[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: caused
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene <t>caused</t> cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "caused" in the context "the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth" refers to giving rise to or bringing about an occurrence (cancer). This matches sense 1, which defines "cause" as "give rise to; cause to happen or occur." The gene brings about the development of cancer as a result—a pure causation of an event/condition, not causing someone to perform an action (which would be sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context around the target word "caused".

The sentence in question is:
"But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene <t>caused</t> cancer by promoting growth..."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1 (cause%2:36:00::): "give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally"
   - Definition: cause to happen or occur
   - Synonyms: do, make
   - Examples: cause a commotion; make a stir

2. Sense 2 (cause%2:32:00::): "cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner"
   - Definition: cause to act in a specified manner
   - Synonyms: induce, stimulate, have, get, make
   - Examples: The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

In the context, "the p53 gene caused cancer" means that the gene brought about or gave rise to cancer. This is not about causing someone to do something or act in a specified manner. It's about causing an event or condition (cancer) to happen.

This clearly fits sense 1: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur"

The structure is: [entity] caused [event/condition to occur]
- The p53 gene caused cancer

This is different from sense 2, which involves causing an entity to perform an action or behave in a certain way.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused <t>cancer</t> by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is clearly discussing cancer as a medical disease. The passage describes tumor cells, malignant growth, gene mutations affecting cell division, and cancer-suppressing genes. This is unambiguously referring to the medical sense of cancer as a malignant neoplastic disease caused by abnormal cell division, not any of the astrological or astronomical senses.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word "cancer" appears multiple times in this scientific text about gene research.

Looking at the context:
- This is about Johns Hopkins researchers studying chromosome 17 and tumor cells
- They found genetic material lost in tumor cells
- Arnold Levine had found that the p53 gene could "transform normal cells into cancerous ones"
- The text mentions "cancer cells" and discusses how p53 is a "cancer-suppressing gene"
- This is clearly a medical/scientific discussion about malignant tumors

The candidate senses are:
1. Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal cell division - this is the medical disease sense
2. A person born during Cancer (zodiac) - astrological sense
3. A small zodiacal constellation - astronomical sense
4. The fourth sign of the zodiac - zodiacal sign sense
5. Type genus of family Cancridae - genus of crabs

Given the context is clearly scientific/medical, discussing tumor cells, gene suppression, and malignant growth, the correct sense is definitely sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division."

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: promote
Target surface form: promoting
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by <t>promoting</t> growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=promote%2:41:01:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=advance, boost, further, encourage | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=promote%2:41:00:: | definition=give a promotion to or assign to a higher position | synonyms=upgrade, advance, kick upstairs, raise, elevate | examples=John was kicked upstairs when a replacement was hired; Women tend not to advance in the major law firms
3. sense_key=promote%2:32:00:: | definition=make publicity for; try to sell (a product) | synonyms=advertise, advertize, push | examples=The salesman is aggressively pushing the new computer model; The company is heavily advertizing their new laptops
4. sense_key=promote%2:33:01:: | definition=be changed for a superior chess or checker piece
5. sense_key=promote%2:33:00:: | definition=change a pawn for a better piece by advancing it to the eighth row, or change a checker piece for a more valuable piece by moving it to the row closest to your opponent

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "promoting" in this context refers to the p53 gene's contribution to cellular growth. The sentence discusses how "the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth," which aligns perfectly with sense 1: "contribute to the progress or growth of." This is a straightforward biological usage where the gene facilitates or advances the growth of cells, matching the synonyms "advance," "boost," and "further" provided in that sense definition.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "promoting" in this sentence.

The sentence states: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

Here, "promoting" is used to describe what the p53 gene does - it causes growth. This is in a biological/scientific context where we're discussing how genes affect cellular growth.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "contribute to the progress or growth of" - This fits well. The context is about a gene promoting (contributing to) growth. Synonyms include "advance, boost, further, encourage" and the example "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom" shows encouraging/furthering something.

2. "give a promotion to or assign to a higher position" - This is about employment/hierarchical advancement. Not relevant here.

3. "make publicity for; try to sell (a product)" - This is about advertising/marketing. Not relevant here.

