[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: experience
Target surface form: experience
Context:
The notion that tracking is somehow "undemocratic "is absurd. The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational <t>experience</t>. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher
2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly
3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context contrasts "dubious psychological and sociological theories" with "educational experience," indicating a reliance on practical, accumulated knowledge and skill gained from direct participation in educational work and practice, rather than theoretical frameworks alone. This aligns with sense 1, which defines experience as "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "experience" in this passage.

The sentence reads: "They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience."

This is contrasting theoretical knowledge (from psychological and sociological theories) with practical, accumulated knowledge from direct participation in educational work.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=experience%1:09:01:: | definition=the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities | examples=a man of experience; experience is the best teacher

This sense refers to accumulated knowledge/skill from direct participation. This fits well with "educational experience" - it's talking about the accumulated knowledge and practical wisdom that comes from actually working in education.

2. sense_key=experience%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of direct observation or participation in an event | examples=he had a religious experience; he recalled the experience vividly

This is about the content of a single event or observation, more immediate and specific. "Educational experience" in this context doesn't seem to be about a specific event's content.

3. sense_key=experience%1:11:00:: | definition=an event as apprehended | examples=a surprising experience; that painful experience certainly got our attention

This is about an event as perceived/apprehended, similar to sense 2 but more about how an event is perceived.

The context is clearly contrasting theoretical knowledge with practical, accumulated expertise from direct work in education. Sense 1 (experience%1:09:01::) about "the accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation" is the best fit. It's about the built-up expertise from actually doing educational work, not about a specific event or its content.

The answer should be sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the <t>reasons</t> American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "reasons" in this context means "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon." The sentence states that one of the reasons (causes/explanations) American students perform poorly in math is the influence of the "New Math." This directly parallels the example provided for sense 2: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly."

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "reason" is being used.

The sentence is: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods."

Here, "reasons" is being used to mean the causes or explanations for why American students perform poorly in math tests. Let me examine each sense:

1. "a rational motive for a belief or action" - This would be about motives for decisions, not explanations of phenomena.

2. "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - This fits well. The reason (explanation of cause) that American students do poorly is the influence of New Math.

3. "the capacity for rational thought" - This is about the ability to think rationally, not applicable here.

4. "the state of having good sense and sound judgment" - This is about a state of mind, not applicable here.

5. "a justification for something existing or happening" - This is similar to sense 1, about justification or cause.

6. "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" - This is about facts that justify conclusions, not quite the same as an explanation of cause.

Looking at the example for sense 2: "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly" - this is exactly parallel to our sentence structure. The reason (explanation for the phenomenon) is provided.

Sense 5 also has "grounds" as a synonym and examples like "he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice" which is about justification.

But sense 2 specifically defines it as "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" which is most precise for our context. The reason why students do poorly = the explanation/cause of that phenomenon = the influence of New Math.
The second sense is the correct answer.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons <t>American</t> students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The context clearly refers to "American students" in comparison with "British, French, German or Japanese students," establishing a nation-specific reference to the United States of America. The phrase "American textbooks," "American Spectator" (a U.S. publication), and the overall comparison with other individual countries all support sense 1, which specifically relates to the United States of America, its people, and its culture. Sense 2, which refers to the broader Americas continents, is not appropriate here.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "American" and I need to determine which sense is being used in the context.

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage discusses education, textbooks, and math tests
- It mentions "American students" do poorly in math tests compared with "British, French, German or Japanese students"
- It mentions "American textbooks and teaching methods"
- It mentions "American Spectator" (a magazine)

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture" with examples "American citizens; American English"

2. Sense 2: "of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas" with examples "the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna"

In the context, "American students" is referring to students from the United States of America. The passage is comparing them with "British, French, German or Japanese students" - these are all references to students from specific countries. "American Spectator" is a magazine published in the United States.

The second sense refers to the broader Americas (North and South American continents), which is not what's being discussed here. The passage is clearly referring to the United States of America, not the continents of the Americas.

Therefore, the best sense is Sense 1, which is indexed as sense_key=american%3:01:01::

The sense index would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American <t>students</t> do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses American students performing poorly on math tests and struggling to learn mathematics fundamentals. These are clearly people enrolled in educational institutions (learners), not scholars who have already gained mastery in a discipline. Sense 1 is the appropriate choice.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "student" is being used.

