[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: clear
Target surface form: clear
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was <t>clear</t> that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=clear%3:00:00:: | definition=readily apparent to the mind | examples=a clear and present danger; a clear explanation
2. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:clearheaded:00 | definition=free from confusion or doubt | examples=a complex problem requiring a clear head; not clear about what is expected of us
3. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unobstructed:00 | definition=affording free passage or view | synonyms=open | examples=a clear view; a clear path to victory
4. sense_key=clear%3:00:02:: | definition=allowing light to pass through | examples=clear water; clear plastic bags
5. sense_key=clear%5:00:02:free:00 | definition=free from contact or proximity or connection | examples=we were clear of the danger; the ship was clear of the reef
6. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:untroubled:00 | definition=characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt) | examples=a clear conscience; regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes
7. sense_key=clear%5:00:01:pure:02 | definition=(of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims | synonyms=clean, light, unclouded | examples=efforts to obtain a clean bass in orchestral recordings; clear laughter like a waterfall
8. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unencumbered:00 | definition=(especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law | synonyms=unmortgaged | examples=I have clear title to this property
9. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:distinct:00 | definition=clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible | synonyms=clean-cut, clear-cut | examples=as clear as a whistle; clear footprints in the snow
10. sense_key=clear%3:00:04:: | definition=accurately stated or described | synonyms=well-defined | examples=a set of well-defined values
11. sense_key=clear%3:00:03:: | definition=free from clouds or mist or haze | examples=on a clear day
12. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:unqualified:02 | definition=free of restrictions or qualifications | synonyms=clean | examples=a clean bill of health; a clear winner
13. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:perfect:00 | definition=free from flaw or blemish or impurity | examples=a clear perfect diamond; the clear complexion of a healthy young woman
14. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:net:00 | definition=clear of charges or deductions | examples=a clear profit
15. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:legible:00 | definition=easily deciphered | synonyms=decipherable, readable
16. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:innocent:00 | definition=freed from any question of guilt | synonyms=absolved, cleared, exculpated, exonerated, vindicated | examples=is absolved from all blame; was now clear of the charge of cowardice
17. sense_key=clear%5:00:00:discerning:00 | definition=characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving | synonyms=percipient | examples=clear mind; a percipient author

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The sentence "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop" uses "clear" to mean something is readily apparent or obvious to the mind. This matches sense 1 ("readily apparent to the mind") with its examples of "a clear and present danger" and "a clear explanation," where "clear" conveys the meaning of being manifest or evident.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "clear" in this sentence:

"It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."

In this context, "clear" means something is obvious, evident, or readily apparent. The sentence is stating that it became apparent/obvious to the researchers that more than one gene had to be damaged.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "readily apparent to the mind" - definition about clarity of understanding - YES, this fits well. "It was clear that..." means "It was apparent/obvious that..."

2. "free from confusion or doubt" - could apply, but this is more about being certain/confident

3. "affording free passage or view" - physical unobstructedness, doesn't fit

4. "allowing light to pass through" - about transparency, doesn't fit

5. "free from contact or proximity" - physical separation, doesn't fit

6. "characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts" - moral/emotional clarity, doesn't fit

7. "(of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims" - sensory clarity, doesn't fit

8. "free from any encumbrance" - legal/property term, doesn't fit

9. "clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible" - about physical perception

10. "accurately stated or described" - could fit, but definition is about statements themselves

11. "free from clouds or mist or haze" - weather/visibility, doesn't fit

12. "free of restrictions or qualifications" - doesn't fit the context

13. "free from flaw or blemish" - purity, doesn't fit

14. "clear of charges or deductions" - financial term, doesn't fit

15. "easily deciphered" - readability, doesn't fit
The remaining senses—legal innocence, mental quickness—don't apply here. Sense 1 is the clear match, as it captures the meaning of "It was readily apparent/obvious" that multiple genes required damage for colon cancer development.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be <t>damaged</t> for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes genes that "had to be damaged" in the passive voice, referring to the genes undergoing or suffering damage/harm. This aligns with sense 2, which captures the state of being damaged or susceptible to damage. While sense 1 represents the transitive active form ("inflict damage upon"), the passive construction in this scientific context emphasizes the genes themselves experiencing the damage, which corresponds to sense 2's definition of "suffer or be susceptible to damage."

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "damaged" is being used.

The sentence is: "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
   - This means to cause harm or injury to something
   - Active sense - someone/something causes damage to something else

2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily
   - This means to be damaged, to undergo damage, to be susceptible to damage
   - Passive or reflexive sense - the object itself receives damage

In the context: "more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop"

The genes are the subject and they "had to be damaged" - this is passive voice. The genes are receiving damage (possibly from mutations or other genetic changes). This is describing the state or condition of the genes being damaged, not an active causation of damage.

Sense 2 seems more appropriate because it describes the state of being damaged or susceptible to damage. The fine china cups in the example "damage easily" shows susceptibility - similarly, the genes are described as being "damaged."