4. "be changed for a superior chess or checker piece" - This is chess-related. Not relevant.

5. "change a pawn for a better piece by advancing it to the eighth row, or change a checker piece for a more valuable piece by moving it to the row closest to your opponent" - This is chess-related. Not relevant.

The correct sense is clearly sense 1: "contribute to the progress or growth of" because the p53 gene is causing/contributing to the growth of cells. This matches perfectly with the context of the sentence discussing how the gene "promotes growth."

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting <t>growth</t>, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "growth" in this context refers to the proliferation and increase of cells—specifically how the p53 gene promotes cellular multiplication, which can lead to cancer. Sense 3 ("a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important") best captures this meaning of cellular proliferation and increase in number, which is central to the discussion of how genes regulate cancer cell development.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "growth" and it appears in this sentence:

"His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones... But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

The context is discussing how p53 gene causes cancer. Levine thought p53 caused cancer by promoting growth, while Johns Hopkins scientists thought they were looking for a gene that suppressed growth.

So in this context, "growth" refers to the increase or proliferation of cells/tissues. This is about cellular proliferation and multiplication.

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. Biological unfolding of an organism growing organically - This is about organic growth and development of an individual organism
2. Progression from simpler to more complex forms - about cultural/developmental progression
3. A process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important - increase in size/quantity/importance
4. Vegetation that has grown - physical plant growth
5. Gradual beginning or coming forth - emergence
6. An abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor) - pathological growth, tumor
7. Something grown or growing - general growth

The context is about cancer cells and tumor formation. The gene p53 is being discussed as promoting or suppressing growth in the context of cancer development.

Actually, sense 3 (a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important) seems most appropriate because it's about the proliferation and increase of cancer cells.

However, sense 6 (abnormal proliferation of tissue, as in a tumor) is very specific to the cancer context and pathology.

Given the context explicitly discusses cancer and tumor formation, and the p53 gene's role in promoting growth that leads to cancer, sense 6 seems more specific and contextually appropriate. But sense 3 is more general and fits the idea of "growth" as proliferation.
Rereading the passage, Levine's claim that p53 promotes growth leading to cancer points to cellular proliferation and increase. Sense 3—"a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important"—directly captures this idea of cells multiplying and expanding in number, which aligns with how the passage frames growth as the mechanism driving cancer development.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_for
Target surface form: looking for
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were <t>looking for</t> a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_for%2:35:00:: | definition=try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of | synonyms=search, seek | examples=The police are searching for clues; They are searching for the missing man in the entire county
2. sense_key=look_for%2:37:00:: | definition=be excited or anxious about | synonyms=anticipate, look to

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target phrase "looking for a gene that suppressed growth" uses "looking for" in the sense of trying to locate or discover something specific. The Johns Hopkins scientists are actively searching through chromosome 17 to find a particular gene with specific properties. This matches sense 1 ("try to locate or discover") perfectly, as evidenced by the context describing their experimental process of crawling through genetic material in search of this specific gene. Sense 2 ("be excited or anxious about") is clearly not applicable here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "looking for" is being used.

The sentence is: "But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

Context analysis:
- The Johns Hopkins researchers are engaged in a search/experiment to find a specific gene
- They are trying to locate or discover a gene that suppresses growth
- This is part of their experimental process crawling down chromosome 17
- They're trying to find something specific - a gene with particular characteristics

Now let's examine the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "try to locate or discover, or try to establish the existence of"
- Synonyms: search, seek
- Examples: police searching for clues, searching for a missing man
- This fits perfectly with the context - they are trying to locate/discover a gene

Sense 2: "be excited or anxious about"
- Synonyms: anticipate, look to
- This doesn't fit the context at all - there's no indication they are excited or anxious about the gene

The context clearly shows an active process of searching/locating a gene. The researchers are trying to find a gene with specific properties (one that suppresses growth). This is a search/discovery operation.

