[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: grade
Target surface form: grade
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first <t>grade</t>, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=grade%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=class, form, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
2. sense_key=grade%1:26:00:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=level, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=grade%1:07:01:: | definition=the gradient of a slope or road or other surface | examples=the road had a steep grade
4. sense_key=grade%1:23:00:: | definition=one-hundredth of a right angle | synonyms=grad
5. sense_key=grade%1:10:00:: | definition=a degree of ablaut | synonyms=gradation
6. sense_key=grade%1:09:00:: | definition=a number or letter indicating quality (especially of a student's performance) | synonyms=mark, score | examples=she made good marks in algebra; grade A milk
7. sense_key=grade%1:07:02:: | definition=the height of the ground on which something stands | synonyms=ground level | examples=the base of the tower was below grade
8. sense_key=grade%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
9. sense_key=grade%1:05:00:: | definition=a variety of cattle produced by crossbreeding with a superior breed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context refers to "first grade" in an educational setting, which represents a level or tier in the educational system hierarchy. This matches sense 2 ("a relative position or degree of value in a graded group") with synonyms level and tier, which best captures how "grade" is used here to denote a specific educational level.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "grade" is being used.

The sentence is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first <t>grade</t>, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

In this context, "grade" is referring to a level of schooling/education. The phrase "first grade" is a common reference to the initial year of formal education for young children.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=grade%1:14:00:: - "a body of students who are taught together" (class, form, course) - This could work, as "first grade" refers to a group of students, but it's more about the level/class designation.

2. sense_key=grade%1:26:00:: - "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" (level, tier) - This fits! "First grade" is a position/level in the educational system.

3. sense_key=grade%1:07:01:: - "the gradient of a slope" - Not relevant here.

4. sense_key=grade%1:23:00:: - "one-hundredth of a right angle" - Not relevant.

5. sense_key=grade%1:10:00:: - "a degree of ablaut" - Not relevant.

6. sense_key=grade%1:09:00:: - "a number or letter indicating quality" - Not the primary meaning here; this is about a mark/score.

7. sense_key=grade%1:07:02:: - "the height of the ground" - Not relevant.

8. sense_key=grade%1:08:00:: - "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" (degree, level) - This could also work, referring to a level/position.
Cattle varieties and ground elevation don't apply. Between the remaining options, sense 2 best captures the hierarchical position of "first grade" within the educational system, distinguishing it from sense 1's focus on a cohort of students and sense 8's broader notion of position on a scale.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the <t>difference</t> is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes how early schooling exposure improves first-grade performance, but "the difference is quickly washed away." This refers to a meaningful or significant change/impact that occurs initially but then disappears. Sense 4 ("a significant change") best captures this usage, where "difference" means the improvement or meaningful effect that results from early schooling exposure but subsequently diminishes.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "difference" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

This is saying that there is an initial improvement in first-grade performance from early schooling exposure, but this advantage/improvement (the "difference" in performance) disappears or diminishes quickly afterward.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. **Sense 1 (quality of being unlike or dissimilar)**: This could fit - the difference between performance with and without early schooling exposure. This is about being unlike.

2. **Sense 2 (a variation that deviates from the standard or norm)**: This could also fit - the performance variation/deviation caused by early schooling.

3. **Sense 3 (disagreement or argument)**: This doesn't fit the context - there's no disagreement being discussed.

4. **Sense 4 (a significant change)**: This fits well - "the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference" - the passage is talking about how early schooling makes a difference (creates a change in performance) but it gets "washed away."

5. **Sense 5 (mathematical remainder)**: This doesn't fit - there's no subtraction happening.

Between senses 1, 2, and 4:
- Sense 1 is about the quality of being unlike/dissimilar in a general way
- Sense 2 is about variation/deviation from a norm
- Sense 4 is about a significant change - specifically a meaningful impact

The context says "the difference is quickly washed away" - this suggests the difference is something that makes an impact initially but then disappears. This fits best with sense 4 (a significant change) because we're talking about how early schooling makes a meaningful difference in first-grade performance, but then this effect washes away.
Sense 4 captures the intended meaning most accurately.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: quickly
Target surface form: quickly
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is <t>quickly</t> washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=quickly%4:02:00:: | definition=with rapid movements | synonyms=rapidly, speedily, chop-chop, apace | examples=he works quickly
2. sense_key=quickly%4:02:02:: | definition=with little or no delay | synonyms=promptly, quick | examples=the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!
3. sense_key=quickly%4:02:03:: | definition=without taking pains | synonyms=cursorily | examples=he looked cursorily through the magazine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes how early educational advantages are "quickly washed away" after the first grade, meaning they disappear without delay or soon thereafter. The synonyms "promptly" and "quick" (as in "with little or no delay") better capture the temporal sense of the advantage fading rapidly in time, rather than sense 1's "with rapid movements" or sense 3's cursory/superficial meaning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "quickly" appears:

"We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away."

