is exemplified by similar uses like "He became annoyed" and "It must be getting more serious."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "become" in the sentence:

"Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

This sentence is saying that ringing develops into or turns into an obsession. Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
   - This means to enter a state/condition. "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession" fits this - ringing enters the state of being an obsession.

2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
   - This refers to undergoing change or transformation. This also fits - ringing undergoes a change to become an obsession.

3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
   - This is about coming into existence. This doesn't fit as well.

4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!
   - This is about enhancing appearance or suiting. This doesn't fit the context.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - This describes the result: ringing becomes (enters the state of) an obsession
- Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" - This describes the process: ringing undergoes change to become an obsession
- The phrase works with the synonyms "go" and "get" - ringing goes or gets to be an obsession. Sense 1 captures this better since it's specifically about assuming a particular state rather than just the general process of change.

Sense 1 is the most appropriate match here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: obsession
Target surface form: obsession
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an <t>obsession</t>, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=obsession%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will | synonyms=compulsion | examples=her compulsion to wash her hands repeatedly
2. sense_key=obsession%1:09:00:: | definition=an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone | synonyms=fixation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes bell ringing as a "passion" that people are deeply absorbed in, involving intricate ritual and mathematical complexity. Stephanie Pattenden admits it's "a bit of an obsession" while describing it as a positive, fulfilling passion they choose to pursue. This fits sense 2—an intense, compulsive preoccupation with something—rather than sense 1, which emphasizes irrational, involuntary, trivial actions performed against one's will (like the hand-washing compulsion example). The passage frames the obsession as a deep fascination and preoccupation with a valued hobby, not a pathological compulsion.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "obsession" in this passage about bell ringing.

The context shows:
- People are "totally absorbed" in bell ringing
- Dorothy L. Sayers described it as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection"
- Ringers are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed"
- Stephanie Pattenden says "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession" and then describes it as "a passion"
- The narrator notes "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower"

Now let me compare the two senses:

Sense 1: "an irrational motive for performing trivial or repetitive actions, even against your will" with example "her compulsion to wash her hands repeatedly"
- This is about compulsive behavior done against one's will
- The example (hand washing) has a pathological, anxiety-driven quality
- This suggests an irrational, involuntary fixation

Sense 2: "an unhealthy and compulsive preoccupation with something or someone"
- This is about preoccupation with something
- It's described as "unhealthy and compulsive"

In the context, the bell ringing is described as:
- A "passion" (twice explicitly)
- Something people are "absorbed" in
- Something that is done skillfully and with "faultless" ritual
- Something that is positive and fulfilling ("satisfaction in mathematical completeness")
- The person admits it's "a bit of an obsession" but it's clearly something they enjoy and choose to do

The use here is more about an intense interest/preoccupation (sense 2) rather than a compulsive, unwilling behavior (sense 1). The context suggests it's a deep, passionate interest - a preoccupation - rather than an irrational compulsion done against one's will.

Sense 2 (fixation, unhealthy preoccupation) is the better fit, as it captures the intensity of focus on an activity/hobby, even if the word "unhealthy" is a bit strong in this positive context.
Sense 2 better captures the meaning here. Bell ringing isn't trivial or unwilling—it's a deliberate passion involving intricate ritual and mathematical complexity. The word "obsession" emphasizes the intense preoccupation with the activity itself, not compulsive behavior against one's will.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: admit
Target surface form: admits
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "<t>admits</t> Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=admit%2:32:00:: | definition=declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of | synonyms=acknowledge | examples=He admitted his errors; She acknowledged that she might have forgotten
2. sense_key=admit%2:41:01:: | definition=allow to enter; grant entry to | synonyms=allow in, let in, intromit | examples=We cannot admit non-members into our club building; This pipe admits air
3. sense_key=admit%2:41:00:: | definition=allow participation in or the right to be part of; permit to exercise the rights, functions, and responsibilities of | synonyms=let in, include | examples=admit someone to the profession; She was admitted to the New Jersey Bar
4. sense_key=admit%2:40:00:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, take, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
5. sense_key=admit%2:42:06:: | definition=afford possibility | synonyms=allow | examples=This problem admits of no solution; This short story allows of several different interpretations
6. sense_key=admit%2:42:00:: | definition=give access or entrance to | examples=The French doors admit onto the yard
7. sense_key=admit%2:42:04:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, hold | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
8. sense_key=admit%2:42:03:: | definition=serve as a means of entrance | examples=This ticket will admit one adult to the show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "admits" in this context means Stephanie Pattenden is acknowledging or declaring to be true that ringing becomes a bit of an obsession. This matches sense 1: "declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of," with the synonym "acknowledge." The example "He admitted his errors" is parallel to the usage here, where she is confessing/acknowledging the reality of the obsessive nature of ringing.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "admits" in this passage about church bell ringing.