The passage discusses:
1. "The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential"
2. "American students do so poorly in math tests"
3. "students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory"

Looking at the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" | synonyms: pupil, educatee
- This refers to people currently enrolled in school/educational institutions

Sense 2: "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines" | synonyms: scholar, scholarly person, bookman
- This refers to someone who has mastered a discipline through study

In the context:
- "American students do so poorly in math tests" - this clearly refers to people enrolled in educational institutions taking tests
- "students who cannot add or subtract" - these are people who are in the process of learning, not scholars who have mastered a discipline
- The context is about young people in school struggling with math

This is clearly sense 1 - referring to people enrolled in educational institutions as learners, not scholars who have already mastered a discipline.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do <t>so</t> poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "so" in "students do so poorly" is intensifying the adverb "poorly," expressing that American students perform to a very great extent or degree poorly in math tests. This matches sense 1, which defines "so" as "to a very great extent or degree" with examples like "never been so happy" showing the same intensifying pattern.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "so" appears:

"One of the reasons American students do <t>so</t> poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students..."

The word "so" here modifies the adverb "poorly". It's expressing to what degree/extent students perform poorly. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "to a very great extent or degree" - examples: "the idea is so obvious; never been so happy"
2. "in a manner that facilitates" - examples: "he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior"
3. "in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied"
4. "to a certain unspecified extent or degree" - examples: "I can only go so far with this student"
5. "in the same way; also" - examples: "I was offended and so was he"
6. "in the way indicated" - examples: "hold the brush so"
7. "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed" - examples: "he was so tired he could hardly stand"
8. "subsequently or soon afterward"
9. "(used to introduce a logical conclusion)"
10. "in truth (often tends to intensify)"

In the sentence "students do so poorly", the "so" is intensifying "poorly" - it means they do "very poorly" or to a great extent/degree poorly. This matches sense 1: "to a very great extent or degree". The examples given are "the idea is so obvious; never been so happy" - which show the same pattern of "so" intensifying an adjective/adverb to express a high degree.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as <t>compared</t> with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "as compared with" in the context examines and notes the difference in performance between American students and students from other countries (British, French, German, Japanese). The sentence is analyzing the relative performance by establishing a comparison that highlights these differences. This matches sense 1: "examine and note the similarities or differences of."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the usage of "compared" in this sentence.

The sentence states: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math" on American textbooks and teaching methods."

The phrase "as compared with" is being used to establish a contrast or comparison between American students and students from other countries. The speaker is essentially saying "American students do so poorly... when compared with British, French, German or Japanese students."

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=compare%2:31:00::** "examine and note the similarities or differences of" - This involves examining and noting similarities/differences. The examples are "John compared his haircut to his friend's" and "We compared notes after we had both seen the movie."

2. **sense_key=compare%2:42:00::** "be comparable" - This means to be equal in quality or merit. Example: "This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes" - this is about something being comparable/matching.

3. **sense_key=compare%2:31:01::** "consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous" - This involves likening or equating things. Synonyms are "liken, equate" with examples like "We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans."

4. **sense_key=compare%2:32:00::** "to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb" - This is about grammar, forming comparative/superlative forms.

In the context, "as compared with" is being used to establish a relative comparison showing that American students perform poorly in relation to other countries' students. This is examining the performance and noting differences (American students do poorly compared to others who do better).

The best fit is sense 1: "examine and note the similarities or differences of" - because we're comparing American students' performance with other countries' students, examining the differences in their performance.
The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese <t>students</t>, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to learners enrolled in educational institutions who are struggling with mathematics education. The passage discusses "American students do so poorly in math tests" and mentions "students who cannot add or subtract," indicating school-age learners in the educational system rather than learned scholars. This matches sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "student" is being used.

Looking at the sentence: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math" on American textbooks and teaching methods."

The context is discussing:
- American students doing poorly in math tests
- Comparing them with students from other countries
- Discussing how textbooks and teaching methods influence their performance
- Later mentioning "students who can not add or subtract"

This is clearly referring to people who are enrolled in educational institutions and are learning (particularly in mathematics at school level). These are learners/pupils in schools, not scholars who have gained mastery through long study.

Sense 1: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" - This fits perfectly. The word "pupil" and "educatee" in the synonyms confirm this is about school/educational institution students.

Sense 2: "a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines" - This would refer to scholars or accomplished academics, not students struggling in math classes.

The context clearly indicates students who are struggling with math learning in schools, not learned scholars. This is definitely sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: influence
Target surface form: influence
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the <t>influence</t> of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=influence%1:07:00:: | definition=a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc | examples=used her parents' influence to get the job
2. sense_key=influence%1:04:00:: | definition=causing something without any direct or apparent effort
3. sense_key=influence%1:09:00:: | definition=a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do | examples=her wishes had a great influence on his thinking
4. sense_key=influence%1:19:00:: | definition=the effect of one thing (or person) on another | examples=the influence of mechanical action
5. sense_key=influence%1:18:00:: | definition=one having power to influence another | examples=she was the most important influence in my life; he was a bad influence on the children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes how "New Math" has had an effect on American textbooks and teaching methods, contributing to poor student performance. The sentence structure indicates a causal impact - one thing (New Math) affecting another (textbooks and teaching methods). This aligns best with sense 4, which defines influence as "the effect of one thing (or person) on another," similar to the example "the influence of mechanical action."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "influence" in this passage.

