[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: slow
Target surface form: slow
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to <t>slow</t> or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=slow%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow down, slow up, retard | examples=The car decelerated
2. sense_key=slow%2:30:01:: | definition=become slow or slower | synonyms=slow down, slow up, slack, slacken | examples=Production slowed
3. sense_key=slow%2:30:05:: | definition=cause to proceed more slowly | synonyms=slow down, slow up | examples=The illness slowed him down

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "slow" is used transitively here - "new cancer drugs to slow... tumor growth" means the drugs cause tumor growth to proceed more slowly. This matches sense 3 ("cause to proceed more slowly"), not sense 1 (physical deceleration of an object) or sense 2 (become slower, used intransitively). The example "The illness slowed him down" is structurally parallel to how "slow" functions in the cancer context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "slow" in the sentence:

"Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

In this context, "slow" means to reduce the speed or progress of tumor growth. The drugs are meant to slow (i.e., reduce/inhibit) the growth of tumors.

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=slow%2:30:00:: | definition=lose velocity; move more slowly | synonyms=decelerate, slow down, slow up, retard | examples=The car decelerated
   - This is about an object losing velocity/moving more slowly
   - This is more about physical movement slowing down

2. sense_key=slow%2:30:01:: | definition=become slow or slower | synonyms=slow down, slow up, slack, slacken | examples=Production slowed
   - This is about something becoming slower (intransitive)
   - The example "Production slowed" suggests a process becoming slower
   - But in the context, we have "drugs to slow... tumor growth" - this is transitive

3. sense_key=slow%2:30:05:: | definition=cause to proceed more slowly | synonyms=slow down, slow up | examples=The illness slowed him down
   - This is about causing something to proceed more slowly (transitive)
   - The definition says "cause to proceed more slowly"
   - This matches the context where drugs are meant to cause tumor growth to proceed more slowly

In the sentence, "slow" is being used in a transitive sense - the drugs "slow" (cause to be slowed) tumor growth. This is sense 3, which is about causing something to proceed more slowly.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 3}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reverse
Target surface form: reverse
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or <t>reverse</t> tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reverse%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, turn | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
2. sense_key=reverse%2:30:01:: | definition=turn inside out or upside down | synonyms=turn back, invert
3. sense_key=reverse%2:31:00:: | definition=rule against | synonyms=overrule, overturn, override, overthrow | examples=The Republicans were overruled when the House voted on the bill
4. sense_key=reverse%2:32:00:: | definition=cancel officially | synonyms=revoke, annul, lift, countermand, repeal, overturn | examples=He revoked the ban on smoking; lift an embargo
5. sense_key=reverse%2:30:03:: | definition=reverse the position, order, relation, or condition of | synonyms=invert | examples=when forming a question, invert the subject and the verb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "reverse" in this medical context means to change the direction or course of tumor growth—to change it to the contrary (from growth to non-growth or regression). This aligns with sense 1: "change to the contrary," as exemplified by "The trend was reversed." The drugs would reverse the tumor growth trend, making it work in the opposite direction.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "reverse" in the sentence:

"Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

In this context, "reverse" is being used to mean "counteract" or "turn back" the tumor growth. The context is about medical intervention - using drugs to slow down or reverse (undo/counteract) tumor growth.

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=reverse%2:30:00:: - "change to the contrary" with examples like "The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him" - This seems to fit. Reversing tumor growth would mean changing it from growing to not growing (or shrinking).

2. sense_key=reverse%2:30:01:: - "turn inside out or upside down" - This is physical/spatial, doesn't fit the medical context.

3. sense_key=reverse%2:31:00:: - "rule against" - This is a legal sense, doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=reverse%2:32:00:: - "cancel officially" - This is about officially canceling or revoking something, more legal in nature. Doesn't fit tumor growth.

5. sense_key=reverse%2:30:03:: - "reverse the position, order, relation, or condition of" - This is similar to sense 1 but more about position/order/condition.

The best fit is sense 1 (reverse%2:30:00::) - "change to the contrary". The tumor growth would be changed to the contrary (from growing to stopping or shrinking). The example "The trend was reversed" is very similar to reversing tumor growth.

Answer: 1

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor <t>growth</t> may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The context clearly refers to tumor growth in a pathological sense - the passage discusses cancer drugs meant to "slow or reverse tumor growth." Sense 6 is the only sense that specifically addresses abnormal tissue proliferation characteristic of tumors, making it the best fit for this medical context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "growth" in the sentence:

"Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

The context is about cancer treatment and tumor growth. The word "growth" here refers to the abnormal proliferation of cells that form a tumor. This is clearly in a pathological context - we're talking about something abnormal that needs to be slowed or reversed.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "the process of an individual organism growing organically" - This is about normal biological growth/development. Not applicable here.

