[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing <t>only</t> in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "only" in this context means "exclusively" or "solely" - describing genetic deletions that exist "exclusively in benign polyps" (and not in malignant cells). This matches sense 2's definition "without any others being included or involved" with synonyms like "exclusively" and "solely."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "only" is used:

"They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing <t>only</t> in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

The word "only" here is modifying "in benign polyps" - it's saying that some genetic deletions exist "only" in benign polyps (and nowhere else, or not in malignant cells).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just, but) - This would mean "some existing merely in benign polyps" - not quite right
2. "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone) - This fits! "some existing exclusively in benign polyps" - meaning not in malignant cells
3. "with nevertheless the final result" - No, this doesn't fit the context
4. "in the final outcome" - No, not relevant
5. "except that" - No, doesn't fit
6. "never except when" (only if, only when) - No, doesn't fit
7. "as recently as" - No, doesn't fit

The best fit is sense 2: "without any others being included or involved" with synonyms "entirely, exclusively, solely, alone". This matches the meaning where "some existing only in benign polyps" means "some existing exclusively in benign polyps" - restricted to benign polyps only.

This is sense 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign <t>polyps</t>, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "polyps" and I need to choose between two senses:

1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: - "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" (synonyms: polypus)
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: - "one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth"

Looking at the context:
- The passage is about colon cancer
- It mentions "development of polyps in the bowel"
- It refers to "benign polyps" and "malignant cells"
- The polyps are described as something that can "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages"
- They are growths that develop in the bowel/colon

Sense 1 is clearly the correct one - polyps in the medical/anatomical context of colon cancer are growths on mucous membranes (in this case, the colon). The passage is discussing medical pathology, not marine biology or zoology.

Sense 2 refers to marine organisms (coelenterates like hydra or coral), which is completely irrelevant to the medical discussion of colon cancer and bowel growths.

The answer should be sense 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context is clearly about cancer research and genetic damage in living organisms. The passage discusses "malignant cells" in relation to chromosomes, genetic deletions, and cancer development. This is unambiguously referring to cells as the basic biological structural and functional units of organisms (sense 2), not as small compartments (sense 1), electrical devices (sense 3), prison rooms (sense 7), or any other non-biological meaning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "cells" in this passage about cancer research.

The passage is discussing Wilm's tumor and colon cancer research. The key sentence is: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant <t>cells</t> and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

In this context, "cells" is being discussed in relation to:
- Cancer research
- Genetic damage
- Polyps (which are growths in bowels)
- Malignant cells (cancerous cells)
- Chromosomes and genetic material

This is clearly referring to biological cells - the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "any small compartment" (like honeycomb cells) - too general
2. "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms" - This is the biological definition. In the context of cancer research, genetic damage, and polyps, this makes perfect sense.
3. "a device that delivers electric current" - No, not relevant
4. "a small unit serving as part of a larger political movement" - No, not relevant
5. "mobile telephone" - No, not relevant
6. "small room where monk/nun lives" - No, not relevant
7. "room where prisoner is kept" - No, not relevant

The context is clearly about biology and cancer research, discussing genetic damage in malignant cells. Sense 2 is the biological definition and is the best fit.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both <t>polyps</t> and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly discusses polyps in the bowel as precancerous or cancerous growths in the gastrointestinal system. This matches sense 1, which defines polyp as "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane." Sense 2 refers to marine coelenterates (like hydra and coral), which is irrelevant to the discussion of colon cancer development.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "polyps" in the context of colon cancer discussion.

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage discusses colon cancer
- It mentions "polyps in the bowel"
- It talks about "benign polyps" and how they develop before cancer
- The polyps are described in the context of cancer development in the gastrointestinal tract
- The passage discusses "genetic damage" occurring in "polyps and malignant cells"

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: - "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" - This is clearly a medical/biological sense referring to growths on mucous membranes, which would be found in the bowel.

2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: - "one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth" - This is a zoological sense referring to marine organisms like hydra and coral.

Given that the context is clearly about colon cancer, bowel polyps, and medical cancer development, the first sense (sense 1) is the correct one. The passage is discussing polyps as growths in the bowel that can potentially become cancerous, not marine organisms.

The answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant <t>cells</t>. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context is clearly discussing cancer research and genetic damage at the biological level. The passage refers to "malignant cells" in the context of studying chromosomal deletions and genetic damage in colon cancer development. This is unambiguously referring to cells as the basic structural and functional units of organisms in a biological context, not compartments, electrical devices, prison rooms, or any other meaning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "cells" appears in this text about cancer research.

The passage discusses:
- Research on cancer, specifically colon cancer and Wilm's tumor
- Chromosomal damage
- Polyps in the bowel
- Genetic deletions found in benign polyps and malignant cells

The phrase in question is: "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells."

This is clearly referring to biological cells - the basic structural and functional units of organisms that are being studied for genetic damage.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb - This is about compartments, not biological cells
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals - This is clearly the biological sense
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current - This is about electrical devices
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement - This is about political movements
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone - This is about mobile phones
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives - This is about rooms
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept - This is about prison rooms

Given the context is clearly about biology and cancer research, examining malignant cells for genetic damage, sense 2 is the correct answer.

In a cancer research context studying genetic mutations, the term refers to the fundamental biological units that would be examined for chromosomal abnormalities. The answer is sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: coherent
Target surface form: coherent
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a <t>coherent</t> picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=coherent%3:00:00:: | definition=marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts | synonyms=consistent, logical, ordered | examples=a coherent argument
2. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:rational:00 | definition=capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner | synonyms=logical, lucid | examples=a lucid thinker; she was more coherent than she had been just after the accident
3. sense_key=coherent%3:00:01:: | definition=(physics) of waves having a constant phase relation
4. sense_key=coherent%5:00:00:adhesive:00 | definition=sticking together | synonyms=tenacious | examples=two coherent sheets; tenacious burrs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The phrase "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged" describes how the confusing genetic data gradually came together into an orderly, logical, and consistent explanation. The researchers moved from observing a "confusing variety of genetic deletions" to understanding a unified, organized model of cancer progression. This matches Sense 1, which defines coherent as "marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts" with synonyms like consistent and logical. Senses 2, 3, and 4 are not appropriate: Sense 2 applies to persons' cognitive abilities, Sense 3 is a physics term unrelated to this context, and Sense 4 refers to physical adhesion.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "coherent" is being used.

The target word is "coherent" in the phrase "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."

Let me consider each sense:

1. **Sense 1**: "marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts" - synonyms: consistent, logical, ordered. Examples: "a coherent argument"
   - This refers to something that is logically organized and makes sense as a whole.

2. **Sense 2**: "capable of thinking and expressing yourself in a clear and consistent manner" - synonyms: logical, lucid. Examples: "a lucid thinker; she was more coherent than she had been just after the accident"
   - This refers to a person's ability to think or communicate clearly.

3. **Sense 3**: "(physics) of waves having a constant phase relation"
   - This is a technical physics term, not relevant here.

4. **Sense 4**: "sticking together" - synonyms: tenacious. Examples: "two coherent sheets; tenacious burrs"
   - This refers to physical adhesion.

In the context: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."

This is describing how the confusing variety of genetic deletions gradually came together to form an orderly, logical understanding (picture/model) of how cancer develops. The researchers had been confused by the data, but then "a coherent picture" emerged - meaning an organized, logical, consistent explanation of the cancer development process.

This clearly matches **Sense 1**: "marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts" with synonyms "consistent, logical, ordered" and the example "a coherent argument."

