[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: less
Target surface form: less
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from <t>less</t> severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive
2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "less" appears in the phrase "progressing from less severe to deadly," where it is functioning as a comparative adverb modifying the adjective "severe." This matches sense 1, which describes "less" as being "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs," with the example "less interesting; less expensive" being directly parallel to this usage pattern.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "less" is being used.

The target word "less" appears in: "progressing from less severe to deadly"

Let me examine both senses:

1. sense_key=less%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a lesser extent | examples=less interesting; less expensive

2. sense_key=less%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of little | examples=she walks less than she should; he works less these days

In the context "progressing from less severe to deadly," the word "less" is being used to form a comparative adjective with "severe." It's functioning as an adverb modifying the adjective "severe" to create the comparative form "less severe."

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1 has examples like "less interesting" and "less expensive" - these are parallel to "less severe"
- Sense 2 has examples like "she walks less than she should" - these are about quantity/amount of action

The context is clearly using "less" in the same way as "less interesting" or "less expensive" - forming a comparative adjective. This matches sense 1, which is specifically described as "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs."

The answer should be sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: severe
Target surface form: severe
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less <t>severe</t> to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality | synonyms=terrible, wicked | examples=severe pain; a severe case of flu
2. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:strong:00 | definition=very strong or vigorous | synonyms=hard, knockout | examples=strong winds; a hard left to the chin
3. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=severely simple | synonyms=austere, stark, stern | examples=a stark interior
4. sense_key=severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00 | definition=unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; - H.G.Wells | synonyms=spartan | examples=a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien
5. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
6. sense_key=severe%5:00:01:bad:00 | definition=very bad in degree or extent | examples=a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The context describes polyps "progressing from less severe to deadly" in terms of increasing malignancy. The word "severe" here refers to the degree or extent of how bad the medical condition is, comparing less serious/damaged polyps to more dangerous ones. This matches sense 6: "very bad in degree or extent," which has examples like "the house suffered severe damage" - similarly describing something as being bad to a great degree.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "severe" in the context: "progressing from less severe to deadly"

Let me analyze the context. The passage discusses polyps in the bowel that become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages. The polyps progress "from less severe to deadly" - this suggests a progression of malignancy or seriousness of the disease/condition.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality" - about severe pain, severe flu cases. This is about intensity or degree of badness.

2. "very strong or vigorous" - about strong winds, hard hits. This seems less relevant.

3. "severely simple" - about austere, stark design. This is about simplicity/plainness, not relevant.

4. "unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment" - about being strict/harsh. Less relevant.

5. "causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm" - synonyms: dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening. Examples: dangerous operation, grave situation. This is about severity in terms of threat/danger.

6. "very bad in degree or extent" - examples: severe worldwide depression, house suffered severe damage. This is about degree of badness/extent.

In the context, "polyps...become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly" - the polyps are becoming worse/more dangerous. A "less severe" polyp would be one that is less dangerous, less serious, less harmful. A "deadly" one is very harmful.

This seems to fit sense 5 (causing fear/threat) or sense 6 (very bad in degree/extent).

Actually, sense 1 and sense 6 are quite similar - both about degree of badness. Sense 1 mentions "intensely or extremely bad" and sense 6 says "very bad in degree or extent."
In the medical context, the polyps progressing from "less severe to deadly" indicates how bad or serious the condition becomes. Sense 6 fits better here—it's specifically about something being very bad in degree or extent, like how "the house suffered severe damage" parallels polyps becoming more malignant. While sense 5 emphasizes the threatening nature, sense 6 directly captures the escalating badness of the polyps' condition.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deadly
Target surface form: deadly
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t> -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes the progression of polyps and cancer stages "from less severe to deadly." In this medical context, "deadly" means capable of causing death—describing cancer stages that are fatal. This matches the primary sense: "causing or capable of causing death," which is explicitly illustrated by the examples "a fatal accident; a deadly enemy." The synonyms "fatal" and "mortal" align perfectly with the notion of cancer that progresses to lethal stages.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage is about colon cancer and polyps in the bowel. It says polyps "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to <t>deadly</t>".