2. "a progression from simpler to more complex forms" - Too abstract and about cultural progression. Not relevant.

3. "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous" - This is general increase, but doesn't capture the pathological aspect.

4. "vegetation that has grown" - About plants/vegetation. Not relevant.

5. "the gradual beginning or coming forth" - About emergence. Not relevant.

6. "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" - This directly matches! Tumor growth is pathological abnormal tissue proliferation.

7. "something grown or growing" - Too vague and general.

The answer is clearly sense 6, which is defined as "an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" - this perfectly describes tumor growth in the context of cancer treatment.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: base
Target surface form: based
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be <t>based</t> on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=base%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, ground, found | examples=base a claim on some observation
2. sense_key=base%2:42:04:: | definition=situate as a center of operations | examples=we will base this project in the new lab
3. sense_key=base%2:34:00:: | definition=use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes | synonyms=free-base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "based on the suppressor proteins" means the new cancer drugs would be founded on or use the suppressor proteins as a foundation/basis for their development. This matches sense 1 (use as a basis for; found on), which is supported by the synonyms "establish, ground, found" and the example "base a claim on some observation."

reasoning_content:
The target word is "based" in the context: "Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

Let me analyze the meaning:
- "may be based on the suppressor proteins" means the drugs would be founded on or established from the suppressor proteins
- This is about using something as a foundation or basis for something else

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=base%2:31:00:: | definition=use as a basis for; found on | synonyms=establish, ground, found | examples=base a claim on some observation
   - This fits perfectly. "Based on the suppressor proteins" means using those proteins as the basis for developing the drugs.

2. sense_key=base%2:42:04:: | definition=situate as a center of operations | examples=we will base this project in the new lab
   - This doesn't fit well. The sentence isn't about locating or positioning something in a place.

3. sense_key=base%2:34:00:: | definition=use (purified cocaine) by burning it and inhaling the fumes | synonyms=free-base
   - This is clearly not appropriate for this context.

The correct answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: produce
Target surface form: produced
Context:
Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally <t>produced</t> by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=produce%2:36:02:: | definition=bring forth or yield | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The tree would not produce fruit
2. sense_key=produce%2:36:00:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=make, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
3. sense_key=produce%2:36:03:: | definition=cause to happen, occur or exist | synonyms=bring about, give rise | examples=This procedure produces a curious effect; The new law gave rise to many complaints
4. sense_key=produce%2:39:01:: | definition=bring out for display | synonyms=bring forth | examples=The proud father produced many pictures of his baby; The accused brought forth a letter in court that he claims exonerates him
5. sense_key=produce%2:36:05:: | definition=cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques | synonyms=grow, raise, farm | examples=The Bordeaux region produces great red wines; They produce good ham in Parma
6. sense_key=produce%2:39:00:: | definition=bring onto the market or release | synonyms=bring on, bring out | examples=produce a movie; bring out a book
7. sense_key=produce%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, develop, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes genes naturally synthesizing or yielding suppressor proteins through biological processes. The phrase "suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes" parallels the example "The tree would not produce fruit" - both refer to the natural yield or generation of something by an organism or biological system. This is sense 1 "bring forth or yield."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "produced" in this sentence:

"Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes."

In this context, "produced" refers to proteins being made or created by genes. The genes synthesize/manufacture these suppressor proteins.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "bring forth or yield" - This is about natural production/yield (like fruit from a tree). While proteins are "yielded," this seems more about natural products.

2. "create or manufacture a man-made product" - This is about manufacturing products like cars or toys. However, genes producing proteins isn't exactly manufacturing a man-made product; it's a biological process.

3. "cause to happen, occur or exist" - This is about causing something to happen or come into existence. This could fit - genes cause proteins to exist through biological processes.

4. "bring out for display" - This is clearly not the right sense; it's about showing/displaying something.

5. "cultivate by growing, often involving improvements" - This is about agricultural techniques. Not applicable here.

6. "bring onto the market or release" - This is about releasing products to market. Not applicable.

7. "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - This is about developing physical features. Not really applicable.

The most accurate sense seems to be sense 1 "bring forth or yield" because genes naturally produce/yield proteins through biological processes. However, sense 2 and 3 could also be considered.

