[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: academic
Target surface form: academic
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the <t>academic</t> performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=academic%3:01:00:: | definition=associated with academia or an academy | examples=the academic curriculum; academic gowns
2. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:theoretical:01 | definition=hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result | examples=an academic discussion; an academic question
3. sense_key=academic%5:00:00:scholarly:00 | definition=marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects | synonyms=donnish, pedantic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "academic" in "academic performance of the pupils" refers to performance in educational/academic contexts. This matches sense 1: "associated with academia or an academy," as the passage discusses measurable student achievement in classroom settings. The other senses don't fit—sense 2 (theoretical/impractical) contradicts the focus on actual performance data, and sense 3 (pedantic narrowness) is inappropriate for discussing student achievement outcomes.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "academic" to determine which sense is best.

The context is discussing educational research and how money spent on education affects student performance in the classroom. The specific phrase is: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the <t>academic</t> performance of the pupils"

Here, "academic performance" refers to students' actual achievement and performance in their studies - their grades, test scores, learning outcomes, etc.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "associated with academia or an academy" - examples: "the academic curriculum; academic gowns" - This would mean relating to educational institutions or curricula. While "academic performance" could fit this definition, it's more of a general contextual fit.

2. Sense 2: "hypothetical or theoretical and not expected to produce an immediate or practical result" - examples: "an academic discussion; an academic question" - This suggests something that is merely theoretical or not practically useful. In context, the passage is NOT saying that academic performance is theoretical or impractical. The passage is discussing real, measurable academic performance of students.

3. Sense 3: "marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects" - synonyms: donnish, pedantic - This doesn't fit the context at all.

Looking at the context again: "academic performance of the pupils" - this is clearly referring to students' actual performance and achievement in their schoolwork. This fits best with sense 1, which refers to things "associated with academia or an academy" - academic performance is the kind of performance measured in academic settings.

The answer is sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: performance
Target surface form: performance
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic <t>performance</t> of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: | definition=a dramatic or musical entertainment | synonyms=public presentation | examples=they listened to ten different performances; the play ran for 100 performances
2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment | examples=we congratulated him on his performance at the rehearsal; an inspired performance of Mozart's C minor concerto
3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it | synonyms=execution, carrying out, carrying into action | examples=they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance
4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: | definition=any recognized accomplishment | examples=they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe
5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: | definition=process or manner of functioning or operating | synonyms=operation, functioning | examples=the power of its engine determines its operation; the plane's operation in high winds

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "academic performance" in this context refers to how well students execute their learning and apply knowledge in their academic work—how successfully they carry out their studies. This matches sense 3, which defines performance as "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it," with the example "experience generally improves performance" being particularly relevant to the educational context.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "performance" in this passage.

The target sentence is: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."

The context is discussing academic/educational outcomes and achievement. The "performance" here refers to how well students do academically - their accomplishments, results, or outcomes in terms of academic achievement.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=performance%1:10:00:: - "a dramatic or musical entertainment" - This is about shows/entertainment. Not relevant here.

2. sense_key=performance%1:04:01:: - "the act of presenting a play or a piece of music or other entertainment" - Also about theatrical/musical performances. Not relevant.

3. sense_key=performance%1:04:00:: - "the act of performing; of doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" with synonyms like "execution, carrying out" and examples like "they criticised his performance as mayor; experience generally improves performance" - This is about how well someone executes or carries out their duties/tasks.

4. sense_key=performance%1:04:03:: - "any recognized accomplishment" with examples like "they admired his performance under stress; when Roger Maris powered four home runs in one game his performance merits awe" - This is about accomplishments and results.

5. sense_key=performance%1:22:00:: - "process or manner of functioning or operating" with examples about engines and planes - This is about how something operates mechanically.

In the context of "academic performance of the pupils," we're talking about how well the students are doing, their academic accomplishments and results.