In this context, "deadly" is describing the stages of polyp development - from less severe to deadly. This is talking about polyps that can lead to death if not treated, describing cancer stages that are fatal.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=deadly%5:00:01:fatal:00 | definition=causing or capable of causing death | synonyms=deathly, mortal | examples=a fatal accident; a deadly enemy
   - This fits: it describes something capable of causing death

2. sense_key=deadly%5:00:02:fatal:00 | definition=of an instrument of certain death | synonyms=lethal | examples=deadly poisons; lethal weapon
   - This is about instruments of certain death - not really fitting here

3. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:toxic:00 | definition=extremely poisonous or injurious; producing venom | synonyms=venomous, virulent | examples=venomous snakes; a virulent insect bite
   - This is about poisonous/venomous things - not the right sense

4. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:unpardonable:00 | definition=involving loss of divine grace or spiritual death | synonyms=mortal | examples=the seven deadly sins
   - This is about spiritual death or sin - not relevant here

5. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:noxious:00 | definition=exceedingly harmful | synonyms=baneful, pernicious, pestilent
   - This could fit but it's more general

6. sense_key=deadly%5:00:00:virulent:00 | definition=(of a disease) having a rapid course and violent effect - This also works for cancer progression since we're discussing disease severity. The first sense remains the most direct match though, capturing the fundamental meaning of deadly as something capable of causing death in the cancer context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of <t>genetic</t> damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "a cascade of genetic damage" refers to damage to genes or genetic material itself. This best matches sense 2 ("of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"), which describes the molecular/genetic basis of the damage being discussed. The context is about cellular and chromosomal alterations in cancer development, not about hereditary transmission (sense 1), historical origins (sense 3), or the study of genetics as a discipline (sense 4).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "genetic" in this passage.

The target phrase is: "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring"

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 - "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" - This refers to inherited traits in families. The context talks about "genetic damage" which is about damage to genetic material, not about hereditary traits passed through families.

2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: - "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - This refers to genes themselves. The phrase "genetic damage" refers to damage to genes/genetic material. This fits well.

3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: - "pertaining to or referring to origin" - This is about the origin or history of something. While genes relate to origins, the context isn't about the origin of damage but rather the damage itself.

4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: - "of or relating to the science of genetics" - This refers to genetics as a field of study. The context is about genetic damage in cells, not about the science of genetics per se.

The phrase "cascade of genetic damage" most clearly refers to damage to genes/genetic material. This best fits sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene."

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic <t>damage</t> might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "cascade of genetic damage" refers to accumulated alterations in genetic material that represent negative changes occurring during cancer progression. The context discusses identifying stages of cancer development marked by these genetic alterations. This best aligns with sense 1: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" - emphasizing the result or state of harmful genetic changes rather than the act of causing them.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "damage" in this passage about cancer genetics.

The context is discussing genetic changes in colon cancer development. The passage mentions "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" and later "searching for signs of genetic damage."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
   - This refers to the result or occurrence of something becoming worse
   - "genetic damage" suggests a negative change in genetic material

2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
   - This is clearly military-specific and irrelevant to the context about genetics

3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
   - This refers to the action or process of causing damage
   - In context "a cascade of genetic damage" could refer to the process of genetic material being damaged

4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms
   - This is clearly not relevant (financial sense)

5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury
   - This is a legal sense, not appropriate for genetic context

The best fits are between sense 1 and sense 3:
- Sense 1: "the occurrence of a change for the worse" - emphasizes the result/state
- Sense 3: "the act of damaging something or someone" - emphasizes the action/process

In the phrase "a cascade of genetic damage," the word "cascade" suggests a process or chain of events. The context is discussing how genetic mutations accumulate during cancer development. This seems to better align with sense 1 (the occurrence/result of change for the worse) rather than sense 3 (the act of damaging).
Reconsidering the passage, "genetic damage" actually refers to the physical alterations in DNA and chromosomes themselves—the mutations and changes that have already occurred. This points toward sense 1, which captures the state of negative change rather than the action causing it. The answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occurring
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be <t>occurring</t>. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "occurring" in the phrase "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" is used in the sense of "come to pass" or "happen." The context describes genetic damage happening or unfolding in stages during cancer development. This matches sense 1, which has synonyms like "happen," "go on," and "pass" - all indicating events taking place.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "occur" is being used in the phrase "as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The sentence is discussing how colon cancer seems to develop in stages, progressing from less severe to deadly. The phrase is saying that a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring (happening/taking place).

