[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suddenly
Target surface form: suddenly
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "<t>suddenly</t> puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:02:: | definition=happening unexpectedly | synonyms=all of a sudden, of a sudden | examples=suddenly she felt a sharp pain in her side
2. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:00:: | definition=quickly and without warning | synonyms=abruptly, short, dead | examples=he stopped suddenly
3. sense_key=suddenly%4:02:04:: | definition=on impulse; without premeditation | synonyms=on the spur of the moment | examples=he decided to go to Chicago on the spur of the moment; he made up his mind suddenly

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "suddenly" in this context describes how the discovery unexpectedly reveals the importance of the p53 gene in cancer formation. The passage emphasizes the surprising nature of this finding—that researchers had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53, and the discovery now places it centrally in understanding cancer. This aligns with sense 1 (happening unexpectedly), which captures the element of surprise and unexpectedness inherent in the discovery, rather than just the speed of an action (sense 2) or impulsive decision-making (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "suddenly" in this passage about scientific discovery.

The sentence is: "The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."

Here, "suddenly" is describing how the discovery places this gene in an important position - it's saying that the discovery has an immediate, dramatic effect on how we understand cancer formation. It's describing something that happens unexpectedly or abruptly in time.

Let me examine each sense:

1. **sense_key=suddenly%4:02:02:: | definition=happening unexpectedly | synonyms=all of a sudden, of a sudden | examples=suddenly she felt a sharp pain in her side**
   - This sense focuses on something happening unexpectedly
   - The example shows a physical sensation occurring unexpectedly
   - In the context, the discovery suddenly (unexpectedly) places the gene in an important role

2. **sense_key=suddenly%4:02:00:: | definition=quickly and without warning | synonyms=abruptly, short, dead | examples=he stopped suddenly**
   - This sense emphasizes speed and lack of warning
   - The example shows an action that happens abruptly
   - The context could mean the discovery quickly places the gene in importance

3. **sense_key=suddenly%4:02:04:: | definition=on impulse; without premeditation | synonyms=on the spur of the moment | examples=he decided to go to Chicago on the spur of the moment; he made up his mind suddenly**
   - This sense focuses on impulsive action without planning
   - This doesn't fit the context - the discovery isn't happening on impulse

In the context, "suddenly" is describing how this discovery dramatically/unexpectedly changes the understanding of p53's role in cancer. The most appropriate sense is **sense 1** - happening unexpectedly - because the discovery itself is presented as something that was previously unclear but now puts the gene "right in the cockpit" of cancer formation.
The first sense better captures the surprising revelation aspect of the discovery rather than simply emphasizing how quickly it occurs. I'm selecting sense 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: put
Target surface form: puts
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly <t>puts</t> an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=put%2:35:00:: | definition=put into a certain place or abstract location | synonyms=set, place, pose, position, lay | examples=Put your things here; Set the tray down
2. sense_key=put%2:35:05:: | definition=cause to be in a certain state; cause to be in a certain relation | examples=That song put me in awful good humor; put your ideas in writing
3. sense_key=put%2:32:00:: | definition=formulate in a particular style or language | synonyms=frame, redact, cast, couch | examples=I wouldn't put it that way; She cast her request in very polite language
4. sense_key=put%2:34:00:: | definition=attribute or give | synonyms=assign | examples=She put too much emphasis on her the last statement; He put all his efforts into this job
5. sense_key=put%2:40:00:: | definition=make an investment | synonyms=invest, commit, place | examples=Put money into bonds
6. sense_key=put%2:31:13:: | definition=estimate | synonyms=place, set | examples=We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M.
7. sense_key=put%2:39:13:: | definition=cause (someone) to undergo something | examples=He put her to the torture
8. sense_key=put%2:36:13:: | definition=adapt | examples=put these words to music
9. sense_key=put%2:31:00:: | definition=arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events | synonyms=arrange, set up, order | examples=arrange my schedule; set up one's life

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The sentence uses "puts" to describe placing or positioning the p53 gene into a particular location/role ("right in the cockpit of cancer formation"). The "cockpit" is a metaphorical abstract location indicating the central/controlling position in cancer formation. This matches sense 1: "put into a certain place or abstract location" - the gene is being positioned into a specific role/place within the cancer formation process.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the sentence carefully:

"The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,'"

I need to determine what "puts" means in this context. Let me examine the sentence:

The discovery puts an obscure gene (object) right in the cockpit of cancer formation (location/position).