The sentence is: "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession," admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers.

In this context, "admits" is used to introduce what Stephanie Pattenden is saying. It means she is acknowledging or confessing that ringing becomes a bit of an obsession. This is a speech verb showing that she is making a statement.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=admit%2:32:00:: | definition=declare to be true or admit the existence or reality or truth of | synonyms=acknowledge | examples=He admitted his errors; She acknowledged that she might have forgotten

This is about acknowledging/declaring something to be true. In the context, Stephanie is admitting/acknowledging that ringing becomes an obsession. This fits perfectly.

2. sense_key=admit%2:41:01:: | definition=allow to enter; grant entry to
This is about physical entry, not relevant.

3. sense_key=admit%2:41:00:: | definition=allow participation in or the right to be part of
This is about allowing someone to participate, not relevant.

4. sense_key=admit%2:40:00:: | definition=admit into a group or community
This is about accepting into a group, not relevant.

5. sense_key=admit%2:42:06:: | definition=afford possibility
Not relevant.

6. sense_key=admit%2:42:00:: | definition=give access or entrance to
Physical access, not relevant.

7. sense_key=admit%2:42:04:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding
Not relevant.

8. sense_key=admit%2:42:03:: | definition=serve as a means of entrance
Physical entrance, not relevant. The correct sense is clearly sense 1, which captures the meaning of acknowledging or confessing something to be true—exactly how "admits" functions here as Stephanie makes a candid statement about her passion for bell ringing.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: master
Target surface form: master
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, <t>master</t> of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=master%1:18:00:: | definition=an artist of consummate skill | synonyms=maestro | examples=a master of the violin; one of the old masters
2. sense_key=master%1:18:04:: | definition=a person who has general authority over others | synonyms=overlord, lord
3. sense_key=master%1:18:01:: | definition=a combatant who is able to defeat rivals | synonyms=victor, superior
4. sense_key=master%1:18:03:: | definition=directs the work of others
5. sense_key=master%1:18:06:: | definition=presiding officer of a school | synonyms=headmaster, schoolmaster
6. sense_key=master%1:06:00:: | definition=an original creation (i.e., an audio recording) from which copies can be made | synonyms=master copy, original
7. sense_key=master%1:18:07:: | definition=an officer who is licensed to command a merchant ship | synonyms=captain, sea captain, skipper
8. sense_key=master%1:18:05:: | definition=someone who holds a master's degree from academic institution
9. sense_key=master%1:18:02:: | definition=an authority qualified to teach apprentices | synonyms=professional
10. sense_key=master%1:06:01:: | definition=key that secures entrance everywhere | synonyms=passkey, passe-partout, master key

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes Stephanie Pattenden as "master of the band at St. Mary Abbot," which indicates her role as the person who directs the bell-ringing group. This sense directly corresponds to someone who directs the work of others, rather than merely being skilled (sense 1) or holding an academic degree (sense 8).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "master" is used:

"admits Stephanie Pattenden, <t>master</t> of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers."