The sentence is saying that the advantage from early exposure to schooling doesn't last long - it disappears quickly after the first grade.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "with rapid movements" - This means done at high speed/quickly in terms of physical speed. Example: "he works quickly". In the context, "the difference is quickly washed away" doesn't really suggest rapid physical movements. It's more about the temporal sense.

2. "with little or no delay" - This means something happens soon or promptly. Example: "the rescue squad arrived promptly; come here, quick!". In the context, "the difference is quickly washed away" suggests the difference disappears without delay, soon after the first grade. This fits well - the advantage gained from early schooling fades away promptly/soon.

3. "without taking pains" - This means in a cursory or superficial manner. Example: "he looked cursorily through the magazine". This doesn't fit the context. The sentence is not saying that the difference is washed away in a careless manner.

The key is understanding what "quickly washed away" means. It's an idiomatic expression meaning that something disappears or is removed rapidly, but in this context, it's more about the temporal sense of "soon" rather than physical speed. However, sense 1 "with rapid movements" could also apply as it means "rapidly."

Actually, thinking more carefully: "the difference is quickly washed away" - this is a metaphorical expression. The difference doesn't physically disappear with rapid movements. Rather, it means the advantage disappears/vanishes soon/promptly (sense 2) or it could mean it happens rapidly in time (sense 1).

Between sense 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 emphasizes the speed at which something occurs
- Sense 2 emphasizes the promptness or lack of delay

In this context about an advantage fading away, the temporal aspect matters most - the benefit vanishes without lingering, which aligns with sense 2. The phrasing suggests the effect doesn't persist long after first grade, making "with little or no delay" the most fitting interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: wash_away
Target surface form: washed away
Context:
They are inevitably inclined to echo the conventional pap, since this is the least controversial option that is open to them. Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly <t>washed away</t>. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
2. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:00:: | definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "the difference is quickly washed away" is used metaphorically to mean the performance advantage disappears or is eliminated over time. This matches sense 1 (eliminate), as shown by the example "wash away all the differences" which directly parallels the context. Sense 2 refers to the literal, physical cleaning meaning, which is not applicable here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "washed away" in this passage.

The text discusses early exposure to schooling improving performance in the first grade, but then states "the difference is quickly washed away." This is about how the advantages or benefits diminish over time - they disappear or are eliminated.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=wash away all the differences
   - This means to eliminate or remove something abstract
   - The example "wash away all the differences" directly parallels the context where the performance difference is "washed away"
   - This is the figurative/metaphorical use

2. sense_key=wash_away%2:30:00:: | definition=remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent | synonyms=wash, wash out, wash off | examples=he washed the dirt from his coat; The nurse washed away the blood
   - This is the literal sense - removing something physically with water and cleaning agents
   - The examples are about physical removal of dirt and blood

In the context of the passage, "the difference is quickly washed away" is clearly being used metaphorically to mean the performance difference/advantage disappears or is eliminated over time. This is not about physically cleaning something with water.

Therefore, sense 1 (eliminate) is the correct interpretation.

The sense index should be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sum_up
Target surface form: sum up
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us <t>sum up</t> what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows "Let us sum up what we do know about education..." This is clearly asking for a concise recapitulation or summary of known information about education. This matches sense 1 (give a summary of), as evidenced by the synonyms "summarize" and the example "he summed up his results." The author is actively requesting a summary statement, not asking for something to be a summary of (sense 2), and certainly not performing mathematical addition (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "sum up":

The sentence is: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work"

The three candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:00:: | definition=give a summary (of) | synonyms=summarize, summarise, resume | examples=he summed up his results; I will now summarize
2. sense_key=sum_up%2:42:00:: | definition=be a summary of | synonyms=summarize, summarise, sum | examples=The abstract summarizes the main ideas in the paper
3. sense_key=sum_up%2:32:03:: | definition=determine the sum of | synonyms=total, tot, tot up, sum, summate, tote up | examples=Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town

In the context, the author is saying "Let us sum up what we do know about education..." This means the author is asking the reader to together provide a brief statement or recapitulation of what is known about education. It's about summarizing or giving a concise statement of the main points.

