[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: big
Target surface form: biggest
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second <t>biggest</t> cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=big%3:00:01:: | definition=above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent | synonyms=large | examples=a large city; set out for the big city
2. sense_key=big%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=significant | examples=graduation was a big day in his life
3. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=very intense | synonyms=bad | examples=a bad headache; in a big rage
4. sense_key=big%5:00:00:loud:00 | definition=loud and firm | examples=a big voice; big bold piano sounds
5. sense_key=big%5:00:00:conspicuous:00 | definition=conspicuous in position or importance | synonyms=large, prominent | examples=a big figure in the movement; big man on campus
6. sense_key=big%5:00:00:intemperate:00 | definition=prodigious | synonyms=heavy | examples=big spender; big eater
7. sense_key=big%5:00:02:proud:00 | definition=exhibiting self-importance | synonyms=boastful, braggart, bragging, braggy, cock-a-hoop, crowing | examples=big talk
8. sense_key=big%5:00:00:proud:00 | definition=feeling self-importance | synonyms=swelled, vainglorious | examples=too big for his britches; had a swelled head
9. sense_key=big%5:00:00:mature:01 | definition=(of animals) fully developed | synonyms=adult, full-grown, fully grown, grown, grownup | examples=an adult animal; a grown woman
10. sense_key=big%5:00:00:heavy:08 | definition=marked by intense physical force | examples=a big wind
11. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:02 | definition=generous and understanding and tolerant | synonyms=large, magnanimous | examples=a heart big enough to hold no grudges; that's very big of you to be so forgiving
12. sense_key=big%5:00:00:generous:01 | definition=given or giving freely | synonyms=bighearted, bounteous, bountiful, freehanded, handsome, giving | examples=was a big tipper; the bounteous goodness of God
13. sense_key=big%5:00:00:pregnant:00 | definition=in an advanced stage of pregnancy | synonyms=enceinte, expectant, gravid, great, large, heavy | examples=was big with child; was great with child

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "biggest" in "the second biggest cancer killer" refers to the magnitude or extent of the problem—specifically, how many people die from each cancer type. Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths by number (quantity), making sense 1 ("above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent") the most appropriate choice.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "biggest" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."

Here, "biggest" is being used to describe which cancer is the most significant killer. The phrase "the second biggest cancer killer" means the second most important/significant killer.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "above average in size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent" - This could work since it talks about "cancer killer" which relates to numbers/quantity of deaths
2. "significant" - This could work too, as colon cancer being the "biggest killer" means most significant
3. "very intense" - Doesn't fit well
4. "loud and firm" - Doesn't fit
5. "conspicuous in position or importance" - Could fit, related to importance
6. "prodigious" - Could fit
7. "exhibiting self-importance" - Doesn't fit
8. "feeling self-importance" - Doesn't fit
9. "fully developed" - Doesn't fit
10. "marked by intense physical force" - Doesn't fit
11. "generous and understanding" - Doesn't fit
12. "given or giving freely" - Doesn't fit
13. "in an advanced stage of pregnancy" - Doesn't fit

The most likely candidates are 1, 2, or 5.

Sense 1 is about "size or number or quantity or magnitude or extent" - "biggest cancer killer" fits this well, as it's about the amount/number of deaths
Sense 2 is about "significant" - this also fits the meaning that colon cancer is the most significant killer
Sense 5 is about "conspicuous in position or importance" - could also fit
Since the context specifically ranks cancers by mortality rates—which cancer kills the most people—sense 1 best captures this meaning. The "second biggest" refers to the magnitude of the problem measured in deaths, not merely its importance or prominence.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest <t>cancer</t> killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context makes it clear this is a medical/scientific discussion about malignant tumors and diseases. The sentence discusses "colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer," along with references to retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, chromosome losses, and cancer suppressor genes. This unambiguously refers to cancer as a malignant neoplastic disease (sense 1), not as an astrological sign or constellation.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "cancer" in this sentence.

The context is: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."