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider. In "The snow damaged the roof" - damage is used as a transitive verb. In "These fine china cups damage easily" - this is more like an intransitive or reflexive use where the object itself is susceptible.

In the target sentence "more than one gene had to be damaged" - this is passive voice. But which sense does passive voice correspond to?

The first sense "inflict damage upon" is the transitive use.
The second sense "suffer or be susceptible to damage" is the intransitive/reflexive use.

The passive voice "had to be damaged" corresponds to the transitive sense becoming passive. So actually sense 1 might be correct, just in passive voice form.
But in this biological context, the second sense better captures what's happening—the genes are undergoing damage rather than being actively damaged by an external agent. Sense 2 is the stronger choice.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage. They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to <t>develop</t>. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

This sense best captures the meaning in context. The passage describes how polyps and colon cancer gradually emerge and unfold through a natural process of genetic damage accumulation. The phrase "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation" perfectly matches how the genetic changes lead to the development of cancerous cells. The example "A flower developed on the branch" similarly illustrates a biological process unfolding over time, analogous to how cancer develops through sequential genetic mutations.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "develop" in this passage.

The context is about cancer development. Specifically, the passage discusses:
1. "If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop."
2. "If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy."
3. "It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop."

In these sentences, "develop" means the polyps and cancer come into existence or emerge as a result of genetic changes. It's describing a process where something (polyps, cancer) comes to exist or takes shape.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

- Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - This fits well because polyps develop through genetic changes
- Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - This also fits, suggesting something originates
- Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - This could work as polyps/cancer are physical manifestations
- Sense 20: "happen" - Too generic
- Sense 30: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment"

Sense 10 seems most appropriate. It emphasizes the natural growth and unfolding process that occurs as genetic damage accumulates. The passage is describing how cancer develops through a sequence of genetic changes - exactly the kind of natural developmental process this sense describes.

Sense 5 is about coming into existence, which is closer to the momentary creation, whereas "develop" here emphasizes the gradual unfolding process.

I believe Sense 10 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: report
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their <t>report</t> galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes molecular biologists' scientific findings on genetic deletions and cancer development. The phrase "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists" refers to a written scientific document presenting research findings. This matches sense 1 (a written document describing the findings of some individual or group), which emphasizes the formal, documented nature of their research results that other scientists needed as "confirming evidence."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "report" is being used.

The context discusses molecular biologists' work on genetic deletions and cancer development. The sentence states: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists."

This "report" refers to their scientific work/findings that they have written down and shared with others. Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. A written document describing the findings of some individual or group (study, written report) - examples: "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"

2. The act of informing by verbal report (account) - examples: "he heard reports that they were causing trouble"

3. A short account of the news (news report, story) - examples: "the report of his speech"

4. A sharp explosive sound (gun firing) - clearly not relevant here

5. A written evaluation of a student's scholarship (report card) - not relevant

6. An essay/composition written as an assignment - not relevant

7. General estimation/reputation - not relevant here

The key context clues are:
- "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists" - this suggests a written scientific document
- The scientists are presenting their findings on cancer development
- This is clearly a scientific research finding, not casual information or gossip
- The report is described as providing "confirming evidence" about gene losses

The most appropriate sense is #1 (sense_key=report%1:10:03::) - "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with synonyms "study, written report". This fits perfectly with the context of molecular biologists publishing their research findings.

Sense #2 could work in some contexts, but this is clearly about a written document, not just verbal information.
Sense #3 is about news reporting, not scientific research publication.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: galvanize
Target surface form: galvanized
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report <t>galvanized</t> other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=galvanize%2:37:00:: | definition=to stimulate to action | synonyms=startle, galvanise | examples=..startled him awake; galvanized into action
2. sense_key=galvanize%2:35:00:: | definition=cover with zinc | synonyms=galvanise | examples=galvanize steel
3. sense_key=galvanize%2:29:02:: | definition=stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock | synonyms=galvanise

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context indicates that the report "stimulated" or "motivated" other molecular biologists into action. This matches sense 1: "to stimulate to action," where the report galvanized (energized and prompted response from) the research community. The other senses—covering with zinc (sense 2) and applying electrical shocks to muscles (sense 3)—are clearly inappropriate for this scientific research context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence says: "Their report galvanized other molecular biologists."

Looking at the three candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "to stimulate to action" with synonyms "startle, galvanise" and examples "startled him awake; galvanized into action"
   - This definition fits the context well. The report stimulated/motivated the molecular biologists to action.

2. Sense 2: "cover with zinc" with synonyms "galvanise" and examples "galvanize steel"
   - This is clearly a technical/chemical meaning and doesn't fit the context at all. We're talking about a scientific report affecting biologists, not a chemical coating.

3. Sense 3: "stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock" with synonyms "galvanise"
   - This is a physiological/medical meaning about stimulating muscles with electrical shocks. This doesn't fit the context either.

The context clearly shows that the report motivated or stimulated the other molecular biologists to take action or become excited about the research. This is a metaphorical use of "galvanize" meaning to stimulate or energize into action.