Sense 1 (give a summary of): This fits perfectly. The author is asking to summarize what we know about education.
Sense 2 (be a summary of): This could fit, but it's more passive - "be a summary of" is different from actively "giving a summary"
Sense 3 (determine the sum of): This is about adding numbers together, which doesn't fit the context at all.

The verb "sum up" in this context is clearly an active verb where the subject (we/us) is performing the action of summarizing. This matches sense 1 best - "give a summary (of)".

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "know" in the sentence:

"Let us sum up what we do <t>know</t> about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work"

The target form "know" is being used in a context where the speaker is talking about summarizing what is known or understood about education and reforms.

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: - be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about. Example: "I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!"

2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: - know how to do or perform something. Example: "She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?"

3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: - be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt. Example: "I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun"

4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: - be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object. Example: "She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?"

5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: - have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations. Example: "I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?"

6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: - accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority. Example: "The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods"

Looking at the remaining options, sense 7 involves having information fixed in memory, sense 8 refers to sexual relations, sense 9 describes knowing someone's character, sense 10 involves distinguishing between things, sense 11 relates to recognizing something as familiar. In this context about education reforms, the speaker is drawing on established knowledge rather than memorized facts, sexual relations, personal character assessment, or recognition of something familiar.

The sentence is asking what factual information or understanding we possess about education—essentially what we know as established knowledge. This aligns with sense 1 (know%2:31:01::), which captures possessing knowledge or information about facts. The parallel structure with "I know that the President lied to the people" demonstrates the same usage pattern. While sense 3 could work, it emphasizes certainty about truth rather than simply having knowledge about something. Sense 1 is the better fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about <t>education</t> and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The passage discusses education in the context of educational systems, programs, and reforms ("education reforms that do work and do not work," "educational system," "educational program"). This clearly refers to **the activities of educating or instructing** rather than knowledge acquired, the process of learning, or social refinement. The focus on "educational programs," "schooling," and "education reforms" aligns with sense 1's definition of educational activities and instruction.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "education" is being used.

The passage discusses:
- Governor Clinton's proposal about child-development policy
- Whether it's an educational program or a child-care program
- Discussion about exposure to schooling and performance
- The passage is analyzing what we know about "education and about those education reforms"

Looking at the context more carefully: "What we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work..."

The passage is discussing education in terms of:
1. The educational system
2. Schooling/early exposure to school
3. Educational programs vs child-care programs
4. Educational reforms
5. Educational limitations

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - This fits. The passage discusses educational activities, programs, and reforms.

2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: - "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" - This could fit, referring to knowledge gained.

3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: - "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - This could also fit, discussing the process.

4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: - "the profession of teaching" - The passage doesn't seem to focus on this.

5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: - "the result of good upbringing" - Not quite; the passage doesn't emphasize this social/behavioral aspect.

6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: - "the United States federal department" - Not relevant here.

The context focuses on educational programs, reforms, and the systematic activities related to teaching and schooling. The passage is discussing "education and those education reforms" - referring to educational activities, programs, and their effectiveness.

Sense 1 (education%1:04:00::) seems most appropriate - it refers to "the activities of educating or instructing" and includes examples like "instruction" and the context discusses educational programs and reforms.
While the gradual process of acquiring knowledge could apply, the emphasis here is on the programs and reforms themselves—the deliberate instructional activities—rather than the broader process of knowledge acquisition.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those <t>education</t> reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The passage discusses education in the context of systems, programs, and reforms ("extending the educational system," "this is a child-care program, not an educational program," "education reforms that do work"). This refers to education as the activities, practices, and institutional arrangements of educating and instructing people, rather than the knowledge acquired by an individual or the process of acquiring knowledge. Sense 1 (activities of educating or instructing) is the best fit for this institutional and systemic interpretation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "education" in the given passage.