The context tells us that Stephanie Pattenden is the "master of the band." This means she is in charge of directing the bell-ringing band at St. Mary Abbot church. She's described as "one of England's best female ringers," which suggests she's a skilled expert, but the specific use of "master of the band" indicates a leadership/directing role.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. "an artist of consummate skill" - She is certainly skilled, but the title "master of the band" primarily indicates a leadership position rather than just artistic skill.

2. "a person who has general authority over others" - This could fit, as she is in charge of the band.

3. "a combatant who is able to defeat rivals" - Not relevant to bell ringing.

4. "directs the work of others" - This fits well! As "master of the band," she directs the work of the other bell ringers.

5. "presiding officer of a school" - Not applicable here; this is about a church bell-ringing band, not a school.

6. "an original creation" - Not relevant.

7. "an officer who is licensed to command a merchant ship" - Not relevant.

8. "someone who holds a master's degree" - While she might have one, this isn't the meaning implied by "master of the band."

9. "an authority qualified to teach apprentices" - Possible, but the primary meaning here is directorship.

10. "key that secures entrance everywhere" - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 4: "directs the work of others" - she is the master/director of the bell-ringing band, which means she directs the work of the ringers.

Sense 4 captures the intended meaning most accurately.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: best
Target surface form: best
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's <t>best</t> female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: | definition=(superlative of `good') having the most positive qualities | examples=the best film of the year; the best solution
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 | definition=(comparative and superlative of `well') wiser or more advantageous and hence advisable | synonyms=better | examples=it would be better to speak to him; the White House thought it best not to respond
3. sense_key=good%3:00:01:: | definition=having desirable or positive qualities especially those suitable for a thing specified | synonyms=good | examples=good news from the hospital; a good report card
4. sense_key=full%5:00:00:ample:00 | definition=having the normally expected amount | synonyms=full, good | examples=gives full measure; gives good measure
5. sense_key=good%3:00:02:: | definition=morally admirable | synonyms=good
6. sense_key=estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 | definition=deserving of esteem and respect | synonyms=estimable, good, honorable, respectable | examples=all respectable companies give guarantees; ruined the family's good name
7. sense_key=beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=promoting or enhancing well-being | synonyms=beneficial, good | examples=an arms limitation agreement beneficial to all countries; the beneficial effects of a temperate climate
8. sense_key=good%5:00:00:nice:00 | definition=agreeable or pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=we all had a good time; good manners
9. sense_key=good%5:00:00:righteous:00 | definition=of moral excellence | synonyms=good, just, upright | examples=a genuinely good person; a just cause
10. sense_key=adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 | definition=having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude | synonyms=adept, expert, good, practiced, proficient, skillful | examples=adept in handicrafts; an adept juggler
11. sense_key=good%5:00:00:complete:00 | definition=thorough | synonyms=good | examples=had a good workout; gave the house a good cleaning
12. sense_key=dear%5:00:00:close:02 | definition=with or in a close or intimate relationship | synonyms=dear, good, near | examples=a good friend; my sisters and brothers are near and dear
13. sense_key=dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially sound | synonyms=dependable, good, safe, secure | examples=a good investment; a secure investment
14. sense_key=good%5:00:00:opportune:00 | definition=most suitable or right for a particular purpose | synonyms=good, right, ripe | examples=a good time to plant tomatoes; the right time to act
15. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 | definition=resulting favorably | synonyms=good, well | examples=it's a good thing that I wasn't there; it is good that you stayed
16. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=effective, good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
17. sense_key=good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 | definition=capable of pleasing | synonyms=good | examples=good looks
18. sense_key=good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 | definition=appealing to the mind | synonyms=good, serious | examples=good music; a serious book
19. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthy:00 | definition=in excellent physical condition | synonyms=good, sound | examples=good teeth; I still have one good leg
20. sense_key=good%5:00:00:healthful:00 | definition=tending to promote physical well-being; beneficial to health | synonyms=good, salutary | examples=beneficial effects of a balanced diet; a good night's sleep
21. sense_key=good%5:00:00:genuine:00 | definition=not forged | synonyms=good, honest | examples=a good dollar bill
22. sense_key=good%5:00:00:fresh:01 | definition=not left to spoil | synonyms=good, undecomposed, unspoiled, unspoilt | examples=the meat is still good
23. sense_key=good%5:00:00:discriminating:00 | definition=generally admired | synonyms=good | examples=good taste