Let me examine each sense:

1. **sense_key=occur%2:30:00::** "come to pass" | synonyms: happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out
   - Definition and examples focus on events happening/taking place
   - Examples: "What is happening?"; "The meeting took place off without an incidence"
   - This clearly fits the context - genetic damage is happening/occurring

2. **sense_key=occur%2:31:00::** "come to one's mind; suggest itself" | synonyms: come
   - This is about something coming to someone's mind or consciousness
   - Examples: "It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary"
   - This doesn't fit - the sentence isn't saying something came to someone's mind

3. **sense_key=occur%2:42:03::** "to be found to exist" | examples: "sexism occurs in many workplaces"; "precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil"
   - This is about something existing or being present/found
   - The examples suggest geographic or general existence
   - This could work, but it's more about existing/being found rather than happening

The context clearly indicates that "occurring" means "happening" or "taking place" - the genetic damage is happening/unfolding in stages. The phrase "a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring" means "a cascade of genetic damage might be happening."

This best matches sense 1: "come to pass" with synonyms like "happen, go on."

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: student
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes Eric Fearon as a "doctoral student" working under Dr. Vogelstein's supervision, conducting research. This clearly indicates someone who is enrolled in an educational institution (a doctoral program) and is actively learning - matching sense 1 ("a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution") rather than sense 2, which describes someone who has already achieved scholarly mastery.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "student" is being used here.

The context describes: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral <t>student</t>, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

This is referring to Eric Fearon, who is described as a "doctoral student" of Dr. Vogelstein. A doctoral student is someone who is enrolled in an educational program (a PhD program in this case) and is learning from a mentor/advisor.

Let me examine the two senses:

Sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" - This definition perfectly matches the context. Eric Fearon is a doctoral student, meaning he is enrolled in a doctoral program at Johns Hopkins Medical School. He is actively learning and conducting research under Dr. Vogelstein's guidance.

Sense 2: "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines" - This definition refers to a scholar or someone who has already achieved mastery. While Eric Fearon might eventually become such a scholar, the term "doctoral student" specifically refers to someone who is still in the process of learning, not someone who has already gained mastery.

The context clearly indicates sense 1 is the correct choice, as Eric Fearon is described as being actively engaged in research under Dr. Vogelstein's supervision, which is characteristic of a student (learner enrolled in an educational institution) rather than an established scholar.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes." This describes the researchers taking the first step in carrying out an investigative action. The sense that best fits is the one meaning "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action," which is exemplified by the parallel construction "We began working at dawn."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "began" in this sentence:

"Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, <t>began</t> months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

The sentence structure is: "[subject] began [object - months of tedious and often frustrating probing]"

This is expressing the action of initiating or starting an activity. The researchers started doing months of research/probing.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - This fits well. The examples are "We began working at dawn; Who will start?" This is about initiating an action.

2. "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense" - This is more about something existing and having a starting point, not about an agent causing something to start.

3. "set in motion, cause to start" - This is about causing something external to start, like "The U.S. started a war" or "The Iraqis began hostilities." This is about initiating a specific event/action.

4. "begin to speak or say" - Not relevant here.

5. "be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series" - Not relevant.

6. "have a beginning, of a temporal event" - This is about a temporal event having a start point.

7. "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" - Similar to sense 2, more about something existing having a start point.

8. "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" - Examples like "begin a cigar" - this is about engaging in an activity defined by an object.

9. "achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative" - Not relevant.

10. "begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language" - Not relevant.
The researchers are actively initiating the probing activity itself, not causing an external event to start. This matches sense 1 perfectly—they're taking the first steps in carrying out an action, just as "We began working at dawn" demonstrates. Sense 1 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "months of tedious and often frustrating probing," which uses "months" as a measure of duration or elapsed time spent on research work. This aligns with sense 2 (a time unit of approximately 30 days), rather than sense 1 (one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year). The sentence is indicating how long the research took, not referencing specific calendar months.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "months" in this sentence:

"Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began <t>months</t> of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

The two candidate senses are:
1. one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month)
2. a time unit of approximately 30 days

In this context, "months of tedious and often frustrating probing" is describing a duration of time spent on research work. The phrase suggests they spent an extended period of time doing this work.