The context is: "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the 'New Math' on American textbooks and teaching methods."

This sentence is saying that the "New Math" has had an effect on American textbooks and teaching methods, and this is contributing to poor math performance.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "a power to affect persons or events especially power based on prestige etc" - This is about having power/prestige to affect things. The example "used her parents' influence to get the job" suggests personal/social power.

2. "causing something without any direct or apparent effort" - This doesn't fit well.

3. "a cognitive factor that tends to have an effect on what you do" - This is about mental/cognitive factors affecting behavior. The example "her wishes had a great influence on his thinking" suggests affecting thoughts/decisions.

4. "the effect of one thing (or person) on another" - This is about the actual effect/result one thing has on another. The example "the influence of mechanical action" suggests a physical/causal effect.

5. "one having power to influence another" - This is about a person or thing that has power to influence. The examples suggest personal influences.

In the context, the "New Math" is having an EFFECT on textbooks and teaching methods. The sentence is describing the result/consequence of New Math on education. This seems most aligned with sense 4: "the effect of one thing (or person) on another."

Sense 1 is more about social/prestige-based power.
Sense 3 is more about cognitive factors.
Sense 5 is about the person/thing that influences, not the effect itself.
Sense 4 captures what's happening here—the New Math's effect on educational materials and instruction.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
The purpose of education is to encourage young men and women to realize their full academic potential. No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on <t>American</t> textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

**Reasoning:** The context contrasts "American students" with "British, French, German or Japanese students," which clearly refers to students from the United States of America specifically. Similarly, "American Spectator" is a U.S. publication. This usage aligns with Sense 1, which pertains specifically to the United States of America and its people, language, and culture, rather than Sense 2, which refers to the broader Americas continents and islands.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "American" is being used.

The target word is "American" and it appears twice in the context:
1. "One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests"
2. "in the November American Spectator"

Looking at the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture"
- Examples: American citizens; American English

Sense 2: "of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas"
- Examples: the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

In the context, "American students" is being contrasted with "British, French, German or Japanese students." This is clearly referring to students from the United States, not from the Americas in general (which would include Canadian, Brazilian, etc. students).

Similarly, "American Spectator" is a magazine published in the United States.

Both uses clearly refer to the United States specifically, not the broader Americas continents. This matches Sense 1.

Sense 2 would be used for things related to the Americas as a whole (like American flora and fauna, or the American hemisphere).

Therefore, the answer is Sense 1, which is indexed as sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: want
Target surface form: wants
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who <t>wants</t> to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=want%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or have a desire for; want strongly | synonyms=desire | examples=I want to go home now; I want my own room
2. sense_key=want%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=need, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=want%2:35:00:: | definition=hunt or look for; want for a particular reason | examples=Your former neighbor is wanted by the FBI; Uncle Sam wants you
4. sense_key=want%2:31:01:: | definition=wish or demand the presence of | examples=I want you here at noon!
5. sense_key=want%2:42:01:: | definition=be without, lack; be deficient in | examples=want courtesy; want the strength to go on living

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand what "wants" means in this sentence:

"Anyone who <t>wants</t> to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is..."

In this sentence, "wants" means "desires" or "wishes to" - the person is expressing a desire or wish to appreciate/understand something.

Let me check each sense:

1. "feel or have a desire for; want strongly" - with examples "I want to go home now; I want my own room" - This matches! The sentence means "anyone who desires/wishes to appreciate" which is expressing a desire.

2. "have need of" - This is about needing something, like the piano example. This doesn't fit.

3. "hunt or look for; want for a particular reason" - This is about being wanted by law enforcement. This doesn't fit.

4. "wish or demand the presence of" - This is more about demanding someone's presence. While it has "wish" in the definition, the context is about demanding presence, not quite what we have here.

5. "be without, lack; be deficient in" - This is about lacking something. This doesn't fit.

Sense 1 is clearly the best match. "Anyone who wants to appreciate" = "Anyone who desires to appreciate" or "Anyone who wishes to appreciate."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appreciate
Target surface form: appreciate
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to <t>appreciate</t> just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appreciate%2:37:00:: | definition=recognize with gratitude; be grateful for
2. sense_key=appreciate%2:31:00:: | definition=be fully aware of; realize fully | synonyms=take account | examples=Do you appreciate the full meaning of this letter?
3. sense_key=appreciate%2:40:00:: | definition=hold dear | synonyms=prize, value, treasure | examples=I prize these old photographs
4. sense_key=appreciate%2:30:00:: | definition=gain in value | synonyms=apprize, apprise, revalue | examples=The yen appreciated again!
5. sense_key=appreciate%2:30:01:: | definition=increase the value of | synonyms=apprize, apprise | examples=The Germans want to appreciate the Deutsche Mark

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

The target word "appreciate" in this context means "be fully aware of; realize fully." The passage uses it in the phrase "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is," where it clearly means to fully understand or grasp the extent of how bizarre the situation is. This matches sense 2's definition and the example "Do you appreciate the full meaning of this letter?" which similarly refers to fully grasping meaning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "appreciate" in this passage.