Sense 3 is about "doing something successfully; using knowledge as distinguished from merely possessing it" - this fits well with academic performance (applying knowledge).
Sense 4 captures the broader notion of accomplishments and measurable results. The phrase "academic performance of the pupils" fundamentally refers to their demonstrated results and how successfully they execute their academic work. The example "experience generally improves performance" aligns particularly well with educational contexts, suggesting sense 3 best captures the intended meaning of executing academic tasks successfully.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pupil
Target surface form: pupils
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the <t>pupils</t> -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context makes clear that "pupils" refers to students in an educational setting. The passage discusses classroom education, school governance, academic performance, and teachers' work with students. Sense 3 is the best fit because it specifically denotes young people attending school (K-12), which matches the educational context of school boards, classrooms, and the school system being discussed. Sense 2 is clearly irrelevant (the eye's pupil), and while Sense 1 would technically apply, Sense 3 is more precise for this context of school-age students.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "pupils" is being used.

The context is clearly about education. The passage discusses:
- School boards and school governance
- Educational expenditures
- Education taking place in classrooms
- Academic performance of pupils
- Teachers and their workload

The sentence states: "Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils"

This is clearly referring to students/learners in an educational context.

Now let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=pupil%1:18:00:: | definition=a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution | synonyms=student, educatee
   - This is a general learner in an educational institution

2. sense_key=pupil%1:08:00:: | definition=the contractile aperture in the center of the iris of the eye; resembles a large black dot
   - This is the pupil of the eye - clearly not relevant here

3. sense_key=pupil%1:18:01:: | definition=a young person attending school (up through senior high school) | synonyms=schoolchild, school-age child
   - This is specifically a young person attending school

The context mentions "academic performance of the pupils" in the context of education. Both senses 1 and 3 could work, but sense 3 is more specific to students in K-12 education (school up through senior high school). The passage is discussing classroom education and school boards, which suggests K-12 education rather than higher education.

Sense 3 seems more appropriate because:
- It specifies "young person attending school"
- It specifies "up through senior high school"
- The context is about school governance and classroom education
- The word is used to refer to students in an educational setting being taught by teachers

I'll choose sense 3 as the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: desirable
Target surface form: desirable
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be <t>desirable</t> for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features
2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "desirable" in this context refers to something "worth having or seeking" (sense 1). The passage states that while smaller classes have "zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils," they "may sometimes be desirable for other reasons" — meaning they may be worth having or seeking for those other reasons. Sense 2 (worthy of being chosen as a spouse) is clearly inapplicable here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context around the word "desirable" in the given passage.

The relevant sentence is:
"Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be <t>desirable</t> for other reasons."

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=desirable%3:00:00:: | definition=worth having or seeking or achieving | examples=a desirable job; computer with many desirable features

2. sense_key=desirable%5:00:00:eligible:00 | definition=worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse | synonyms=suitable, worthy | examples=the parents found the girl suitable for their son

The context states that smaller classes "may sometimes be desirable for other reasons" - this is referring to whether something is worth having or seeking. The passage is saying that while smaller classes don't improve academic performance, they might be worth having/seeking for other reasons (perhaps student well-being, teacher satisfaction, etc.).

Sense 2 is specifically about being "worthy of being chosen especially as a spouse" - this is clearly not applicable here.

Sense 1 is "worth having or seeking or achieving" - this directly fits the context. The passage is essentially saying smaller classes are worth having/seeking for reasons other than academic performance.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for <t>other</t> reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "other reasons" refers to different or additional reasons beyond academic performance, which have already been discussed as the primary concern. This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied," which is demonstrated in the provided example "the construction of highways and other public works." The word "other" here indicates reasons distinct from the academic performance metric that was the focus of the previous clause.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "other" in this passage.

The sentence is: "though they may sometimes be desirable for <t>other</t> reasons"

This is discussing how smaller classes, while not improving academic performance, may be desirable for different or additional reasons beyond academic performance.

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: - "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - This fits well. The passage is saying "even though smaller classes don't improve academic performance, they may still be desirable for OTHER (different, additional) reasons."

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 - "recently past" - This doesn't fit. The sentence isn't talking about a recent time period.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 - "belonging to the distant past" - This doesn't fit either. The sentence isn't about past times.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 - "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" - This could be a stretch, but the primary meaning here is about "different/additional reasons," not about something being strange or unusual in an abnormal way.

The best fit is clearly sense 1, which defines "other" as "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied." The examples given ("today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works") show this is about referring to different or additional items/reasons.

In context, "other reasons" means "different reasons" or "additional reasons" - reasons that are not the academic performance reason already mentioned.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reasons
Context:
Here, the experience of New York City is decisive. Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other <t>reasons</t>. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The phrase "for other reasons" in the context refers to justifications or grounds for why smaller classes might be desirable, even if they don't improve academic performance. This matches sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening," with synonyms like "grounds" and the example "they had good reason to rejoice."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "reasons" is being used.