The passage discusses:
- A governors' conference on education
- Gov. Clinton advocating for a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five
- Distinguishing between a "child-care program" and an "educational program"
- Discussion about early exposure to schooling improving performance
- What is known about "education and about those education reforms"

The target word appears twice: "education and about those education reforms"

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - This is about the activities and actions of teaching/instructing

2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: - "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" - This is about the knowledge one gains

3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: - "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - This is about the process

4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: - "the profession of teaching" - This is about the profession itself

5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: - "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)" - This is about social refinement

6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: - "the United States federal department..." - This is about a specific government department

In the context: "What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program."

And later: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work"

The passage is discussing education as a system, programs, and reforms - not the knowledge someone has acquired, and not the profession. It seems to be referring to education as the institution, system, and activities/practices of educating.
The most fitting sense is the first one—the passage centers on educational programs and reforms as organized systems and practices rather than individual knowledge acquisition or the teaching profession itself.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reform
Target surface form: reforms
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education <t>reforms</t> that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

The passage discusses education "reforms that do work and do not work" in the context of proposed policy changes and campaigns to improve the educational system. This aligns best with sense 2, which defines reform as "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices." The example "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians" parallels the context of discussing Gov. Clinton's proposed education reforms. Sense 1 is too general, and sense 3 refers to personal behavioral change rather than systemic policy initiatives.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "reforms" in this passage about education policy.

The sentence is: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work"

The context discusses:
1. Gov. Clinton's proposed child-development policy
2. A comprehensive development policy for children under five
3. Whether these policies work as educational programs

The author is referring to "education reforms" - changes or campaigns aimed at improving the educational system.

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=reform%1:04:00:: | definition=a change for the better as a result of correcting abuses | examples=justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts
   - This is about a change that corrects abuses. It's a fairly general definition.

2. sense_key=reform%1:04:01:: | definition=a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices | examples=the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians
   - This emphasizes "campaign" aimed to correct abuses. The example about "reforms he proposed" suggests policy proposals, which fits with Clinton's proposed reforms.

3. sense_key=reform%1:04:02:: | definition=self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice | examples=the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform
   - This is specifically about personal behavioral change, not systemic policy changes.

The context is clearly about education policy proposals and systemic changes to education, not personal moral reform. Sense 3 is clearly wrong.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- The passage is discussing specific proposals/reforms that work or don't work ("education reforms that do work and do not work")
- This aligns with sense 2's emphasis on "a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices"
- The example in sense 2 ("the reforms he proposed were too radical") is similar to the context where we're discussing proposed reforms
- Sense 2 directly captures the notion of deliberate policy initiatives, which matches the discussion of Clinton's proposed reforms and their effectiveness.

The best match is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "work" in this context means "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected." The sentence discusses education reforms that "do work and do not work," clearly referring to whether such reforms are effective or achieve their intended outcomes. This directly aligns with sense 3's definition and its example "How does your idea work in practice?"

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "work" in the given sentence.

The sentence reads: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do <t>work</t> and do not work..."

The context is about education reforms and their effectiveness. The key phrase is "education reforms that do work and do not work" - this is asking whether certain reforms are effective or have the intended impact/outcome.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity" - No, this is about exerting effort
2. "be employed" - No, not about employment
3. "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" - This seems very fitting! The examples include "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?" and synonyms include "act"
4. "perform as expected when applied" - This is similar to 3, about functioning properly
5-26. Various other senses about shaping, exercising, moving, operating, solving problems, etc.

The key here is that the text is discussing whether education reforms "work" or "do not work" - meaning whether they achieve their intended purpose/outcome. This is clearly asking about effectiveness.

Looking at sense 3: "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" with examples like "How does your idea work in practice?" - this is perfect. It's asking whether reforms are effective/work in achieving their goals.

Sense 4 is about "perform as expected when applied" - also similar, but sense 3 seems more directly aligned with having the intended effect/outcome.

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "work" in the phrase "education reforms that do work and do not work" is asking whether reforms are effective and produce the desired outcomes. Sense 3 ("have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected") best captures this meaning. The example "How does your idea work in practice?" is particularly parallel to the context of evaluating whether education reforms function effectively.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "work" in the phrase "education reforms that do work and do not work".

Looking at the sentence: "Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not <t>work</t>"

The context is discussing whether education reforms are effective or not. The speaker is asking "do these reforms work?" - meaning "do they have the desired effect?" or "are they effective?"

Let me check the relevant senses:

1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: - exert oneself by doing mental or physical work - Not appropriate here
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: - be employed - Not appropriate
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: - have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice? - This looks very relevant!
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: - perform as expected when applied - Similar to #3 but more mechanical
5-27: Other senses don't fit the context

The key phrase is "do work and do not work" in the context of education reforms. This is asking whether reforms are effective or have the desired outcomes.