This sentence structure suggests that the gene is being placed into a particular position - "in the cockpit" is a metaphorical location describing the central/important position in cancer formation.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. put into a certain place or abstract location - "Put your things here" - This matches! The gene is being put into a location (the cockpit).

2. cause to be in a certain state - "That song put me in awful good humor" - This is about causing a state, not really about placing something.

3. formulate in a particular style or language - "I wouldn't put it that way" - This is about expressing/formulating, not about placement.

4. attribute or give - "She put too much emphasis on her statement" - This is about assigning importance/emphasis.

5. make an investment - "Put money into bonds" - This is about investing.

6. estimate - "We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M." - This is about estimating.

7. cause (someone) to undergo something - "He put her to the torture" - This is different.

8. adapt - "put these words to music" - This is about adapting/converting.

9. arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events - This is about arranging, not placement.

The sentence is saying the discovery places/positions this obscure gene prominently in cancer formation (in the cockpit - the central/control position). This is clearly sense 1: "put into a certain place or abstract location" - because "the cockpit of cancer formation" is an abstract location metaphorically describing the central role.
The answer is sense 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: right
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene <t>right</t> in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%4:02:04:: | definition=precisely, exactly | examples=stand right here!
2. sense_key=right%4:02:08:: | definition=immediately | examples=she called right after dinner
3. sense_key=right%4:02:09:: | definition=exactly | synonyms=flop | examples=he fell flop on his face
4. sense_key=right%4:02:03:: | definition=toward or on the right; also used figuratively | examples=he looked right and left; the party has moved right
5. sense_key=right%4:02:01:: | definition=in the right manner | synonyms=properly, decently, decent, in good order, the right way | examples=please do your job properly!; can't you carry me decent?
6. sense_key=right%4:02:00:: | definition=an interjection expressing agreement | synonyms=right on
7. sense_key=right%4:02:07:: | definition=completely | examples=she felt right at home; he fell right into the trap
8. sense_key=right%4:02:06:: | definition=(Southern regional intensive) very; to a great degree | synonyms=mighty, mightily, powerful | examples=the baby is mighty cute; he's mighty tired
9. sense_key=right%4:02:05:: | definition=in accordance with moral or social standards | synonyms=justly | examples=that serves him right; do right by him
10. sense_key=right%4:02:02:: | definition=in an accurate manner | synonyms=correctly, aright | examples=the flower had been correctly depicted by his son; he guessed right

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "right in the cockpit" means the gene is placed precisely/exactly at the center of cancer formation. The word "right" here functions as an adverbial intensifier indicating exact placement or position, matching the sense of "precisely, exactly" as demonstrated by the example "stand right here!"

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg..."

I need to determine what "right" means here. Looking at the phrase "right in the cockpit," this is an idiomatic expression meaning "directly in" or "at the center of."

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "precisely, exactly" - possible, as in "exactly in the cockpit"
2. "immediately" - doesn't fit well
3. "exactly" - similar to sense 1
4. "toward or on the right" - doesn't fit, not about direction
5. "in the right manner" - doesn't fit
6. "an interjection expressing agreement" - doesn't fit
7. "completely" - could work, but not the best fit
8. "(Southern regional intensive) very" - doesn't fit the context
9. "in accordance with moral or social standards" - doesn't fit
10. "in an accurate manner" - doesn't fit

The phrase "right in the cockpit" means "precisely in" or "exactly in" - the gene is being placed directly at the center of cancer formation.

Looking at senses 1 and 3:
- Sense 1: "precisely, exactly" with example "stand right here!"
- Sense 3: "exactly" with example "he fell flop on his face"

Both could work, but sense 1 with "precisely, exactly" and the example "stand right here!" seems like the best match for "right in the cockpit" - it means to place something exactly/precisely in a specific location.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 7 "completely" might also work ("she felt right at home"), but I think sense 1 "precisely, exactly" is the best fit for the meaning of "directly/exactly in the cockpit."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of <t>cancer</t> formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer" and it appears in the phrase "cancer formation" within a scientific/medical context about cellular biology and malignant tumors.

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage discusses p53 genes and their relationship to cell transformation
- It talks about "cancerous ones" (cells)
- It mentions "human cancer cells"
- It discusses "cancer-suppressing gene"
- The quote refers to "cancer formation"
- Robert Weinberg is described as "a leader in cancer-gene research"
- It mentions "other cancers, too"

This is clearly a medical/scientific context discussing malignant tumors and abnormal cell growth.