The sentence in question is:
"Anyone who wants to <t>appreciate</t> just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson..."

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=appreciate%2:37:00:: | definition=recognize with gratitude; be grateful for
   - This would mean being grateful for how bizarre the situation is. Doesn't fit well.

2. sense_key=appreciate%2:31:00:: | definition=be fully aware of; realize fully | synonyms=take account | examples=Do you appreciate the full meaning of this letter?
   - This means to fully understand or be aware of something. The context is asking people to fully realize/understand "just how bizarre this situation is". This fits very well with the example given.

3. sense_key=appreciate%2:40:00:: | definition=hold dear | synonyms=prize, value, treasure | examples=I prize these old photographs
   - This means to value something dear. That doesn't fit - the text is criticizing the situation as bizarre and wrong, not holding it dear.

4. sense_key=appreciate%2:30:00:: | definition=gain in value | synonyms=apprize, apprise, revalue
   - This is about financial/economic value increasing. Doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=appreciate%2:30:01:: | definition=increase the value of | synonyms=apprize, apprise
   - This is also about increasing value/worth. Doesn't fit.

The best answer is sense 2, which means "be fully aware of; realize fully". The context is asking people to fully realize/understand how bizarre the educational situation is.

Sense 2 aligns perfectly with the definition and the passage's intent to have readers grasp the full extent of the problem.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: just
Target surface form: just
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate <t>just</t> how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=just%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=just%4:02:05:: | definition=indicating exactness or preciseness | synonyms=precisely, exactly | examples=he was doing precisely (or exactly) what she had told him to do; it was just as he said--the jewel was gone
3. sense_key=just%4:02:01:: | definition=only a moment ago | synonyms=just now | examples=he has just arrived; the sun just now came out
4. sense_key=just%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=simply | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
5. sense_key=just%4:02:04:: | definition=only a very short time before; ; ; ; ; - W.B.Yeats | synonyms=barely, hardly, scarcely, scarce | examples=they could barely hear the speaker; we hardly knew them
6. sense_key=just%4:02:06:: | definition=exactly at this moment or the moment described | examples=we've just finished painting the walls, so don't touch them

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The word "just" in "appreciate just how bizarre this situation is" functions as an intensifier emphasizing the degree or extent of bizarreness. This matches sense 4 "absolutely" with the synonym "simply," where "just" serves to emphasize or strengthen the adjective "how bizarre" that follows, similar to the example "he was just grand as Romeo."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "just" appears:

"Anyone who wants to appreciate <t>just</t> how bizarre this situation is..."

In this sentence, "just" is modifying the adjective "how bizarre". The meaning here is to emphasize or express the degree/extent of bizarreness.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "and nothing more" / "merely, simply, only" - This would mean "only how bizarre" which doesn't fit well with the context.

2. "indicating exactness or preciseness" - This would mean "exactly how bizarre" which could work, as in "to appreciate exactly/precisely how bizarre this situation is"

3. "only a moment ago" - This doesn't fit at all, there's no temporal reference here.

4. "absolutely" / "simply" - This would mean "absolutely/simply how bizarre" - meaning something like "extraordinarily how bizarre" or "just how amazingly bizarre"

5. "only a very short time before" - This doesn't fit, no temporal reference.

6. "exactly at this moment" - This doesn't fit the context.

Looking at the sentence: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is..."

The word "just" here is being used to emphasize or intensify the meaning. It's expressing emphasis about the degree/extent of how bizarre the situation is. This is closest to sense 4 "absolutely" with synonym "simply" - where it's being used as an intensifier.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 2 "indicating exactness or preciseness" also uses "exactly" as a synonym and has an example "it was just as he said" - which shows how "just" can mean "exactly."

But in "appreciate just how bizarre" - it's not about exactness or preciseness, it's about intensity/emphasis. So sense 4 "absolutely" seems more appropriate.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider.