Sense 1 is the best fit: "to stimulate to action" - this perfectly captures how the report energized and motivated other researchers.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
They began uncovering a confusing variety of genetic deletions, some existing only in benign polyps, others in malignant cells and many in both polyps and malignant cells. Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized <t>other</t> molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In this context, "other molecular biologists" refers to molecular biologists who are not the ones already mentioned (the researchers whose report is being discussed). The word "other" means "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied," which directly matches sense 1. This is a straightforward use of "other" to indicate additional or different members of the same category.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "other" in this sentence:

"Their report galvanized other molecular biologists."

In this context, "other" is referring to molecular biologists who are not the ones previously mentioned (the researchers uncovering the genetic deletions). It's being used to mean "different people" or "additional people" - essentially "other molecular biologists" means additional/different molecular biologists from those already mentioned.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: - "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" with examples like "today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works". This fits the context - it means "different" or "additional" molecular biologists.

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 - "recently past" (e.g., "the other evening"). This doesn't fit the context at all.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 - "belonging to the distant past" (synonyms: early, former). This also doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 - "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected". This doesn't fit either.

The best sense is clearly sense 1, which defines "other" as "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - this is the straightforward meaning of "other" in the sentence referring to molecular biologists who are different from (or in addition to) those already mentioned.

So the answer is: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: confirming
Target surface form: confirming
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the <t>confirming</t> evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=confirming%3:00:02:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=positive | examples=a positive pregnancy test
2. sense_key=confirming%5:00:00:supportive:00 | definition=serving to support or corroborate | synonyms=collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating | examples=collateral evidence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "confirming" in this context means the evidence serves to support or corroborate the hypothesis that gene losses are critical to cancer development. The passage describes how the experimental findings validated the theory about genetic mechanisms in tumor development. This aligns with sense 2: "serving to support or corroborate," which matches the synonyms "confirmatory" and "corroborative" for supporting scientific evidence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "confirming" to determine which sense is intended.

The context sentence is:
"It was the <t>confirming</t> evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor"

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen" with synonyms "positive" and examples "a positive pregnancy test"
   - This is the medical/diagnostic sense where confirming indicates the presence of something

2. Sense 2: "serving to support or corroborate" with synonyms "collateral, confirmative, confirmatory, corroborative, corroboratory, substantiating" and examples "collateral evidence"
   - This is the logical/evidentiary sense where confirming evidence supports or substantiates a claim

Looking at the context:
- The passage discusses research about gene losses causing cancer
- Scientists discovered that both copies of genes needed to be knocked out for cancer to develop
- The sentence says "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical"
- The context suggests the evidence serves to support/corroborate the theory that gene losses are critical to tumor development
- Scientists say it was evidence that confirmed/supported their hypothesis about genetic mechanisms

This clearly fits sense 2 - "serving to support or corroborate" - because the evidence is supporting/corroborating the hypothesis about gene losses being critical to tumor development. The evidence confirms (supports/substantiates) the theory.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming <t>evidence</t> we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "evidence" in this passage about cancer development.

The sentence is: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor"

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. Sense 1 (evidence%1:09:00::): "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" with synonyms "grounds" and example "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling"

2. Sense 2 (evidence%1:10:01::): "an indication that makes something evident" with example "his trembling was evidence of his fear"

3. Sense 3 (evidence%1:10:00::): "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved"

In the context, the scientist is saying that the report provided "the confirming evidence" they needed to believe that "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor." This is clearly about a basis for belief - the research findings serve as grounds/basis for believing something about cancer development.

Sense 1 seems to be the best fit because:
- The context emphasizes this as a "basis for belief" - "evidence we all needed"
- The synonym "grounds" fits perfectly
- It's about knowledge/findings on which to base a belief about cancer

Sense 2 talks about "an indication that makes something evident" - while this could apply, it's less specific about the "basis for belief" aspect that's emphasized in the context.

Sense 3 is specifically about legal/judicial contexts, which is not applicable here.

The best choice is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all <t>needed</t> that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "needed" in this context means "require as useful, just, or proper." The scientists required confirming evidence that was necessary to support their understanding of cancer development. This matches sense 1, which emphasizes necessity and requirement, with the synonym "require" fitting perfectly with the meaning of the sentence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand which sense of "needed" is being used.

The sentence is: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor"

The context shows that scientists needed confirming evidence. In other words, they required this evidence to support their hypothesis. Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve
   - This sense means something is required because it's necessary or proper
   - Examples include "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work"
   - This fits the context - the evidence was required/necessary for their understanding

2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require
   - This sense means to lack something or require something
   - The example is about a piano that needs tuning
   - This is more about something being in a state of lack or requiring maintenance

3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | synonyms (implied: want, require)
   - This is about having or feeling a need
   - Examples: "always needing friends and money"
   - This is more emotional/personal - feeling a need for something

In the context, "we all needed that gene losses were critical" means the scientists required this confirming evidence. It's about something being necessary or required, not about lacking something or feeling an emotional need.