The sentence reads: "though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons."

This appears in a discussion about smaller classes in education. The author is saying that even though smaller classes don't improve academic performance, they may still be desirable for other reasons (other purposes or justifications).

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "a rational motive for a belief or action" - This fits well. The "reasons" are motives for why smaller classes might be desirable.

2. "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon" - Less fitting. The "reasons" aren't explaining a cause here.

3. "the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination" - No, this doesn't fit. It's talking about the cognitive ability, not applicable here.

4. "the state of having good sense and sound judgment" - No, this is about a state of mind, not what the context is about.

5. "a justification for something existing or happening" - This fits well. The reasons are justifications for why smaller classes might be desirable.

6. "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion" - This could fit too, but it's more formal/technical.

Between sense 1 and sense 5:
- Sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action" - emphasizes the motive aspect
- Sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening" - emphasizes the justification aspect

The context says "they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons." This is asking: what are the reasons (justifications/motives) why smaller classes might be desirable?

Both 1 and 5 are very close. Sense 5 seems slightly more appropriate because it's about justification for "something existing or happening" (in this case, smaller classes being desirable). Sense 1 emphasizes motive for belief or action.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 5 with synonyms "cause, grounds" and the example "they had good reason to rejoice" seems to best match "for other reasons" in the context.
Sense 5 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The <t>new</t> money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "new money" that "flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure." This refers to recently allocated or appropriated educational funds, which aligns with sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." The passage discusses newly increased expenditures on education, making "new" mean recently acquired or allocated funds.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "new" is being used.

In the passage, the sentence is: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers."

Here, "new money" refers to money that has recently been allocated or funded for educational expenditures. The context makes it clear that we're talking about recently appropriated funds for education, as the passage discusses "increasing expenditures on education" and mentions how "educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century."

Let me consider each sense:

1. "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - This seems to fit. The money is recently allocated/acquired funds.

2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - This doesn't fit; it's not about the money being original or novel.

3. "lacking training or experience" - This doesn't apply to money.

4. "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" - This doesn't fit.

5. "other than the former one(s); different" - This could somewhat fit (different funds), but it's not the primary meaning here.

6. "unaffected by use or exposure" - Doesn't apply to money in this context.

7. "gratuitously new" (newfangled) - No, the money isn't being criticized as newfangled.

8-9. These are about language/historical periods, not applicable.

10. "harvested at an early stage" - Not applicable to money.

11. "unfamiliar" - Not the primary meaning here.

The best fit is sense 1, which describes something "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered." The "new money" refers to newly allocated or recently appropriated funds.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: money
Target surface form: money
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new <t>money</t> flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us
2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate
3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses "new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure" in the context of educational expenditures and budgeting. The word "money" here refers to funds/resources being allocated and spent as a medium of exchange (newly appropriated funds for education). This corresponds to the most general and common sense of money as a medium of exchange that functions as legal tender, rather than wealth accumulated in specific forms (sense 2) or official currency being converted (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "money" is being used in the sentence: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure..."

The context is discussing:
- Educational expenditures
- Administrative spending
- Budgets flowing into administrative structures
- Money being spent on education

The three candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=money%1:21:00:: | definition=the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender | examples=we tried to collect the money he owed us

2. sense_key=money%1:21:02:: | definition=wealth reckoned in terms of money | examples=all his money is in real estate

3. sense_key=money%1:21:01:: | definition=the official currency issued by a government or national bank | examples=he changed his money into francs

In the context "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure," the author is referring to newly allocated funds/expenditures in education. The "money" here refers to:
- Funds/resources that are being spent
- Not specifically about currency being exchanged
- Not about personal wealth in real estate
- Not about currency conversion

This is closest to sense 1 (the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender) because it refers to money as a general medium of exchange/funds that are being allocated and spent. It's not about "wealth reckoned in terms of money" (sense 2, which would be more about a person's total wealth) and it's not about official currency being converted (sense 3).