Now let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" - This is the medical definition. This fits perfectly with the context about cancerous cells, malignant growth, and the p53 gene's role in cell growth regulation.

2. sense 2: "a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - This is an astrological sense. Completely irrelevant to the context.

3. sense 3: "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini" - This is the astronomical sense. Not relevant.

4. sense 4: "the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22" - This is the zodiac sign sense. Not relevant.

5. sense 5: "type genus of the family Cancridae" - This is a biological genus (crabs). Not relevant to this context.

The answer is clearly sense 1 - the medical definition of cancer as a malignant disease caused by abnormal cell division. This is the only sense that fits the context about p53 genes, cell division, and tumor formation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: formation
Target surface form: formation
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer <t>formation</t>, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=formation%1:14:00:: | definition=an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit | examples=a defensive formation; a formation of planes
2. sense_key=formation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of fabricating something in a particular shape | synonyms=shaping
3. sense_key=formation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, establishment, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
4. sense_key=formation%1:17:00:: | definition=(geology) the geological features of the earth | synonyms=geological formation
5. sense_key=formation%1:06:00:: | definition=a particular spatial arrangement
6. sense_key=formation%1:22:00:: | definition=natural process that causes something to form | examples=the formation of gas in the intestine; the formation of crystals
7. sense_key=formation%1:04:02:: | definition=creation by mental activity | examples=the formation of sentences; the formation of memories