Sense 3 has the exact example: "The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?" which perfectly parallels our context of asking whether reforms "work."

Sense 4 is also possible: "perform as expected when applied" with examples about things functioning properly (washing machine, car), but this is more mechanical/technical.

Given the context is about education reforms and their effectiveness (not about mechanical operation), sense 3 "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" is the best fit.

The answer should be sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parental
Target surface form: Parental
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "<t>Parental</t> involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: | definition=designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
The context is discussing parental involvement in education. Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=parental%3:01:00:: | definition=designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
   - This is a biological/genetic sense, referring to parent organisms in reproduction contexts

2. sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: | definition=relating to or characteristic of or befitting a parent | synonyms=maternal, paternal | examples=parental guidance
   - This is about relating to parents in general, characteristic of parents

In the context, "Parental involvement" refers to parents' involvement in their children's education. This is clearly about the relationship between parents and children in an educational/developmental context, not about biological genetics or hybrid offspring.

The second sense (parental%3:00:00::) is clearly the right one - it's about parents' involvement, relating to parents and their role in children's education.

The answer should be sense index 2 (since sense_key=parental%3:00:00:: would be the second sense listed).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involvement
Target surface form: involvement
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental <t>involvement</t> "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involvement%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of sharing in the activities of a group | synonyms=engagement, participation, involution | examples=the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities
2. sense_key=involvement%1:24:00:: | definition=a connection of inclusion or containment | examples=he escaped involvement in the accident; there was additional involvement of the liver and spleen
3. sense_key=involvement%1:09:00:: | definition=a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something | synonyms=interest | examples=an interest in music
4. sense_key=involvement%1:26:00:: | definition=a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship | synonyms=affair, affaire, intimacy, liaison, amour
5. sense_key=involvement%1:26:01:: | definition=the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.) | synonyms=participation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses "Parental involvement" in the context of education and school activities. The passage is clearly referring to parents' participation and engagement in their children's educational activities and school programs. This matches sense 1, which defines involvement as "the act of sharing in the activities of a group" with synonyms engagement and participation. The example about increasing student engagement in class activities directly parallels the educational context here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "involvement" is being used.

The context discusses parental involvement in education. The passage states: "Parental involvement is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

This is clearly referring to parents' participation or engagement in their children's education and school activities.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. **sense_key=involvement%1:04:00::** - "the act of sharing in the activities of a group" with synonyms engagement, participation. The example mentions "the teacher tried to increase his students' engagement in class activities." This is about participating in/sharing in activities.

2. **sense_key=involvement%1:24:00::** - "a connection of inclusion or containment" with examples about escaping involvement in an accident or medical involvement. This is about being implicated or included in something.

3. **sense_key=involvement%1:09:00::** - "a sense of concern with and curiosity about someone or something" with synonym interest. This is about having interest/concern.

4. **sense_key=involvement%1:26:00::** - "a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship" - This is clearly not relevant here.

5. **sense_key=involvement%1:26:01::** - "the condition of sharing in common with others (as fellows or partners etc.)" with synonym participation. This is about sharing/participating with others.

In the context of "Parental involvement is a bad idea," the text is referring to parents' engagement and participation in their children's education and school activities. This is clearly sense 1, which explicitly mentions "the act of sharing in the activities of a group" with engagement and participation as synonyms.

