[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: baby
Target surface form: baby
Context:
Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a <t>baby</t>. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=baby%1:18:00:: | definition=a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk | synonyms=babe, infant | examples=the baby began to cry again; she held the baby in her arms
2. sense_key=baby%1:18:01:: | definition=the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young) | examples=the baby of the family; the baby of the Supreme Court
3. sense_key=baby%1:18:03:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=child | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=baby%1:18:04:: | definition=an unborn child; a human fetus | examples=I felt healthy and very feminine carrying the baby; it was great to feel my baby moving about inside
5. sense_key=baby%1:18:02:: | definition=(slang) sometimes used as a term of address for attractive young women | synonyms=babe, sister
6. sense_key=baby%1:05:00:: | definition=a very young mammal | examples=baby rabbits
7. sense_key=baby%1:04:00:: | definition=a project of personal concern to someone | examples=this project is his baby

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates that "baby" refers to the mother at a very young age when she suffered from retinoblastoma. The passage contrasts Mr. Quinlan's age of "two months old" with his mother being "a baby," referring to her as an infant. Sense 1 (a very young child from birth to 1 year) is the most precise match for this usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "baby" appears:

"...having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby."

The context clearly indicates that this "baby" refers to the mother being at a very young age - specifically when she was an infant. The passage is comparing Mr. Quinlan's age (two months old) to when his mother was a "baby" when she also suffered from retinoblastoma.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk" - This fits perfectly. A baby is an infant, typically from birth to 1 year old.

2. "the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young)" - This doesn't fit the context. The passage is not referring to someone being the youngest in a family or group context.

3. "an immature childish person" - This doesn't fit. The context is about actual physical age, not behavioral immaturity.

4. "an unborn child; a human fetus" - This doesn't fit. The mother was born and experienced the tumor as an infant.

5. "(slang) sometimes used as a term of address for attractive young women" - This doesn't fit the context at all.

6. "a very young mammal" - This could technically apply, but it's too general and the context is clearly about a human infant.

7. "a project of personal concern to someone" - This doesn't fit.

The best fit is sense 1: a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk, which is the classic definition of an infant/baby.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: isolation
Target surface form: isolation
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the <t>isolation</t> of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=isolation%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of separation between persons or groups
2. sense_key=isolation%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of being disliked and alone
3. sense_key=isolation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others | synonyms=closing off
4. sense_key=isolation%1:22:00:: | definition=(psychiatry) a defense mechanism in which memory of an unacceptable act or impulse is separated from the emotion originally associated with it
5. sense_key=isolation%1:04:01:: | definition=a country's withdrawal from international politics | examples=he opposed a policy of American isolation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context discusses scientists identifying and isolating the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, which enabled genetic testing. The phrase "isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene" refers to the scientific process of identifying and separating that specific gene from other genetic material—precisely what sense 3 defines as "the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others." This is a technical/scientific usage, not related to social separation (sense 1), emotional loneliness (sense 2), psychological defense (sense 4), or political withdrawal (sense 5).

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "isolation" is being used.

The sentence is: "Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced."

The context is about genetics and medical science. The text is discussing how scientists were able to identify and locate the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, which then allowed them to test whether the Quinlan baby inherited the defective gene.

In this context, "isolation" refers to the act of identifying/locating/isolating the gene - separating it from other genetic material so it could be studied and used for testing. This is the scientific process of isolating a specific gene.

Let me review the candidate senses:
1. "a state of separation between persons or groups" - This is about social/interpersonal separation, not relevant here.
2. "a feeling of being disliked and alone" - This is about emotional feeling, not relevant.
3. "the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others | synonyms=closing off" - This fits! The isolation of the gene means the process of identifying and separating/identifying that specific gene from others. This is about the scientific act of isolating the gene.
4. "(psychiatry) a defense mechanism..." - This is psychological, not relevant to genetics.
5. "a country's withdrawal from international politics" - This is about political isolation, not relevant.

Sense 3 is clearly the best fit. The "isolation" of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene refers to the scientific process of identifying and isolating that specific gene so it could be used for genetic testing. This is "the act of isolating something; setting something apart from others."

The answer is sense 3.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: became
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it <t>became</t> possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The context shows "it became possible," which describes entering or assuming a particular state or condition (the state of being possible). This matches sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition." The structure parallels the example "He became annoyed when he heard the bad news," where both describe transitioning into a specific state.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "became" in this sentence:

"Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced."