Actually, let me reconsider. The passage is talking about "money flows" - funds being allocated. This is money as funds/resources for expenditure. Sense 1 is the broadest sense - "the most common medium of exchange; functions as legal tender" - which would cover general usage of money as a resource.
Sense 1 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flow
Target surface form: flows
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money <t>flows</t> into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flow%2:38:01:: | definition=move or progress freely as if in a stream | synonyms=flux | examples=The crowd flowed out of the stadium
2. sense_key=flow%2:38:00:: | definition=move along, of liquids | synonyms=run, feed, course | examples=Water flowed into the cave; the Missouri feeds into the Mississippi
3. sense_key=flow%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to flow | examples=The artist flowed the washes on the paper
4. sense_key=flow%2:42:00:: | definition=be abundantly present | examples=The champagne flowed at the wedding
5. sense_key=flow%2:35:04:: | definition=fall or flow in a certain way | synonyms=hang, fall | examples=This dress hangs well; Her long black hair flowed down her back
6. sense_key=flow%2:30:00:: | definition=cover or swamp with water
7. sense_key=flow%2:29:00:: | definition=undergo menstruation | synonyms=menstruate | examples=She started menstruating at the age of 11

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "flows" in the sentence:

"The new money <t>flows</t> into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers."

The context is about money flowing into the administrative structure. Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=flow%2:38:01:: "move or progress freely as if in a stream" - This could work, as money can be thought of as moving freely like a stream. Example: "The crowd flowed out of the stadium" - similar metaphorical use.

2. sense_key=flow%2:38:00:: "move along, of liquids" - This is primarily for liquids (water, the Missouri). Money isn't a liquid, though it can be metaphorically treated as one.

3. sense_key=flow%2:42:00:: "cause to flow" - This doesn't fit because the money itself flows; it's not causing something else to flow.

4. sense_key=flow%2:42:00:: "be abundantly present" - Example: "The champagne flowed at the wedding" - This could work, meaning money is abundantly present/available in the administrative structure.

5. sense_key=flow%2:35:04:: "fall or flow in a certain way" - This is more about physical falling/flowing (hair, dresses).

6. sense_key=flow%2:30:00:: "cover or swamp with water" - Doesn't fit.

7. sense_key=flow%2:29:00:: "undergo menstruation" - Doesn't fit.

Looking at the context: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure" - this describes money moving into/entering the administrative structure.

Between senses 1, 2, and 4:
- Sense 1 (move freely as in a stream) - metaphorical, describes the movement
- Sense 2 (move along, of liquids) - more literal for liquids
- Sense 4 (be abundantly present) - emphasizes the abundance/presence rather than movement

Sense 1 best captures the metaphorical movement of money into the structure, treating it like a fluid entering the administrative apparatus, which aligns with how the sentence describes the money entering the system.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pile
Target surface form: piling
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself <t>piling</t> more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pile%2:35:00:: | definition=arrange in stacks | synonyms=stack, heap | examples=heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves
2. sense_key=pile%2:38:00:: | definition=press tightly together or cram | synonyms=throng, mob, pack, jam | examples=The crowd packed the auditorium
3. sense_key=pile%2:35:03:: | definition=place or lay as if in a pile | examples=The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 3
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 3
}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "piling" in this sentence:

"The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers."

The sentence is discussing how money flows into administrative structures and these administrators are "piling more and more paper work on the teachers."

Let me examine each sense:

1. **sense_key=pile%2:35:00::** | definition=arrange in stacks | synonyms=stack, heap | examples=heap firewood around the fireplace; stack your books up on the shelves
   - This sense means to arrange things in stacks or heaps. The examples show literal physical stacking.

2. **sense_key=pile%2:38:00::** | definition=press tightly together or cram | synonyms=throng, mob, pack, jam | examples=The crowd packed the auditorium
   - This sense involves pressing things tightly together or cramming.

3. **sense_key=pile%2:35:03::** | definition=place or lay as if in a pile | examples=The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested
   - This sense means to place or lay as if in a pile, with a figurative example about work being piled on students.

In the context, "piling more and more paper work on the teachers" is clearly figurative - it's not literally creating a physical pile, but rather accumulating or adding increasing amounts of paperwork.