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: picture
Target surface form: picture
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent <t>picture</t> of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=picture%1:06:00:: | definition=a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface | synonyms=image, icon, ikon | examples=they showed us the pictures of their wedding; a movie is a series of images projected so rapidly that the eye integrates them
2. sense_key=picture%1:06:01:: | definition=graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface | synonyms=painting | examples=a small painting by Picasso; he bought the painting as an investment
3. sense_key=picture%1:09:00:: | definition=a clear and telling mental image | synonyms=mental picture, impression | examples=he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world
4. sense_key=picture%1:26:00:: | definition=a situation treated as an observable object | synonyms=scene | examples=the political picture is favorable; the religious scene in England has changed in the last century
5. sense_key=picture%1:10:00:: | definition=illustrations used to decorate or explain a text | synonyms=pictorial matter | examples=the dictionary had many pictures
6. sense_key=picture%1:10:02:: | definition=a form of entertainment that enacts a story by sound and a sequence of images giving the illusion of continuous movement | synonyms=movie, film, moving picture, moving-picture show, motion picture, motion-picture show | examples=they went to a movie every Saturday night; the film was shot on location
7. sense_key=picture%1:10:01:: | definition=the visible part of a television transmission | synonyms=video | examples=they could still receive the sound but the picture was gone
8. sense_key=picture%1:10:03:: | definition=a graphic or vivid verbal description | synonyms=word picture, word-painting, delineation, depiction, characterization, characterisation | examples=too often the narrative was interrupted by long word pictures; the author gives a depressing picture of life in Poland
9. sense_key=picture%1:09:01:: | definition=a typical example of some state or quality | examples=the very picture of a modern general; she was the picture of despair
10. sense_key=picture%1:06:02:: | definition=a representation of a person or scene in the form of a print or transparent slide; recorded by a camera on light-sensitive material | synonyms=photograph, photo, exposure, pic

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 3}

The passage describes how Dr. Vogelstein and his colleagues gradually developed a coherent understanding of how cancer develops through genetic damage. The phrase "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged" refers to a clear mental image or conceptual understanding, not a physical visual representation. This matches sense 3, which defines "picture" as "a clear and telling mental image" with synonyms like "mental picture" and examples of gaining understanding ("he had no clear picture of himself or his world").

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "picture" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."

Looking at the context:
- Dr. Vogelstein and colleagues were investigating genetic damage in colon cancer
- They were uncovering genetic deletions and patterns
- They were gradually understanding how the disease develops
- "A coherent picture of cancer development emerged" means they were forming a clear understanding/conceptualization of how cancer develops

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. A visual representation (image, icon) - This is about physical visual representations like photos or drawings
2. A painting - specifically artistic paintings
3. A clear and telling mental image - This is about a mental understanding or conception
4. A situation treated as an observable object (scene) - about a situation
5. Illustrations used to decorate/explain text - about decorative images
6. A form of entertainment (movie) - about films/movies
7. The visible part of a television transmission - about TV signal
8. A graphic or vivid verbal description - about descriptions using words
9. A typical example of some state or quality - about exemplars
10. A photograph - about photographs

In context, "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged" means they developed a clear understanding or mental image of how cancer develops. This is not a physical image, painting, or photograph. It's about gaining a clear mental understanding.

Sense 3 "a clear and telling mental image" with synonyms "mental picture, impression" and examples like "he described his mental picture of his assailant; he had no clear picture of himself or his world" fits perfectly.

The answer should be sense index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of <t>cancer</t> development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The passage is clearly discussing cancer as a medical disease. The context includes references to "colon cancer," "malignant cells," "genetic damage," and the progression of polyps into malignant growths. This matches the first sense, which defines cancer as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division." The other senses (astrology signs, zodiacal constellation, and genus of crabs) are completely inconsistent with the medical/biological context of the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "cancer" in this passage.

The passage is about Dr. Vogelstein's research on colon cancer. It discusses:
- Colon cancer as a "cancer killer"
- How colon cancer develops in stages
- Polyps that become malignant
- Genetic damage
- Benign polyps vs malignant cells
- Cancer development

The target sentence is: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged."

This is clearly referring to the disease cancer - specifically the development of the disease characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division that can be malignant.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" - This is clearly the medical/biological sense referring to the disease.

2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - "a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - This is an astrology sense referring to people born under the zodiac sign.

3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini" - This is about the constellation.

4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - "the fourth sign of the zodiac" - This is about the zodiac sign.

5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - "type genus of the family Cancridae" - This is about a genus of crabs.