The sentence structure is: "it became possible..." This is indicating that something transitioned into a state of being possible. The subject "it" (referring to finding out what threat the baby faced) changed from not being possible to being possible.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - synonyms: go, get. Examples: "He became annoyed" (entered an annoyed state), "It must be getting more serious" (entering a more serious state). This fits well with "became possible" - entering/assuming the state of being possible.

2. "undergo a change or development" - synonyms: turn. Examples: "The water turned into ice", "Her former friend became her worst enemy". This is about transformation or fundamental change.

3. "come into existence" - This is about something being brought into being from nothing.

4. "enhance the appearance of" - synonyms: suit. This is clearly not applicable here.

The sentence "it became possible" is describing a transition into a state (the state of being possible). This most clearly matches sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" because:
- The structure parallels "He became annoyed"
- It describes entering/assuming the state of possibility
- The synonyms "go" and "get" work similarly (e.g., "it got possible")

Sense 2 would be more about a transformation or change in nature, while sense 1 is specifically about entering a state.

The best answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possible
Target surface form: possible
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became <t>possible</t> last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possible%3:00:00:: | definition=capable of happening or existing | examples=a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible
2. sense_key=possible%3:00:04:: | definition=existing in possibility | synonyms=potential | examples=a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for the word "possible".

Context: "Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced."

The two senses are:
1. "capable of happening or existing" - with examples like "a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible"
2. "existing in possibility" - synonyms: potential - with examples like "a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power"

In this sentence, "it became possible" means that the action (finding out what threat the baby faced) became achievable/doable. It's describing the ability to do something. The sentence structure suggests that due to the isolation of the gene, the act of finding out became something that could be done.

Sense 1: "capable of happening or existing" - This fits well because it's saying that finding out became capable of happening (i.e., the test became able to be done).

Sense 2: "existing in possibility" with synonym "potential" - This would suggest there's a potential/hypothetical quality to it, but that's not quite right. The sense is more about something existing as a latent potential.

The context is saying that "it became possible" - meaning something that was previously impossible became possible. This is about capability or feasibility. Sense 1 ("capable of happening or existing") is the better fit because it's about the capability/feasibility to do something.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: last
Target surface form: last
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible <t>last</t> January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination | synonyms=concluding, final, terminal | examples=his concluding words came as a surprise; the final chapter
4. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unlikely:00 | definition=most unlikely or unsuitable | examples=the last person we would have suspected; the last man they would have chosen for the job
5. sense_key=last%5:00:00:dying:00 | definition=occurring at the time of death | examples=his last words; the last rites
6. sense_key=last%5:00:00:ultimate:00 | definition=conclusive in a process or progression | synonyms=final, net | examples=the final answer; a last resort
7. sense_key=last%5:00:00:high:02 | definition=highest in extent or degree | synonyms=utmost | examples=to the last measure of human endurance; whether they were accomplices in the last degree or a lesser one was...to be determined individually
8. sense_key=last%5:00:00:unalterable:00 | definition=not to be altered or undone | synonyms=final | examples=the judge's decision is final; the arbiter will have the last say
9. sense_key=last%5:00:00:worst:00 | definition=lowest in rank or importance | synonyms=last-place, lowest | examples=last prize; in last place

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The phrase "last January" in the context refers to the immediately preceding January - the most recent January that has already passed. This matches the definition of sense 1 ("immediately past") with its example "last Thursday," which uses the same temporal reference pattern to indicate a recent, completed time period.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "last" in the sentence:

"Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible <t>last</t> January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced."

The word "last" here is used to refer to a specific time in the past - "last January" means the previous January, which is the January that most recently occurred before the time of writing.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=last%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=immediately past | examples=last Thursday; the last chapter we read
   - This means the immediately preceding time period. "Last January" fits this definition perfectly - it refers to the most recent January that has already passed.

2. sense_key=last%3:00:00:: | definition=coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining | examples=the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month
   - This is about something being final/terminal in a sequence. Could fit, but less natural.

3. sense_key=last%5:00:00:closing:00 | definition=occurring at or forming an end or termination
   - This is about an ending, not about a time reference.

4-9. These other senses don't fit the context at all.