Sense 1 fits best because:
- It emphasizes "require as useful, just, or proper"
- The confirming evidence was required/necessary for their work
- The synonym "require" fits perfectly
- The examples show necessity ("success usually requires hard work")

The answer should be sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: loss
Target surface form: losses
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene <t>losses</t> were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=loss%1:21:01:: | definition=something that is lost | examples=the car was a total loss; loss of livestock left the rancher bankrupt
2. sense_key=loss%1:22:00:: | definition=gradual decline in amount or activity | examples=weight loss; a serious loss of business
3. sense_key=loss%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of losing someone or something | examples=everyone expected him to win so his loss was a shock
4. sense_key=loss%1:07:00:: | definition=the disadvantage that results from losing something | synonyms=deprivation | examples=his loss of credibility led to his resignation; losing him is no great deprivation
5. sense_key=loss%1:11:01:: | definition=the experience of losing a loved one | examples=he sympathized on the loss of their grandfather
6. sense_key=loss%1:21:00:: | definition=the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue | synonyms=red ink, red | examples=the company operated at a loss last year; the company operated in the red last year
7. sense_key=loss%1:11:00:: | definition=military personnel lost by death or capture | synonyms=personnel casualty
8. sense_key=loss%1:11:02:: | definition=euphemistic expressions for death | synonyms=passing, departure, exit, expiration, going, release | examples=thousands mourned his passing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The context describes genes being "knocked out" or "deleted" during cancer development. The phrase "gene losses" refers to the genes themselves that have been lost or removed from the cells - the actual things that are lost. This matches sense 1: "something that is lost," where the lost genes are the subject of critical importance to tumor development.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "loss" is being used when referring to "gene losses."

The context is about cancer development and molecular biology. The passage discusses:
- Genes being knocked out or deleted
- Two copies of genes being damaged
- Gene losses being critical to tumor development

The phrase "gene losses" refers to the deletion or removal of genetic material - specifically when both copies of a gene are eliminated or deleted.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "something that is lost" - This could work, but it's too general
2. "gradual decline in amount or activity" - This doesn't fit; gene deletion isn't gradual
3. "the act of losing someone or something" - This is more about the process/event of losing
4. "the disadvantage that results from losing something" - This is about the negative consequence
5. "the experience of losing a loved one" - Not applicable here
6. "the amount by which the cost of a business exceeds its revenue" - Financial, not applicable
7. "military personnel lost by death or capture" - Not applicable
8. "euphemistic expressions for death" - Not applicable

In this scientific context, "gene losses" means the actual genes that were lost/deleted from the cell - the thing that is lost (the genes themselves). This is closest to sense 1: "something that is lost."

The quote says "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor" - meaning the lost genes, the things that were lost, were critical. This is referring to the genes that were knocked out/deleted - the actual things that are lost.

Sense 1 is the best fit: "something that is lost" - the genes are the things that have been lost.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: critical
Target surface form: critical
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were <t>critical</t> to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=critical%3:00:01:: | definition=marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws | examples=a critical attitude
2. sense_key=critical%3:00:04:: | definition=at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction | examples=a critical temperature of water is 100 degrees C--its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure; critical mass
3. sense_key=critical%3:00:02:: | definition=characterized by careful evaluation and judgment | examples=a critical reading; a critical dissertation
4. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:indispensable:00 | definition=urgently needed; absolutely necessary | synonyms=vital | examples=a critical element of the plan; critical medical supplies
5. sense_key=critical%5:00:00:crucial:00 | definition=forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis | synonyms=decisive | examples=a critical point in the campaign; the critical test
6. sense_key=critical%3:00:03:: | definition=being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency | examples=a critical shortage of food; a critical illness
7. sense_key=critical%3:01:00:: | definition=of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism | examples=critical acclaim

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context emphasizes that gene losses are "urgently needed; absolutely necessary" for colon cancer development. The passage describes confirming evidence that gene losses are essential (critical) to tumor progression, which directly aligns with sense 4's definition of "urgently needed; absolutely necessary" with the synonym "vital."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "critical" is being used.

In the sentence: "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor"

The context is discussing how gene losses are essential/necessary for cancer development. The sentence states that gene losses are critical to the development of colon cancer.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "marked by a tendency to find and call attention to errors and flaws" - This is about being critical in the sense of criticizing. Not applicable here.

2. "at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change" - This is about critical points in physics/chemistry. Not the right sense.

3. "characterized by careful evaluation and judgment" - This is about critical thinking or analysis. Not applicable.

4. "urgently needed; absolutely necessary" (synonyms: vital) - This could fit. Gene losses are absolutely necessary for cancer development.

5. "forming or having the nature of a turning point or crisis" (synonyms: decisive) - This could also fit. Gene losses form a critical point in the progression to cancer.

6. "being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency" - This is more about a state of crisis, not about something being necessary.

7. "of or involving or characteristic of critics or criticism" - Not applicable.