Given the medical context discussing colon cancer, genetic damage, malignant cells, and polyps, sense 1 is clearly the correct answer. This is the medical definition of cancer as a disease caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.
The sense index for sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer <t>development</t> emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context emphasizes how colon cancer "often seems to develop in stages" and progresses "from less severe to deadly" through "identifiable stages." The target phrase "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged" refers to understanding how cancer passes through sequential stages of progression, which aligns with sense 2: "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)." The discussion of cascading genetic damage and stage-by-stage malignancy progression supports this interpretation rather than the broader biological growth concept of sense 3.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The passage is about Dr. Vogelstein studying colon cancer development. The key sentence is: "Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer <t>development</t> emerged."

The context discusses how colon cancer "often seems to develop in stages" and how polyps can "progress from less severe to deadly" with "a cascade of genetic damage." The paragraph is about understanding how cancer progresses through stages - from benign polyps to increasingly malignant conditions.

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: - "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining" - This is about improvement/expansion. Not quite right.

2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: - "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" - This emphasizes progression through stages. This could work given the discussion of cancer progressing through stages.

3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: - "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically" - This is about biological development/growth of organisms. This could fit since we're talking about biological cancer development.

4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: - "a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation" - Not relevant here.

5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: - "the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful" - Not relevant.

6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: - "a district that has been developed to serve some purpose" - Not relevant.

7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: - "a state in which things are improving" - Not quite right for this context.
The remaining senses about photographic processing, musical composition, and recent events don't apply here. The core issue is distinguishing between biological growth and staged progression. Since the passage emphasizes cancer moving through identifiable stages rather than just organic growth, sense 2 about "passing by degrees to a different stage" aligns better with the text's focus on how cancer advances through distinct phases.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emerge
Target surface form: emerged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development <t>emerged</t>. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emerge%2:30:00:: | definition=come out into view, as from concealment | examples=Suddenly, the proprietor emerged from his office
2. sense_key=emerge%2:30:02:: | definition=come out of | synonyms=issue, come out, come forth, go forth, egress | examples=Water issued from the hole in the wall; The words seemed to come out by themselves
3. sense_key=emerge%2:30:01:: | definition=become known or apparent | examples=Some nice results emerged from the study
4. sense_key=emerge%2:38:00:: | definition=come up to the surface of or rise | examples=He felt new emotions emerge
5. sense_key=emerge%2:42:00:: | definition=happen or occur as a result of something | synonyms=come forth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The phrase "a coherent picture of cancer development emerged" describes how a clear understanding or pattern became known and apparent through the scientists' research. This directly corresponds to sense 3: "become known or apparent," which is exemplified by the nearly parallel phrase "Some nice results emerged from the study."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "emerged" is used:

"Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development <t>emerged</t>."

This is talking about how a clear understanding or picture of cancer development gradually became known or apparent. The scientists were conducting research and gradually discovering patterns, and from their findings, a coherent picture became visible/apparent to them.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "come out into view, as from concealment" - This is about physical emergence from hiding, like "the proprietor emerged from his office". Not applicable here.

2. "come out of" - This is about coming out from something (water issued from a hole). Not really applicable - the picture isn't coming out from somewhere.

3. "become known or apparent" - This seems very fitting. The example is "Some nice results emerged from the study" which is very similar to our context. A coherent picture gradually became apparent/known from their research.

4. "come up to the surface of or rise" - This is more about physical rising. The example "new emotions emerge" suggests internal feelings becoming apparent, but this still seems less precise than sense 3.

5. "happen or occur as a result of something" - This is about something resulting from something, but doesn't emphasize the "becoming known/apparent" aspect as much.

The best fit is clearly sense 3: "become known or apparent" with the example "Some nice results emerged from the study" which directly parallels our sentence about a coherent picture emerging from their research findings.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both <t>copies</t> of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

In this genetic context, "copies" refers to multiple instances of the same gene that an organism possesses. This matches sense 2, which defines copy as "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." Gene copies are indeed identical or near-identical duplicates of the genetic sequence, making this the appropriate sense rather than the other options which relate to printed documents or journalistic material.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "copies" in this sentence:

"If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."