Sense 3 is the perfect match because:
- It explicitly deals with "piling work on" someone (the example is nearly identical to the context)
- The definition "place or lay as if in a pile" suggests a figurative use
- The example "The teacher piled work on the students until the parents protested" is almost exactly parallel to our context

The answer should be sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling <t>more</t> and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "more" in "piling more and more paper work on the teachers" is used with the mass noun "paper work" (uncountable). This corresponds to sense 1, which is the comparative of "much" used with mass nouns, as opposed to sense 2, which applies to count nouns used with the comparative of "many."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "more" appears in the sentence:

"The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling <t>more</t> and more paper work on the teachers."

The phrase is "more and more paper work" - this is referring to an increased quantity of paper work (which is a mass noun, not countable).

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: - (comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | examples: more land; more support

2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: - (comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples: a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

"Paper work" is a mass noun (uncountable), similar to "land" or "support" in the examples for sense 1. The phrase "more and more paper work" is describing an increasing quantity of this mass noun.

Sense 1 is used with mass nouns (much), while sense 2 is used with count nouns (many).

Therefore, the correct answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and <t>more</t> paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "more" modifies "paper work," which is a mass noun (uncountable). The phrase "piling more and more paper work" describes an increasing amount or extent of paperwork rather than a count of discrete items. This matches Sense 1, which applies to comparative forms used with mass nouns.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "more" appears:

"The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and <t>more</t> paper work on the teachers."

The target word is "more" and I need to determine whether it's:
1. Sense 1: "(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree" - Examples: "more land; more support"
2. Sense 2: "(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number" - Examples: "a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas"

In the phrase "piling more and more paper work on the teachers":
- "paper work" is a mass noun (uncountable) - it refers to work consisting of papers/documents as a collective entity
- The construction "more and more" indicates increasing amounts/degree of paperwork
- This is clearly comparing amounts/extent rather than counting discrete items

Since "paperwork" is a mass noun (you don't count "one paperwork, two paperworks"), the "more" here is being used with a mass noun to indicate greater amount or degree.

This matches Sense 1: "(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree"

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Locally elected school boards, especially in our larger cities, become the prey of ambitious, generally corrupt, and invariably demagogic local politicians or would-be politicians. New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the <t>teachers</t>. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to actual people employed as educators in schools who are being burdened with administrative paperwork. The passage discusses classroom instruction, educational performance, and the real institutional pressures on school staff—all indicating concrete human professionals, not abstract or metaphorical entities. This aligns with sense 1: "a person whose occupation is teaching."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "teachers" in the context provided.

The context is discussing educational expenditure and how money flows into administrative structures that burden teachers with paperwork. The sentence is: "The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the <t>teachers</t>."

Now let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
   - This refers to actual human beings whose job is teaching

2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher
   - This refers to things that teach in a metaphorical or personified sense (like "books are my teachers" or "experience is my teacher")

In the given context, the passage is clearly talking about actual people who work in schools and are being burdened with paperwork by the administrative structure. These are real professionals in educational institutions, not metaphorical or abstract entities.

Therefore, sense 1 (teacher%1:18:00::) is the correct choice - it refers to actual people whose occupation is teaching, which fits perfectly with the context of teachers doing classroom work and being given paperwork by administration.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mystery
Target surface form: mystery
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither <t>mystery</t> nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mystery%1:09:00:: | definition=something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained | synonyms=enigma, secret, closed book | examples=how it got out is a mystery; it remains one of nature's secrets
2. sense_key=mystery%1:10:00:: | definition=a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie | synonyms=mystery story, whodunit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "mystery" in the context refers to "something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained." The author is asserting that the relationship between increased educational spending and declining performance is NOT a mystery—it is straightforward and explicable based on how the educational system works. This usage matches sense 1, as opposed to sense 2 which would refer to crime fiction stories.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "mystery" is being used.

The sentence reads: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."

The author is arguing that it's NOT a mystery or paradox that spending more money on education hasn't improved performance. The author is saying this is straightforward and understandable - there's no mystery to explain.

Let me look at the two senses:

1. sense_key=mystery%1:09:00:: - "something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained" with synonyms: enigma, secret, closed book. Examples: "how it got out is a mystery; it remains one of nature's secrets"

2. sense_key=mystery%1:10:00:: - "a story about a crime (usually murder) presented as a novel or play or movie" with synonyms: mystery story, whodunit

The second sense is clearly about detective/crime fiction stories. That doesn't fit here at all.

The first sense is about something that is baffling or unexplained. In the context, the author is saying there is NO mystery - meaning the phenomenon (increased spending leading to decreased performance) is NOT something baffling or unexplained. The author is explaining why this happens and saying it's straightforward.