Sense 1 (month%1:28:01::) refers to "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" - this is when you're referring to specific named months like January, February, etc.

Sense 2 (month%1:28:00::) refers to "a time unit of approximately 30 days" - this is a measure of duration/length of time.

In the sentence, "months of tedious and often frustrating probing" is clearly using "months" as a unit of time measurement to describe how long the research took. It's not referring to specific calendar months (like "March and April"), but rather to a duration of about 30 days each.

The context makes it clear this is describing a period of time spent on work, not specific divisions of a calendar year. Therefore, sense 2 is the correct answer.

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tedious
Target surface form: tedious
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:uninteresting:00 | definition=so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness; ; ; ; ; ; - Edmund Burke; ; - Mark Twain | synonyms=boring, deadening, dull, ho-hum, irksome, slow | examples=a boring evening with uninteresting people; the deadening effect of some routine tasks
2. sense_key=tedious%5:00:00:prolix:00 | definition=using or containing too many words | synonyms=long-winded, verbose, windy, wordy | examples=long-winded (or windy) speakers; verbose and ineffective instructional methods

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "tedious" in this context describes the research work as lacking interest and causing mental weariness. Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon spent months on repetitive, painstaking work examining chromosomes. The phrase "tedious and often frustrating probing" characterizes the work as uninteresting and exhausting, which aligns with Sense 1 (lacking in interest, causing mental weariness). Sense 2 (verbose/wordy) does not apply here, as the passage is not describing the probing as being overly lengthy in its expression.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "tedious" in this passage.

The sentence says: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of <t>tedious</t> and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

The word "tedious" is being used to describe the nature of "probing of the chromosomes" - a research activity that involves careful, methodical examination. It's paired with "often frustrating" which gives us more context.

Now let's look at the two senses:

Sense 1: "so lacking in interest as to cause mental weariness" - with synonyms like boring, deadening, dull, irksome, slow. This refers to something that is uninteresting and causes fatigue or mental exhaustion.

Sense 2: "using or containing too many words" - with synonyms like long-winded, verbose, wordy. This refers to length and verbosity.

In the context, the "probing" is described as "tedious and often frustrating" - this is describing the task itself as being boring, uninteresting, and mentally tiring (especially when combined with "frustrating"). The researcher spent "months" doing this work, which further emphasizes the repetitive, tiring nature of it.

Sense 2 (prolix/verbose) doesn't apply here because the passage isn't describing the probing as being wordy or long-winded in nature - it's describing it as uninteresting/boring.

The correct answer is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "often" in the phrase "often frustrating probing" describes the nature of the work across many instances or cases—the probing was frustrating in many instances throughout their months of research. This aligns best with sense 3 ("in many cases or instances") rather than sense 1 (temporal frequency at short intervals) or sense 2 (quantity/abundance).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "often" in the given passage.

The target word "often" appears in the phrase: "often frustrating probing of the chromosomes"

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
   - This sense refers to happening repeatedly at short intervals or in frequent occurrences

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
   - This sense seems to relate to "frequently or in great quantities" - more about abundance or degree

3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances
   - This sense refers to something happening in many cases or instances

Looking at the context: "months of tedious and <t>often</t> frustrating probing"

The word "often" here modifies "frustrating" and describes the nature of the probing experience. The researcher experienced many instances of frustration during the probing work.

This seems to fit best with sense 3: "in many cases or instances" - the probing was frustrating in many cases/instances, rather than describing a temporal frequency (which would be more like sense 1).

Sense 1 would suggest repeated occurrences at short intervals, which doesn't fit as well.
Sense 2 seems to relate to quantity/abundance, which also doesn't fit as naturally.