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "best" in "one of England's best female ringers" is used in its superlative form to describe Stephanie Pattenden as having the most positive qualities (skill and accomplishment) as a bell ringer. This directly matches sense 1, which defines "best" as the superlative of "good" with the most positive qualities.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "best" in the sentence:

"Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers."

Here, "best" is being used to describe Stephanie Pattenden as one of England's best female ringers. It's indicating that she is among the most skilled or accomplished female bell ringers in England.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=best%3:00:00:: - "(superlative of 'good') having the most positive qualities" - This is the superlative form directly
2. sense_key=best%5:00:00:advisable:00 - "wiser or more advantageous" - Not about skill
3. good%3:00:01:: - "having desirable or positive qualities" - Generic
4. full%5:00:00:ample:00 - about amount - Not relevant
5. good%3:00:02:: - "morally admirable" - Not about skill
6. estimable%5:00:00:reputable:00 - "deserving of esteem and respect" - Somewhat related but not about skill
7. beneficial%5:00:00:advantageous:00 - about promoting well-being - Not relevant
8. good%5:00:00:nice:00 - "agreeable or pleasing" - Not about skill
9. good%5:00:00:righteous:00 - "of moral excellence" - Not about skill
10. adept%5:00:00:skilled:00 - "having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude" - This is about being skilled/expert
11. good%5:00:00:complete:00 - "thorough" - Not about skill
12. dear%5:00:00:close:02 - about relationships - Not relevant
13. dependable%5:00:00:sound:00 - financially sound - Not relevant
14. good%5:00:00:opportune:00 - suitable for purpose - Not about skill
15. good%5:00:00:fortunate:00 - resulting favorably - Not relevant
16. effective%5:00:00:operative:00 - exerting force or influence - Not relevant
17. good%5:00:00:pleasing:00 - capable of pleasing - Not relevant
18. good%5:00:00:intellectual:00 - appealing to mind - Not relevant
19. good%5:00:00:healthy:00 - excellent physical condition - Not relevant
20. good%5:00:00:healthful:00 - promoting well-being - Not relevant
21. good%5:00:00:genuine:00 - not forged - Not relevant
22. good%

The remaining senses mostly relate to other meanings of "good" that don't apply here—financial soundness, moral qualities, pleasantness, or physical health. The core meaning needed is about excellence and skill in bell ringing, which points most directly to the superlative form of good combined with the skilled/expert sense. as the superlative form of the word. Sense 10 focuses on expertise and aptitude, which aligns well with her mastery of bell ringing. I'll select sense 1 since it's the foundational superlative meaning, even though sense 10 captures the skill dimension more precisely.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: female
Target surface form: female
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best <t>female</t> ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=female%3:00:00:: | definition=being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop | examples=a female heir; female holly trees bear the berries
2. sense_key=female%5:00:02:feminine:01 | definition=characteristic of or peculiar to a woman | synonyms=distaff | examples=female sensitiveness; female suffrage
3. sense_key=female%5:00:01:female:00 | definition=for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls | examples=the female lead in the play; a female chorus

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes Stephanie Pattenden as "one of England's best female ringers." Here, "female" is used to indicate that these ringers are women—it pertains to or is composed of women/girls. This matches sense 3 ("for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls"), as exemplified by similar constructions like "the female lead in the play; a female chorus." The word is not being used to describe biological reproductive capacity (sense 1) or to characterize stereotypically feminine qualities (sense 2), but simply to identify the sex of the ringers.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "female" is being used.

The sentence is: "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers."