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 6
}
```

The target word "cancer formation" refers to the process by which cancer develops and forms. In the context, the gene is described as central to "the cockpit of cancer formation," meaning the process of cancer developing. This matches sense 6 (natural process that causes something to form), which is exemplified by similar processes like "the formation of gas in the intestine" or "the formation of crystals." The other senses are not applicable—it's not about physical arrangement (sense 1), fabrication in a particular shape (sense 2), institutional establishment (sense 3), geological features (sense 4), spatial arrangement (sense 5), or mental creation (sense 7).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "formation" appears:

"The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation,' says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."

In this context, "cancer formation" refers to the process of cancer developing or arising. The gene is being described as central to how cancer forms or develops.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "an arrangement of people or things acting as a unit" - Not relevant. This is about physical arrangement.

2. "the act of fabricating something in a particular shape" - Could relate to creating cancer, but this is more about shaping physical objects.

3. "the act of forming or establishing something" - This is about establishing something, which could apply, but it's more institutional/organizational in the examples.

4. "(geology) the geological features of the earth" - Not relevant. This is geological.

5. "a particular spatial arrangement" - Not relevant. Cancer formation isn't about spatial arrangement.

6. "natural process that causes something to form" - This fits well. Cancer formation is a natural process (albeit a pathological one) that causes cancer to develop. The examples include "the formation of gas in the intestine; the formation of crystals" which are all about processes that cause something to form.

7. "creation by mental activity" - Not relevant. Cancer formation isn't a mental creation.

The best fit is sense 6: "natural process that causes something to form" - this describes the process by which cancer develops/forms. The examples given (gas formation in intestines, crystal formation) are very similar to cancer formation in that they're all processes where something develops or comes into being.

The answer should be 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "<t>says</t> Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "says" in this context is used to introduce a direct quotation from Robert Weinberg expressing his viewpoint about the scientific discovery. This is the most basic sense of "say" - to express in words. The context shows someone uttering a statement/opinion about the research findings, which matches sense 1 (express in words) perfectly. The quoted material directly follows, making this a straightforward case of verbal expression rather than any of the more specialized senses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "says" appears:

"The discovery 'suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, ' says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."

In this context, "says" is used in a reporting context - Robert Weinberg is being quoted as saying something about the discovery. This is a classic attribution structure in journalism/writing where someone is quoted.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you

2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war

3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose

4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read

5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority

6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way

7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally
The remaining senses—uttering aloud, declaring as opinion, reciting fixed text, and indicating—don't fit this usage. The most fitting interpretation is sense 1, where Weinberg simply expresses his viewpoint about the discovery through spoken words in a direct quotation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: leader
Target surface form: leader
Context:
When they found it last winter, Dr. Vogelstein was dubious that the search was over. His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a <t>leader</t> in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=leader%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who rules or guides or inspires others
2. sense_key=leader%1:06:00:: | definition=a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers | synonyms=drawing card, loss leader

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "leader" here describes Robert Weinberg as a prominent authority and foremost expert in cancer-gene research. This matches the first sense: "a person who rules or guides or inspires others," referring to someone who is preeminent and influential in their field. The second sense about merchandise sold at a loss is clearly inapplicable to this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "leader" in the given sentence.

The sentence is: "The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a <t>leader</t> in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass."

The word "leader" here is describing Robert Weinberg. He's being described as a "leader in cancer-gene research," which means he's a prominent or foremost person in the field of cancer-gene research.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=leader%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who rules or guides or inspires others
2. sense_key=leader%1:06:00:: | definition=a featured article of merchandise sold at a loss in order to draw customers | synonyms=drawing card, loss leader

Sense 1 is about "a person who rules or guides or inspires others" - this fits the context. Robert Weinberg is a prominent figure in cancer-gene research, someone who is a leading authority and guide in this field.

Sense 2 is about merchandising - a product sold at a loss to draw customers. This clearly does not fit the context.

The answer is clearly sense 1, which is indexed as the first sense (sense_index: 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: Evidence
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. <t>Evidence</t> now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "Evidence" in this context refers to scientific findings and data that form the basis for belief in the claim that p53 is involved in other cancers. The passage states that researchers have found evidence (specifically, data about mutations in breast tumors) that supports this scientific conclusion. This aligns with sense 1, which defines evidence as "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief"—the factual information supporting a scientific claim. This is not merely an indication or sign (sense 2), nor is it used in a legal context (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "Evidence" in this scientific passage.

The context is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling

This is about evidence as a basis for belief - factual information that supports a conclusion.

2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear

This is about evidence as a sign or indication - something that reveals or demonstrates something else.

3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

This is the legal sense of evidence.

Looking at the context: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