Sense 3 "in many cases or instances" is the best fit for describing when the probing was "often frustrating" - meaning it was frustrating in many cases/instances of the work.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: search
Target surface form: searching
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes <t>searching</t> for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=search%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=seek, look for | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=search%2:39:00:: | definition=search or seek | synonyms=look | examples=We looked all day and finally found the child in the forest; Look elsewhere for the perfect gift!
3. sense_key=search%2:31:00:: | definition=inquire into | synonyms=research, explore | examples=the students had to research the history of the Second World War for their history project; He searched for information on his relatives on the web
4. sense_key=search%2:35:01:: | definition=subject to a search | examples=The police searched the suspect; We searched the whole house for the missing keys

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon "searching for signs of genetic damage" in chromosomes. The phrase describes a specific attempt to locate or discover evidence of genetic damage through their examination of chromosome samples. This corresponds to the sense of "try to locate or discover" (synonyms: seek, look for), rather than a broader inquiry or investigation. The action is about finding something specific (signs of genetic damage), not about conducting research in general.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "searching" in this passage about Dr. Vogelstein's research on cancer genetics.

The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

The context indicates:
- They are probing chromosomes
- They are looking for signs of genetic damage
- This is a scientific research activity
- The word "probing" precedes "searching"

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of" - synonyms: seek, look for. This fits the literal meaning of searching for signs of genetic damage - they are trying to locate or discover evidence of genetic damage.

2. Sense 2: "search or seek" - synonyms: look. This is more general and similar to sense 1.

3. Sense 3: "inquire into" - synonyms: research, explore. This is about investigating or researching, which could fit a scientific context where they're inquiring into the nature of chromosomes.

4. Sense 4: "subject to a search" - This doesn't fit as it's about being searched rather than doing the searching.

The key distinction is between sense 1 (trying to locate/discover something) and sense 3 (inquiring into/researching).

In this context, they are "probing" chromosomes "searching for signs" - they are literally trying to locate or discover evidence of genetic damage. The phrase "searching for signs of genetic damage" suggests they are looking to find evidence, not necessarily conducting a broader inquiry. This aligns more with sense 1 (try to locate or discover).

Sense 3 emphasizes "inquire into" and "research," which would be more about the overall research approach rather than the specific action of looking for signs.
Sense 1 best captures what's happening here—they're actively trying to locate and discover specific evidence of genetic damage within the chromosomes, not conducting a broader investigation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sign
Target surface form: signs
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for <t>signs</t> of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sign%1:10:05:: | definition=a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent (as a visible clue that something has happened) | synonyms=mark | examples=he showed signs of strain; they welcomed the signs of spring
2. sense_key=sign%1:10:00:: | definition=a public display of a message | examples=he posted signs in all the shop windows
3. sense_key=sign%1:10:03:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signal, signaling | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
4. sense_key=sign%1:06:01:: | definition=structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted | synonyms=signboard | examples=the highway was lined with signboards
5. sense_key=sign%1:15:00:: | definition=(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided | synonyms=sign of the zodiac, star sign, mansion, house, planetary house
6. sense_key=sign%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease | examples=there were no signs of asphyxiation
7. sense_key=sign%1:24:00:: | definition=having an indicated pole (as the distinction between positive and negative electric charges) | synonyms=polarity | examples=he got the polarity of the battery reversed; charges of opposite sign
8. sense_key=sign%1:11:00:: | definition=an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come | synonyms=augury, foretoken, preindication | examples=he hoped it was an augury; it was a sign from God
9. sense_key=sign%1:10:01:: | definition=a gesture that is part of a sign language
10. sense_key=sign%1:10:06:: | definition=a fundamental linguistic unit linking a signifier to that which is signified; --de Saussure | examples=The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary
11. sense_key=sign%1:10:04:: | definition=a character indicating a relation between quantities | examples=don't forget the minus sign

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The context describes researchers searching for objective evidence of genetic damage in cancer cells, which directly corresponds to the medical definition of "signs" as objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease. This is the appropriate medical term used in pathology and genetic research contexts.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The context is about Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon searching for "signs" of genetic damage in cancer cells. They are:
- "probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage"
- "uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells"

This is in a medical/scientific context where they are looking for evidence of genetic damage.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "a perceptible indication of something not immediately apparent" - This fits well. They're looking for indications of genetic damage.