The best fit is sense 1: "immediately past" with examples like "last Thursday; the last chapter we read" - this matches our usage of "last January" perfectly.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider sense 2: "coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining" with examples "the last time I saw Paris; the last day of the month". "The last day of the month" is interesting - it's the final day. But "the last time I saw Paris" could also mean the most recent time.
The key distinction is that sense 1 emphasizes the recent/immediate quality while sense 2 focuses on sequence and finality. Since "last January" specifically denotes the most recently completed January rather than a final or terminal January, sense 1 is the stronger match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find_out
Target surface form: find out
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to <t>find out</t> what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find_out%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
2. sense_key=find_out%2:31:00:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, get a line | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=find_out%2:32:01:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, see, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
4. sense_key=find_out%2:31:01:: | definition=trap; especially in an error or in a reprehensible act | synonyms=catch out | examples=He was caught out; She was found out when she tried to cash the stolen checks

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes using a genetic test (investigation/experiment) to establish what threat the baby faced. The phrase "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" directly aligns with the scientific testing scenario presented, where researchers used genetic probes to determine the baby's risk of developing cancer.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target lemma "find out" in the sentence:

"Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced."

In this context, "find out" means to discover or determine through testing/examination what risk the baby had. The test was performed to discover whether the baby had inherited the defective gene.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This involves determining something through investigation, experiment, or study. This fits well with the context where they used a genetic test to discover the threat.

2. "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - This implies accidentally learning something. The context shows deliberate testing, not accidental discovery.

3. "find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort" - This is about determining something with certainty through effort or inquiry. This fits the context where they made an effort (using genetic probes) to determine the threat.

4. "trap; especially in an error or in a reprehensible act" - This is clearly not the right sense. There's no catching or trapping someone in wrongdoing.

Between senses 1 and 3, both seem plausible. However, sense 1 emphasizes "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" and specifically mentions examples like experiments. Sense 3 emphasizes "determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort."

The context specifically mentions "A test using new 'genetic probes'" - this is clearly an experimental investigation. Sense 1 seems slightly better fitted because it explicitly mentions "experiment" and "investigation," which directly match the context of conducting a genetic test.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 1 with "investigation" and "experiment" seems most appropriate given the context of using a genetic test to determine the threat.
Sense 1 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: threat
Target surface form: threat
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what <t>threat</t> the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=threat%1:26:00:: | definition=something that is a source of danger | synonyms=menace | examples=earthquakes are a constant threat in Japan
2. sense_key=threat%1:10:00:: | definition=a warning that something unpleasant is imminent | examples=they were under threat of arrest
3. sense_key=threat%1:10:01:: | definition=declaration of an intention or a determination to inflict harm on another | examples=his threat to kill me was quite explicit
4. sense_key=threat%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who inspires fear or dread | synonyms=terror, scourge | examples=he was the terror of the neighborhood

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses identifying genetic risk factors for cancer development in a newborn. The word "threat" refers to the potential danger or hazard that the child might have inherited a defective gene predisposing them to retinoblastoma. This matches sense 1: "something that is a source of danger," where the threat is the medical risk itself. The other senses involving warnings, declarations of harm, or persons don't fit the medical context where a genetic test is being used to assess risk.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "threat" in this passage.

The context is: "Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced."

The passage is discussing genetic risk assessment. The Quinlan baby could have inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene, which would put them at risk for developing eye cancer. The "threat" here refers to the danger or risk that the baby might have this genetic predisposition to cancer.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "something that is a source of danger" (menace) - This fits well. The threat is the potential danger of cancer development due to genetic predisposition. The example "earthquakes are a constant threat in Japan" shows danger as a noun referring to something hazardous.

2. "a warning that something unpleasant is imminent" - This doesn't fit. There's no warning being issued here; the genetic test is revealing a risk, not warning about something.

3. "declaration of an intention or a determination to inflict harm on another" - This doesn't fit. There's no declaration or intention here; it's about genetic risk.

4. "a person who inspires fear or dread" - This doesn't fit. The threat is not a person; it's a potential medical condition.

The best sense is clearly sense 1: "something that is a source of danger." The genetic predisposition to retinoblastoma is a source of danger to the child's health. This is the most natural interpretation in the medical/scientific context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: baby
Target surface form: baby
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan <t>baby</t> faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=baby%1:18:00:: | definition=a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk | synonyms=babe, infant | examples=the baby began to cry again; she held the baby in her arms
2. sense_key=baby%1:18:01:: | definition=the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young) | examples=the baby of the family; the baby of the Supreme Court
3. sense_key=baby%1:18:03:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=child | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=baby%1:18:04:: | definition=an unborn child; a human fetus | examples=I felt healthy and very feminine carrying the baby; it was great to feel my baby moving about inside
5. sense_key=baby%1:18:02:: | definition=(slang) sometimes used as a term of address for attractive young women | synonyms=babe, sister
6. sense_key=baby%1:05:00:: | definition=a very young mammal | examples=baby rabbits
7. sense_key=baby%1:04:00:: | definition=a project of personal concern to someone | examples=this project is his baby

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to "little Will Quinlan," the newborn child of Bill and Bonnie Quinlan. The passage discusses testing performed "last January" to determine what threat the baby faced regarding an inherited genetic condition. This is unambiguously a very young child (an infant), matching the definition of a "very young child (birth to 1 year)" in sense 1.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "baby" is being used.