Actually, looking more carefully, the context is about biological production - genes producing proteins. Sense 1 "bring forth or yield" seems most appropriate as it covers natural biological production. Sense 2 is more about manufacturing man-made products, which isn't really what genes do. Sense 3 is about causing something to happen, which is also reasonable.
Sense 1 best captures what's happening here—genes naturally yield these suppressor proteins through biological synthesis, much like how organisms naturally generate other biological molecules.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The <t>idea</t> would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "idea" in this context refers to an intention or planned approach. The sentence "The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins..." expresses what the researchers intend to do—the purpose or goal of the proposed treatment strategy. This matches sense 2 ("your intention; what you intend to do"), particularly similar to the example "the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces," where "idea" refers to the intended objective or purpose.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "idea" in this passage about lung cancer research.

The sentence reads: "The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: - "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" - Examples: "it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind"

2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: - "your intention; what you intend to do" - Examples: "he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces"

3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: - "a personal view" - Examples: "he has an idea that we don't like him"

4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: - "an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth" - Examples: "an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take"

5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: - "(music) melodic subject of a musical composition" - This is clearly not relevant.

In the context, "The idea would be to administer..." is expressing an intention or plan - what the researchers intend to do. This is about the purpose or intended outcome of the treatment approach.

Sense 2 ("your intention; what you intend to do") with the example "the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces" seems most appropriate, as it refers to the intended purpose or goal.

Sense 1 could also work (it's the content of cognition), but sense 2 is more specific and better fits the meaning here - it's about the intention/purpose.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: administer
Target surface form: administer
Context:
Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to <t>administer</t> to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=administer%2:41:00:: | definition=work in an administrative capacity; supervise or be in charge of | synonyms=administrate | examples=administer a program; she administers the funds
2. sense_key=administer%2:40:01:: | definition=perform (a church sacrament) ritually | examples=administer the last unction
3. sense_key=administer%2:40:00:: | definition=administer or bestow, as in small portions | synonyms=distribute, mete out, deal, parcel out, lot, dispense | examples=administer critical remarks to everyone present; dole out some money
4. sense_key=administer%2:29:00:: | definition=give or apply (medications) | synonyms=dispense
5. sense_key=administer%2:41:01:: | definition=direct the taking of | examples=administer an exam; administer an oath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "administer."

Context: "The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes."

This is talking about giving medical treatment to patients - specifically, giving them growth-controlling proteins as a therapeutic treatment.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=administer%2:41:00:: | definition=work in an administrative capacity; supervise or be in charge of | synonyms=administrate | examples=administer a program; she administers the funds
   - This is about managing/supervising, not relevant to giving treatment

2. sense_key=administer%2:40:01:: | definition=perform (a church sacrament) ritually | examples=administer the last unction
   - This is about religious sacraments, not relevant

3. sense_key=administer%2:40:00:: | definition=administer or bestow, as in small portions | synonyms=distribute, mete out, deal, parcel out, lot, dispense | examples=administer critical remarks to everyone present; dole out some money
   - This is about distributing things in portions, but the example is about "critical remarks" and "money", not medical treatment

4. sense_key=administer%2:29:00:: | definition=give or apply (medications) | synonyms=dispense
   - This is about giving or applying medications - this directly matches the context of giving proteins/therapy to patients

5. sense_key=administer%2:41:01:: | definition=direct the taking of | examples=administer an exam; administer an oath
   - This is about directing/overseeing something like exams or oaths, not relevant

The context is clearly about medical treatment - giving proteins to patients as a therapeutic treatment. Sense 4 specifically defines "administer" as "give or apply (medications)" which is exactly what the context is describing. Even though they're giving proteins rather than traditional medications, the sense still applies perfectly.
Sense 4 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: patient
Target surface form: patients
Context:
Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to <t>patients</t> the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "patients" is being used here.

Context: "The idea would be to administer to <t>patients</t> the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes."

The two candidate senses are:

1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly

2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

In the given sentence, "patients" refers to people who would receive medical treatment (the proteins). The passage discusses cancer patients who would be administered growth-controlling proteins. This is clearly talking about actual people who need medical care.

Sense 1 is the straightforward meaning: "a person who requires medical care" - which matches the context perfectly. The example even says "the number of emergency patients" which is similar usage.

Sense 2 is a linguistic/grammatical sense referring to the semantic role in a clause - where the patient role is the entity affected by the action of a verb. While technically the "patients" are affected by the action of administering proteins, this is the grammatical/semantic role meaning, not what's being discussed here.