The context is about genetics and DNA. "Copies" here refers to duplicates or multiple instances of the same gene. In genetics, organisms typically have two copies of most genes (one from each parent).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: - a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
   - This is about reproducing written records, not relevant to genes

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: - a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
   - This is about something made to be similar/identical to another thing. This fits well - gene copies are indeed similar/identical to each other (they're duplicates of the same genetic sequence)

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: - matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
   - This is about text/print material, not relevant to genes

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: - material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
   - This is about journalistic material, not relevant to genes

The best fit is sense 2 (sense_key=copy%1:06:00::). Gene copies are literally identical or near-identical copies of the same genetic sequence - they are "things made to be similar or identical to another thing." This is the most natural interpretation in the genetic context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: certain
Target surface form: certain
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a <t>certain</t> gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:definite:00 | definition=definite but not specified or identified | examples=set aside a certain sum each week; to a certain degree
2. sense_key=certain%3:00:02:: | definition=having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured | synonyms=sure | examples=felt certain of success; was sure (or certain) she had seen it
3. sense_key=certain%3:00:01:: | definition=established beyond doubt or question; definitely known | examples=what is certain is that every effect must have a cause; it is certain that they were on the bus
4. sense_key=certain%3:00:03:: | definition=certain to occur; destined or inevitable; ; ; - Benjamin Franklin | synonyms=sure | examples=he was certain to fail; his fate is certain
5. sense_key=certain%3:00:05:: | definition=established irrevocably | synonyms=sealed | examples=his fate is sealed
6. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:reliable:00 | definition=reliable in operation or effect | synonyms=sure | examples=a quick and certain remedy; a sure way to distinguish the two
7. sense_key=certain%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance | synonyms=sure | examples=be certain to disconnect the iron when you are through; be sure to lock the doors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "a certain gene" refers to a specific, definite gene whose identity is not explicitly specified or identified in the text. This matches sense 1 ("definite but not specified or identified"), which is used similarly in the example "set aside a certain sum each week." The context shows researchers have identified that a particular gene plays a role in cancer progression, but they are not naming or identifying which specific gene it is at this point in the narrative.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target word is "certain" in: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."

The context is about cancer research and genetic deletions. The phrase "a certain gene" is being used to refer to a specific but unidentified gene. It's not saying we know which gene it is, but rather referring to some particular gene that plays a role in the genetic cascade of cancer development.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "definite but not specified or identified" - set aside a certain sum each week - THIS FITS! It's referring to a definite gene, but it's not specified which one specifically.

2. "having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty; confident and assured" - felt certain of success - This is about personal confidence, not applicable here.

3. "established beyond doubt or question; definitely known" - what is certain is that every effect must have a cause - This is about something being known/established, not just unspecified.

4. "certain to occur; destined or inevitable" - he was certain to fail - This is about inevitability of an event, not applicable.

5. "established irrevocably" - his fate is sealed - Not applicable.

6. "reliable in operation or effect" - a quick and certain remedy - Not applicable here.

7. "exercising or taking care great enough to bring assurance" - be certain to disconnect - Not applicable, though this is also about care/assurance.

The best match is sense 1: "definite but not specified or identified." In the text, "a certain gene" refers to a definite, specific gene (because it's singular and we're talking about a particular one in the genetic cascade) but it's not identified or specified which one it is. The example "set aside a certain sum each week" is very similar - you're setting aside a definite amount but it's not specified exactly how much.
Sense 1 is the answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: knock_out
Target surface form: knocked out
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were <t>knocked out</t>, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:01:: | definition=eliminate | examples=knock out a target
2. sense_key=knock_out%2:35:00:: | definition=knock unconscious or senseless | synonyms=knock cold, kayo | examples=the boxing champion knocked out his opponent in a few seconds
3. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:00:: | definition=destroy or break forcefully | examples=The windows were knocked out
4. sense_key=knock_out%2:37:00:: | definition=overwhelm with admiration | examples=All the guys were knocked out by her charm
5. sense_key=knock_out%2:30:02:: | definition=empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out | examples=knocked out a pipe

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is discussing genetic mutations in cancer development. The phrase "both copies of a certain gene were knocked out" refers to eliminating or disabling gene function through genetic damage or mutation. This matches sense 1 "eliminate," which is the appropriate scientific/technical usage of "knock out" in genetics.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "knocked out" in this sentence:

"If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."