Therefore, the correct sense is Sense 1 (sense_key=look_for%2:35:00::).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suppress
Target surface form: suppressed
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that <t>suppressed</t> growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suppress%2:30:00:: | definition=to put down by force or authority | synonyms=stamp down, inhibit, subdue, conquer, curb | examples=suppress a nascent uprising; stamp down on littering
2. sense_key=suppress%2:41:01:: | definition=come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority | synonyms=oppress, crush | examples=The government oppresses political activists
3. sense_key=suppress%2:41:00:: | definition=control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior | synonyms=inhibit, bottle up
4. sense_key=suppress%2:31:00:: | definition=put out of one's consciousness | synonyms=repress
5. sense_key=suppress%2:30:12:: | definition=reduce the incidence or severity of or stop | examples=suppress a yawn; this drug can suppress the hemorrhage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "suppressed."

In the context, it says: "the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth."

The context is about genes and cancer cells. The gene in question is p53, which is described as "a cancer-suppressing gene." The search was for a gene that would reduce or inhibit growth in tumor cells.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "to put down by force or authority" - This is about forceful suppression, like suppressing an uprising. Not quite right for the biological context.

2. "come down on or keep down by unjust use of one's authority" - This is about oppression by authority. Not relevant here.

3. "control and refrain from showing; of emotions, desires, impulses, or behavior" - This is about emotional/behavioral suppression. Not quite right.

4. "put out of one's consciousness" - This is about repressing memories. Not relevant.

5. "reduce the incidence or severity of or stop" - Examples include "suppress a yawn" and "this drug can suppress the hemorrhage." This fits the biological context - the gene suppresses (reduces/inhibits) growth. This is about reducing or stopping something.

The best fit is sense 5, which talks about reducing the incidence or severity of something, or stopping it. In this case, the p53 gene suppresses (reduces/inhibits) growth in cells. The examples given (suppressing a yawn, suppressing hemorrhage) show this is about reducing or inhibiting something, which matches the biological context perfectly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
For months the Johns Hopkins researchers, using gene probes, experimentally crawled down the length of chromosome 17, looking for the smallest common bit of genetic material lost in all tumor cells. Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed <t>growth</t>. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context discusses suppressing or promoting cellular proliferation in the context of cancer cells. The phrase "a gene that suppressed growth" refers to preventing cells from becoming more numerous (proliferation). Sense 3 ("a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important") best captures this meaning, with "more numerous" being the key aspect in the biological context of tumor cell growth.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "growth" in this passage.

The context discusses cancer cells and genes. Specifically:
- Johns Hopkins researchers are looking for a gene that "suppressed growth"
- This is in contrast to earlier observations where p53 "caused cancer by promoting growth"
- The passage is talking about tumor cells and cellular proliferation

The key phrase is: "the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth"

In this context, "growth" refers to the proliferation or increase in the number of cells. This is about cells becoming more numerous, not about the biological development of an organism.

Let me examine the senses:

1. (biology) the process of an organism growing organically - This is about development of individual organisms, not about cellular proliferation.

2. a progression from simpler to more complex forms - This is about cultural or abstract progression, not cell growth.

3. a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important - This fits! "more numerous" refers to cells becoming more numerous/proliferating. The synonyms are "increase, increment".

4. vegetation that has grown - Not relevant to cancer cells.

5. the gradual beginning or coming forth - Not relevant.

6. (pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue - This is about tumors specifically, but the "growth" being suppressed refers to general cellular proliferation, not necessarily the abnormal tumor itself.

7. something grown or growing - Too vague.

The best fit is sense 3: "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important". In the context of cancer cells, suppressing "growth" means preventing the cells from becoming more numerous (proliferation).

Sense 6 could also apply since it mentions pathological proliferation, but sense 3 is more general and better fits the context where "growth" is mentioned as something that can be suppressed or promoted, referring to cellular proliferation in general.
Sense 3 is the most appropriate choice here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists <t>compared</t> the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes scientists examining two genes (the one found in human cancer cells and Levine's p53 gene) to determine how they relate to each other, ultimately discovering they are identical. This is a clear instance of "examine and note the similarities or differences of," which matches sense 1 perfectly. The scientists are investigating whether and how the genes are similar.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "compared" in this passage about DNA and cancer research.