The context clearly uses "patients" to mean actual people receiving medical treatment, so Sense 1 is the best choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: healthy
Target surface form: healthy
Context:
Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by <t>healthy</t> versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=healthy%3:00:00:: | definition=having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease | examples=a rosy healthy baby; staying fit and healthy
2. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially secure and functioning well | examples=a healthy economy
3. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:wholesome:00 | definition=promoting health; healthful; ; ; ; ; - C.B.Davis | synonyms=salubrious, good for you | examples=a healthy diet; clean healthy air
4. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:reasonable:00 | definition=exercising or showing good judgment | synonyms=intelligent, levelheaded, sound | examples=healthy scepticism; a healthy fear of rattlesnakes
5. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:considerable:00 | definition=large in amount or extent or degree | synonyms=goodly, goodish, hefty, respectable, sizable, sizeable | examples=it cost a considerable amount; a goodly amount

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context uses "healthy versions of the damaged genes" to refer to genes that are functioning properly and without defects, in contrast to genes that are defective or damaged. This clearly aligns with sense 1: "having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease," where "healthy" describes something in proper working condition, free from defects or damage.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "healthy" and I need to determine which sense is being used in the context.

Let me examine the context. The passage discusses lung cancer genes and treatments. Specifically, it says:

"The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by <t>healthy</t> versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far."

In this context, "healthy" is being used to describe genes. The passage is contrasting "healthy versions of the damaged genes" with defective/damaged genes.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease" - This is about health in a physical/mental sense. While genes could metaphorically be described this way, this is more about organisms or people.

2. "financially secure and functioning well" - This is about economic/financial health. Not relevant here.

3. "promoting health; healthful" - This would mean the genes promote health, which is sort of true but not the main meaning here.

4. "exercising or showing good judgment" - Not relevant.

5. "large in amount or extent or degree" - Not relevant.

Wait, let me reconsider. When the text says "healthy versions of the damaged genes," it's using "healthy" to mean genes that are not damaged, genes that are functioning properly. This is closest to sense 1: "having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease."

The genes that are "healthy" are those without defects - they're functioning properly and not diseased/defective. This is the primary sense of the word "healthy."

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: version
Target surface form: versions
Context:
Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy <t>versions</t> of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation | examples=the play is an adaptation of a short novel
4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation, interlingual rendition, rendering
5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading
6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses "healthy versions" and "defective versions" of genes, referring to different variants of the same genetic entity. Sense 2 ("something a little different from others of the same type") with its synonyms "variant, variation, edition" is the most appropriate fit, as it describes the healthy and damaged forms of genes as different variations of the same fundamental genetic material.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "versions" in this passage about genes and cancer.

The passage discusses:
- Defective genes and their role in cancer
- The retinoblastoma suppressor gene
- The possibility of administering "growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes"
- The possibility of replacing "defective genes with healthy versions"

In this context, "versions" refers to variants of the same gene - one being the healthy/normal form and another being the defective/damaged form. They're talking about different forms of the same thing (genes that control growth).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint" - Not relevant here, this is about different perspectives
2. "something a little different from others of the same type" with synonyms "variant, variation, edition" - This seems to fit! Healthy versions vs defective versions are variants of the same gene
3. "a written work that has been recast in a new form" - Not relevant, this is about biology/genes
4. "a written communication in a second language" - Not relevant
5. "a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something" - Not relevant
6. "manual turning of a fetus in the uterus" - Not relevant (medical but different context)

The best fit is sense 2: "something a little different from others of the same type" with the synonym "variant". In the context, "versions" refers to different variants of genes - healthy versions versus defective versions of the same gene. The synonyms "variant, variation" directly support this interpretation.

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the <t>damaged</t> genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates that "damaged" refers to defective or faulty genes at the molecular level. The passage discusses genes that have mutations or defects causing cancer susceptibility, and contrasts them with "healthy versions" of the same genes. This usage corresponds to sense 1 (harmed or injured or spoiled), describing the physical/functional defect of the genes, rather than sense 2 which concerns damage to reputation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "damaged" is being used.

The sentence is: "The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes."

The context is about genetic research and cancer. The passage discusses:
- Defective genes that may be involved in lung cancer
- The possibility of replacing defective genes with healthy versions
- Administering proteins made by healthy versions of genes

In this context, "damaged genes" refers to genes that are physically defective or mutated - genes that are harmed or not functioning properly. These are genes that have been physically altered or compromised.

Let me check both senses:

1. "harmed or injured or spoiled" - This fits perfectly. The genes are defective/faulty (harmed/injured), and the context shows they're contrasting damaged genes with healthy versions.

2. "being unjustly brought into disrepute" - This is about reputation and being discredited. This doesn't fit the context at all. We're not talking about the reputation of genes being damaged; we're talking about their physical/functional status.