This is from a scientific/medical context discussing cancer development and genetic mutations. The phrase "knocked out" is being used in a biological/genetic sense.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "eliminate" - This could fit in a general sense, as knocking out genes means eliminating them.
2. "knock unconscious or senseless" - This is about boxing/physical action, clearly not applicable here.
3. "destroy or break forcefully" - This is about physical destruction (windows), not genetic elimination.
4. "overwhelm with admiration" - This is about emotional impact, not applicable.
5. "empty (as of tobacco) by knocking out" - This is about emptying a pipe, not applicable.

In the genetic context, "knocked out" refers to disabling or eliminating gene function. Sense 1 "eliminate" is the most appropriate, as it means to remove or get rid of something. This aligns with the scientific terminology where "gene knockout" means disabling or eliminating the function of a gene.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign <t>polyps</t> would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to polyps in the colon/bowel as medical growths associated with cancer development. The passage discusses "benign polyps" that "progress to malignancy" in the context of genetic damage and cancer formation. This corresponds to the medical definition of polyps as small vascular growths on the surface of mucous membranes. The second sense refers to marine organisms (coelenterates), which is entirely irrelevant to this medical/oncological context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "polyps" is being used.

The context is about colon cancer development:
- "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel"
- "They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps"
- "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop"
- "the polyps would progress to malignancy"

This is clearly referring to polyps in the medical/biological context of the human body, specifically in the colon/bowel. The passage discusses genetic damage and how these growths can become cancerous.

Now let's look at the two senses:

1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: - "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" | synonyms=polypus
   - This is a medical term referring to growths on mucous membranes (like in the colon)
   - This matches the context perfectly

2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: - "one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral)"
   - This is a zoological term referring to the body form of marine animals
   - This does NOT match the context at all

The context is clearly about human medical pathology (colon cancer), not marine biology. The passage talks about polyps in the bowel developing from genetic damage, which is the medical sense.

The answer should be sense 1 (the medical sense about vascular growths on mucous membranes).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would <t>develop</t>. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context describes benign polyps forming as a result of genetic damage ("If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop"). This uses "develop" in the sense of something coming into existence or arising from certain conditions. Sense 5 best captures this meaning with its definition "come into existence; take on form or shape" and synonyms like "originate, arise, rise, spring up" which align with polyps emerging from genetic changes.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "develop" is being used here.

The sentence is: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."

In this context, the sentence is talking about what happens as a result of genetic damage - benign polyps would form or come into existence. This is about something coming into existence or arising from certain conditions.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "make something new" - This is about creating or inventing something intentionally
2. "work out" - This is about evolving or germinating ideas
3. "gain through experience" - This is about acquiring skills or attitudes
4. "come to have or undergo a change" - This is about acquiring physical features/attributes over time
5. "come into existence; take on form or shape" - This is about originating, arising from conditions. This fits well with "benign polyps would develop" as they come into existence due to genetic damage.
6. "change the use of and make available" - This is about land development
7. "elaborate, as of theories" - This is about working out ideas in detail
8. "create by training and teaching" - This is about education
9. "be gradually disclosed or unfolded" - This is about something unfolding/becoming manifest
10. "grow, progress, unfold through evolution" - This is about natural growth and progression
11. "become technologically advanced" - This is about modernization
12. "cause to grow and differentiate" - This is about cultivating growth
13. "generate gradually" - This is about generating customers or markets
14. "grow emotionally or mature" - This is about emotional growth
15. "make visible by chemical solutions" - This is about photography
16. Geometric definition
17-19. Chess/music definitions
20. "happen" - This is about something occurring/happening
21. Mathematical expansion

The polyps form as a consequence of the genetic mutation, which points to sense 5 - they originate and take shape due to specific conditions. While sense 10 captures the growth aspect, sense 5 more directly addresses the "coming into existence" quality that best matches the biological context here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both <t>copies</t> of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "copies" is being used.