The passage is discussing scientific findings and research. The word "Evidence" refers to the data and findings that support the claim that p53 is involved in other cancers. The researchers have found evidence (actual data about breast tumors) that supports this conclusion.

This matches sense 1 best - it's about the basis for belief or knowledge on which to base belief. The emerging evidence is the factual findings that support the scientific conclusion. It's not just a sign or indication (sense 2), and it's not in a legal context (sense 3).

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: now
Target surface form: now
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence <t>now</t> is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=now%4:02:05:: | definition=in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events | examples=President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard; Washington now decides to cross the Delaware
2. sense_key=now%4:02:00:: | definition=in these times; - Nancy Mitford | synonyms=nowadays, today | examples=it is solely by their language that the upper classes nowadays are distinguished; we now rarely see horse-drawn vehicles on city streets
3. sense_key=now%4:02:02:: | definition=used to preface a command or reproof or request | examples=now hear this!; now pay attention
4. sense_key=now%4:02:04:: | definition=at the present moment | synonyms=at present | examples=goods now on sale; the now-aging dictator
5. sense_key=now%4:02:01:: | definition=without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening | synonyms=immediately, instantly, straightaway, straight off, directly, right away | examples=he answered immediately; found an answer straightaway
6. sense_key=now%4:02:07:: | definition=(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity | examples=Now the next problem is...
7. sense_key=now%4:02:06:: | definition=in the immediate past | examples=told me just now

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The word "now" in this context means "at the present moment." The sentence "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too" uses "now" to indicate that this evidence is currently emerging in present time, as researchers are discovering additional roles for the p53 gene. This aligns with sense 4's definition of "at the present moment" with the synonym "at present."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "now" is being used.

The sentence is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

Let me consider each sense:

1. "in the historical present; at this point in the narration of a series of past events" - This is about narrating past events as if they're happening. The example "President Kennedy now calls in the National Guard" uses historical present tense. This doesn't fit because we're not narrating a series of past events in historical present.

2. "in these times; nowadays; today" - This would mean "Evidence in these times/nowadays is emerging..." This could fit, but it seems a bit odd.

3. "used to preface a command or reproof or request" - This is clearly not about a command or reproof.

4. "at the present moment" - This would mean "Evidence at the present moment is emerging..." This fits well! The gene is currently being shown to be involved in other cancers.

5. "without delay or hesitation; immediately" - This doesn't fit. The evidence isn't emerging immediately.

6. "(prefatory or transitional) indicates a change of subject or activity" - This could potentially fit as it's moving to a new topic about p53 in other cancers, but it seems less likely.

7. "in the immediate past" - This would be "told me just now" which doesn't fit here.

The best fit is sense 4: "at the present moment" - meaning that evidence is emerging currently/at the present time that p53 is involved in other cancers.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 4}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerging
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is <t>emerging</t> that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The phrase "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too" uses "emerging" in the sense of "becoming known or apparent." The context shows that new information about p53's involvement in cancer is becoming apparent or known to the scientific community, which matches the definition "become known or apparent" with the similar example "Some nice results emerged from the study."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "emerging" is used:

"Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

In this context, "emerging" means that evidence is becoming known or apparent. The sentence is saying that it's becoming clear or becoming known that p53 is involved in other cancers.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
   - This is about physically coming out from concealment. Not the right meaning here.

2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
   - This is about coming out from a location/source. Not the right meaning.

3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
   - This is about becoming known or apparent. This fits perfectly! "Evidence now is emerging" = "Evidence is becoming known/apparent"

4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
   - This could work, but it's more about physical rising.

5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth
   - This is about happening as a result. Could work but not the best fit.

The best fit is sense 3: "become known or apparent" with the example "Some nice results emerged from the study" which is very similar to the context where evidence is emerging.
The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is <t>involved</t> in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "involved" in this context means that the p53 suppressor gene is "connected by participation or association" with other cancers. The sentence is stating that evidence suggests the gene plays a role in (is implicated in/associated with) cancer formation beyond just the specific cancers initially studied. This matches sense 1, which captures the meaning of being connected through participation or association, as supported by the examples "the problems involved."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "involved" in this sentence:

"Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

The word "involved" here means that the p53 gene is connected with or participates in other cancers. It's about the gene being implicated in or associated with cancer formation.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "connected by participation or association or use" - This seems to fit. The gene is connected to other cancers through its participation/association. The examples "we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved" support this meaning - people are involved in an accomplishment, problems are involved (associated with, implicated in something).

2. "entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire" - This doesn't fit. The gene isn't hindered or entangled in the sense of being stuck or impeded.

3. "emotionally involved" - This doesn't fit. The gene isn't emotionally involved.

4. "highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious" - This doesn't fit. We're not saying the gene is complex.

5. "enveloped" - This doesn't fit. The gene isn't being enveloped in mist or anything like that.