From the context:
"Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan <t>baby</t> faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene..."

The passage clearly refers to "the Quinlan baby" as Will Quinlan, and the context tells us:
- Bonnie became pregnant in 1987
- The genetic test was done "last January" (which appears to be around 1988, given the pregnancy started in 1987)
- "Little Will Quinlan" is identified as the baby
- The passage refers to detecting "what threat the Quinlan baby faced" and whether he inherited the gene

So this is clearly referring to a very young child - a newborn or infant. This matches sense 1 most closely: "a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk" with synonyms "babe, infant" and examples like "the baby began to cry again; she held the baby in her arms"

Sense 4 (an unborn child; a human fetus) could be considered, but since Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 and the test was done in early 1988, the baby would likely be born or about to be born, making it more of an infant/newborn rather than still a fetus.

The best answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: face
Target surface form: faced
Context:
A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby <t>faced</t>. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=face%2:32:00:: | definition=deal with (something unpleasant) head on | synonyms=confront, face up | examples=You must confront your problems; He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes
2. sense_key=face%2:33:00:: | definition=oppose, as in hostility or a competition | synonyms=confront | examples=You must confront your opponent; Jackson faced Smith in the boxing ring
3. sense_key=face%2:42:00:: | definition=be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point; be opposite to | synonyms=front, look | examples=The house looks north; My backyard look onto the pond
4. sense_key=face%2:42:02:: | definition=be opposite | examples=the facing page; the two sofas face each other
5. sense_key=face%2:38:00:: | definition=turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction | examples=Turn and face your partner now
6. sense_key=face%2:32:03:: | definition=present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize | synonyms=confront, present | examples=We confronted him with the evidence; He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions
7. sense_key=face%2:39:04:: | definition=turn so as to expose the face | examples=face a playing card
8. sense_key=face%2:35:00:: | definition=line the edge (of a garment) with a different material | examples=face the lapels of the jacket
9. sense_key=face%2:35:01:: | definition=cover the front or surface of | examples=The building was faced with beautiful stones

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "face" is being used.

The sentence is: "Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced."

In context, "faced" is being used to mean that the Quinlan baby was confronted with or exposed to a certain threat or risk. The baby "faced" a potential risk of developing retinoblastoma cancer.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "deal with (something unpleasant) head on" - deal with, confront. This means to handle or tackle something.
2. "oppose, as in hostility or a competition" - this is about opposing in competition/hostility
3. "be oriented in a certain direction" - this is about physical orientation
4. "be opposite" - this is about being positioned opposite something
5. "turn so as to face" - this is about turning to face something
6. "present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize" - this means to confront with evidence
7. "turn so as to expose the face" - this is about turning/exposing the face
8. "line the edge of a garment" - this is about sewing
9. "cover the front or surface of" - this is about covering a surface

In this context, "faced" means the baby was presented with or confronted with a threat/risk. The baby "faced" (was confronted with) a potential risk.

This is closest to sense 1 "deal with (something unpleasant) head on" or sense 6 "present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize."

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 6, it says "present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize" with examples like "He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions."

In the context, the baby "faced" a threat - meaning the threat was presented to/confronted the baby. This is similar to "being faced with" the threat.
Weighing the two options, sense 1 better captures the active confrontation with the threat. The phrasing "what threat the Quinlan baby faced" asks what challenge or danger the baby had to contend with, making sense 1 the most fitting interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test <t>using</t> new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "using" in this context means the test employs or utilizes genetic probes for a particular diagnostic purpose. This matches sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose," with synonyms including "utilize" and "employ." The test is making use of the genetic probes as a tool to diagnose whether the baby inherited the damaged gene.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine the best sense for "using" in this sentence:

"A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene..."

Here, "using" means that the test employs or utilizes genetic probes. It's describing what the test does - it makes use of genetic probes.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home

This is about employing something for a particular purpose. In the context, the test is employing/utilizing genetic probes. This seems to fit.

2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely

This is about consumption or regular/habitual use, which doesn't fit the medical context here.

3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions

This is about consuming completely, which is not the meaning here.

4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections

This is about exploiting something for personal advantage, which is not applicable here.