The context is about genetic research on cancer development. Specifically, it mentions:
"If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

Here, "copies" refers to duplicate versions of genes in the genetic material. This is about the number of gene variants someone has (in genetics, we typically have two copies of each gene - one from each parent).

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: - "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" - This is about transcripts and written records. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" with examples like "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor" - This is about making reproductions of something. In genetic terms, "copies of a gene" refers to the duplicate genetic sequences that individuals possess. This could fit - the gene copies are duplicates of the same genetic information.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: - "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" - This is about text/written content for printing. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: - "material suitable for a journalistic account" - This is about journalistic material. Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 2. In the genetic context, "copies of a gene" refers to the number of duplicate versions of that gene that are present. The definition "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" captures this - gene copies are similar/identical versions of the genetic information. The examples about clones being copies of ancestors also relate to genetic copying.
Sense 2 is the correct answer—it's the only definition that aligns with how "copies" functions in this genetic context, describing the duplicate gene variants present in an organism.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: second
Target surface form: second
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a <t>second</t> gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=second%5:00:00:ordinal:00 | definition=coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude | synonyms=2nd, 2d
2. sense_key=second%3:00:00:: | definition=a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first | examples=second flute; the second violins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "second" is being used.

The sentence is: "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

In this context, "second" is being used to refer to another gene that comes after the first one mentioned. It's indicating a sequence or ordering - first one gene is deleted, then a second gene is deleted.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "coming next after the first in position in space or time or degree or magnitude" - This is the ordinal sense, meaning it comes after the first in sequence/position. Synonyms: 2nd, 2d.

2. Sense 2: "a part or voice or instrument or orchestra section lower in pitch than or subordinate to the first" - This is referring to a musical or hierarchical subordinate sense.

In the given context, "second gene" clearly means the gene that comes after the first one in the sequence being discussed - it's an ordinal usage indicating the second in a series (first gene, second gene). This matches sense 1 perfectly.

Sense 2 is about musical or hierarchical subordination, which doesn't apply here at all.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: then
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "then" appears in a conditional statement: "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy." This follows the classic "if...then" structure where "then" introduces the consequence or result of the condition. This matches sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence," which is exemplified by structures like "if he didn't take it, then who did?"

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine which sense of "then" is being used.

The sentence is: "If both copies of a second gene were <t>then</t> deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

Let me consider each sense:

1. Sense 1: "subsequently or soon afterward" - This is used as a sequential connectors (then he left; go left first, then right). In the context, "then deleted" could mean "subsequently deleted" - indicating something happening after the first condition. This makes sense in a sequential/conditional context.

2. Sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence" - This is used in conditional statements (if he didn't take it, then who did?). The sentence is an "if...then" statement, which is a classic conditional structure. Here "then" indicates what follows as a consequence of the condition.

3. Sense 3: "at that time" - This refers to a specific point in time (I was young then; prices were lower back then). This doesn't seem to fit here since we're not talking about a specific time point.

Looking at the sentence structure: "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

This is clearly a conditional statement where "then" introduces the consequence or result of the condition. The sentence structure is "If X, then Y" - which is the classic use of "then" as sense 2: "in that case or as a consequence."

The example "if he didn't take it, then who did?" is very similar in structure to our sentence. Both are if-then conditional statements.

So the best answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: delete
Target surface form: deleted
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then <t>deleted</t>, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=delete%2:35:00:: | definition=remove or make invisible | synonyms=cancel | examples=Please delete my name from your list
2. sense_key=delete%2:32:00:: | definition=wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information | synonyms=erase | examples=Who erased the files form my hard disk?
3. sense_key=delete%2:30:00:: | definition=cut or eliminate | synonyms=edit, blue-pencil | examples=she edited the juiciest scenes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes genetic deletions where genes are being eliminated or removed from chromosomes as part of cancer development. The sense "cut or eliminate" (sense 3) is most appropriate for this biological context, where genes are being lost or eliminated through genetic damage, rather than removing items from a list (sense 1) or erasing digital data (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "deleted" is being used.