2. "a public display of a message" - No, this is about physical signs/billboards.

3. "any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message" - No, not relevant here.

4. "structure displaying a board on which advertisements can be posted" - No, irrelevant.

5. "(astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided" - No, not relevant.

6. "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease" - This is very specific to medicine and fits perfectly! They're looking for signs of disease (cancer).

7. "having an indicated pole" - No, not relevant.

8. "an event that is experienced as indicating important things to come" - Not quite right, this is more about augury/prediction.

9. "a gesture that is part of a sign language" - No, not relevant.

10. "a fundamental linguistic unit" - No, not relevant.

11. "a character indicating a relation between quantities" - No, not relevant.

Between sense 1 and sense 6:
- Sense 6 is specifically the medical definition: "(medicine) any objective evidence of the presence of a disorder or disease"
- This is the best fit given the explicitly medical context of detecting genetic damage and disease in cancer cells.

The answer is sense 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of <t>genetic</t> damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes Dr. Vogelstein searching for "signs of genetic damage" and uncovering "genetic deletions" in chromosomes. The phrase refers to actual damage and changes at the molecular level to genes and genetic material itself, rather than hereditary traits (sense 1), historical origins (sense 3), or the scientific field broadly (sense 4). Sense 2, "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene," best captures this meaning of genetic damage as damage to genes themselves.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "genetic" is being used here.

The target phrase is "genetic damage" in the sentence: "progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible
   - This refers to hereditary or familial traits that run in families
   - Not the best fit here

2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
   - This refers to genes themselves, genetic code, genic combinations
   - Could fit, as genetic damage could involve genes

3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
   - This is about origins/history
   - Doesn't fit well here

4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research
   - This refers to the field/science of genetics
   - Could fit

In the context, Dr. Vogelstein is searching for "signs of genetic damage" in chromosomes. They are "uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions" - these are actual molecular/chromosomal changes.

The phrase "genetic damage" refers to damage at the genetic/molecular level - mutations, deletions, and other changes to DNA/chromosomes. This is best captured by sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - genetic damage is damage to genes themselves.
Sense 2 better captures the actual harm to genetic material itself, whereas sense 4 refers to the broader scientific discipline rather than the physical damage occurring at the molecular level.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damage
Context:
But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic <t>damage</t>. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment
2. sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty
3. sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe
4. sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms | examples=the price of gasoline; he got his new car on excellent terms
5. sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "damage" in this passage.

The context is about genetic research where Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon are studying chromosomes for signs of "genetic damage" in the context of cancer development. They're probing chromosomes and uncovering genetic deletions.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "sense_key=damage%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a change for the worse | synonyms=harm, impairment"
   - This refers to the state or result of something being damaged (a noun referring to the condition)

2. "sense_key=damage%1:11:01:: | definition=loss of military equipment | synonyms=equipment casualty"
   - This is specifically military-related, not applicable here

3. "sense_key=damage%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of damaging something or someone | synonyms=harm, hurt, scathe"
   - This refers to the action/process of damaging

4. "sense_key=damage%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount of money needed to purchase something | synonyms=price, terms"
   - This is about monetary cost, clearly not applicable

5. "sense_key=damage%1:04:01:: | definition=any harm or injury resulting from a violation of a legal right | synonyms=wrong, legal injury"
   - This is about legal/rights violation, not applicable here

In the context "searching for signs of genetic damage," the word "damage" refers to genetic harm or injury - the state of being damaged rather than the act of damaging. The text uses "genetic damage" to mean the occurrence/presence of harmful changes in genes.

Sense 1 (the occurrence of a change for the worse) seems most appropriate because it's referring to the condition or state of genetic harm that has occurred, not the action of damaging. "Genetic damage" is describing a negative change that has already happened.
The genetic damage they're searching for represents the deleterious alteration in genes—the negative shift that's already taken place. This aligns with sense 1, which captures the notion of an adverse transformation rather than the process itself.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: began
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They <t>began</t> uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The sentence describes Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon starting an action: "began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes." This matches sense 1, which defines "begin" as "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action." The synonyms (start, get down, set about, set out) and the example "We began working at dawn" are directly parallel to the context of beginning a research activity.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "began" in the sentence:

"Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage."