The sentence reads: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

The action being described is:
- The scientists took the gene they found
- They compared it with Levine's p53 gene
- They noted/found that the two were identical

This is clearly an examination of the similarities or differences between two things. The scientists are looking at two genes and checking how they are similar or different.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "examine and note the similarities or differences of" - This is exactly what's happening. The scientists are examining the two genes to see how they compare, and they note that they are identical (same similarities).

2. "be comparable" - This would be about whether one thing can be compared to another, which is not quite what's happening here. The action is more active than this.

3. "consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous" - This is about considering things as similar, but the context is more about examining to find the similarities/differences rather than declaring them similar.

4. "form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb" - This is clearly not about grammar here, this is about two genes.

Sense 1 is the best fit. The scientists are actively examining and noting the similarities (finding them to be identical) between the two genes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had <t>found</t> in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "found" appears in the target sentence:

"The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53."

And also earlier in the context: "when they found it last winter" and "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells"

The sentence is about scientists discovering/locating a gene in cancer cells after a search/research effort. They were looking for something specific - a gene that suppressed growth.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. "come upon, as if by accident" - This doesn't fit because they were deliberately searching for a gene.

2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This fits well. They discovered through experiments that this gene existed and had certain properties.

3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - This could fit, they were searching for a gene.

4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This fits well. They conducted experiments and investigations to establish the existence and properties of the gene.

5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion" - Doesn't fit, this is scientific discovery.

6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - Not quite right.

7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - Not quite right.

8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - This fits, they made a discovery about the p53 gene.

9. "make a discovery" - Similar to 8, fits well.

10. "obtain through effort or management" - Could fit but not as specific.

11. "decide on and make a declaration about" - Doesn't fit.

12. "receive a specified treatment" - Doesn't fit.

13. "perceive oneself to be in a certain condition" - Doesn't fit.

14. "get or find back; recover" - Doesn't fit, this is new discovery not recovery.
15. "succeed in reaching; arrive at" - Doesn't work metaphorically here.

16. "accept and make use of one's personality" - Doesn't fit.

Sense 4 stands out as the strongest match—it captures how the scientists established the gene's existence and properties through rigorous experimentation and investigation, which is exactly what happened in this research context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: human
Target surface form: human
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the <t>human</t> cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=human%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of humanity | examples=human nature
2. sense_key=human%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to a person | examples=the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects
3. sense_key=human%3:00:00:: | definition=having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings | examples=human beings; the human body

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "human" in "human cancer cells" means "relating to a person/people" as opposed to the mice used in Levine's earlier experiments. This matches the sense illustrated by the example "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects," where human clearly contrasts with animal subjects in research.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "human" appears. The sentence is:

"Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene..."

Here, "human cancer cells" refers to cancer cells that come from humans (as opposed to the mice that were used in Levine's earlier research mentioned in the text).

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=human%3:01:00:: | definition=characteristic of humanity | examples=human nature
   - This refers to qualities or characteristics that are distinctively human
   - Not the best fit for "human cancer cells"

2. sense_key=human%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to a person | examples=the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects
   - This means "relating to or belonging to people/persons"
   - The example explicitly shows "human subjects" in an experiment, which is very similar to our context
   - "human cancer cells" = cancer cells from humans/people

3. sense_key=human%3:00:00:: | definition=having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings | examples=human beings; the human body
   - This refers to having the form or characteristics of a human being
   - This is more about the physical/biological nature of being human

In the context, the contrast is between cancer cells from mice (Levine's experiments) and cancer cells from humans. This is distinguishing between human subjects/samples versus animal subjects.

Sense 2 seems most appropriate because:
1. The example "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects" directly parallels our context - comparing animals to humans in research
2. "Relating to a person" captures the meaning of "human" as applied to the source of the cancer cells

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they <t>found</t> the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context shows scientists comparing genes and determining through investigation that two genes were identical. The verb "found" here means they established or determined this fact through their experimental comparison and analysis. This matches sense 4: "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study," which best captures the meaning of discovering/determining through scientific investigation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "found" in this passage.