5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion

This is close but seems more about practicing or applying something.
The remaining senses don't fit either—sense 6 only applies to past tense "used to" constructions, and the others describe consumption or habitual behavior rather than instrumental employment. Sense 1 clearly matches the diagnostic application of genetic probes in the medical test.

The answer is {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using <t>new</t> "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The word "new" in this context describes genetic probes that have been recently developed and created. The sentence discusses "emerging genetic tests" and technology that has just become available ("it became possible last January"). This aligns with sense 1, which defines "new" as "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "new" is being used here.

In the sentence: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene..."

The context is discussing emerging genetic tests and technology that has recently been developed. The "new genetic probes" refers to probes that are:
- Recently developed/created
- Not seen or used before in this context
- Novel/original in nature (recently discovered/created technology)

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" - This fits because the genetic probes are recently discovered/created technology.

2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - This could also fit as the probes are novel technology.

3. "lacking training or experience" - Not applicable here.

4. "having no previous example or precedent" - This could work, but it's less likely than sense 1.

5. "other than the former one(s); different" - Possible, but not the best fit.

6. "unaffected by use or exposure" - Not applicable here.

7. "gratuitously new" (newfangled) - This doesn't quite fit; the technology isn't being described as unnecessarily new.

8-11. These refer to specific linguistic or temporal contexts - not applicable.

The best fit is sense 1: "not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered" because the genetic probes are recently developed technology.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genetic
Target surface form: genetic
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "<t>genetic</t> probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 | definition=occurring among members of a family usually by heredity | synonyms=familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible | examples=an inherited disease; familial traits
2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: | definition=of or relating to or produced by or being a gene | synonyms=genic, genetical | examples=genic combinations; genetic code
3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: | definition=pertaining to or referring to origin | examples=genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work
4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the science of genetics | synonyms=genetical | examples=genetic research

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "genetic probes" used in molecular testing to detect specific genes and DNA sequences. The phrase refers to tools that work directly with genes and genetic material to analyze inheritance patterns. This aligns best with sense 2 ("of or relating to or produced by or being a gene"), which encompasses the technical, gene-specific application of the term. While sense 1 (hereditary/familial) is thematically present in the broader narrative about inheritance, the specific use of "genetic probes" denotes molecular biological tools that relate directly to genes themselves, not merely to hereditary characteristics.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "genetic" in the context provided.

The context is about "genetic probes" used to determine if a baby inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene. The passage discusses:
- Genetic tests for cancer susceptibility
- A genetic test result showing whether Will Quinlan inherited a damaged gene
- The isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene
- Using probes to detect genetic inheritance

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=genetic%5:00:00:inheritable:00 - "occurring among members of a family usually by heredity" with synonyms "familial, hereditary, inherited, transmitted, transmissible" and examples about inherited diseases and familial traits. This is about hereditary/familial aspects.

2. sense_key=genetic%3:01:02:: - "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" with synonyms "genic, genetical" and examples "genic combinations; genetic code". This is about genes themselves and their combinations/code.

3. sense_key=genetic%3:01:01:: - "pertaining to or referring to origin" with example "genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work". This is about origins/history.

4. sense_key=genetic%3:01:00:: - "of or relating to the science of genetics" with example "genetic research". This is about the field/science of genetics.

In the context, "genetic probes" are tools used to identify whether someone inherited a damaged gene. The probes themselves are molecular tools used in genetic testing and analysis. They are "of or relating to genes" rather than being about heredity per se, or about the science of genetics broadly.

The phrase "genetic probes" refers to DNA probes used in molecular genetics to detect specific genes or sequences. This is sense 2 - "of or relating to or produced by or being a gene" - because it's talking about probes that work with genes directly, that are gene-related tools used to analyze genetic material.
While the hereditary dimension is present in the broader context, the specific term "genetic probes" emphasizes the molecular tools themselves and their direct relationship to genes rather than the inheritance aspect. Sense 2 best captures this technical, gene-focused meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: showed
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "<t>showed</t> that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context shows a genetic test providing evidence about whether Will Quinlan inherited a damaged gene. The verb "showed" indicates that the test result provided evidence or proof of his genetic status. This matches sense 3: "provide evidence for" - the test provided evidence about his genetic condition. The synonyms "testify, bear witness, prove, evidence" and the example "The blood test showed that he was the father" are particularly relevant, as both involve a test demonstrating evidence of a biological fact.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "showed" to determine which sense is most appropriate.

The sentence is: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer."