The best fit is clearly sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use". The gene is implicated in/associated with cancer formation through its role in the biological process.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "other" in the context "the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too" refers to additional cancers beyond those already discussed (the colon cancer and breast tumors mentioned earlier in the passage). This matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied," as exemplified by "the construction of highways and other public works," where "other" indicates additional instances of the same category.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "other" appears:

"Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in <t>other</t> cancers, too."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
   - This means "different from the ones already mentioned" or "additional"
   - In the context: "other cancers" means additional cancers (beyond the one specifically discussed)

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
   - This doesn't fit; we're not talking about time

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former
   - This doesn't fit either; not about the past

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality | examples=a strange, other dimension
   - This doesn't fit; we're not talking about something strange or unusual in character

The context is about p53 being involved in cancers beyond the specific ones (like the ones observed in the early experiments and the breast tumors mentioned). "Other" here means "additional" or "different" cancers - i.e., cancers beyond those already mentioned or implied.

Sense 1 is clearly the best fit: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" with the example "the construction of highways and other public works" being very similar to "the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers" - both referring to additional items/instances of the same category beyond what was previously mentioned.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancers
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to cancer as a medical condition - specifically malignant tumors caused by abnormal cell division. The passage discusses p53 genes, cancer cells, tumor suppression, breast tumors, and cancer formation, all establishing that "cancers" refers to different types of malignant neoplastic diseases (sense 1), not to astrology (senses 2, 4), constellations (sense 3), or the crab genus (sense 5).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cancers" is being used.

The sentence is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other <t>cancers</t>, too."

Looking at the context:
- The passage discusses cancer biology, specifically p53 genes and their role in cancer formation
- It mentions "cancer cells," "cancerous ones," "cancer suppressing gene," and "cancer formation"
- The specific example discusses breast tumors
- The discussion is entirely about medical/biological cancer - malignant growths and tumors

The candidate senses are:
1. any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division - medical sense
2. a person born under the sign of Cancer (astrology)
3. a small zodiacal constellation
4. the fourth sign of the zodiac
5. type genus of the family Cancridae (a genus of crabs)

Given the context is clearly about medical cancer, specifically tumors and genes involved in malignant cell growth, the correct sense is clearly sense 1 - the malignant neoplastic disease sense.

This is about different types of cancers (like breast cancer mentioned in the passage), not about astrology, zodiac signs, or the crab genus.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: too
Target surface form: too
Context:
His doubts stemmed from the fact that several years earlier a Princeton University researcher, Arnold Levine, had found in experiments with mice that a gene called p53 could transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, <t>too</t>. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=too%4:02:00:: | definition=to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits | synonyms=excessively, overly, to a fault | examples=too big
2. sense_key=too%4:02:01:: | definition=in addition | synonyms=besides, also, likewise, as well | examples=he has a Mercedes, too

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "too" in this context means "in addition" or "also." The sentence states that the p53 gene is involved in other cancers, and "too" indicates this involvement extends beyond what was previously discussed. This matches sense 2, which has synonyms like "besides," "also," and "as well," similar to the example "he has a Mercedes, too."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "too".

The sentence in question is: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits" (excessively, overly, to a fault) - Examples: "too big"
   - This sense means something is excessive or beyond what is appropriate.

2. Sense 2: "in addition" (besides, also, likewise, as well) - Examples: "he has a Mercedes, too"
   - This sense means something is being added to what was already mentioned.

Looking at the context sentence: "Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too."

This sentence is saying that the p53 suppressor gene is involved not just in the cancer being discussed (the one that initiated the finding), but also in OTHER cancers. The word "too" here is being used to mean "also" or "as well" - it's indicating that this involvement extends beyond what was previously mentioned.

The sentence structure is similar to the example given for sense 2: "he has a Mercedes, too" - meaning he has a Mercedes in addition to something else.

Therefore, the correct sense is sense 2 (in addition/also/likewise/as well).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have <t>found</t> that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context shows researchers conducting an investigation of breast tumors and determining a fact about mutations at the p53 gene location through their study. The sense "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" with its emphasis on the methodological basis for the discovery (investigation/study) is the best fit for how "found" is used here. This is distinct from merely discovering something by chance or accident.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the target word "found" in the sentence:

"Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."

The sentence structure is "have found that [something is true]" - the researchers discovered or determined that something is the case through their research/investigation.

Let me consider the relevant senses:

1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: - "come upon, as if by accident" - This doesn't fit because the researchers were actively searching/investigating, not finding by accident.

2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: - "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This seems very relevant. The example "She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water" shows similar usage where the researchers determined something through investigation.

3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: - "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - This is about finding a lost object, not applicable here.

4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: - "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This fits very well. The context mentions researchers in Edinburgh conducting what appears to be a study of breast tumors. The example "The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize" is similar in that it's a scientific discovery through investigation.