This is clearly a medical/biological context discussing:
- Colon cancer (a specific type of cancer)
- Cancer as a disease that kills people
- References to other cancers like retinoblastoma, Wilm's tumor, lung cancer
- Discussion of malignant tumors and chromosome losses
- Cancer suppressor genes

The target word "cancer" here refers to a malignant growth or disease, not to:
- A zodiacal constellation (sense 3)
- The zodiacal sign (sense 4)
- A person born under the Cancer sign (sense 2)
- A genus of crabs (sense 5)

The only sense that makes sense in this medical context is:

Sense 1: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"

This clearly matches the medical discussion about colon cancer being a "cancer killer" and the references to malignant neoplastic disease.

The answer should be sense index 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: killer
Target surface form: killer
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=killer%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who causes the death of a person or animal | synonyms=slayer
2. sense_key=killer%1:26:00:: | definition=the causal agent resulting in death | synonyms=cause of death | examples=heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States
3. sense_key=killer%1:09:00:: | definition=a difficulty that is hard to deal with | examples=that exam was a real killer
4. sense_key=killer%1:05:00:: | definition=predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin; common in cold seas | synonyms=killer whale, orca, grampus, sea wolf, Orcinus orca

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly refers to colon cancer as a "causal agent resulting in death" ("the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S."), which directly matches sense 2. The example provided in that sense ("heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States") is nearly identical in structure and meaning to the target sentence, making this the unambiguous best match.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "killer" in this sentence.

The sentence states: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages" and earlier mentions "colon cancer, the second biggest cancer <t>killer</t> in the U.S. after lung cancer."

In this context, "killer" is being used to refer to something that causes death - specifically, colon cancer is described as the "second biggest cancer killer" in the U.S. This is clearly referring to a leading cause of death.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=killer%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who causes the death of a person or animal | synonyms=slayer
   - This refers to a person or agent that actively causes death. While technically "colon cancer" could be said to "cause death," this sense emphasizes a person/agent actively killing.

2. sense_key=killer%1:26:00:: | definition=the causal agent resulting in death | synonyms=cause of death | examples=heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States
   - This definition directly matches. The example given is "heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States," which is almost identical to "colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S." This sense refers to any causal agent resulting in death, not necessarily a person.

3. sense_key=killer%1:09:00:: | definition=a difficulty that is hard to deal with | examples=that exam was a real killer
   - This is a colloquial sense meaning something difficult. While colon cancer could be considered difficult, this doesn't fit the formal scientific context.

4. sense_key=killer%1:05:00:: | definition=predatory black-and-white toothed whale with large dorsal fin; common in cold seas
   - This is clearly irrelevant - it's referring to a killer whale.

The best sense is clearly sense 2 (killer%1:26:00::), which defines "killer" as "the causal agent resulting in death" with the example "heart disease is the biggest killer in the United States." The parallel structure between this example and the text's reference to colon cancer as the "second biggest cancer killer" makes this the correct interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: u.s.
Target surface form: U.S.
Context:
"It was extraordinarily satisfying, "says Dr. Knudson, now at Fox Chase Cancer Research Center in Philadelphia. "I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the <t>U.S.</t> after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, United States, U.S. government
2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, America, the States, USA

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses cancer mortality statistics ("the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer"), which refers to the United States as a country/nation rather than its government specifically. Sense 2 correctly identifies U.S. as the North American republic, the geographical and political entity where these health statistics apply.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "U.S." in the context about cancer research and statistics in the United States.

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=u.s.%1:14:00:: - "the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States" - This refers to the U.S. government itself.

2. sense_key=us%1:15:00:: - "North American republic containing 50 states..." - This refers to the country/nation itself.

In the sentence: "Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer."

The context is discussing cancer statistics in the United States. When we say "cancer killer in the U.S.", we're referring to the country as a whole, not specifically its government. The statistic about which cancer is the second biggest killer would apply to the nation/country, not to the government.

Sense 2 (the country/nation itself) is the correct interpretation here, as it refers to the United States as a geographical and political entity where these health statistics apply.