In this context, the word "showed" means that a genetic test revealed or indicated evidence about whether Will Quinlan had inherited a damaged gene. The test provided evidence/proof about his genetic status.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "give an exhibition of to an interested audience" - Not relevant; this is about demonstrating something to people
2. "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - Could be relevant; the test demonstrates/establishes something
3. "provide evidence for" - This seems very relevant; the test showed/provided evidence about his genetic status
4. "make visible or noticeable" - Not the primary meaning here
5. "show in, or as in, a picture" - Not relevant
6. "give expression to" - Not relevant
7. "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing" - Could work; the test indicates his genetic status
8. "be or become visible or noticeable" - Not really about the test showing something
9. "indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments" - Could be relevant; the test reading indicated something
10. "give evidence of, as of records" - This is very relevant; the test shows/gives evidence of his genetic status
11. "take someone to their seats" - Not relevant
12. "finish third or better in a horse or dog race" - Not relevant

The most relevant senses are:
- Sense 3: "provide evidence for" - The test provided evidence about his genetic status
- Sense 10: "give evidence of, as of records" - The test result shows/gives evidence of his genetic condition
- Sense 2: "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - The test establishes something through an experimental procedure

Sense 3 is the most direct fit since the test provided evidence that he didn't inherit the damaged gene, making this the clearest match for how "showed" functions in this sentence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: little
Target surface form: little
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that <t>little</t> Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=little%3:00:01:: | definition=limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=small | examples=a little dining room; a little house
2. sense_key=little%3:00:03:: | definition=(quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree; not much or almost none or (with `a') at least some | synonyms=slight | examples=little rain fell in May; gave it little thought
3. sense_key=little%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=(of children and animals) young, immature | synonyms=small | examples=what a big little boy you are; small children
4. sense_key=little%5:00:00:unimportant:00 | definition=(informal) small and of little importance | synonyms=fiddling, footling, lilliputian, niggling, piddling, piffling | examples=a fiddling sum of money; a footling gesture
5. sense_key=little%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=(of a voice) faint | synonyms=small | examples=a little voice; a still small voice
6. sense_key=little%3:00:00:: | definition=low in stature; not tall | synonyms=short | examples=he was short and stocky; short in stature
7. sense_key=little%5:00:00:lowercase:00 | definition=lowercase | synonyms=minuscule, small | examples=little a; small a
8. sense_key=little%5:00:00:emotional:00 | definition=small in a way that arouses feelings (of tenderness or its opposite depending on the context) | examples=a nice little job; bless your little heart

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "little" in the phrase "little Will Quinlan".

Looking at the sentence: "A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer."

Context clues:
1. "little Will Quinlan" - this is referring to a baby/child
2. The story mentions "any child of theirs had a 50% chance" - they were expecting a baby
3. The test was done "last January" after "Bonnie became pregnant in 1987" - so the baby is very young
4. The father mentions the baby in the context of being like his/her family members when they were babies

The word "little" here is being used as an adjective describing Will Quinlan, who is a young child/baby. The context makes clear this is a newborn or very young child.

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. "limited or below average in number or quantity or magnitude or extent" - This could apply, as babies are physically small
2. "(quantifier used with mass nouns) small in quantity or degree" - Not applicable here; "little" is not used as a quantifier in this context
3. "(of children and animals) young, immature" - This fits perfectly! The example "what a big little boy you are" shows this usage for referring to a young child
4. "(informal) small and of little importance" - Not the intended meaning here
5. "(of a voice) faint" - Not applicable
6. "low in stature; not tall" - While babies are short, the primary sense here is about being young
7. "lowercase" - Not applicable
8. "small in a way that arouses feelings (of tenderness or its opposite)" - This could work, as "little" is often used affectionately for children
9. Between senses 1, 3, and 8, sense 3 specifically defines "little" as "(of children and animals) young, immature" with the example "what a big little boy you are." Sense 3 is the most precise match since the primary meaning refers to youth and immaturity rather than size or emotional connotation alone.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not <t>inherited</t> a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context explicitly discusses genetic transmission of a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene from parent to child. The passage mentions Mr. Quinlan carrying the damaged gene and his mother having suffered from the same tumor, establishing a pattern of genetic inheritance across generations. The test determines whether Will inherited this gene from his father. This directly corresponds to sense 3: "receive by genetic transmission," which matches the example "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence in question is: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma suppressor gene..."