8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: - "make a discovery, make a new finding" - This could also fit, similar to sense 4.

9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: - "make a discovery" - Similar to sense 8.

Looking more carefully at sense 4 vs sense 8/9:
- Sense 4 emphasizes "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - this emphasizes the methodology
- Sense 8 and 9 emphasize "make a discovery, make a new finding"

In this context, the researchers "found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors..." - they determined this through their study/investigation. Sense 4 with its emphasis on "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" seems most appropriate. The distinction between sense 2 and sense 4 is that sense 4 specifically highlights the investigative process involved in reaching this conclusion, which aligns with the scientific research context here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: breast
Target surface form: breast
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 <t>breast</t> tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=breast%1:08:01:: | definition=the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen | synonyms=chest | examples=he beat his breast in anger
2. sense_key=breast%1:08:00:: | definition=either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman | synonyms=bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty
3. sense_key=breast%1:13:00:: | definition=meat carved from the breast of a fowl | synonyms=white meat
4. sense_key=breast%1:05:00:: | definition=the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses "breast tumors" in relation to cancer research and inherited cancer predisposition in women. The word "breast" refers specifically to the mammary gland tissue, which is sense 2 (the soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman). This is the appropriate medical anatomical reference in the context of cancer pathology, distinct from the broader anatomical sense of "chest" or food-related meanings.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "breast" in this sentence:

"Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."

The target word is "breast" and it appears in the phrase "breast tumors."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=breast%1:08:01:: - "the front of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen" (chest) - this is a general anatomical reference
2. sense_key=breast%1:08:00:: - "either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman" (bosom, knocker, boob, tit, titty) - this is specifically about the mammary glands
3. sense_key=breast%1:13:00:: - "meat carved from the breast of a fowl" (white meat) - this is about food
4. sense_key=breast%1:05:00:: - "the part of an animal's body that corresponds to a person's chest" - this is about animals

In the context, we're discussing breast cancer/breast tumors. The passage is about cancer research and specifically mentions cancer in women ("may predispose women to the cancer").

When we talk about "breast cancer" or "breast tumors," we're referring to tumors in the mammary gland tissue of the breast. This is sense 2 - the milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman.

Sense 1 (chest/general front of trunk) is too general and wouldn't be specific enough for medical/cancer context.

Sense 3 is about meat/food, which is clearly not relevant.

Sense 4 is about animals, which is not relevant since we're talking about human breast cancer.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

In the context of genetics, "one copy of chromosome 17" refers to a single instance or version of that chromosome. Sense 2—"a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing"—best captures this meaning. Chromosomes exist in copies within cells, with each copy being structurally identical to the others of its type, matching the definition and examples provided for sense 2.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "copy" in the context provided.

The sentence in question is: "Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one <t>copy</t> of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies."

Here "copy" refers to one instance or version of chromosome 17 within a cell. In biological/genetic context, when we talk about "copies" of chromosomes, we're referring to the actual physical instances of that chromosome. Humans have two copies of most chromosomes (one from each parent).

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record | synonyms=transcript
   - This refers to a copy of a document/record. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
   - This is about something made to be similar or identical to another thing. This could potentially apply in a biological sense - a chromosome copy is similar/identical to another chromosome of the same type.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
   - This is about printed matter. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account
   - This is about journalistic content. Not applicable.

The most appropriate sense would be #2, which refers to "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." In the context of chromosomes, a "copy" of chromosome 17 is one instance of that chromosome, which is structurally identical/similar to other copies of the same chromosome.

Sense #2 captures the biological usage most accurately—it describes one of the structurally identical instances of a chromosome present in a cell.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spot
Target surface form: spot
Context:
The deletion Dr. Vogelstein found was in exactly the same spot as p53. But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place | examples=this is a nice place for a picnic; a bright spot on a planet
2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: | definition=a short section or illustration (as between radio or tv programs or in a magazine) that is often used for advertising
3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: | definition=an outstanding characteristic | synonyms=point | examples=his acting was one of the high points of the movie
4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: | definition=a blemish made by dirt | synonyms=smudge, blot, daub, smear, smirch, slur | examples=he had a smudge on his cheek
5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: | definition=a small contrasting part of something | synonyms=speckle, dapple, patch, fleck, maculation | examples=a bald spot; a leopard's spots
6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: | definition=a section of an entertainment that is assigned to a specific performer or performance | examples=they changed his spot on the program
7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: | definition=a business establishment for entertainment | examples=night spot
8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: | definition=a job in an organization | synonyms=position, post, berth, office, billet, place | examples=he occupied a post in the treasury
9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: | definition=a slight attack of illness | synonyms=touch | examples=he has a touch of rheumatism
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: | definition=a small piece or quantity of something | synonyms=bit | examples=a spot of tea; a bit of paper