Here, "female ringers" refers to ringers who are women/girls. The word "female" is being used to describe the sex of the ringers - they are women ringers.

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "being the sex (of plant or animal) that produces fertilizable gametes (ova) from which offspring develop"
   - This is a biological definition about the reproductive capacity
   - Examples: "a female heir; female holly trees bear the berries"
   - This sense is about the fundamental biological characteristic

2. Sense 2: "characteristic of or peculiar to a woman"
   - This refers to qualities or characteristics that are typically associated with women
   - Examples: "female sensitiveness; female suffrage"
   - This would mean showing qualities considered feminine or womanly

3. Sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls"
   - This is about something designed for, involving, or made up of women/girls
   - Examples: "the female lead in the play; a female chorus"
   - This describes something that is related to or composed of women

In the context "one of England's best female ringers," we're referring to ringers who are women. "Female ringers" means ringers who are women - people composed of or belonging to the female sex. This is clearly sense 3: "for or pertaining to or composed of women or girls" - it's describing a group of ringers that is composed of women, or a ringer who is a woman.
The correct answer is sense 3, since the phrase identifies Stephanie Pattenden as belonging to a category of women bell-ringers rather than describing biological or personality traits.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
Totally absorbed, the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it "rope-sight ") to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls. Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female <t>ringers</t>. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly describes people who ring church bells in a belfry. The passage discusses their techniques ("using peripheral vision to watch the other ropes"), the bells themselves ("huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels"), and their skill ("Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing"). This directly matches the definition of "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "ringer" is being used.

The context is about church bell ringing. The passage discusses:
- "the ringers stare straight ahead, using peripheral vision (they call it 'rope-sight') to watch the other ropes and thus time their pulls"
- "Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly"
- "Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing"
- "Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers"
- The passage quotes Dorothy L. Sayers describing ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection"

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
   - This directly matches the context. The passage is entirely about people who ring church bells.

2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
   - This doesn't fit the context at all.

3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
   - This doesn't match either. While ringing might be competitive in some ways, the context doesn't suggest false pretenses or competition in that sense.

4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg
   - This is about horseshoes, not relevant to the context.

The answer is clearly sense 1: a person who rings church bells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: passion
Target surface form: passion
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a <t>passion</t> that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=passion%1:12:00:: | definition=a strong feeling or emotion | synonyms=passionateness
2. sense_key=passion%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being intensely emotional | synonyms=heat, warmth
3. sense_key=passion%1:26:01:: | definition=something that is desired intensely | synonyms=rage | examples=his rage for fame destroyed him
4. sense_key=passion%1:16:00:: | definition=an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action | synonyms=mania, cacoethes
5. sense_key=passion%1:12:02:: | definition=a feeling of strong sexual desire
6. sense_key=passion%1:09:00:: | definition=any object of warm affection or devotion | synonyms=love | examples=the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting
7. sense_key=passion%1:26:02:: | definition=the suffering of Jesus at the Crucifixion | synonyms=Passion of Christ

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The target word "passion" refers to bell ringing as an object of intense devotion and warm affection. This aligns with sense 6, which defines passion as "any object of warm affection or devotion" with the example "he has a passion for cock fighting" - a structurally parallel usage to the bell ringing context. The passage emphasizes the devotional aspect of bell ringing (the "solemn intoxication," the obsessive engagement with the activity) rather than describing a fleeting emotional state or primarily irrational motive.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "passion" is being used here.

The context is about bell ringing. The passage quotes Dorothy L. Sayers describing ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection." Then Stephanie Pattenden says "Ringing does become a bit of an obsession" and "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower."