The context is: "When the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

In this sentence, "found" means they discovered or determined through comparison that the two genes were identical. They compared the genes and discovered/established that they were the same.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "come upon, as if by accident; meet with" - This suggests accidental discovery, which doesn't fit this context. The scientists were deliberately searching.

2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This could fit. They discovered/determined that the two genes were identical through their comparison.

3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - This is about locating lost items, not applicable here.

4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This fits well. They established (determined) through investigation/comparison that the genes were identical.

5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds" - Not about emotions or intuitions.

6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - About witnessing, not applicable.

7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - Not applicable.

8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - Could fit, they discovered the genes were identical.

9. "make a discovery" - Similar to 8, could fit.

10. "obtain through effort or management" - Not quite the right sense.

11. "decide on and make a declaration about" - Not applicable.
12-16. The remaining senses about receiving treatment, perceiving oneself in a condition, recovering something, arriving at a place, or accepting one's personality don't apply to this scientific context.

Sense 4 best captures what happened—the scientists established through their investigation that the genes matched. This is more precise than sense 2, which is broader, and aligns with how the term is used in scientific discovery contexts.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identical
Target surface form: identical
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were <t>identical</t>; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:same:00 | definition=exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different | synonyms=indistinguishable | examples=rows of identical houses; cars identical except for their license plates
2. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:same:02 | definition=being the exact same one; not any other: | synonyms=selfsame, very | examples=this is the identical room we stayed in before; the themes of his stories are one and the same
3. sense_key=identical%3:00:00:: | definition=(of twins) derived from a single egg or ovum | synonyms=monovular | examples=identical twins are monovular
4. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:isotropic:00 | definition=having properties with uniform values along all axes
5. sense_key=identical%5:00:00:congruent:00 | definition=coinciding exactly when superimposed | synonyms=superposable | examples=identical triangles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes comparing two genes found by different researchers and determining they are "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different." The two genes (Vogelstein's p53 gene from human cancer cells and Levine's p53 gene) have the same molecular structure and properties, making them indistinguishable from each other. This matches sense 1, which focuses on things being perceptually/functionally indistinguishable, rather than sense 2 (being the literal same object) or the other more specialized senses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "identical" in this passage.

The context is about comparing two genes - the p53 gene found by Dr. Vogelstein in human cancer cells with Arnold Levine's p53 gene. The sentence states: "when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical"

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. Sense 1: "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different" - synonyms: indistinguishable. This refers to things that are the same in all perceivable aspects. Examples given are rows of identical houses - multiple houses that look the same.

2. Sense 2: "being the exact same one; not any other" - synonyms: selfsame, very. This refers to the very same object, suggesting they are literally one and the same thing, not just similar. Examples: "this is the identical room we stayed in before" - the same specific room.

3. Sense 3: "(of twins) derived from a single egg or ovum" - This is a specific biological term about twins. Not relevant here.

4. Sense 4: "having properties with uniform values along all axes" - This is a mathematical/physics term (isotropic). Not relevant here.

5. Sense 5: "coinciding exactly when superimposed" - synonyms: superposable. This is a geometric term about shapes that match exactly when overlaid.

In the context, the scientists are comparing two genes and finding they are the same genetic sequence. They discovered that what Levine had found and what Vogelstein found were the same gene. This is saying the two genes are exactly alike/indistinguishable from each other - they have the same DNA sequence.

This fits best with sense 1 - "exactly alike; incapable of being perceived as different" - because they are comparing two distinct discoveries (Vogelstein's and Levine's) and finding them to be the same/indistinguishable in their molecular composition.
Sense 2 doesn't apply as well since the passage describes two separate discoveries that happen to match, not a single object being referred to twice. Sense 1 is the clearest fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turned out
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it <t>turned out</t> that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "it turned out that" in the context indicates a discovery or revelation about how something ultimately proved to be true. This matches sense 2 ("prove to be in the result or end") perfectly, as the example "It turns out that he was right" has the same grammatical structure and meaning as the target sentence, where the scientists discovered/revealed that Levine had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "turned out" in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

This means: It was discovered/revealed that... or It was found to be the case that...