I need to determine what sense of "begin" is being used here.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - examples: "We began working at dawn; Who will start?" This seems close - they began months of probing.

2. "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense" - examples about something starting to exist or occur

3. "set in motion, cause to start" - examples about causing something to start

4. "begin to speak or say" - not applicable here

5. "be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start" - not applicable

6. "have a beginning, of a temporal event" - examples about events starting in time

7. "have a beginning characterized in some specified way" - examples about something starting with a certain characteristic

8. "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" - examples: "begin a cigar; She started the soup"

9. "achieve or accomplish in the least degree" - not applicable

10. "begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language" - not applicable

Looking at the sentence: "began months of tedious and often frustrating probing"

This is about starting an action/activity. They began (started) the activity of probing chromosomes.

Sense 1 fits well: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - they began the action of probing.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 8 also could fit: "begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object" - "began probing" where probing is the direct object in a sense.
The most direct interpretation is sense 1—they initiated the action of probing, with synonyms like "start," "set about," and "get down" all capturing the meaning in context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confusing
Target surface form: confusing
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a <t>confusing</t> variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confusing%5:00:00:disorienting:00 | definition=causing confusion or disorientation | examples=a confusing jumble of road signs; being hospitalized can be confusing and distressing for a small child
2. sense_key=confusing%5:00:00:unclear:00 | definition=lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity | synonyms=perplexing, puzzling | examples=sent confusing signals to Iraq; perplexing to someone who knew nothing about it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes researchers uncovering "a confusing variety of genetic deletions" with different patterns that were difficult to interpret. The sentence emphasizes how the initial findings lacked clarity and were perplexing—note that the text explicitly states "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged," indicating that what was confusing was unclear or ambiguous. This matches Sense 2 ("lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity") with its synonym "perplexing," rather than Sense 1, which emphasizes disorientation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "confusing" is being used.

The target sentence is: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "causing confusion or disorientation" with examples like "a confusing jumble of road signs; being hospitalized can be confusing and distressing for a small child"
- This emphasizes causing a mental state of confusion or disorientation

Sense 2: "lacking clarity of meaning; causing confusion or perplexity" with synonyms "perplexing, puzzling" and examples "sent confusing signals to Iraq; perplexing to someone who knew nothing about it"
- This emphasizes something that is unclear, ambiguous, perplexing, or hard to understand

In the context, the researchers found "a confusing variety of genetic deletions" where the deletions were present in different patterns - some only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells, and many in both. This variety was confusing because it was hard to make sense of the pattern, it was unclear what the relationship was.

The sense being used here seems to be about the variety being unclear, perplexing, or hard to interpret. This matches Sense 2 better, which emphasizes "lacking clarity of meaning" and "causing confusion or perplexity" with the synonym "perplexing."

Sense 1 focuses more on disorientation, which is less about the meaning/clarity and more about a mental state of being disoriented.

The context suggests that the researchers eventually figured out the pattern ("Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged"), which shows that what was confusing was the lack of clarity in the initial findings.

So the best sense is Sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variety
Target surface form: variety
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing <t>variety</t> of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variety%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection containing a variety of sorts of things | synonyms=assortment, mixture, mixed bag, miscellany, miscellanea, salmagundi | examples=a great assortment of cars was on display; he had a variety of disorders
2. sense_key=variety%1:07:00:: | definition=noticeable heterogeneity | synonyms=diverseness, diversity, multifariousness | examples=a diversity of possibilities; the range and variety of his work is amazing
3. sense_key=variety%1:14:00:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic category consisting of members of a species that differ from others of the same species in minor but heritable characteristics | examples=varieties are frequently recognized in botany
4. sense_key=variety%1:10:00:: | definition=a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances | synonyms=variety show
5. sense_key=variety%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, form | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
6. sense_key=variety%1:07:01:: | definition=a difference that is usually pleasant | synonyms=change | examples=he goes to France for variety; it is a refreshing change to meet a woman mechanic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "a confusing variety of genetic deletions" where researchers discovered different types of genetic deletions. This refers to a collection or assortment of different kinds of things (genetic deletions), which matches sense 1's definition of "a collection containing a variety of sorts of things" with synonyms like assortment and mixture. The example "he had a variety of disorders" parallels the use here perfectly.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "They began uncovering a confusing <t>variety</t> of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

The key phrase is "a variety of genetic deletions" - where "variety" refers to a collection of different types of genetic deletions.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=variety%1:14:01:: - "a collection containing a variety of sorts of things" with synonyms like assortment, mixture, mixed bag, miscellany. The example "a great assortment of cars was on display; he had a variety of disorders" fits well with the context of "a variety of genetic deletions."