So the word "mystery" is being used in sense 1: "something that baffles understanding and cannot be explained."

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: fact
Target surface form: fact
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the <t>fact</t> that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: | definition=a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred | examples=first you must collect all the facts of the case
2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened | examples=he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts
3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: | definition=an event known to have happened or something known to have existed | examples=your fears have no basis in fact; how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell
4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: | definition=a concept whose truth can be proved | examples=scientific hypotheses are not facts

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows the author asserting verified information to support an argument - that increased educational spending has coincided with declining performance. The phrase "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that..." presents this as a statement of verified information about what has actually occurred, which matches sense 2 ("a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened").

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "fact" is being used.

The sentence is: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."

The author is saying that the phenomenon of increased spending leading to decreased educational performance is a fact - it's something that has actually occurred and is verifiable. The author is asserting this as verified information.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=fact%1:09:01:: - "a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred" - This is about information regarding actual circumstances/events.

2. sense_key=fact%1:10:01:: - "a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened" - This is specifically about a statement or assertion of verified information.

3. sense_key=fact%1:26:01:: - "an event known to have happened or something known to have existed" - This refers to something that actually occurred.

4. sense_key=fact%1:09:02:: - "a concept whose truth can be proved" - This is about something whose truth can be proven.

In the context, the author is asserting a verified piece of information - that increased educational expenditures have paradoxically coincided with declining educational performance. The author is stating this as an established fact that is verifiable.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate because it emphasizes "a statement or assertion of verified information" - which is exactly what the author is doing here. The author is making an assertion of verified information to support their argument.

Sense 1 is also quite close, but it's more about information itself rather than the assertion of it.

I think sense 2 is the best fit because the context shows the author asserting something as verified information to support an argument.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as <t>educational</t> expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context uses "educational" in phrases like "educational research" and "educational expenditures," where it describes things that are related to or pertain to the education system and process itself. This matches sense 1 ("relating to the process of education") rather than sense 2 ("providing knowledge"). The word is being used as an adjective to classify what domain or field something belongs to, not to indicate that something has an instructive purpose.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "educational".

The target word appears twice in the context:
1. "Decades of educational research" - research about or related to education
2. "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply"

Let me examine each sense:

Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" with example "educational psychology"
- This refers to something that is related to or pertains to the field/process of education

Sense 2: "providing knowledge" with example "an educational film"
- This refers to something that has the function or purpose of teaching/instructing/providing knowledge

Looking at the context:
- "educational research" - this is research about/related to education, not research that provides knowledge per se
- "educational expenditures" - these are expenditures related to education, not expenditures that provide knowledge

In both instances, "educational" is being used to describe things that relate to or are associated with the education system and process (research about education, spending on education). This matches sense 1 better - "relating to the process of education."

Sense 2 ("providing knowledge") would be more like "an educational film" - something designed to teach. But "educational research" and "educational expenditures" are not about providing knowledge themselves; they relate to the education system.

So the best answer is Sense 1.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expenditure
Target surface form: expenditures
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational <t>expenditures</t> (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses money paid out on education—"we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world" and educational expenditures measured "in real terms" that have "increased sharply." This is clearly referring to amounts of money spent (sense 1), not the abstract act of spending (sense 2) or the consumption of resources (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "expenditures" in this passage.

Looking at the sentence: "educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world"

The context is about:
- Money being spent on education
- Comparing amounts spent per pupil across countries
- The passage discusses how spending (money paid out) has increased

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=expenditure%1:21:00:: | definition=money paid out; an amount spent | synonyms=outgo, spending, outlay
   - This definition fits perfectly - it's about money paid out
   - "an amount spent" matches the context where they're comparing dollar amounts per pupil

2. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spending money for goods or services | synonyms=expending
   - This is about the act of spending, the process
   - This could also fit, but it's more about the action rather than the amount

3. sense_key=expenditure%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of consuming something | synonyms=consumption, using up
   - This is about consuming/using up
   - While money is being "consumed," this seems less likely in the educational context

The passage is clearly about the amount of money spent on education, comparing it across countries and over time. The phrase "we now spend more per pupil" suggests they're talking about amounts/quantities of money, not the act of spending itself.