Between senses 1 and 5, sense 1 seems more direct - it explicitly mentions "sharing in the activities of a group" which matches parental involvement in school/education activities. Sense 5 is more about "sharing in common with others" which is somewhat similar but less specific to activities.
Sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bad
Target surface form: bad
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a <t>bad</t> idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bad%3:00:00:: | definition=having undesirable or negative qualities | examples=a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression
2. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=big | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
3. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:uncomfortable:00 | definition=feeling physical discomfort or pain (`tough' is occasionally used colloquially for `bad') | synonyms=tough | examples=my throat feels bad; she felt bad all over
4. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:stale:00 | definition=(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition | synonyms=spoiled, spoilt | examples=bad meat; a refrigerator full of spoilt food
5. sense_key=bad%3:00:09:: | definition=feeling or expressing regret or sorrow or a sense of loss over something done or undone | synonyms=regretful, sorry | examples=felt regretful over his vanished youth; regretful over mistakes she had made
6. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:invalid:00 | definition=not capable of being collected | synonyms=uncollectible | examples=a bad (or uncollectible) debt
7. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=below average in quality or performance | examples=a bad chess player; a bad recital
8. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:nonstandard:03 | definition=nonstandard | examples=so-called bad grammar
9. sense_key=bad%5:00:02:unsound:00 | definition=not financially safe or secure | synonyms=risky, high-risk, speculative | examples=a bad investment; high risk investments
10. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=physically unsound or diseased | synonyms=unfit, unsound | examples=has a bad back; a bad heart
11. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:harmful:00 | definition=capable of harming | examples=bad air; smoking is bad for you
12. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:evil:00 | definition=characterized by wickedness or immorality | examples=led a very bad life
13. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:counterfeit:00 | definition=reproduced fraudulently | synonyms=forged | examples=like a bad penny...; a forged twenty dollar bill
14. sense_key=bad%5:00:00:malfunctioning:00 | definition=not working properly | synonyms=defective | examples=a bad telephone connection; a defective appliance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "bad" in "Parental involvement is a bad idea" refers to something having undesirable or negative qualities. The author is arguing that parental involvement is not a good idea because parents tend to blame schools rather than acknowledge their children's educational limitations. This directly corresponds to sense 1's definition of "having undesirable or negative qualities," as exemplified in the given examples like "a bad report card."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "bad" and it appears in the phrase: "Parental involvement is a bad idea."

The context is discussing education policy and whether parental involvement is beneficial. The author is saying that parental involvement is "a bad idea" - meaning they believe it's not a good idea, has undesirable qualities, and would lead to negative outcomes.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "having undesirable or negative qualities" - This fits! The author is saying parental involvement has undesirable qualities. Examples: "a bad report card; his sloppy appearance made a bad impression"

2. "very intense" - This doesn't fit. It's not about intensity.

3. "feeling physical discomfort or pain" - Doesn't fit the context.

4. "(of foodstuffs) not in an edible or usable condition" - Clearly not about food.

5. "feeling or expressing regret or sorrow" - Doesn't fit.

6. "not capable of being collected" - Doesn't fit.

7. "below average in quality or performance" - Could potentially fit, but the main sense is about having undesirable qualities, not necessarily about being below average.

8. "nonstandard" - Doesn't fit.

9. "not financially safe or secure" - Doesn't fit.

10. "physically unsound or diseased" - Doesn't fit.

11. "capable of harming" - Could fit, but it's more about being harmful specifically.

12. "characterized by wickedness or immorality" - Doesn't fit.

13. "reproduced fraudulently" - Doesn't fit.

14. "not working properly" - Doesn't fit.

The best sense is clearly #1: "having undesirable or negative qualities" - because the author is expressing that parental involvement is an idea with undesirable qualities (according to their argument in the text).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
Thus at the recent governors' conference on education, Gov. Bill Clinton of Arkansas announced that "this country needs a comprehensive child-development policy for children under five. "A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad <t>idea</t>. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "idea" refers to a thought or concept being evaluated. In the context, "Parental involvement is a bad idea" uses the word to describe a proposal or concept being judged negatively. This matches sense 1 (the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about), which includes the example "it was not a good idea" - the exact parallel structure to the target sentence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "idea" is used:

"'Parental involvement' is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

The word "idea" is used to describe what the speaker thinks about "parental involvement." The speaker is saying that "parental involvement" is a bad idea - meaning it's not a good proposal, concept, or thought.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" - This fits. The "idea" here refers to the thought/concept that "parental involvement" is something to consider. Examples include "it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind" - this directly parallels the sentence structure.

2. "your intention; what you intend to do" - This doesn't fit as well. The sentence isn't about intentions or what someone intends to do.

3. "a personal view" - This could fit somewhat, but less clearly than sense 1.

4. "an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth" - This doesn't fit. The speaker isn't giving an approximate calculation.

5. "(music) melodic subject of a musical composition" - This doesn't fit at all.

The best fit is sense 1. The context "it was not a good idea" directly matches the structure of the given sentence "is a bad idea." Sense 1 captures the meaning of "idea" as a thought or concept that is being evaluated as good or bad.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: Parents
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. <t>Parents</t> are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to human mothers and fathers who bear responsibility for their children's education and upbringing. The passage discusses parental involvement in schools and their children's educational performance, which unambiguously indicates the human family relationship sense of "parent" rather than the biological organism sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "parent" is being used.