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. "be shown or be found to be" - synonyms: prove, turn up. Example: "She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life" - This fits!

2. "prove to be in the result or end" - Example: "It turns out that he was right" - This also fits very well! This is almost the exact structure.

3. "produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery" - Not relevant.

4. "result or end" - Could fit, but less specific.

5. "come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons" - Not relevant.

6. "bring forth" - Not relevant.

7. "put out or expel from a place" - Not relevant.

8. "come and gather for a public event" - Not relevant.

9. "outfit or equip" - Not relevant.

10. "turn outward" - Not relevant.

11. "cause to stop operating" - Not relevant.

12. "get up and out of bed" - Not relevant.

The best matches are between senses 1 and 2. Both seem to work, but sense 2 is more specific with the structure "It turns out that..." which matches the example given and the context perfectly. Sense 2 is "prove to be in the result or end" with the example "It turns out that he was right" which is nearly identical in structure to the sentence.

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 1 vs 2:
- Sense 1 is broader, describing something being shown or found to be true
- Sense 2 is narrower and more precise, emphasizing the outcome or conclusion aspect with the exact phrasing "it turned out that..." matching the example

The sentence structure aligns most closely with sense 2 since it employs the identical construction shown in the example.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's <t>cancer</t> studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the target word "cancer" in this sentence:

"The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."

The context is clearly about:
1. DNA and genes
2. Cell division and cellular biology
3. Malignant growths and tumors
4. The p53 gene which is a cancer-suppressing gene
5. Cancer formation and cancer-gene research

This is clearly referring to the medical/biological condition of cancer - an abnormal growth caused by uncontrolled cell division.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This is the medical definition of cancer as a disease.
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - A person born under Cancer zodiac sign
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - A zodiacal constellation
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - The fourth zodiac sign
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - A genus of crabs

The context is entirely about the disease of cancer - malignant cell growth, genes that suppress cancer, cancer formation. This clearly matches sense 1.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer <t>studies</t>, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context refers to "Mr. Levine's cancer studies" as a body of research or research findings. The word "studies" here means written documents or research reports describing the findings from Levine's investigations into the p53 gene and cancer. This matches sense 3 perfectly, with its definition of "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" and the example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale," which similarly refers to research conducted and reported by researchers.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "studies" appears:

"But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer <t>studies</t>, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53"

The phrase is "in Mr. Levine's cancer studies" - this refers to the research/experiments that Levine conducted. The text is talking about Levine's experiments or research work with cancer and the p53 gene.

Looking at the senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection - this could work but it's more about inspection
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) - This is about the process of studying
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group - This could work! "studies" could refer to written research reports
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption - not applicable
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying - not applicable
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge - not quite
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration - not applicable
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation - could work
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly - not applicable
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique - not applicable

The most fitting sense is #3 - "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group." In this context, "studies" refers to Levine's research findings or published reports about cancer and the p53 gene. The example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" parallels how the text uses "studies" to reference Levine's body of research work.

Though the investigative process itself (sense 1) could apply given that Levine was actively observing within his research, the emphasis on documented findings makes sense 3 the stronger match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: observe
Target surface form: observing
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been <t>observing</t> a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=observe%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, find, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=observe%2:32:00:: | definition=make mention of | synonyms=note, mention, remark | examples=She observed that his presentation took up too much time; They noted that it was a fine day to go sailing
3. sense_key=observe%2:39:01:: | definition=observe with care or pay close attention to | synonyms=note, take note | examples=Take note of this chemical reaction
4. sense_key=observe%2:39:00:: | definition=watch attentively | examples=Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals
5. sense_key=observe%2:41:01:: | definition=show respect towards | synonyms=respect, honor, honour, abide by | examples=honor your parents!
6. sense_key=observe%2:41:02:: | definition=behave as expected during of holidays or rites | synonyms=celebrate, keep | examples=Keep the commandments; celebrate Christmas
7. sense_key=observe%2:41:00:: | definition=follow with the eyes or the mind | synonyms=watch, follow, watch over, keep an eye on | examples=Keep an eye on the baby, please!; The world is watching Sarajevo
8. sense_key=observe%2:31:00:: | definition=stick to correctly or closely | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=The pianist kept time with the metronome; keep count
9. sense_key=observe%2:41:04:: | definition=conform one's action or practice to | synonyms=keep | examples=keep appointments; she never keeps her promises

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"...in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

In this context, "observing" means that Levine was watching, studying, or examining a damaged form of the p53 gene through his experiments. He was conducting experiments with mice and observing (watching/studying) what happened.