The key is understanding what "critical" means in this context. The passage is saying that gene losses were essential/necessary for cancer development. Both senses 4 and 5 could work, but:

- Sense 4 emphasizes "urgently needed; absolutely necessary"
- Sense 5 emphasizes "forming a turning point or crisis" with synonym "decisive"

Given the context where gene losses are described as necessary for the development of a common tumor, and the overall message is that these losses are essential to the progression, sense 4 (urgently needed; absolutely necessary) seems most appropriate. The gene losses are absolutely necessary/critical for cancer development.
While sense 5 about turning points in cancer progression also has merit, the core meaning here centers on necessity and essentiality rather than a pivotal moment. Sense 4 best captures what the passage intends.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the <t>development</t> of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 3}

The context discusses cancer development as a biological process where cells progress through stages of mutation and transformation. The phrase "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor" refers to a biological unfolding where normal cells gradually change into malignant ones through genetic alterations. Sense 3 is the best fit as it specifically defines development in biological terms as "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level," which directly parallels the cancer progression described.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "development" in the phrase "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor."

Looking at the context:
- The passage discusses cancer biology
- It talks about how genes need to be damaged/lost for colon cancer to develop
- The specific phrase is about "gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor"
- This is about a biological process where cancer develops/progresses from normal cells

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: - "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining" - This is about product development or expansion. Not quite right for cancer development.

2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: - "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" - This could fit, as cancer progresses through stages. But it's more general.

3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: - "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" - This is specifically about biological development, like growth. It mentions "ontogeny" which is organism development. This fits the cancer context well.

4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: - "a recent event that has some relevance" - No, this is about current events.

5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: - "the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive" - No, this is about resource exploitation.

6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: - "a district that has been developed" - No, not about places.
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: - "a state in which things are improving" - Too vague and general.
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: - "processing a photosensitive material" - No, this is about photography.
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: - "(music) the section of a composition" - No, not about music.

The passage focuses on how cancer emerges as a biological process where normal cells transform into malignant tumors through genetic changes. Between the remaining candidates, sense 3 best captures this—it specifically describes the biological unfolding of an organism, which aligns with how tumors develop through progressive cellular changes.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: common
Target surface form: common
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a <t>common</t> tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=common%3:00:02:: | definition=belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public | examples=for the common good; common lands are set aside for use by all members of a community
2. sense_key=common%3:00:01:: | definition=having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual | examples=the common man; a common sailor
3. sense_key=common%5:00:00:shared:00 | definition=common to or shared by two or more parties | synonyms=mutual | examples=a common friend; the mutual interests of management and labor
4. sense_key=common%5:00:00:familiar:02 | definition=commonly encountered | synonyms=usual | examples=a common (or familiar) complaint; the usual greeting
5. sense_key=common%5:00:00:informal:02 | definition=being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language | synonyms=vernacular, vulgar | examples=common parlance; a vernacular term
6. sense_key=common%5:00:00:lowborn:00 | definition=of or associated with the great masses of people | synonyms=plebeian, vulgar, unwashed | examples=the common people in those days suffered greatly; behavior that branded him as common
7. sense_key=common%5:00:00:inferior:02 | definition=of low or inferior quality or value; - Shakespeare | synonyms=coarse | examples=of what coarse metal ye are molded; produced...the common cloths used by the poorer population
8. sense_key=common%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=lacking refinement or cultivation or taste | synonyms=coarse, rough-cut, uncouth, vulgar | examples=he had coarse manners but a first-rate mind; behavior that branded him as common
9. sense_key=common%5:00:00:ordinary:00 | definition=to be expected; standard | examples=common decency

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "common" in this context refers to a tumor type that is widely encountered or frequently occurring in the population. The phrase "a common tumor" describes colon cancer as an ordinary, frequently encountered type of cancer. This matches the sense of "widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual" rather than any of the other options that relate to shared ownership, inferiority, or lack of refinement.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "common" is used:

"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor"

The speaker is discussing colon cancer development. The word "common" here is being used to describe the type of tumor being discussed. Looking at the context, it's talking about a tumor that occurs frequently/widely in the population - colon cancer is indeed a common type of cancer that affects many people.

Let me go through the options:

1. "belonging to or participated in by a community as a whole; public" - This doesn't fit well. The tumor isn't "public" in nature.

2. "having no special distinction or quality; widely known or commonly encountered; average or ordinary or usual" - This could fit. A "common tumor" could mean a tumor that is frequently encountered/widely known.

3. "common to or shared by two or more parties" - This doesn't fit. The tumor isn't shared between parties in this sense.

4. "commonly encountered" with example "a common (or familiar) complaint" - This could fit. Colon cancer is commonly encountered.

5. "being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about language.

6. "of or associated with the great masses of people" - This could fit in the sense that it affects many people.

7. "of low or inferior quality or value" - This doesn't fit.

8. "lacking refinement or cultivation or taste" - This doesn't fit.

9. "to be expected; standard" - This could fit.