The answer is clearly sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled" - the genes are physically defective/mutated, which is equivalent to being injured or spoiled at a molecular level.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possible
Target surface form: possible
Context:
Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be <t>possible</t> to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possible%3:00:00:: | definition=capable of happening or existing | examples=a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible
2. sense_key=possible%3:00:04:: | definition=existing in possibility | synonyms=potential | examples=a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses whether it "may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions" — referring to whether this action is capable of happening or existing as a future outcome. This matches sense 1 ("capable of happening or existing") rather than sense 2 ("existing in possibility/potential"), which would be more appropriate for describing potential applications or uses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "possible" is being used.

The sentence is: "It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far."

The two senses are:
1. capable of happening or existing - examples: "a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible"
2. existing in possibility - synonyms: potential - examples: "a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power"

In the context, the sentence is discussing whether it would be possible (feasible, capable of happening) to replace defective genes with healthy versions. The speaker is saying that while no one has done this yet, it is theoretically capable of happening in the future.

Sense 1: "capable of happening or existing" - This fits because the text is asking if the action of replacing defective genes is something that can happen (is capable of happening), even though it hasn't been done yet.

Sense 2: "existing in possibility" with synonyms "potential" - This would emphasize the potential aspect, like "potential problem" or "possible uses". This also fits somewhat, as it refers to something that could exist as a possibility.

Looking more carefully at the context and examples:
- Sense 1 examples: "a breakthrough may be possible next year" - this is similar to our context about something that may happen in the future
- Sense 2 examples: "potential uses of nuclear power" - this is more about what something could be used for

The context is more about whether something is capable of happening (it may be possible), rather than about potential uses or applications. This matches Sense 1 better.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: replace
Target surface form: replace
Context:
Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to <t>replace</t> defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=replace%2:30:00:: | definition=substitute a person or thing for (another that is broken or inefficient or lost or no longer working or yielding what is expected) | examples=He replaced the old razor blade; We need to replace the secretary that left a month ago
2. sense_key=replace%2:41:00:: | definition=take the place or move into the position of | synonyms=supplant, supersede, supervene upon, supercede | examples=Smith replaced Miller as CEO after Miller left; the computer has supplanted the slide rule
3. sense_key=replace%2:35:00:: | definition=put something back where it belongs | synonyms=put back | examples=replace the book on the shelf after you have finished reading it; please put the clean dishes back in the cabinet when you have washed them
4. sense_key=replace%2:40:00:: | definition=put in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items | synonyms=substitute, interchange, exchange | examples=the con artist replaced the original with a fake Rembrandt; substitute regular milk with fat-free milk

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses replacing "defective genes with healthy versions." The word "defective" indicates genes that are broken or not functioning properly. Sense 1 specifically addresses substituting something broken or inefficient (the defective genes) with a functional alternative (healthy versions), which matches the medical context perfectly. This is about replacing something that is not working as expected with a properly functioning substitute.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "replace" is used:

"It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far."

The sentence is talking about the possibility of replacing defective genes with healthy versions. This means substituting defective genes with healthy ones.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=replace%2:30:00:: - "substitute a person or thing for (another that is broken or inefficient or lost or no longer working or yielding what is expected)" - Examples: "He replaced the old razor blade; We need to replace the secretary that left a month ago"
   - This is about substituting something broken/inefficient with a working version. In the context, "defective genes" are broken/not working properly, and we want to replace them with "healthy versions" that work properly. This fits well.

2. sense_key=replace%2:41:00:: - "take the place or move into the position of" - This is about taking someone's position/role. The examples are about replacing people in positions (CEO). This doesn't fit as well.

3. sense_key=replace%2:35:00:: - "put something back where it belongs" - This is about returning something to its proper place. The context is not about putting genes back where they belong, but about substituting defective ones with healthy ones. This doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=replace%2:40:00:: - "put in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items" - This is about substituting items. This could fit, but the emphasis seems to be more on the "broken/not working" aspect of the defective genes.

The best fit is sense 1 (sense_key=replace%2:30:00::) because:
- It explicitly mentions "broken or inefficient or no longer working"
- The context talks about replacing "defective genes" with "healthy versions"
- Defective genes are not working properly (like broken/inefficient items)
- The core idea is swapping out something malfunctioning for a functional alternative.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: healthy
Target surface form: healthy
Context:
Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with <t>healthy</t> versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=healthy%3:00:00:: | definition=having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease | examples=a rosy healthy baby; staying fit and healthy
2. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:sound:00 | definition=financially secure and functioning well | examples=a healthy economy
3. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:wholesome:00 | definition=promoting health; healthful; ; ; ; ; - C.B.Davis | synonyms=salubrious, good for you | examples=a healthy diet; clean healthy air
4. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:reasonable:00 | definition=exercising or showing good judgment | synonyms=intelligent, levelheaded, sound | examples=healthy scepticism; a healthy fear of rattlesnakes
5. sense_key=healthy%5:00:00:considerable:00 | definition=large in amount or extent or degree | synonyms=goodly, goodish, hefty, respectable, sizable, sizeable | examples=it cost a considerable amount; a goodly amount