2. sense_key=variety%1:07:00:: - "noticeable heterogeneity" with synonyms diverseness, diversity. This would refer to the quality of being diverse.

3. sense_key=variety%1:14:00:: - "(biology) a taxonomic category" - This is about plant/animal taxonomy, not relevant here.

4. sense_key=variety%1:10:00:: - "a show consisting of a series of short unrelated performances" - Not relevant, this is about entertainment.

5. sense_key=variety%1:09:01:: - "a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality" with synonyms kind, sort, form. This could work but seems more abstract.

6. sense_key=variety%1:07:01:: - "a difference that is usually pleasant" - Not really applicable here.

The context is about "a confusing variety of genetic deletions" - the researchers found different kinds of genetic deletions. This is clearly referring to a collection of different types of things (genetic deletions), not the quality of being different (which would be diversity/heterogeneity).

Between sense 1 and sense 5:
- Sense 1 emphasizes a "collection containing a variety of sorts of things" - an assortment
- Sense 5 emphasizes grouping things by shared characteristics, which doesn't capture the idea of multiple distinct types being collected together

In this context, "variety of genetic deletions" describes an assortment of different deletion types found across the samples. This matches sense 1 best.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of <t>genetic</t> deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "genetic deletions" in the chromosomes of cancer cells. This refers to deletions in genetic material (genes/DNA sequences), which is best captured by sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene." The phrase describes molecular-level genetic damage, not inherited traits (sense 1), the origins of something (sense 3), or the scientific field itself (sense 4).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "genetic" is being used.

The sentence is: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

The context is about research on chromosomal damage and cancer development. Dr. Vogelstein is searching for "signs of genetic damage" and finding "genetic deletions."

Let me consider each sense:

1. **Sense 1: "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity"** - This refers to inherited/familial traits. The context doesn't suggest that these deletions are necessarily hereditary or running in families. This doesn't fit.

2. **Sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"** - This relates to genes themselves, the molecular units of heredity. The term "genetic deletions" refers to deletions at the gene/chromosome level, relating to genes. This fits well.

3. **Sense 3: "pertaining to or referring to origin"** - This means relating to the origins or genesis of something. While cancer development is being discussed, the primary meaning isn't about the origin/genesis but about gene-related damage.

4. **Sense 4: "of or relating to the science of genetics"** - This would relate to the field/discipline of genetics as a science. While this is research in genetics, the phrase "genetic deletions" is more specifically about genes/mutations rather than the science itself.

The key phrase is "genetic deletions" - these are deletions of genetic material (genes/chromosomes). This is best captured by sense 2: "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" with its synonym "genic" and examples like "genic combinations; genetic code."

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: exist
Target surface form: existing
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some <t>existing</t> only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=exist%2:42:00:: | definition=have an existence, be extant | synonyms=be | examples=Is there a God?
2. sense_key=exist%2:42:01:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=survive, live, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "existing" in this sentence:

"They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

The target word is "existing" - we need to determine which sense of "exist" this is using.

Sense 1: "have an existence, be extant" - synonyms: be - examples: "Is there a God?"
This means something is present, has actual existence, is real.

Sense 2: "support oneself" - synonyms: survive, live, subsist - examples: "he could barely exist on such a low wage"
This refers to managing to live/survive, typically with difficulty.

In the context of the sentence, "some [genetic deletions] existing only in benign polyps" means these genetic deletions are present/found in benign polyps. This is clearly about the existence or presence of these genetic deletions.

This is sense 1 - "have an existence, be extant" - meaning these genetic deletions are present/exist in benign polyps.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}