Sense 1 is the best match: it's about money paid out and amounts spent, which is what the context is discussing.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: real
Target surface form: real
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in <t>real</t> terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=real%3:00:00:: | definition=being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory; ; ; ; ; ; - Longfellow | synonyms=existent | examples=real objects; real people; not ghosts
2. sense_key=real%3:00:02:: | definition=no less than what is stated; worthy of the name | examples=the real reason; real war
3. sense_key=real%5:00:00:serious:00 | definition=not to be taken lightly | examples=statistics demonstrate that poverty and unemployment are very real problems; to the man sleeping regularly in doorways homelessness is real
4. sense_key=real%5:00:00:concrete:00 | definition=capable of being treated as fact | synonyms=tangible | examples=tangible evidence; his brief time as Prime Minister brought few real benefits to the poor
5. sense_key=real%5:00:00:true:00 | definition=being or reflecting the essential or genuine character of something; ; - G.K.Chesterton | synonyms=actual, genuine, literal | examples=her actual motive; a literal solitude like a desert
6. sense_key=real%3:00:01:: | definition=of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation | examples=real prices; real income
7. sense_key=real%3:00:03:: | definition=having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary; ; ; - Shakespeare | synonyms=substantial, material | examples=the substantial world; a mere dream, neither substantial nor practical
8. sense_key=real%5:00:00:tangible:02 | definition=(of property) fixed or immovable | examples=real property consists of land and buildings
9. sense_key=real%5:00:02:realistic:00 | definition=coinciding with reality; - F.A.Olafson | synonyms=veridical | examples=perceptual error...has a surprising resemblance to veridical perception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The phrase "educational expenditures (in real terms)" refers to expenditures adjusted for inflation. This is a standard economic and financial usage where "real" explicitly means corrected for inflation, as contrasted with nominal values. Sense 6 directly addresses this meaning with its definition about "an amount that is corrected for inflation" and provides examples like "real prices" and "real income" that align perfectly with the context.

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the target word "real" appears in "educational expenditures (in real terms)".

The phrase "in real terms" is a technical economic/financial term. It means adjusted for inflation. When economists and statisticians talk about "real" income, "real" wages, "real" prices, etc., they mean the values after adjusting for inflation, as opposed to "nominal" values.

Let me check the candidate senses:

1. Being or occurring in fact or actuality - this is about existence, not about inflation adjustment
2. No less than what is stated; worthy of the name - about authenticity
3. Not to be taken lightly - about seriousness
4. Capable of being treated as fact - about tangibility
5. Being or reflecting the essential or genuine character - about genuineness
6. "of, relating to, or representing an amount that is corrected for inflation | examples: real prices; real income" - THIS IS IT. This is exactly what "real terms" means in economics.
7. Having substance or capable of being treated as fact - about substantiality
8. (of property) fixed or immovable - about property types
9. Coinciding with reality - about realism

Sense 6 is clearly the right answer. The definition explicitly mentions "corrected for inflation" and the examples include "real prices; real income" which are exactly the kind of economic/financial terms we see in the context about "educational expenditures (in real terms)."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: increase
Target surface form: increased
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have <t>increased</t> sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "increased" in the phrase "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply" is used intransitively. The expenditures themselves became greater in amount over time, without an explicit agent causing the increase. This matches sense 1 ("become bigger or greater in amount") rather than sense 2, which requires a transitive structure with an agent actively making something bigger (like "The boss increased her salary").

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the sentence containing the target word "increased":

"There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined."

The target word is "increased" - I need to determine if this is:

1. sense_key=increase%2:30:00:: | definition=become bigger or greater in amount | examples=The amount of work increased
   - This is the intransitive sense (passive voice or intransitive verb)
   - "become bigger or greater"
   - Example shows: "The amount of work increased" (no agent doing the increasing)

2. sense_key=increase%2:30:02:: | definition=make bigger or more | examples=The boss finally increased her salary; The university increased the number of students it admitted
   - This is the transitive sense
   - "make bigger or more"
   - Examples show someone actively doing the increasing

In the context: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased"

Here, "increased" is used intransitively. The expenditures themselves became bigger/greater. There's no agent explicitly making them bigger - they just grew/increased. The subject "expenditures" is experiencing the change, not actively causing it.