The sentence is: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school."

The key contextual clues are:
- "Parents are too likely to blame schools" - suggests human parents
- "Parents should be involved with their children's education" - discusses parental involvement in education
- "their children" - explicitly mentions children, indicating human family relationships

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: - "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian"
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: - "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained"

The context clearly refers to human parents who have children and are involved in their education. This is definitively sense 1, which specifically defines a parent as a father or mother who nurtures and raises a child, and plays the role of guardian.

Sense 2 refers to biological organisms in general (plants or animals), which is not appropriate for this human context about school involvement and education.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are <t>too</t> likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The word "too" in this context means "to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits" (excessively). The author is arguing that parents are excessively or overly likely to blame schools for their children's educational limitations, rather than recognizing the actual limitations of the children themselves. This matches sense 1, with synonyms like "excessively" and "overly" fitting naturally into the sentence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "too" is being used.

The sentence is: "Parents are <t>too</t> likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

Let me consider both senses:

1. Sense 1: "too" meaning "to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits" (excessively, overly, to a fault)
   - Example: "too big"
   - This would mean parents are excessively or overly likely to blame schools, suggesting they blame schools more than is normal or proper.
   - This fits perfectly with the context - the author is suggesting that parents have an excessive tendency to blame schools rather than recognizing the educational limitations of their children.

2. Sense 2: "too" meaning "in addition" (besides, also, likewise)
   - Example: "he has a Mercedes, too"
   - This would mean parents are likely to blame schools in addition to something else.
   - This doesn't fit the context at all. The author isn't saying "in addition" to something else.

The context makes it clear that "too" is being used to indicate an excessive degree of likelihood. The author is criticizing the tendency of parents to blame schools too much (excessively). This is definitely sense 1.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: likely
Target surface form: likely
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too <t>likely</t> to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "likely" in the phrase "Parents are too likely to blame schools" expresses probability—that parents have a good chance of blaming schools. This matches sense 1, which defines "likely" as "has a good chance of being the case or of coming about." The example "she is likely to forget" directly parallels the usage pattern of our target sentence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "likely" to determine the best sense.

The sentence is: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=likely%3:00:00:: | definition=has a good chance of being the case or of coming about | examples=these services are likely to be available to us all before long; she is likely to forget
   - This sense means "probably will" or "has a good chance of"

2. sense_key=likely%3:00:04:: | definition=likely but not certain to be or become true or real | synonyms=probable | examples=a likely result; he foresaw a probable loss
   - This is very similar to sense 1, but focuses on probability outcomes

3. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:prospective:00 | definition=expected to become or be; in prospect | synonyms=potential | examples=potential clients
   - This is about prospective/potential (future-oriented)

4. sense_key=likely%5:00:00:credible:00 | definition=within the realm of credibility | examples=not a very likely excuse
   - This is about believability or credibility

In the context "Parents are too likely to blame schools...", the word "likely" means that parents have a good/strong chance of blaming schools. It's expressing probability or tendency.

Sense 1 and 2 are very similar - both about probability. Sense 1 is the more general and common sense meaning "has a good chance of being the case." The examples "she is likely to forget" directly parallel our usage pattern.

Sense 3 is about prospective/potential things, which doesn't fit here.

Sense 4 is about credibility/believability of something being true, which doesn't fit the context.

The best fit is sense 1, which is the most basic and common meaning of "likely" - expressing probability or chance that something will happen.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: blame
Target surface form: blame
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to <t>blame</t> schools for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=blame%2:32:00:: | definition=put or pin the blame on | synonyms=fault
2. sense_key=blame%2:32:01:: | definition=harass with constant criticism | synonyms=find fault, pick | examples=Don't always pick on your little brother
3. sense_key=blame%2:31:00:: | definition=attribute responsibility to | synonyms=charge | examples=We blamed the accident on her; The tragedy was charged to her inexperience

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context shows parents attributing responsibility to schools for children's educational limitations ("blame schools for the educational limitations"). This matches sense 3: "attribute responsibility to," which aligns with the synonyms "charge" and the examples provided (e.g., "We blamed the accident on her"). The structure and meaning indicate assigning responsibility or accountability rather than criticism or fault-finding.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "blame".