The key contextual clues are:
1. It's something that "finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection"
2. The speaker says it's "a bit of an obsession"
3. It's "a passion for" bell ringing - referring to an intense interest or devotion to an activity
4. The passage notes ringers are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed"

Let me examine each sense:

1. A strong feeling or emotion - This is general but could fit
2. The trait of being intensely emotional - Less fitting, this is about personality
3. Something that is desired intensely - Could fit, like "rage for fame"
4. An irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action (mania, cacoethes) - This fits well! The obsessive nature of bell ringing, the intricate ritual, the intoxication
5. A feeling of strong sexual desire - Doesn't fit
6. Any object of warm affection or devotion - This fits very well! "the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting" - bell ringing is an object of devotion
7. The suffering of Jesus - Doesn't fit

Senses 4 and 6 both seem plausible. Let me compare:

Sense 4: "an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action" with examples of "mania, cacoethes" - emphasizing the irresistible, compulsive aspect
Sense 6: "any object of warm affection or devotion" with examples "the theater was her first love; he has a passion for cock fighting" - emphasizing the object of devotion

The passage really emphasizes bell ringing as something people are devoted to and find warm satisfaction in—the "solemn intoxication" suggests affection rather than mere compulsion. The example "he has a passion for cock fighting" mirrors the structure exactly: "a passion for [activity]." This parallel suggests sense 6 is the intended meaning here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stay
Target surface form: stays
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually <t>stays</t> in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stay%2:30:00:: | definition=stay the same; remain in a certain state | synonyms=remain, rest | examples=The dress remained wet after repeated attempts to dry it; rest assured
2. sense_key=stay%2:38:00:: | definition=stay put (in a certain place) | synonyms=stick, stick around, stay put | examples=We are staying in Detroit; we are not moving to Cincinnati; Stay put in the corner here!
3. sense_key=stay%2:42:01:: | definition=dwell | synonyms=bide, abide | examples=You can stay with me while you are in town; stay a bit longer--the day is still young
4. sense_key=stay%2:42:02:: | definition=continue in a place, position, or situation | synonyms=stay on, continue, remain | examples=After graduation, she stayed on in Cambridge as a student adviser; Stay with me, please
5. sense_key=stay%2:38:01:: | definition=remain behind | examples=I had to stay at home and watch the children
6. sense_key=stay%2:30:01:: | definition=stop or halt | synonyms=detain, delay | examples=Please stay the bloodshed!
7. sense_key=stay%2:42:04:: | definition=stay behind | synonyms=persist, remain | examples=The smell stayed in the room; The hostility remained long after they made up
8. sense_key=stay%2:42:03:: | definition=hang on during a trial of endurance | synonyms=last out, ride out, outride | examples=ride out the storm
9. sense_key=stay%2:41:00:: | definition=stop a judicial process | examples=The judge stayed the execution order
10. sense_key=stay%2:35:00:: | definition=fasten with stays
11. sense_key=stay%2:34:00:: | definition=overcome or allay | synonyms=quell, appease | examples=quell my hunger

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The phrase "the passion usually stays in the tower" describes the passion for bell-ringing remaining in a certain state—confined to the context of the tower. This corresponds to sense 1 ("stay the same; remain in a certain state"), where "stays" is synonymous with "remains" or "rests" in the sense of persisting in a particular condition. The passion doesn't extend beyond the bell-ringing activity, but rather remains localized to that activity and place.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "stays" in the sentence:

"Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."

The sentence is saying that the passion for bell-ringing (ringing) usually "stays in the tower" - meaning it remains or is confined/localized to the tower.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=stay%2:30:00:: - "stay the same; remain in a certain state" - This is about remaining unchanged.

2. sense_key=stay%2:38:00:: - "stay put (in a certain place)" - This is about remaining in a physical location.

3. sense_key=stay%2:42:01:: - "dwell" - This is about living or residing in a place.

4. sense_key=stay%2:42:02:: - "continue in a place, position, or situation" - This is about continuing to be in a state or place.

5. sense_key=stay%2:38:01:: - "remain behind" - This is about being left behind.

6. sense_key=stay%2:30:01:: - "stop or halt" - This is about stopping something.

7. sense_key=stay%2:42:04:: - "stay behind" - This is about lingering or remaining.