In this context, "just" functions as an intensifier conveying emphasis and magnitude rather than precision. The word amplifies the sense of how extraordinarily bizarre the situation truly is, which aligns with sense 4's meaning of "absolutely" or "truly."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: situation
Target surface form: situation
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this <t>situation</t> is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=situation%1:26:00:: | definition=the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time; ; ; - Franklin D.Roosevelt | synonyms=state of affairs | examples=the present international situation is dangerous; wondered how such a state of affairs had come about
2. sense_key=situation%1:26:01:: | definition=a condition or position in which you find yourself | synonyms=position | examples=the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation
3. sense_key=situation%1:26:02:: | definition=a complex or critical or unusual difficulty | examples=the dangerous situation developed suddenly; that's quite a situation
4. sense_key=situation%1:15:00:: | definition=physical position in relation to the surroundings | synonyms=site | examples=the sites are determined by highly specific sequences of nucleotides
5. sense_key=situation%1:04:00:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, spot, billet | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "situation" in this passage.

The target sentence is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson..."

What does "situation" refer to here? It's referring to the unusual or problematic state of affairs where American students are learning mathematical theory without being able to perform basic arithmetic. The speaker is describing this as "bizarre."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "the general state of things; the combination of circumstances at a given time" - Example: "the present international situation is dangerous; wondered how such a state of affairs had come about"

2. "a condition or position in which you find yourself" - Example: "the unpleasant situation (or position) of having to choose between two evils; found herself in a very fortunate situation"

3. "a complex or critical or unusual difficulty" - Examples: "the dangerous situation developed suddenly; that's quite a situation"

4. "physical position in relation to the surroundings" - about location/site

5. "a job in an organization" - about employment

The context here is describing an odd/bizarre state of circumstances in American education. The speaker is not talking about a specific person's condition or position, nor about a job. They're not talking about physical location either.

Sense 1 focuses on "the general state of things" and "combination of circumstances" - this seems very fitting for describing the broader educational situation.

Sense 3 emphasizes "complex or critical or unusual difficulty" - the word "bizarre" in the text does suggest an unusual difficulty, though this interpretation is narrower.

I think Sense 1 is the best fit because it captures the broader sense of "the state of things" - the overall circumstances regarding American math education that the writer finds bizarre. The example "the present international situation is dangerous" is quite parallel to the context about "the bizarre situation" with American math education.
The answer is sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: student
Target surface form: students
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with <t>students</t> who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=student%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=pupil, educatee
2. sense_key=student%1:18:01:: | definition=a learned person (especially in the humanities); someone who by long study has gained mastery in one or more disciplines | synonyms=scholar, scholarly person, bookman

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to students as learners enrolled in educational institutions. The passage discusses American students taking math tests, learning mathematics in schools, and being affected by teaching methods and textbook content. This matches the first sense: "a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution" (pupil, educatee), rather than the second sense of a scholar or learned person who has mastered disciplines through long study.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "students" in this passage.

The passage discusses:
- American students doing poorly in math tests
- Students who cannot add or subtract "learning" the conceptual basis of mathematical theory
- The context is about educational institutions, teaching methods, and textbooks

The two candidate senses are:
1. A learner enrolled in an educational institution (pupil, educatee)
2. A learned person/scholar who has gained mastery in one or more disciplines

Looking at the context:
- "American students do so poorly in math tests" - this refers to learners in school
- "students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis" - this refers to learners in educational institutions
- The passage is about school curricula, textbooks, and teaching methods affecting students

The passage is clearly referring to students as learners/pupils in educational institutions (probably school/university), not as scholars or learned persons. The point being made is that these students lack basic math skills and are being taught flawed theories.

The first sense (learner enrolled in an educational institution) is the appropriate one here.

So the answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: add
Target surface form: add
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not <t>add</t> or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: | definition=make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of | examples=We added two students to that dorm room; She added a personal note to her letter
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: | definition=state or say further | synonyms=append, supply | examples=`It doesn't matter,' he supplied
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: | definition=bestow a quality on | synonyms=lend, impart, bestow, contribute, bring | examples=Her presence lends a certain cachet to the company; The music added a lot to the play
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: | definition=make an addition by combining numbers | synonyms=add together | examples=Add 27 and 49, please!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, sum up, summate | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: | definition=constitute an addition | examples=This paper will add to her reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes students "who cannot add or subtract," which is clearly referring to the fundamental arithmetic operation of combining numbers to produce a sum. This is the mathematical sense of addition, specifically "make an addition by combining numbers," which is exemplified by simple arithmetic like "Add 27 and 49, please!"

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context around the word "add" in the given passage.

The passage discusses American students' poor performance in math tests. The key phrase is: "students who cannot <t>add</t> or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory"

This is clearly referring to the mathematical operation of addition - the basic arithmetic skill of combining numbers to get a sum.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=add%2:30:00:: - "make an addition (to); join or combine or unite with others; increase the quality, quantity, size or scope of" - This is more general addition/combining
2. sense_key=add%2:32:01:: - "state or say further" - This is about verbal/written addition of information
3. sense_key=add%2:40:00:: - "bestow a quality on" - This is about adding something intangible
4. sense_key=add%2:31:00:: - "make an addition by combining numbers" - This is specifically about arithmetic addition!
5. sense_key=add%2:32:00:: - "determine the sum of" - This is also about arithmetic, summing numbers
6. sense_key=add%2:42:00:: - "constitute an addition" - Generic addition

The context clearly shows students who "cannot add or subtract" in the context of learning mathematical theory. This is referring to basic arithmetic skills - the ability to combine numbers.