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This could work, as he was discovering/determining something. But the context suggests he was actively watching/studying something.

2. "make mention of" - This doesn't fit. He wasn't mentioning anything here.

3. "observe with care or pay close attention to" - This could fit. He was paying attention to the gene's behavior in his studies.

4. "watch attentively" - This fits well. In experimental work, you watch and study carefully what's happening.

5. "show respect towards" - Doesn't fit.

6. "behave as expected during of holidays or rites" - Doesn't fit.

7. "follow with the eyes or the mind" - This could fit. He was following/tracking what was happening with the gene.

8. "stick to correctly or closely" - Doesn't fit.

9. "conform one's action or practice to" - Doesn't fit.

The most appropriate sense seems to be either:
- Sense 4: "watch attentively" (with examples like "Please observe the reaction of these two chemicals")
- Sense 3: "observe with care or pay close attention to" (with examples like "Take note of this chemical reaction")
- Sense 7: "follow with the eyes or the mind"

Given that this is about experimental observation of chemical/biological behavior, and the examples for sense 4 specifically mention "observe the reaction of these two chemicals" which is very similar to observing biological/genetic behavior, I think sense 4 is the best choice.
Sense 1 could suggest discovering or determining the presence of something, but in this context "observing" more naturally conveys the act of watching and studying rather than simply discovering. Sense 4 best captures the careful, attentive examination of the gene's behavior during experimental work.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a <t>damaged</t> form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for the word "damaged."

The sentence in question is: "it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings

2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

In the context, we're talking about a gene (p53) that has been modified or altered. The scientists discovered that what they were observing was a "damaged form of p53" - meaning a variant or mutated version of the gene that was different from normal/healthy p53.

Sense 1 (harmed or injured or spoiled) fits this context well. A "damaged form of p53" means a form of the gene that has been harmed or compromised, with its normal suppression function being affected.

Sense 2 (being unjustly brought into disrepute) doesn't fit the context at all. There's nothing about reputation or discredit here - it's about a physical/genetic mutation of a gene.