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "healthy" in this context refers to genes that are functioning properly and without defects. The passage explicitly contrasts "healthy versions" with "defective genes," indicating the meaning of healthy as "free from infirmity or disease" (sense 1). This is the primary, literal meaning of the adjective, applied here to genetic material rather than organisms.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "healthy" in this scientific text.

The sentence in question is: "It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far."

In this context, "healthy" is being used to describe genes. The text is discussing replacing "defective genes" with "healthy versions."

Let me look at each sense:

1. Sense 1: "having or indicating good health in body or mind; free from infirmity or disease" - This is the primary sense related to physical or mental health. In the context, "healthy" is describing genes - not a body or mind. However, metaphorically, a "healthy gene" could mean one that is not defective, functioning properly.

2. Sense 2: "financially secure and functioning well" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about financial health.

3. Sense 3: "promoting health; healthful" - This is about promoting health, but here we're not saying the genes promote health; rather we're saying they are healthy/functional.

4. Sense 4: "exercising or showing good judgment" - This doesn't fit the context at all.

5. Sense 5: "large in amount or extent or degree" - This doesn't fit either.

Looking back at sense 1, the key phrase is "free from infirmity or disease." A "healthy gene" in this context means a gene free from defects/mutations. The opposite is "defective genes." This is using the adjective "healthy" in its core sense - something that is functioning properly and without defects.

The best fit is sense 1, which is the primary sense of healthy meaning "free from deficiency or disease." When applied to genes, it means genes that are not defective/mutated.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: version
Target surface form: versions
Context:
Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy <t>versions</t>, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation | examples=the play is an adaptation of a short novel
4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation, interlingual rendition, rendering
5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading
6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses replacing defective genes with healthy "versions" of genes. This refers to different variants or forms of the same gene - a healthy variant versus a defective variant. This matches sense 2, which defines version as "something a little different from others of the same type" with synonyms like "variant" and "variation."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far."

The context is about genes - specifically defective genes vs. healthy versions of genes. The word "versions" here refers to different forms or variants of the same gene - a healthy variant versus a defective variant.

Let me check each sense:

1. sense_key=version%1:10:01:: | definition=an interpretation of a matter from a particular viewpoint | examples=his version of the fight was different from mine
   - This is about personal viewpoint/perspective. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=version%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=variant, variation, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
   - This is about something slightly different from others of the same type. The healthy version of a gene vs. the defective version fits this perfectly - they are variants of the same gene.

3. sense_key=version%1:10:02:: | definition=a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form | synonyms=adaptation
   - This is about literary works. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=version%1:10:00:: | definition=a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language | synonyms=translation
   - This is about translation. Not applicable.

5. sense_key=version%1:09:00:: | definition=a mental representation of the meaning or significance of something | synonyms=interpretation, reading
   - This is about mental representation/interpretation. Not applicable.

6. sense_key=version%1:04:00:: | definition=manual turning of a fetus in the uterus (usually to aid delivery)
   - This is a medical term for fetus manipulation. Not applicable.

Sense 2 is the clear match here. A healthy gene variant and a defective gene variant are different forms of the same genetic sequence, making them variants of one another. The answer is sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: come_close
Target surface form: come close
Context:
Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too. Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has <t>come close</t> to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=come_close%2:41:00:: | definition=nearly do something | examples=She came close to quitting her job
2. sense_key=come_close%2:42:00:: | definition=be close or similar | synonyms=approximate | examples=Her results approximate my own

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses whether it is possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, stating that "no one has come close to doing that so far." This clearly uses the sense "nearly do something" - meaning no one has almost achieved this goal yet. This matches sense 1, not the similarity/approximation meaning of sense 2.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "come close" appears:

"It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far."

This sentence is discussing the possibility of replacing defective genes with healthy versions. The phrase "come close to doing that" means that scientists have nearly done this, but haven't actually accomplished it yet.

Let me compare the two senses:

1. "come_close%2:41:00::" - "nearly do something" with example "She came close to quitting her job"
   This means to almost do something but not actually do it.

2. "come_close%2:42:00::" - "be close or similar" with synonym "approximate" and examples about results approximating
   This is about things being similar or nearly equal to each other.