Between senses 4 and 5:
- Sense 4: "make an addition by combining numbers" with example "Add 27 and 49, please!"
- Sense 5: "determine the sum of" with examples about adding people/town populations

Sense 4 seems to be the most direct match - "make an addition by combining numbers" is exactly what the context is describing. Students need to be able to add (combine numbers) before learning conceptual math theory.

Actually, let me reconsider. Both 4 and 5 are about arithmetic. Looking more carefully:
- Sense 4 emphasizes the action of combining numbers together
- Sense 5 focuses on calculating the total or sum

Given the phrasing "cannot add or subtract," sense 4 with "make an addition by combining numbers" captures the fundamental arithmetic operation being referenced. This is the most fitting match for the context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: subtract
Target surface form: subtract
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or <t>subtract</t> "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=subtract%2:31:00:: | definition=make a subtraction | synonyms=deduct, take off | examples=subtract this amount from my paycheck
2. sense_key=subtract%2:30:00:: | definition=take off or away | examples=this prefix was subtracted when the word was borrowed from French

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to basic mathematical operations. The passage criticizes students who "cannot add or subtract," indicating simple arithmetic skills. This usage corresponds to the mathematical operation sense (sense 1: "make a subtraction") rather than the more general sense of removing something (sense 2). The synonyms "deduct" and the example "subtract this amount from my paycheck" align with this mathematical/computational meaning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "subtract" is being used.

In the sentence: "students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory"

The context is about students not being able to perform basic arithmetic operations. The passage criticizes the "New Math" and suggests that students cannot even perform simple mathematical operations like addition and subtraction, let alone understand the conceptual basis of mathematical theory.

Looking at the two senses:

1. sense_key=subtract%2:31:00:: | definition=make a subtraction | synonyms=deduct, take off | examples=subtract this amount from my paycheck
   - This refers to the mathematical operation of subtraction, performing a calculation to remove one number from another

2. sense_key=subtract%2:30:00:: | definition=take off or away | examples=this prefix was subtracted when the word was borrowed from French
   - This is more general, referring to removing or taking something away from something else (not necessarily mathematical)

In the given context, "subtract" is used in the phrase "students who cannot add or subtract." This is clearly referring to the mathematical operation of addition and subtraction that students should be able to perform. It's talking about basic arithmetic skills.

The first sense is the mathematical/arithmetic operation sense, which is what's intended here.

So the answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: learn
Target surface form: learning
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "<t>learning</t> "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=learn%2:31:00:: | definition=gain knowledge or skills | synonyms=larn, acquire | examples=She learned dancing from her sister; I learned Sanskrit
2. sense_key=learn%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out, get a line | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=learn%2:31:03:: | definition=commit to memory; learn by heart | synonyms=memorize, memorise, con | examples=Have you memorized your lines for the play yet?
4. sense_key=learn%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=study, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=learn%2:32:00:: | definition=impart skills or knowledge to | synonyms=teach, instruct | examples=I taught them French; He instructed me in building a boat
6. sense_key=learn%2:32:02:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, see, ascertain, watch | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes students attempting to gain knowledge of "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory." This is clearly the sense of acquiring knowledge or skills through study, which corresponds to sense 1 ("gain knowledge or skills"). The other senses either focus on accidental discovery (sense 2), memorization (sense 3), being a student of something (sense 4), teaching (sense 5), or determining through inquiry (sense 6), none of which fit the context as well.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "learning" to find the best sense.

The context is: "with students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory"

This sentence is discussing the problematic situation where students are trying to learn (understand/gain knowledge of) the conceptual basis of mathematical theory despite not being able to perform basic arithmetic operations.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "gain knowledge or skills" - This fits well. The students are trying to gain knowledge of the conceptual basis of mathematical theory.

2. "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - This doesn't fit well because the learning described here is intentional, not accidental.

3. "commit to memory; learn by heart" - This is about memorization, which isn't the focus here. The context is about understanding conceptual theory, not memorizing.

4. "be a student of a certain subject" - This could work, but it's more about being a student of a subject rather than the action of gaining knowledge.

5. "impart skills or knowledge to" - This is the passive voice sense (teaching), but the context uses "learning" as the active action by the students themselves, not being taught.

6. "find out, learn, or determine with certainty" - This is about discovering or determining something through inquiry or effort, which doesn't fit as well.