This matches sense 1: "become bigger or greater in amount"

The answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sharply
Target surface form: sharply
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased <t>sharply</t> in the past quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sharply%4:02:00:: | definition=in an aggressive manner | synonyms=aggressively | examples=she was being sharply questioned
2. sense_key=sharply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a well delineated manner | synonyms=crisply | examples=the new style of Minoan pottery was sharply defined
3. sense_key=sharply%4:02:02:: | definition=changing suddenly in direction and degree | synonyms=sharp, acutely | examples=the road twists sharply after the light; turn sharp left here
4. sense_key=sharply%4:02:03:: | definition=very suddenly and to a great degree | synonyms=precipitously | examples=conditions that precipitously increase the birthrate; prices rose sharply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes educational expenditures increasing "sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century," emphasizing both the sudden and substantial nature of this increase. This matches sense 4: "very suddenly and to a great degree," with the synonym "precipitously" and the example "prices rose sharply" being directly parallel to the sentence's meaning. The speaker is highlighting the magnitude of the expenditure increase to contrast it with the decline in educational performance.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "sharply" fits best.

The sentence reads: "as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the past quarter-of-a-century"

This is talking about how educational expenditures have increased - the speaker is emphasizing the degree and manner of the increase. Let me examine each sense:

1. "in an aggressive manner" - This doesn't fit. The sentence is about financial expenditures increasing, not about aggressive behavior.

2. "in a well delineated manner" - This doesn't fit either. The context isn't about something being clearly defined or crisply outlined.

3. "changing suddenly in direction and degree" - This could potentially fit, as it talks about sharp changes. But the examples given are about roads twisting or turning, physical directions. This sense seems to be more about spatial/directional changes.

4. "very suddenly and to a great degree" - This seems like the best fit. The context is saying that educational expenditures have increased dramatically/substantially ("sharply") over the past quarter-century. The synonyms include "precipitously" which means falling steeply or suddenly. The examples show "prices rose sharply" which is very similar to "expenditures have increased sharply."

The speaker is emphasizing the magnitude of the increase in educational expenditures to make the point that despite this significant increase, educational performance has declined. This aligns with sense 4, which describes a sudden and substantial increase.

The answer is 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
New York is in the process of trying to disengage itself from a 20-year-old commitment to this system of school governance, even as Chicago and other cities are moving to institute it. -- In most states, increasing expenditures on education, in our current circumstances, will probably make things worse, not better. The reason is simple: Education takes place in the classroom, where the influence of money is minimal. Decades of educational research tell us unequivocally that even smaller classes have zero effect on the academic performance of the pupils -- though they may sometimes be desirable for other reasons. The new money flows into the already top-heavy administrative structure, which busies itself piling more and more paper work on the teachers. There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the <t>past</t> quarter-of-a-century -- we now spend more per pupil than any other country in the world -- educational performance has declined. That is the way the system works.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past
2. sense_key=past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "past" in the context "in the past quarter-of-a-century" functions as an adjective meaning "earlier than the present time" or "no longer current." It refers to the 25-year period that has already elapsed. This matches Sense 1, which defines "past" as "earlier than the present time; no longer current" with examples like "time past." Sense 2 refers to a person who has held office, which is not relevant to this temporal usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "past" in the given context.

The sentence reads: "There is neither mystery nor paradox in the fact that as educational expenditures (in real terms) have increased sharply in the <t>past</t> quarter-of-a-century"

Here, "past" is used as an adjective modifying "quarter-of-a-century." It means "the preceding or earlier" quarter-of-a-century. The phrase "in the past quarter-of-a-century" refers to the last 25 years that have already gone by, i.e., time that is earlier than the present time.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "past%3:00:00:: | definition=earlier than the present time; no longer current | examples=time past; his youth is past"
   - This sense describes something that occurred or existed before the present moment
   - Examples include "time past" and "his youth is past"
   - This perfectly fits the usage in the sentence where "past quarter-of-a-century" means the 25 years that have already gone by

2. Sense 2: "past%5:00:00:outgoing:00 | definition=of a person who has held and relinquished a position or office | synonyms=preceding, retiring | examples=a retiring member of the board"
   - This sense refers to a person who has held and relinquished a position
   - This is clearly not applicable as the text is talking about a time period, not a person

The correct sense is clearly Sense 1, as it describes "past" as something earlier than the present time, which is exactly how it's used in the context of "the past quarter-of-a-century."