8. sense_key=stay%2:42:03:: - "hang on during a trial of endurance" - This is about persistence through difficulty.
The remaining senses don't apply here—legal stopping, fastening with stays, and appeasing are all unrelated to the context. What matters is that the passion remains localized to the tower. Sense 1 fits best since it captures how the passion persists within that specific location rather than spreading beyond it.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tower
Target surface form: tower
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the <t>tower</t>, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tower%1:06:00:: | definition=a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building
2. sense_key=tower%1:25:00:: | definition=anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower | synonyms=column, pillar | examples=the test tube held a column of white powder; a tower of dust rose above the horizon
3. sense_key=tower%1:06:01:: | definition=a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships | synonyms=tugboat, tug, towboat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to the bell tower of a church—the tall architectural structure where the bronze bells are housed and rung. This matches sense 1, which defines tower as "a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building." The reference to "the belfry" (the bell chamber) and the architectural context of the church building confirms this is the standard architectural sense of tower.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "tower" is being used here.

The context is about church bell ringing. The text discusses:
- Bronze bells mounted on wheels in the belfry (the bell-ringing chamber)
- Skilled ringers using their wrists to control the bells
- A quote about bell ringing as a "passion"
- Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot
- The statement "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower"
- The phrase "church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry"

The target word "tower" appears in: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."

In this context, "tower" clearly refers to the bell tower - the tall structure of a church where bells are housed and rung. This is part of a church building.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=tower%1:06:00::** "a structure taller than its diameter; can stand alone or be attached to a larger building" - This fits perfectly. A bell tower is indeed a structure that is taller than it is wide, and it's typically attached to a larger building (the church). This is the architectural sense of tower.

2. **sense_key=tower%1:25:00::** "anything that approximates the shape of a column or tower" with examples of "column of white powder" and "tower of dust" - This is a more abstract/metaphorical sense for things that roughly resemble a tower's shape.

3. **sense_key=tower%1:06:01::** "a powerful small boat designed to pull or push larger ships" - This is clearly wrong; there's no nautical context here.

The correct answer is sense 1 - the architectural structure definition. A church bell tower is a quintessential example of a tower as an architectural feature.
The answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: however
Target surface form: however
Context:
Far above in the belfry, the huge bronze bells, mounted on wheels, swing madly through a full 360 degrees, starting and ending, surprisingly, in the inverted, or mouth-up position. Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, <t>however</t>. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=however%4:02:00:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=nevertheless, withal, still, yet, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed
2. sense_key=however%4:02:04:: | definition=by contrast; on the other hand | examples=the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours
3. sense_key=however%4:02:02:: | definition=to whatever degree or extent | examples=The results, however general, are important; they have begun, however reluctantly, to acknowledge the legitimacy of some of the opposition's concerns
4. sense_key=however%4:02:01:: | definition=in whatever way or manner | examples=Victory, however it was brought about, was sweet; however he did it, it was very clever

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "however" is used as a discourse marker showing contrast between two statements: (1) ringing being a genuine passion for practitioners, and (2) this passion typically remaining confined to the bell tower rather than extending into their broader lives or how they view the church. This is a direct contrast usage ("by contrast; on the other hand") rather than a concession-based contrast, and it clearly doesn't involve degree/extent or manner, making sense 2 the best fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "however" in this sentence:

"It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."

The sentence structure shows that "however" is being used as a contrast word. The speaker is saying that ringing is a passion (as mentioned in the previous sentence), BUT (however) it usually stays in the tower. Then the next sentence adds more contrast - that ringers typically think of the church in a certain way.

Let me look at each sense:

1. Sense 1: "despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)" - This suggests a concession followed by a contrast. The examples show "although...however" constructions. This fits the pattern where we have a concession about the passion, and then "however" introduces a contrast about where the passion stays.

2. Sense 2: "by contrast; on the other hand" - This is about contrasting two things directly. The example shows "the first part was easy; the second, however, took hours" - showing direct contrast between two statements.