The most natural interpretation of "common tumor" in a medical/scientific context is that it's a tumor that occurs frequently or is widely encountered/widely known in the population. This best matches sense 2 or sense 4.
Sense 2 and sense 4 are quite similar—both emphasize frequency of occurrence. Sense 2 is broader, encompassing "widely known or commonly encountered" alongside "average or ordinary," while sense 4 zeros in specifically on "commonly encountered" with examples like familiar complaints. I think sense 2 best captures what's meant here: a tumor type that's frequently seen and recognized across the population.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Gradually, a coherent picture of cancer development emerged. If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "<t>says</t> Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows Ray White being quoted as expressing his opinion about the confirming evidence in gene research. The verb "says" here is used to attribute a direct quotation to him, which is best captured by sense 1 "express in words" with synonyms "state, tell." This is the standard usage for introducing quoted speech or reported statements.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the usage of "says" in this sentence:

"It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor," says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City.

In this context, Ray White is being quoted as expressing/reporting what he said about the confirming evidence. The verb "says" here is being used to attribute a direct quotation or statement to Ray White.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "express in words" - This is a general sense about expressing something in words. The examples "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you" fit the context where someone is expressing their thoughts verbally.

2. "report or maintain" - This is about claiming or alleging something. The examples "He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene" show reporting or maintaining a position.

3. "express a supposition" - This is about suppose or assume. Not fitting here.

4. "have or contain a certain wording or form" - About what text contains. Not fitting.

5. "give instructions to or direct somebody" - Not fitting, this is about commands.

6. "speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way" - About how something is pronounced. Not fitting.

7. "communicate or express nonverbally" - Not fitting, this is verbal.

8. "utter aloud" - About saying something aloud. Could fit.

9. "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - About declaring an opinion. Could fit.

10. "recite or repeat a fixed text" - Not fitting, this isn't a fixed text being recited.

11. "indicate" - Not fitting.

The most natural interpretation is sense 1 "express in words" - Ray White is expressing/stating something in words. The quote he gives is him expressing his opinion/statement verbally. This is the most straightforward and common usage of "says" in attribution of quotations.
Sense 2 could also apply since White is maintaining a position about the evidence, but it's less precise than the primary sense of simply expressing something verbally.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "had yet to nail the identity" means "had not yet up to the present time successfully identified." The word "yet" here indicates something that has not been accomplished up to the present point, fitting the definition "up to the present time" with the example structure "I have yet to see the results."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "yet" in this sentence:

"But Dr. Vogelstein had <t>yet</t> to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

This means Dr. Vogelstein had not yet accomplished nailing (identifying) the identity of the gene - he still needed to do this. The "yet" here is used in a negative construction "had yet to" which means "had not yet" or "still had to."

Let me examine each sense:

1. "up to the present time" - example: "I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out" - This fits. The phrase "had yet to nail" means "had not up to the present time nailed." This is about something not accomplished up to now.

2. "used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point" - examples: "So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet" - This also could fit, but it's usually used directly with a negative (isn't, hasn't).

3. "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" - This doesn't fit.

4. "within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time" - example: "he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves" - This could fit, referring to something in the future.

5. "used after a superlative" - This doesn't fit.

6. "despite anything to the contrary" - This doesn't fit.

Looking at sense 1 and 4:
- Sense 1: "up to the present time" - implies something that hasn't happened yet up to now
- Sense 4: "within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time" - implies something that will happen in the future

The phrase "had yet to nail the identity" means "had not successfully identified it yet" - it's about something that hasn't been accomplished up to the present time.

Sense 1 seems more appropriate here. Both senses include "yet to" constructions, but they differ in their temporal focus. In sense 1, "I have yet to see the results" emphasizes what hasn't occurred up to now, while sense 4's "the flowers that were yet to show themselves" points toward future occurrence. Since Dr. Vogelstein hadn't accomplished the identification by the time described in the passage, this aligns with sense 1's focus on the present moment rather than an indefinite future.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nail
Target surface form: nail
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to <t>nail</t> the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nail%2:35:00:: | definition=attach something somewhere by means of nails | examples=nail the board onto the wall
2. sense_key=nail%2:35:01:: | definition=take into custody | synonyms=collar, apprehend, arrest, pick up, nab, cop | examples=the police nabbed the suspected criminals
3. sense_key=nail%2:35:02:: | definition=hit hard | synonyms=smash, boom, blast | examples=He smashed a 3-run homer
4. sense_key=nail%2:41:01:: | definition=succeed in obtaining a position | synonyms=nail down, peg | examples=He nailed down a spot at Harvard
5. sense_key=nail%2:41:00:: | definition=succeed at easily | synonyms=breeze through, ace, pass with flying colors, sweep through, sail through | examples=She sailed through her exams; You will pass with flying colors
6. sense_key=nail%2:40:00:: | definition=locate exactly | synonyms=pinpoint | examples=can you pinpoint the position of the enemy?; The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome
7. sense_key=nail%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass | synonyms=complete

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The context shows Dr. Vogelstein attempting to "nail the identity of the gene." This is clearly about identifying or determining something precisely. Sense 6 (locate exactly/pinpoint) is the best fit, as evidenced by its synonyms and especially the example "The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome," which parallels the target sentence almost exactly.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "nail":

The sentence is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

In this context, "nail" means to identify or pinpoint exactly. The doctor needs to determine/identify which specific gene, when damaged, causes colon cancer to develop fully.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=nail%2:35:00:: | definition=attach something somewhere by means of nails
   - This is the literal, physical meaning. Not relevant here.