The context is about genetic research where Dr. Vogelstein and Eric Fearon are studying cancer development. They found that:
- If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop
- If both copies of a second gene were then "deleted", the polyps would progress to malignancy

Looking at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=delete%2:35:00:: - "remove or make invisible" with synonym "cancel" and example about removing a name from a list. This is about removing something from a list or record.

2. sense_key=delete%2:32:00:: - "wipe out digitally or magnetically recorded information" with synonym "erase" and example about erasing files from a hard disk. This is specifically about digital/magnetic data.

3. sense_key=delete%2:30:00:: - "cut or eliminate" with synonyms "edit, blue-pencil" and examples about editing scenes. This is about removing/cutting out content.

In the genetic context, "deleted" refers to genes being removed or eliminated. The genes are being "knocked out" or removed from the chromosome. This is not about digital data (sense 2), nor is it about removing something from a list (sense 1).

Sense 3 "cut or eliminate" with the definition of cutting or eliminating seems most appropriate for the biological context where genes are being eliminated/removed. The synonyms "edit, blue-pencil" and the metaphor of cutting out scenes aligns with the idea of genes being eliminated.

The answer should be sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the <t>polyps</t> would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to polyps in the bowel developing into malignant colon cancer. This is a medical context describing abnormal growths on the mucous membrane lining of the bowel, which matches sense 1: "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane." Sense 2 refers to marine organisms (coelenterates), which is irrelevant to this discussion of colorectal cancer development.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "polyp" is being used.

The context is about:
- Polyps in the bowel
- Development of polyps that can become increasingly malignant
- Genetic damage in polyps
- Benign polyps developing when certain genes are knocked out
- Polyps progressing to malignancy in colon cancer

This is clearly referring to medical/biological polyps, not the zoological sense.

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: - "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" - This is the medical definition. This refers to growths that develop on the inside of the colon/bowel.

2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: - "one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth" - This is the zoological definition referring to marine organisms.

The context is clearly discussing polyps in the bowel in relation to colon cancer development. This is a medical context about growths on mucous membranes (the lining of the bowel), not about coelenterates (marine organisms).

The answer is sense 1, which corresponds to the medical definition of polyps as abnormal growths on mucous membranes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: malignancy
Target surface form: malignancy
Context:
It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to <t>malignancy</t>. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: | definition=(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death | synonyms=malignance
2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: | definition=quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will | synonyms=malignity, malignance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is explicitly medical/scientific, discussing cancer development, genetic damage, and the progression of polyps toward malignant tumors. The passage describes malignancy as a progressive state that develops through genetic damage—matching the medical definition of "(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death." Sense 2, which refers to moral evil or intense ill will, is entirely irrelevant to this cancer biology context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "malignancy" is being used.

The context is about cancer development, specifically colon cancer. The passage discusses:
- Polyps in the bowel
- Genetic damage
- Progression from benign polyps to malignant cells
- A cascade of genetic damage
- Gene deletions affecting polyps and cancer development

The target sentence is: "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=malignancy%1:26:00:: - "(medicine) a malignant state; progressive and resistant to treatment and tending to cause death" with synonym "malignance"

2. sense_key=malignancy%1:07:00:: - "quality of being disposed to evil; intense ill will" with synonyms "malignity, malignance"

The context is clearly medical/scientific. The passage discusses cancer development, polyps, genetic damage, and the progression toward cancer. The word "malignancy" is used in the medical context to describe the state or condition of cancer/malignant tumors.

Sense 1 fits perfectly because:
- It's the medical sense
- It refers to a malignant state (progressive disease)
- The context is about cancer development
- The passage discusses the progression from benign polyps to cancer (which would be malignancy)

Sense 2 is about moral/ethical evil and intense ill will, which is completely unrelated to this medical context.

The answer is clearly sense 1.

Looking at the format of the sense key: malignancy%1:26:00:: indicates sense 1 (the first indexed sense), and malignancy%1:07:00:: indicates sense 2 (the second indexed sense).
So the sense_index should be 1.