The context makes it clear we're talking about genetic inheritance. The passage discusses:
- A 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma (an inherited cancer)
- Mr. Quinlan carried a damaged gene and lost an eye to the tumor when young
- His mother had suffered the same fate
- The test determined that Will Quinlan had NOT inherited the damaged gene

The three candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: - obtain from someone after their death (e.g., castle from grandparents)
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: - receive from a predecessor (e.g., problems from previous chair)
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: - receive by genetic transmission (e.g., eyesight from mother)

Given that:
- The context explicitly mentions genes and genetic transmission
- The passage discusses how genes are passed from parents to children
- The example for sense 3 matches the pattern: "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother"
- The situation involves a damaged gene being passed from parent to child (or not, in Will's case)

The answer is clearly sense 3 - "receive by genetic transmission"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a <t>damaged</t> retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The target word "damaged" in this context refers to a gene that carries a mutation or defect, making it non-functional. This aligns with sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled," which describes something that has been physically impaired or defective. The medical/genetic context makes clear that the gene has a structural or functional defect, not a reputational one. Sense 2 pertains to social or reputational harm, which is inappropriate for describing a defective gene.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "damaged" is being used.

The sentence is: "A test using new 'genetic probes' showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a <t>damaged</t> retinoblastoma suppressor gene..."

The context is about a genetic mutation related to retinoblastoma (eye cancer). The word "damaged" here refers to a gene that has been harmed or has a defect/mutation that makes it non-functional.

Looking at the two senses:

Sense 1: "harmed or injured or spoiled" - This fits perfectly. A damaged gene is one that is harmed, injured, or defective. The examples "damaged goods" and "badly damaged buildings" suggest physical harm or defect, which aligns with a gene that carries a mutation or is defective.

Sense 2: "being unjustly brought into disrepute" - This is about reputation or social standing being harmed unfairly. This doesn't fit the medical/genetic context at all. A gene isn't about reputation or being "discredited" in a social sense.

The correct sense is clearly sense 1, which refers to something being physically harmed, injured, or defective. A damaged gene is one that doesn't function properly due to mutation or genetic defect.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: face
Target surface form: faced
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, <t>faced</t> no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=face%2:32:00:: | definition=deal with (something unpleasant) head on | synonyms=confront, face up | examples=You must confront your problems; He faced the terrible consequences of his mistakes
2. sense_key=face%2:33:00:: | definition=oppose, as in hostility or a competition | synonyms=confront | examples=You must confront your opponent; Jackson faced Smith in the boxing ring
3. sense_key=face%2:42:00:: | definition=be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point; be opposite to | synonyms=front, look | examples=The house looks north; My backyard look onto the pond
4. sense_key=face%2:42:02:: | definition=be opposite | examples=the facing page; the two sofas face each other
5. sense_key=face%2:38:00:: | definition=turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction | examples=Turn and face your partner now
6. sense_key=face%2:32:03:: | definition=present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize | synonyms=confront, present | examples=We confronted him with the evidence; He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions
7. sense_key=face%2:39:04:: | definition=turn so as to expose the face | examples=face a playing card
8. sense_key=face%2:35:00:: | definition=line the edge (of a garment) with a different material | examples=face the lapels of the jacket
9. sense_key=face%2:35:01:: | definition=cover the front or surface of | examples=The building was faced with beautiful stones

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The word "faced" in this context means "was presented with" or "confronted with" a particular risk/threat. The sentence structure parallels the example given for sense 6: "He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions." Similarly, Will Quinlan "faced no more risk" means he was confronted with or presented with the situation of having no greater cancer risk than other children. This sense captures the meaning of being in a particular situation or condition rather than actively dealing with something.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, <t>faced</t> no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer."

The meaning here is that Will Quinlan is in a situation where he had a particular risk or threat. Since he didn't inherit the damaged gene, he "faced no more risk than other children."

In this context, "faced" means something like "was subject to" or "had to confront/deal with" - specifically, the risk he was exposed to or confronted with.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "deal with (something unpleasant) head on" - This could work. He faced a risk (something unpleasant) - meaning he was confronted with or had to deal with this risk.

2. "oppose, as in hostility or a competition" - This doesn't fit. He's not opposing the risk in a competitive sense.

3. "be oriented in a certain direction" - No, this is about physical orientation.

4. "be opposite" - No, doesn't apply here.

5. "turn so as to face; turn the face in a certain direction" - No, not about physical turning.

6. "present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize" - This could work too. He faced/was presented with a risk situation.

7. "turn so as to expose the face" - No, physical action with cards.

8. "line the edge (of a garment)" - No, clearly not relevant.

9. "cover the front or surface of" - No, clearly not relevant.

Between sense 1 and sense 6:

Sense 1: "deal with (something unpleasant) head on" - This is about confronting or dealing with something actively.