The sentence is: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "put or pin the blame on" | synonyms: fault
   - This would mean holding someone responsible for something negative

2. "harass with constant criticism" | synonyms: find fault, pick
   - This would mean continuous, repeated criticism
   - Example given: "Don't always pick on your little brother" - this is about persistent picking/criticism

3. "attribute responsibility to" | synonyms: charge
   - This means to ascribe responsibility or guilt to someone
   - Examples: "We blamed the accident on her; The tragedy was charged to her inexperience"

In the context: "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children."

The sentence is saying that parents tend to hold schools responsible for their children's educational limitations. This is about assigning responsibility or fault to the schools.

Looking at the senses:
- Sense 1: "put or pin the blame on" - This fits. It means to hold responsible.
- Sense 2: "harass with constant criticism" - This doesn't fit. The context doesn't suggest harassment or persistent criticism, just blaming.
- Sense 3: "attribute responsibility to" - This also fits well with examples like "We blamed the accident on her"

Between senses 1 and 3, both seem similar. Let me look more carefully:
- Sense 1 is about "putting blame on" - more direct
- Sense 3 is about "attributing responsibility to" with the structure "blame X on Y"

In the sentence "blame schools for the educational limitations", this fits the pattern of attributing responsibility. The structure is "blame [schools] for [limitations]" or more naturally "blame [schools] [for limitations]".
The examples in sense 3 demonstrate this exact usage pattern with "We blamed the accident on her." Sense 3 captures the precise meaning of ascribing responsibility, making it the most fitting choice here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: school
Target surface form: schools
Context:
A comprehensive development policy for governors over 30 would seem to be a more pressing need. What Gov. Clinton is advocating, in effect, is extending the educational system down to the pre-kindergarten years. Whether desirable or not, this is a child-care program, not an educational program. We know that very early exposure to schooling improves performance in the first grade, but afterward the difference is quickly washed away. Let us sum up what we do know about education and about those education reforms that do work and do not work: -- "Parental involvement "is a bad idea. Parents are too likely to blame <t>schools</t> for the educational limitations of their children. Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: | definition=an educational institution | examples=the school was founded in 1900
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: | definition=a building where young people receive education | synonyms=schoolhouse | examples=the school was built in 1932; he walked to school every morning
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: | definition=the process of being formally educated at a school | synonyms=schooling | examples=what will you do when you finish school?
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: | definition=a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style or by similar teachers | examples=the Venetian school of painting
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session | synonyms=schooltime, school day | examples=stay after school; he didn't miss a single day of school
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: | definition=an educational institution's faculty and students | examples=the school keeps parents informed; the whole school turned out for the game
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: | definition=a large group of fish | synonyms=shoal | examples=a school of small glittering fish swam by

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses blaming "schools" as institutions responsible for "educational limitations of their children." The passage refers to schools as organizational entities within an education policy debate, making "an educational institution" the most appropriate sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "schools" in this passage.

The context is about education policy, and specifically mentions:
- "Parents should be involved with their children's education at home, not in school."
- "schools for the educational limitations of their children"
- The discussion is about educational institutions and their role in education

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=school%1:14:00:: - "an educational institution" - This is a general, institutional sense
2. sense_key=school%1:06:00:: - "a building where young people receive education" - This focuses on the physical building
3. sense_key=school%1:09:00:: - "the process of being formally educated at a school" - This is about the process/schooling
4. sense_key=school%1:14:02:: - "a body of creative artists or writers or thinkers linked by a similar style" - This doesn't fit (schools of art/thought)
5. sense_key=school%1:28:00:: - "the period of instruction in a school; the time period when school is in session" - This is about time/scheduling
6. sense_key=school%1:14:03:: - "an educational institution's faculty and students" - This refers to people in schools
7. sense_key=school%1:14:01:: - "a large group of fish" - Clearly doesn't fit

In the context "Parents are too likely to blame schools for the educational limitations of their children" - the word "schools" refers to the institutions themselves that are being blamed for educational outcomes. This is referring to the institutional entity.

The best fit would be either:
- Sense 1: "an educational institution" - treating schools as organizational entities
- Sense 6: "an educational institution's faculty and students" - treating schools as the people/collective

Given the context of blaming schools for educational outcomes, sense 1 (an educational institution) seems most appropriate, as it refers to schools as institutional entities responsible for education.
Sense 6 could work when considering collective responsibility, but sense 1 is more direct—schools as the institutions themselves rather than the people within them.