The best fit is sense 1: "gain knowledge or skills" - the students are trying to gain knowledge/understanding of mathematical theory.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basis
Target surface form: basis
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual <t>basis</t> of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basis%1:24:00:: | definition=a relation that provides the foundation for something | synonyms=footing, ground | examples=they were on a friendly footing; he worked on an interim basis
2. sense_key=basis%1:09:00:: | definition=the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained | synonyms=base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone | examples=the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture
3. sense_key=basis%1:24:01:: | definition=the most important or necessary part of something | synonyms=base | examples=the basis of this drink is orange juice

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses students learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory," referring to the foundational principles and assumptions underlying mathematics. This aligns with sense 2, which defines basis as "the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained." The passage criticizes teaching these foundational concepts without the prerequisite basic skills, making it clear that "basis" refers to the underlying principles and assumptions, not merely a relation (sense 1) or a main ingredient (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "basis" is being used.

The target sentence is: "with students who can not add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory"

The context discusses how students in American schools are learning conceptual foundations of mathematical theory without having mastered basic skills.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. **sense 1** (basis%1:24:00::): "a relation that provides the foundation for something" with synonyms footing, ground. Examples include "they were on a friendly footing; he worked on an interim basis". This sense refers more to a relation or state/terms/conditions.

2. **sense 2** (basis%1:09:00::): "the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained" with synonyms base, foundation, fundament, groundwork, cornerstone. Examples include "the whole argument rested on a basis of conjecture". This sense is about foundational principles or assumptions underlying something.

3. **sense 3** (basis%1:24:01::): "the most important or necessary part of something" with synonyms base. Examples include "the basis of this drink is orange juice". This is about the main component or fundamental ingredient.

In the context, "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory" refers to the fundamental assumptions, principles, or foundations from which mathematical theory is developed. The passage is criticizing teaching the foundational concepts (the basis) of mathematical theory to students who can't even do basic arithmetic.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate here - it's about the fundamental assumptions and principles that form the foundation of mathematical theory. The passage criticizes the "New Math" approach which tries to teach the conceptual foundations (basis) without the prerequisite basic skills.

Sense 3 could work but "basis" here isn't really the "main ingredient" or "most important part" - it's the foundational principles.
Sense 1 doesn't apply since the passage discusses foundational concepts rather than a relation or set of conditions. The correct answer is **sense 2**, which captures how "basis" refers to the underlying principles and assumptions that mathematical theory rests upon.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mathematical
Target surface form: mathematical
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of <t>mathematical</t> theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mathematical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics | examples=a mathematical textbook; slide rules and other mathematical instruments
2. sense_key=mathematical%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers | synonyms=numerical | examples=tests for rating numerical aptitude; a mathematical whiz
3. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:unquestionable:00 | definition=beyond question | examples=a mathematical certainty
4. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:possible:00 | definition=statistically possible though highly improbable | examples=have a mathematical chance of making the playoffs
5. sense_key=mathematical%5:00:00:exact:00 | definition=characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics | examples=mathematical precision

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses students learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory." The word "mathematical" here is used to describe theory that pertains to or is of the nature of mathematics itself. This corresponds to sense 1: "of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics," as evidenced by the example "a mathematical textbook" which uses "mathematical" in the same way to describe something inherently related to the discipline of mathematics.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "mathematical."

The sentence in context is: "...with students who cannot add or subtract 'learning' the conceptual basis of mathematical theory..."

The passage is discussing the "New Math" and how students are learning conceptual basis without being able to perform basic arithmetic operations. The word "mathematical" here is describing "theory" - specifically, the conceptual basis of mathematical theory.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics" - This describes something related to the subject of mathematics itself. The "conceptual basis of mathematical theory" would be describing theory that pertains to mathematics.

2. "relating to or having ability to think in or work with numbers" - This is about numerical aptitude. The phrase "mathematical theory" doesn't really convey numerical ability.

3. "beyond question" - "a mathematical certainty" - This is about something being absolutely certain. This doesn't fit the context.

4. "statistically possible though highly improbable" - "have a mathematical chance" - This is about probability. Doesn't fit.

5. "characterized by the exactness or precision of mathematics" - This would mean the theory has precision. While mathematics is precise, in this context the emphasis is on "mathematical theory" meaning the theory that pertains to mathematics itself.

The most natural reading is sense 1: "mathematical theory" = "theory of or pertaining to mathematics." The "conceptual basis of mathematical theory" is the foundational concepts of mathematics itself.