3. Sense 3: "to whatever degree or extent" - This is about degree/extent. The examples show "however general" and "however reluctantly" - this is about modifying adjectives and adverbs. This doesn't fit our context.

4. Sense 4: "in whatever way or manner" - This is about manner, like "in whatever way." Examples: "however it was brought about" or "however he did it." This doesn't fit our context.

Looking at the actual usage: "It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however."

This is contrast/concession. The word "however" here is functioning as a conjunction showing contrast between what was said about the passion (it's a real passion for ringers) and the fact that it usually stays confined to the tower.
Sense 1 emphasizes a concession followed by contrast, while sense 2 is simply direct contrast. The structure here—acknowledging the passion exists, then contrasting it with where it actually stays—initially suggests sense 1. But examining the positioning more closely, "however" functions as a straightforward opposition between two ideas rather than following an explicit concession. Sense 2 better captures this direct contrast.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: More
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. <t>More</t> often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "More" in this sentence:

"More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."

The phrase "More often than not" is an idiom that means "usually" or "in most cases". Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful

2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

In the phrase "More often than not", "More" is modifying the adverb "often". Let me think about which sense fits:

- Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" - This is used when forming comparative forms like "more interesting" (more + adjective) or "more carefully" (more + adverb).

- Sense 2: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" - This is used for the comparative of "much" and means "to a greater degree or extent"

In "More often than not", we have "More" + the adverb "often". The word "More" is functioning as a comparative - it's saying "often to a greater degree" or "more in the sense of frequency". This fits with sense 1 since it's used to form the comparative of an adverb ("often").

However, "More" here could also be interpreted as the comparative form of "much" being applied to the concept of frequency - "more (much more) often than not". This would fit sense 2.

Actually, looking more carefully at the definitions:
- Sense 1 is specifically about using "more" to form comparatives
- Sense 2 is about the comparative of "much"

In "More often than not", "More" is being used to form the comparative of the adverb "often", so this best fits sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Skilled ringers use their wrists to advance or retard the next swing, so that one bell can swap places with another in the following change. In a well-known detective-story involving church bells, English novelist Dorothy L. Sayers described ringing as a "passion that finds its satisfaction in mathematical completeness and mechanical perfection. "Ringers, she added, are "filled with the solemn intoxication that comes of intricate ritual faultlessly performed. ""Ringing does become a bit of an obsession, "admits Stephanie Pattenden, master of the band at St. Mary Abbot and one of England's best female ringers. It is a passion that usually stays in the tower, however. More <t>often</t> than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. When their changes are completed, and after they have worked up a sweat, ringers often skip off to the local pub, leaving worship for others below.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The phrase "More often than not" in the context describes a proportion of cases or instances—specifically, that in most cases or instances, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry. This matches sense 3: "in many cases or instances," which captures the meaning of frequency in terms of case occurrence rather than temporal frequency or quantity.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "often" is being used.

The sentence reads: "More often than not, ringers think of the church as something stuck on the bottom of the belfry."

The phrase "more often than not" is an idiom meaning "in more cases than not" or "usually/frequently in terms of frequency of occurrence."

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
   - This refers to frequency at short intervals, suggesting repeated events close together in time

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
   - This is about quantity or degree of frequency in great amounts

3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances
   - This refers to the proportion of cases/instances where something occurs

The phrase "more often than not" emphasizes that in the majority of instances/cases, ringers think of the church in a certain way. This is talking about how frequently (in terms of the proportion of cases) this occurs.

This best matches sense 3: "in many cases or instances" - which captures the meaning of "more often than not" as referring to the frequency in terms of case occurrence.

Sense 1 is about short intervals and repeated meetings, which doesn't fit here.
Sense 2 is about great quantities or degrees, which also doesn't fit the context.
Sense 3 is about the proportion of cases/instances, which perfectly fits "more often than not."

The answer should be sense index 3.