The best choice is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: form
Target surface form: form
Context:
Such a piece of DNA would probably constitute a gene. When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged <t>form</t> of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: | definition=the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used to describe or identify something | synonyms=word form, signifier, descriptor | examples=the inflected forms of a word can be represented by a stem and a list of inflections to be attached
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, sort, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: | definition=a perceptual structure | synonyms=shape, pattern | examples=the composition presents problems for students of musical form; a visual pattern must include not only objects but the spaces between them
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: | definition=any spatial attributes (especially as defined by outline) | synonyms=shape, configuration, contour, conformation | examples=he could barely make out their shapes
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: | definition=alternative names for the body of a human being | synonyms=human body, physical body, material body, soma, build, figure | examples=Leonardo studied the human body; he has a strong physique
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: | definition=the spatial arrangement of something as distinct from its substance | synonyms=shape | examples=geometry is the mathematical science of shape
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: | definition=the visual appearance of something or someone | synonyms=shape, cast | examples=the delicate cast of his features
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: | definition=a printed document with spaces in which to write | examples=he filled out his tax form
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways from similar groups | synonyms=variant, strain, var. | examples=a new strain of microorganisms
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: | definition=an arrangement of the elements in a composition or discourse | examples=the essay was in the form of a dialogue; he first sketches the plot in outline form
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: | definition=a particular mode in which something is manifested | examples=his resentment took the form of extreme hostility
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: | definition=(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary | synonyms=phase | examples=the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: | definition=an ability to perform well | examples=he was at the top of his form; the team was off form last night
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: | definition=a life-size dummy used to display clothes | synonyms=mannequin, manikin, mannikin, manakin
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: | definition=a mold for setting concrete | examples=they built elaborate forms for pouring the foundation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 9}
```

The context discusses a "damaged form of p53," referring to a variant or strain of the p53 gene that differs from other versions. Sense 9 is the most appropriate as it specifically addresses biological variants or strains within a species/gene, with "variant" and "strain" as direct synonyms—exactly fitting the discussion of different versions of the p53 gene in this passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense for "form" in this sentence:

"...he had unknowingly been observing a damaged <t>form</t> of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene."

The sentence is discussing a variant or version of the p53 gene - specifically a "damaged form" of it. The context makes it clear that there are different versions or types of p53, and in this case, Mr. Levine had been studying a particular variant.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=form%1:10:00:: - phonological/orthographic form (word form) - Not applicable
2. sense_key=form%1:09:01:: - a category of things distinguished by common characteristic - This could work
3. sense_key=form%1:09:00:: - perceptual structure/shape/pattern - Not quite right
4. sense_key=form%1:07:01:: - spatial attributes/outline - Not applicable
5. sense_key=form%1:08:00:: - human body - Not applicable
6. sense_key=form%1:03:00:: - spatial arrangement as distinct from substance - Not quite
7. sense_key=form%1:07:00:: - visual appearance - Not applicable
8. sense_key=form%1:10:01:: - printed document - Not applicable
9. sense_key=form%1:14:02:: - a group of organisms within a species that differ in trivial ways (variant, strain) - This seems very relevant! The damaged form of p53 is essentially a variant or strain of the gene.
10. sense_key=form%1:10:02:: - arrangement of elements in composition - Not applicable
11. sense_key=form%1:07:03:: - a particular mode in which something is manifested - This could work
12. sense_key=form%1:26:00:: - phase of matter - Not applicable
13. sense_key=form%1:14:00:: - a class of students - Not applicable
14. sense_key=form%1:07:02:: - ability to perform well - Not applicable
15. sense_key=form%1:06:00:: - dummy for clothes - Not applicable
16. sense_key=form%1:06:01:: - mold for concrete - Not applicable

Sense 9 stands out as the best fit since it directly captures the idea of a biological variant or strain. The other potentially viable options like sense 11 (mode of manifestation) are too abstract compared to the biological specificity of sense 9, which explicitly addresses variants within a species.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The <t>discovery</t> "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context emphasizes the significance and breakthrough nature of the finding. The quote "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation" reflects that this is not merely a finding but a productive insight—a breakthrough moment in cancer research that fundamentally changes understanding of how cancer forms. This aligns with sense 3 (a productive insight | breakthrough) rather than simply the act of discovering (sense 1) or the object discovered (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "discovery".

The sentence is: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."

The context is about scientists finding and understanding that the p53 gene is a cancer-suppressing gene. They had made a finding that led to an important insight about cancer formation.

Let me consider each sense:

1. **sense_key=discovery%1:04:00::** | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
   - This refers to the act or process of discovering

2. **sense_key=discovery%1:10:00::** | definition=something that is discovered
   - This refers to the thing that was discovered itself

3. **sense_key=discovery%1:09:00::** | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
   - This refers to a discovery that provides important insight or breakthrough

4. **sense_key=discovery%1:10:01::** | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure
   - This is the legal term, clearly not relevant here

In the context, the word "discovery" is used to describe what the scientists found about p53. The quote that follows emphasizes that this puts the gene "right in the cockpit of cancer formation" - this suggests it's more than just finding something; it's a breakthrough insight.

Looking at the quote: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,'" - this emphasizes that the discovery provides an important insight into cancer formation. The word "suddenly" and the exclamation-like tone suggest this is a breakthrough moment.

Sense 3 (a productive insight | breakthrough) seems most appropriate because:
- It emphasizes the significance of what was found
- The context indicates this is a breakthrough moment in cancer research, with the synonyms "breakthrough" and "find" aligning with how the discovery is presented. While sense 2 could work for the object itself, sense 3 better captures the transformative nature of understanding p53's role in cancer formation.