Sense 6: "present somebody with something, usually to accuse or criticize" - This is about being confronted with/presented with a situation.
The example for sense 6—"He was faced with all the evidence and could no longer deny his actions"—mirrors our sentence structure almost exactly: "faced no more risk." The construction emphasizes being presented with or confronted by a particular situation rather than actively dealing with it. Sense 6 fits best here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no <t>more</t> risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%3:00:01:: | definition=(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree | synonyms=more than | examples=more land; more support
2. sense_key=more%3:00:02:: | definition=(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number | examples=a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "more" appears in the phrase "faced no more risk than other children." The noun "risk" is a mass noun (uncountable), referring to an amount or degree of danger rather than a quantity of individual countable items. Sense 1 is the comparative of "much" used with mass nouns, which correctly applies to "risk" in this context where the degree or amount of risk is being compared.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "more" appears:

"A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer."

The phrase is "no more risk" - here "more" is modifying the noun "risk".

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "(comparative of `much' used with mass nouns) a quantifier meaning greater in size or amount or extent or degree"
   - Examples: "more land; more support"
   - This is for mass nouns (uncountable nouns)

2. Sense 2: "(comparative of `many' used with count nouns) quantifier meaning greater in number"
   - Examples: "a hall with more seats; we have no more bananas"
   - This is for count nouns (countable nouns)

In the sentence, "risk" is a mass noun (uncountable - you don't say "one risk, two risks" in the same way; risk is typically used as a mass noun referring to the degree or amount of danger).

The phrase "more risk" uses "more" with a mass noun, so it should be sense 1.

The context is about comparing the amount/degree of risk, not the number of risks. This fits better with sense 1, which is used with mass nouns to indicate "greater in size or amount or extent or degree."

So the answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: risk
Target surface form: risk
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more <t>risk</t> than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=risk%1:26:00:: | definition=a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune | synonyms=hazard, jeopardy, peril, endangerment | examples=drinking alcohol is a health hazard
2. sense_key=risk%1:04:00:: | definition=a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss or injury | synonyms=peril, danger | examples=he saw the rewards but not the risks of crime; there was a danger he would do the wrong thing
3. sense_key=risk%1:07:02:: | definition=the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred | synonyms=risk of infection
4. sense_key=risk%1:07:01:: | definition=the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent | synonyms=risk of exposure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "risk" in this sentence.

The sentence reads: "A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more <t>risk</t> than other children of developing the rare cancer."

Context clues:
- This is about the probability/likelihood of developing cancer
- The child "faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer"
- This relates to genetic predisposition and the chance/probability of getting cancer
- The earlier context mentions "50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma"

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=risk%1:26:00:: - "a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune" - This is a general sense about danger/hazard

2. sense_key=risk%1:04:00:: - "a venture undertaken without regard to possible loss or injury" - This is about risky ventures/actions

3. sense_key=risk%1:07:02:: - "the probability of becoming infected given that exposure to an infectious agent has occurred" - This is specifically about infection/infectious agents

4. sense_key=risk%1:07:01:: - "the probability of being exposed to an infectious agent" - This is about exposure to infectious agents

The context is about genetic risk of developing cancer, not infection. So senses 3 and 4 don't fit well because they're specifically about infectious agents.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 is about "a source of danger; a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune" - This fits well with the context of probability/likelihood of developing cancer
- Sense 2 is about ventures without regard to loss - doesn't fit this context

The best fit is sense 1, which captures the idea of "a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune" (in this case, developing cancer).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis. Bill and Bonnie Quinlan are among the first beneficiaries of the new findings. The Dedham, Mass., couple knew even before Bonnie became pregnant in 1987 that any child of theirs had a 50% chance of being at risk for retinoblastoma, an eye cancer that occurs about once every 20,000 births. Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than <t>other</t> children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "other" in this context means "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied." The sentence contrasts Will Quinlan's risk with that of other (different) children in the general population who do not carry the damaged retinoblastoma gene. This is the standard comparative sense of "other" used to differentiate one group from another.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "other" is being used.

The sentence in question is: "...faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer."

Here, "other" is being used to mean "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - it's referring to children that are different from Will Quinlan. The phrase is comparing Will's risk to the risk faced by other (different) children in the general population.

Let me check each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; examples include "today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works"
   - This fits! "Other children" means children that are different from Will Quinlan.

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples="the other evening"
   - This doesn't fit. There's no temporal meaning here.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former
   - This doesn't fit. No reference to distant past.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected
   - This doesn't fit. The text doesn't suggest "other children" are strange or unusual.

The best sense is clearly #1, which means "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied." In the context, Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged gene, so "other children" refers to children who don't carry the damaged gene - children that are different from those at risk.