In the context provided, the sentence is saying that no one has nearly done the replacement of defective genes - meaning no one has almost succeeded in doing it. This clearly matches sense 1, which is about nearly doing something.

Sense 2 is about similarity or approximation of things, not about nearly doing an action.

So the answer should be sense 1 (sense_index: 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, <t>says</t> Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows Dr. Minna expressing a statement about cancer discovery. The verb "says" here is being used in its most basic sense to introduce his expressed words and thoughts - he is articulating/stating a position about the cancer research findings. This corresponds to sense 1: "express in words."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the sentence: "In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, 'We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer.'"

The word "says" is being used here to introduce a quote or statement from Dr. Minna. He is expressing a statement or opinion about the discovery of cancer genes.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "express in words" - This is the basic sense of saying something, expressing words or statements. This seems appropriate.

2. "report or maintain" - This involves claiming or alleging something. The doctor is reporting/maintaining a position about cancer discovery.

3. "express a supposition" - This is more about hypothetical scenarios (let's say...). Doesn't fit here.

4. "have or contain a certain wording or form" - This is about what text says, like "what does the law say?" Not applicable here.

5. "give instructions to or direct somebody" - This is about ordering someone. Not applicable.

6. "speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way" - This is about how something is said, pronunciation. Not the main sense here.

7. "communicate or express nonverbally" - Not applicable, this is verbal communication.

8. "utter aloud" - This could work, but it's very basic.

9. "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - This fits well - Dr. Minna is stating his opinion/judgment about the cancer discovery.

10. "recite or repeat a fixed text" - Not applicable, this is original speech.

11. "indicate" - Not the primary sense here.

The context shows Dr. Minna expressing his judgement or opinion about the cancer discovery. Between sense 1 and sense 9, sense 9 "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" seems more specific and appropriate for this context where the speaker is declaring or stating their professional judgment about a scientific discovery.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 1 is very general and common - "express in words".

The sentence is Dr. Minna stating his thoughts in words. While sense 9 emphasizes the declarative, opinion-based nature of the statement, sense 1 is the most fundamental and general sense here. It's simply expressing information in words, which is what's happening in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: witness
Target surface form: witnessing
Context:
Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're <t>witnessing</t> the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=witness%2:39:00:: | definition=be a witness to | examples=She witnessed the accident and had to testify in court
2. sense_key=witness%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=find, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes scientists observing an important discovery in cancer research as it unfolds. The sense "perceive or be contemporaneous with" (with synonyms "find, see") is the appropriate interpretation. Dr. Minna is expressing that they are experiencing or observing this scientific discovery happening in real time, not serving as a legal witness to an accident. This aligns with the definition's emphasis on being contemporaneous with events and the synonyms that suggest active observation and present experience.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "witnessing".

The sentence is: "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer."

Let me look at the two senses:

1. sense_key=witness%2:39:00:: | definition=be a witness to | examples=She witnessed the accident and had to testify in court
   - This sense means to be a witness to something, typically something you see happen and might need to testify about in court. The example shows someone witnessing an accident they might testify about.

2. sense_key=witness%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=find, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
   - This sense means to perceive or be contemporaneous with something. The synonyms are "find" and "see". The examples show "finding" Republicans winning and "seeing" cheating.

In the context "We're witnessing the discovery...", the speaker is saying that they are currently experiencing or observing the discovery of an important step. This is not about being a legal witness to an accident that might require testimony in court. Rather, it's about observing or being contemporaneous with a scientific discovery - living through it, experiencing it as it happens.

The sense 2 definition "perceive or be contemporaneous with" and the synonyms "find, see" fit much better. The speaker is expressing that they are living through/observing/experiencing this important discovery happening. The example "We found Republicans winning the offices" is similar in structure - it's about experiencing or observing something happening.

The answer should be sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the <t>discovery</t> of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "discovery" in this context refers to a significant breakthrough or productive insight about understanding cancer genesis. The phrase "witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer" emphasizes that this is not merely the act of finding something or a trivial finding, but rather a major breakthrough in understanding cancer mechanisms. The emphasis on "most important" and the scientific context of understanding fundamental biological processes aligns best with sense 3's definition of "a productive insight" with the synonym "breakthrough."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "discovery" in this sentence:

"We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer."

The context is about scientists finding new information about cancer genes and the mechanisms of cancer. Dr. Minna is saying they are "witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
   - This refers to the process/act of discovering something. The phrase "witnessing the discovery" could mean witnessing the process of discovering.

2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
   - This refers to the thing that is discovered itself. "The discovery of one of the most important steps" could mean the important step itself that was discovered.