11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark on a die or on a playing card (shape depending on the suit) | synonyms=pip
12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: | definition=a lamp that produces a strong beam of light to illuminate a restricted area; used to focus attention of a stage performer | synonyms=spotlight
13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: | definition=a playing card with a specified number of pips on it to indicate its value | examples=an eight-spot
14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: | definition=an act that brings discredit to the person who does it | synonyms=blot, smear, smirch, stain | examples=he made a huge blot on his copybook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "spot" in this context refers to a specific location on chromosome 17 where the p53 gene is situated. This matches sense 1, which defines "spot" as "a point located with respect to surface features of some region." In genomic terminology, a "spot" on a chromosome refers to a particular position or location on that genetic structure, analogous to a location marked on a geographic feature.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "spot" in this sentence:

"Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the <t>spot</t> where gene p53 lies."

The word "spot" here is being used in a scientific/genomic context to refer to a specific location on chromosome 17 where the p53 gene is located.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=spot%1:15:01:: | definition=a point located with respect to surface features of some region | synonyms=topographic point, place
   - This talks about "a point located with respect to surface features of some region". While this is about location, it seems more about geographic/topographic locations.

2. sense_key=spot%1:10:01:: - advertising spot (not relevant)

3. sense_key=spot%1:07:02:: - outstanding characteristic (not relevant)

4. sense_key=spot%1:07:00:: - blemish/dirt mark (not relevant)

5. sense_key=spot%1:07:01:: - small contrasting part (not relevant in this context)

6. sense_key=spot%1:10:00:: - section of entertainment (not relevant)

7. sense_key=spot%1:06:00:: - business establishment (not relevant)

8. sense_key=spot%1:04:01:: - job position (not relevant)

9. sense_key=spot%1:26:00:: - slight attack of illness (not relevant)
10. sense_key=spot%1:23:00:: - small piece or quantity (not relevant)

11. sense_key=spot%1:10:02:: - mark on die or card (not relevant)

12. sense_key=spot%1:06:01:: - spotlight lamp (not relevant)

13. sense_key=spot%1:06:02:: - playing card (not relevant)

14. sense_key=spot%1:04:00:: - act that brings discredit (not relevant)

The most relevant sense is **sense 1** - "a point located with respect to surface features of some region". In the genomic context, "spot" refers to a specific location or position on the chromosome where the mutation occurs.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists <t>say</t> that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The context shows scientists asserting or declaring a scientific claim about the relationship between the inherited p53 gene and breast cancer predisposition. This fits sense 2 "report or maintain" (synonyms: allege, aver), which captures the meaning of formally asserting or declaring a statement, similar to the example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war." The scientists are maintaining/asserting their findings, not simply expressing words (sense 1), supposing hypothetically (sense 3), or uttering speech (sense 8).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "say" in the sentence:

"The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

In this context, the scientists are making a statement or maintaining/asserting something about the relationship between the inherited gene and breast cancer predisposition. They are expressing a claim or assertion about scientific findings.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "express in words" - This is a basic sense where someone expresses something in words. The example "He said that he wanted to marry her" fits the pattern here.

2. "report or maintain" - This means to state or assert something, with synonyms "allege, aver". The example "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" fits this pattern.

3. "express a supposition" - This is about hypothetical statements like "Let us say that..."

4. "have or contain a certain wording" - This is about what text contains, not applicable here.

5. "give instructions" - Not applicable, the scientists are not giving orders.

6. "speak, pronounce" - About the way of pronouncing/speaking, not applicable.

7. "communicate nonverbally" - Not applicable.

8. "utter aloud" - Similar to 1 but emphasizing the utterance.

9. "state as one's opinion or judgement" - Declaration of opinion/judgment.

10. "recite or repeat a fixed text" - Not applicable.

11. "indicate" - Not applicable here.

In this context, the scientists are asserting or maintaining a scientific claim. Sense 2 "report or maintain" with synonyms "allege, aver" seems most appropriate. This is a formal assertion of a scientific claim, which fits the meaning of "maintain" or "aver" - to assert or declare something.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
But Mr. Levine had said the p53 gene caused cancer by promoting growth, whereas the Johns Hopkins scientists were looking for a gene that suppressed growth. Despite that, when the Johns Hopkins scientists compared the gene they had found in the human cancer cells with the Mr. Levine's p53 gene they found the two were identical; it turned out that in Mr. Levine's cancer studies, he had unknowingly been observing a damaged form of p53 -- a cancer-suppressing gene. The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer <t>often</t> strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "often" appears:

"The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer."

The word "often" here is modifying the verb "strikes" and indicates the frequency with which breast cancer strikes multiple members of certain families.

Let me examine the three senses:

1. "many times at short intervals" - examples: "we often met over a cup of coffee" - This suggests recurring actions at short intervals.

2. "frequently or in great quantities" - synonyms include "much, a great deal" - This seems to be about quantity/degree.

3. "in many cases or instances" - This suggests frequency across different cases or situations.

In the context "breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families," the word "often" is indicating that this pattern (striking multiple family members) happens frequently or in many cases/instances. It's not necessarily about short intervals between events, but rather about how frequently or in how many cases this pattern occurs.

This aligns best with sense 3: "in many cases or instances" - because it's saying that in many cases/instances, breast cancer strikes multiple members of the same family.

Actually, let me reconsider. "Often strikes" could mean "frequently strikes" which is more general frequency. Sense 1 is about "many times at short intervals" which is quite specific to temporal frequency at short intervals. Sense 3 is "in many cases or instances" which is about frequency across different cases.

The context is talking about the general frequency of breast cancer occurring in multiple family members - this is more about "in many cases" rather than "at short intervals." So sense 3 seems most appropriate.