So the answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: read
Target surface form: read
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should <t>read</t> the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=read%2:31:00:: | definition=interpret something that is written or printed | examples=read the advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie?
2. sense_key=read%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=say | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
3. sense_key=read%2:31:01:: | definition=look at, interpret, and say out loud something that is written or printed | examples=The King will read the proclamation at noon
4. sense_key=read%2:31:06:: | definition=obtain data from magnetic tapes | synonyms=scan | examples=This dictionary can be read by the computer
5. sense_key=read%2:31:02:: | definition=interpret the significance of, as of palms, tea leaves, intestines, the sky; also of human behavior | examples=She read the sky and predicted rain; I can't read his strange behavior
6. sense_key=read%2:31:09:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=take | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=read%2:31:05:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
8. sense_key=read%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=register, show, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
9. sense_key=read%2:36:05:: | definition=audition for a stage role by reading parts of a role | examples=He is auditioning for `Julius Caesar' at Stratford this year
10. sense_key=read%2:31:08:: | definition=to hear and understand | examples=I read you loud and clear!
11. sense_key=read%2:31:04:: | definition=make sense of a language | synonyms=understand, interpret, translate | examples=She understands French; Can you read Greek?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The context indicates that the person should read an article to understand how bizarre the situation is. This is a straightforward case of interpreting written text (the article by Caleb Nelson), which matches sense 1: "interpret something that is written or printed." The examples "read the advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie?" align perfectly with this usage, where "read" means to comprehend written content.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "read".

The sentence is: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the article by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."

The target word "read" here means: to look at and interpret written text (the article by Caleb Nelson).

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "interpret something that is written or printed" - This fits. The examples are "read the advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie?" This is about mentally processing written content.

2. "have or contain a certain wording or form" - This doesn't fit. This is about what text says/contains, not about the action of reading.

3. "look at, interpret, and say out loud something that is written or printed" - This could fit, but it emphasizes saying it out loud. The context doesn't suggest reading aloud.

4. "obtain data from magnetic tapes" - Doesn't fit.

5. "interpret the significance of, as of palms, tea leaves, intestines, the sky; also of human behavior" - Doesn't fit this context.

6. "interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression" - Could fit but seems more about interpretation of meaning.

7. "be a student of a certain subject" - Doesn't fit in this context.

8. "indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments" - Doesn't fit.

9. "audition for a stage role by reading parts of a role" - Doesn't fit.

10. "to hear and understand" - Doesn't fit this context (no listening involved).

11. "make sense of a language" - Doesn't fit this context.

The best fit is sense 1: "interpret something that is written or printed" with the definition and examples matching what "read the article" means - to comprehend written content.
Sense 1 is the strongest choice because the passage contains no suggestion of reading aloud, only the straightforward act of comprehending the written article.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: article
Target surface form: article
Context:
No one in his right mind actually believes that we all have an equal academic potential. -- It is generally desirable to use older textbooks -- many of them, alas, out of print -- rather than newer ones. The latter are modish, trendy, often downright silly, and at best insubstantial. They are based on dubious psychological and sociological theories rather than on educational experience. One of the reasons American students do so poorly in math tests, as compared with British, French, German or Japanese students, is the influence of the "New Math "on American textbooks and teaching methods. Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the <t>article</t> by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator. -- Most important of all, schools should have principals with a large measure of authority over the faculty, the curriculum, and all matters of student discipline.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=article%1:10:00:: | definition=nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication
2. sense_key=article%1:03:00:: | definition=one of a class of artifacts | examples=an article of clothing
3. sense_key=article%1:10:02:: | definition=a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will) | synonyms=clause
4. sense_key=article%1:10:01:: | definition=(grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "article" refers to a piece of writing by Caleb Nelson published in the November American Spectator magazine. This clearly matches the first sense: nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication. The context explicitly identifies it as content published in a magazine, not a physical object, legal document, or grammatical form.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "article" in this passage.

The sentence reads: "Anyone who wants to appreciate just how bizarre this situation is -- with students who ca not add or subtract "learning "the conceptual basis of mathematical theory -- should read the <t>article</t> by Caleb Nelson (himself a recent math major at Harvard) in the November American Spectator."

The word "article" here is referring to a piece of writing by Caleb Nelson that was published in the November issue of American Spectator magazine. This is clearly a nonfictional prose piece that forms an independent part of a publication.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=article%1:10:00:: | definition=nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication
   - This perfectly matches the context. An article in a magazine/publication is exactly what we're talking about.

2. sense_key=article%1:03:00:: | definition=one of a class of artifacts | examples=an article of clothing
   - This refers to a physical object, like "article of clothing". This doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=article%1:10:02:: | definition=a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will) | synonyms=clause
   - This is about legal documents, not magazine publications. Doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=article%1:10:01:: | definition=(grammar) a determiner that may indicate the specificity of reference of a noun phrase
   - This refers to grammatical articles like "a", "an", "the". Clearly not the intended sense here.

The best match is sense 1: "nonfictional prose forming an independent part of a publication" - this directly describes an article in a magazine.