3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
   - This is similar to sense 2 but emphasizes the insight/breakthrough nature. A "productive insight" about cancer genesis would fit well.

4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure...
   - This is clearly not relevant - it's about legal discovery, not scientific discovery.

The key phrase is "the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer."

This could be interpreted as:
- The act of discovering (sense 1)
- The thing discovered (sense 2)
- The breakthrough/insight (sense 3)

In the context, they're talking about finding information about cancer mechanisms. "The discovery of one of the most important steps" most naturally reads as "the finding/revelation of one of the most important steps" - which could be the act (1) or the result (2/3).

However, the phrase "the discovery of X" typically means "the X that was discovered" - so sense 2 or 3.
Sense 3 stands out because it captures the significance of what's being described—a major breakthrough in understanding cancer mechanisms rather than just any finding. The language emphasizes this isn't merely a discovery but a productive insight into one of the most important steps in cancer genesis.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: most
Target surface form: most
Context:
Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the <t>most</t> important steps in the genesis of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done; the baby was almost asleep when the alarm sounded

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "most" in "one of the most important steps" is being used to form the superlative of the adjective "important." This is the standard function of "most" to indicate the highest degree or superlative form, as exemplified in sense 1 ("the king cobra is the most dangerous snake"). The context shows "most important" as a superlative construction, not an intensifier meaning "very" (sense 2) or the "almost/nearly" sense (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
The target word is "most" in the context: "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer."

Let me analyze each sense:

1. sense_key=most%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the superlative | synonyms=to the highest degree | examples=the king cobra is the most dangerous snake
   - This sense is used to form superlatives, meaning "to the highest degree"
   - In the context, "most important" is indeed a superlative form
   - Example: "the king cobra is the most dangerous snake" is exactly like "one of the most important steps"

2. sense_key=most%4:02:01:: | definition=very | examples=a most welcome relief
   - This sense means "very"
   - "a most welcome relief" = "a very welcome relief"
   - In the context, it could mean "very important steps"

3. sense_key=most%4:02:02:: | definition=(of actions or states) slightly short of or not quite accomplished; all but | synonyms=about, almost, nearly, near, nigh, virtually | examples=the job is (just) about done
   - This is the "almost/nearly" sense
   - This doesn't fit the context

The key is determining whether "most" in "the most important steps" is:
- The superlative marker (sense 1)
- An adverb meaning "very" (sense 2)

In "one of the most important steps", "most" is used to form the superlative of "important". This is the standard superlative form in English. The phrase "one of the most important X" is a common construction for the superlative.
Sense 1 is the right choice here—it directly describes how "most" functions to create the superlative degree, which is precisely what's happening in the sentence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most <t>important</t> steps in the genesis of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes a fundamental discovery about cancer gene mechanisms. The phrase "one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer" indicates that this discovery has great significance and value to scientific understanding. Sense 1 ("of great significance or value") is the most direct and appropriate meaning here, as the researchers are emphasizing the profound importance of understanding these steps in cancer development. Sense 3 (crucial/vital) would be overly strong, as this is presented as a significant scientific discovery rather than an immediate crisis resolution.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the different senses of "important" to determine which one is most appropriate.

The sentence is: "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer."

The context is about discovering genes and their role in cancer development. The researchers are talking about understanding fundamental mechanisms in cancer development - this is clearly a significant discovery that has major implications for understanding cancer.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "of great significance or value" - This is a general sense meaning something has great significance or value. The examples include "important people; the important questions of the day" - this fits general significance.

2. "important in effect or meaning" - This definition means having significant effect or meaning, with examples like "a significant change in tax laws" - this refers to something with important consequences or implications.

3. "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis" - This is a stronger sense, referring to something crucial, vital. The examples are "a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election" - for critical situations.

4. "having authority or ascendancy or influence" - This refers to people or things having power or influence, like "an important official; the captain's authoritative manner" - not relevant here.

5. "having or suggesting a consciousness of high position" - This is about being pretentious or having an air of importance, like "recited the decree with an important air" - not relevant here.

In the context, the speaker is describing a discovery as representing one of the most important steps in understanding cancer genesis. This is clearly about the significance and value of the discovery - it's a fundamental step in understanding how cancer develops.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1: "of great significance or value" - This is the most general and fits well
- Sense 2: "important in effect or meaning" - This also fits but is slightly more specific to effects/implications

The discovery itself is being valued as significant in understanding cancer. Sense 1 seems most directly applicable here - it's of great significance/value in the context of cancer research. This is the core meaning of "important."
Sense 1 captures what's being conveyed—the discovery holds substantial worth and significance in cancer research.