2. sense_key=nail%2:35:01:: | definition=take into custody
   - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about arresting anyone.

3. sense_key=nail%2:35:02:: | definition=hit hard
   - This doesn't fit the context.

4. sense_key=nail%2:41:01:: | definition=succeed in obtaining a position
   - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about obtaining a position.

5. sense_key=nail%2:41:00:: | definition=succeed at easily
   - This doesn't quite fit. The context suggests difficulty, not ease.

6. sense_key=nail%2:40:00:: | definition=locate exactly | synonyms=pinpoint
   - This fits perfectly! The example even says "The chemists could not nail the identity of the chromosome" which is very similar to our sentence about nailing the identity of the gene.

7. sense_key=nail%2:33:00:: | definition=complete a pass
   - This is about sports/football. Not relevant.

The best answer is sense 6, which means "locate exactly" with synonym "pinpoint". This matches the context where Dr. Vogelstein needs to identify/pinpoint exactly which gene causes the malignancy.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identity
Target surface form: identity
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identity%1:07:00:: | definition=the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity | synonyms=personal identity, individuality | examples=you can lose your identity when you join the army
2. sense_key=identity%1:09:00:: | definition=the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known | examples=geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity
3. sense_key=identity%1:24:01:: | definition=an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates | synonyms=identity element, identity operator | examples=the identity under numerical multiplication is 1
4. sense_key=identity%1:07:02:: | definition=exact sameness | synonyms=identicalness, indistinguishability | examples=they shared an identity of interests

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context is about identifying which specific gene causes malignancy in colon cancer. "Identity" here refers to "the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known" - they're trying to determine which gene it is. This matches perfectly with the example provided in sense 2 ("geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it"), making it the best fit for the target usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "identity" is being used here.

The context is about genetics and colon cancer development. The sentence reads: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the <t>identity</t> of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

In this context, "identity" refers to the individual characteristics by which something is recognized or known. They're trying to figure out WHICH gene is responsible - they need to identify it, to know its identity as a specific gene.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=identity%1:07:00::** - "the distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity" - This is about personal identity, individuality. Example: losing identity when joining the army. This doesn't fit the context about a gene.

2. **sense_key=identity%1:09:00::** - "the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known" - Example: "geneticists only recently discovered the identity of the gene that causes it; it was too dark to determine his identity" - THIS IS THE ONE! The example even mentions genes and "identity of the gene" which perfectly matches the context. They're trying to discover/nail down which specific gene it is - the identifying characteristics of the gene.

3. **sense_key=identity%1:24:01::** - "an operator that leaves unchanged the element on which it operates" - This is a mathematical term. Not relevant here.

4. **sense_key=identity%1:07:02::** - "exact sameness" - This is about sameness, not about identifying/recognizing something. Not relevant.

The best answer is sense 2, which matches perfectly with the example given and the context of identifying a specific gene.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if <t>damaged</t>, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "damaged" in this context refers to the infliction of harm or injury upon a gene. The passage discusses how genetic damage (gene knockouts/deletions) causes cellular changes leading to cancer development. This is the basic transitive sense of "damage" meaning to cause harm to something, as exemplified by similar constructions like "the snow damaged the roof." Sense 2 refers to susceptibility to damage, which is not the intended meaning here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "damaged" in this passage about gene mutations and colon cancer.

The sentence in question is:
"But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
   - This is the transitive sense where something external damages something else
   - Examples show external agents causing damage

2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily
   - This is the sense where something itself becomes damaged, or is susceptible to damage
   - Examples show the object being damaged (passive/intransitive aspect)

In the context, we have:
- "the gene that, if damaged, flipped a colon cell into full-blown malignancy"

The gene is the one being damaged. The passive construction here suggests that the gene itself undergoes damage. This is about what happens to the gene when it's damaged, not about something else damaging the gene.

However, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1: "inflict damage upon" - this is about causing damage to something
- Sense 2: "suffer or be susceptible to damage" - this is about something being capable of being damaged

In the sentence "if damaged," the gene is the subject that could be damaged. But the question is which sense applies.

Actually, sense 1 (inflict damage upon) is the standard transitive sense where the subject does the damaging. In the sentence "the gene that, if damaged," the gene is the object (patient) of the damage action, but the sense itself is about the action of damaging.
The passive voice here doesn't shift the underlying sense—it's still the basic transitive meaning of "damage" referring to causing harm or injury. Sense 2 describes susceptibility to damage, as shown in "these cups damage easily," but that's not what's happening in this context. The passage is using the fundamental meaning of the verb: if the gene undergoes damage, it triggers malignancy in the cell.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flip
Target surface form: flipped
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flip%2:38:00:: | definition=lightly throw to see which side comes up | synonyms=toss | examples=I don't know what to do--I may as well flip a coin!
2. sense_key=flip%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation | synonyms=throw, switch | examples=switch on the light; throw the lever
3. sense_key=flip%2:39:10:: | definition=look through a book or other written material | synonyms=flick, thumb, riffle, leaf, riff | examples=He thumbed through the report; She leafed through the volume
4. sense_key=flip%2:38:02:: | definition=toss with a sharp movement so as to cause to turn over in the air | synonyms=twitch
5. sense_key=flip%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move with a flick | synonyms=flick | examples=he flicked his Bic
6. sense_key=flip%2:35:00:: | definition=throw or toss with a light motion | synonyms=toss, sky, pitch | examples=flip me the beachball; toss me newspaper
7. sense_key=flip%2:35:05:: | definition=move with a flick or light motion
8. sense_key=flip%2:35:03:: | definition=turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse | synonyms=flip over, turn over | examples=flip over the pork chop; turn over the pancakes
9. sense_key=flip%2:31:00:: | definition=react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way | synonyms=flip out | examples=he flipped when he heard that he was accepted into Princeton University
10. sense_key=flip%2:30:13:: | definition=go mad, go crazy | synonyms=flip out | examples=He flipped when he heard that he was being laid off
11. sense_key=flip%2:30:00:: | definition=reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) | synonyms=interchange, tack, switch, alternate, flip-flop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

The context describes a genetic mutation that transforms a colon cell from a normal state into a malignant cancer cell. The verb "flipped" here means to fundamentally change or reverse the cell's state/condition. This corresponds to sense 11: "reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action)," which captures the meaning of causing a fundamental change or reversal in the cell's biological status.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "flipped" in this passage about colon cancer development.

The sentence is: "But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, <t>flipped</t> a colon cell into full-blown malignancy."

The context talks about genetic damage leading to cancer development. The gene, when damaged, causes a change in a colon cell - transforming it from a normal state to malignancy (cancer).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. lightly throw to see which side comes up - Not relevant
2. cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation - This could mean to activate/enable
3. look through a book - Not relevant
4. toss with a sharp movement to turn over - Physical action, not relevant
5. cause to move with a flick - Physical action, not relevant
6. throw or toss with light motion - Physical action, not relevant
7. move with a flick or light motion - Physical action, not relevant
8. turn upside down, or throw so as to reverse - Physical action, not relevant
9. react in an excited, delighted, or surprised way - Emotional reaction, not relevant
10. go mad, go crazy - Emotional reaction, not relevant
11. reverse (a direction, attitude, or course of action) - This means to change or reverse

In this context, "flipped" means to cause a change in state - transforming a normal colon cell into a malignant one. This is essentially a reversal or transformation of the cell's state.

Sense 11 (reverse a direction, attitude, or course of action) seems most appropriate. It captures the idea of a fundamental change or reversal in the cell's state from normal to cancerous.

Sense 2 (cause to go on or to be engaged or set in operation) could also work, as it could mean "triggering" or "activating" malignancy, but it's less precise.
Sense 11 best captures the transformation happening here—the damaged gene fundamentally alters the cell's condition from normal to malignant, which is a reversal of its original state.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: colon
Target surface form: colon
Context:
If both copies of a certain gene were knocked out, benign polyps would develop. If both copies of a second gene were then deleted, the polyps would progress to malignancy. It was clear that more than one gene had to be damaged for colon cancer to develop. Their report galvanized other molecular biologists. "It was the confirming evidence we all needed that gene losses were critical to the development of a common tumor, "says Ray White at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Salt Lake City. But Dr. Vogelstein had yet to nail the identity of the gene that, if damaged, flipped a <t>colon</t> cell into full-blown malignancy. They focused on chromosome 17.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=colon%1:08:00:: | definition=the part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum; it extracts moisture from food residues before they are excreted
2. sense_key=colon%1:23:01:: | definition=the basic unit of money in El Salvador; equal to 100 centavos | synonyms=El Salvadoran colon
3. sense_key=colon%1:23:00:: | definition=the basic unit of money in Costa Rica; equal to 100 centimos | synonyms=Costa Rican colon
4. sense_key=colon%1:15:00:: | definition=a port city at the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal | synonyms=Aspinwall
5. sense_key=colon%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (:) used after a word introducing a series or an example or an explanation (or after the salutation of a business letter)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is clearly about cancer development and cellular biology. The phrase "colon cell" in the context of discussing gene damage, polyp development, and cancer progression refers to cells from the colon as an anatomical structure (the large intestine). This matches sense 1, the anatomical sense of colon.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "colon" in this sentence.

The context is about genetics and cancer development. The sentence mentions "colon cell into full-blown malignancy" in the context of discussing gene damage and cancer development.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. The part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum - anatomical sense
2. Currency unit of El Salvador
3. Currency unit of Costa Rica
4. A port city at Panama Canal
5. A punctuation mark (:)

The context is clearly about medical/biological research discussing cancer in cells. When it says "colon cell," it's referring to cells from the colon organ, not a currency, a city, or a punctuation mark.

The passage discusses:
- Gene knockout experiments
- Benign polyps developing
- Progression to malignancy
- Colon cancer development
- A "colon cell" being flipped into malignancy

This is clearly referring to the anatomical structure - the part of the large intestine. The first sense is the correct one.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}