The sense index for sense 2 would be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believed
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He <t>believed</t> colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows Dr. Vogelstein forming a scientific hypothesis about colon cancer development. The phrase "believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits'" uses "believed" in the sense of "judge" or "regard," synonymous with "think" or "consider." He is expressing a reasoned judgment or theoretical opinion based on the observable pattern of staged cancer development, not making a definitive claim about established truth. This aligns with sense 2's definition of "judge or regard; look upon; judge" with the synonym "think."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "believed" in this passage.

The context is about Dr. Vogelstein and his hypothesis about colon cancer. The sentence is: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."

Let me examine each sense:

1. "accept as true; take to be true" - This means accepting something as factually true, like "I believed his report"

2. "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - This means to consider or regard something in a certain way, with synonyms like "think, consider, conceive". Example: "I believe her to be very smart"

3. "be confident about something" - This means to have confidence that something will happen, with synonym "trust". Example: "I believe that he will come back from the war"

4. "follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer" - This is about religious belief or following a doctrine

5. "credit with veracity" - This means to regard someone as truthful, like "You cannot believe this man"

In the context, Dr. Vogelstein "believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes." This is expressing a hypothesis or theory - he thinks/considers that colon cancer might develop this way based on observational evidence.

This seems closest to sense 2 - "judge or regard; look upon; judge" with the synonym "think". The passage is about his belief/hypothesis about how colon cancer develops. It's not about accepting something as definitively true (sense 1), nor about being confident about something that will happen (sense 3).

Actually, re-reading, it could also be sense 3 - he's confident/believes that this mechanism is how colon cancer develops. But sense 2 ("judge or regard; think, consider") seems more appropriate here since he's forming a judgment/hypothesis about colon cancer.
Sense 2 fits best—"believed" functions as "think" or "consider" here, capturing how Vogelstein regards the mechanism of cancer development rather than asserting absolute certainty.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also <t>arise</t> from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "arise" in this context means that colon cancer "come into existence" or "originates" from multiple genetic hits on suppressor genes. This aligns best with sense 1, which defines arise as "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms like "originate" and "develop." The medical context describes how cancer develops and originates from genetic mutations, making this the most appropriate sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "arise" in the given context.

The sentence is: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits" on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."

The context is discussing cancer development - specifically how colon cancer might develop from multiple genetic "hits" (mutations). The word "arise" here means "come into being" or "originate" from these genetic hits.

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: - "come into existence; take on form or shape" | synonyms: originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | This seems to fit well - the cancer arises (originates/comes into existence) from the genetic damage.

2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: - "originate or come into being" | synonyms: come up, bob up | examples: a question arose | This also fits - cancer arises (comes into being).

3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: - "rise to one's feet" | This doesn't fit - we're not talking about someone standing up.

4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: - "result or issue" | synonyms: come up | examples: A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion | This could fit - the cancer results from the genetic damage.

5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: - "move upward" | This doesn't fit - we're not talking about physical movement.

6. sense_key=arise%2:42:41:00:: - "take part in a rebellion" | This doesn't fit - we're talking about cancer development, not rebellion.

7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: - "get up and out of bed" | This doesn't fit - we're not talking about waking up.

Sense 1 appears most fitting since it directly captures how cancer originates and develops from genetic mutations. While sense 4 could work by emphasizing the causal relationship, sense 1's focus on "come into existence" and "develop" aligns more precisely with the biological process being described.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on <t>cancer</t> suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is clearly discussing cancer as a medical disease. References to "malignant," "genetic damage," "chromosome losses," "tumor," "cancer suppressor genes," and the discussion of colon cancer and other specific cancer types all indicate this is about malignant neoplastic disease (sense 1), not the zodiacal sign or astronomical references.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "cancer" in the sentence. The target word appears in: "...because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Actually, looking at the target text again, the `<t>cancer</t>` tag is around the word "cancer" in the phrase "...multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes..."

The full context discusses:
- Retinoblastoma
- Molecular biology
- Chromosome losses
- Wilm's tumor (kidney cancer)
- Colon cancer
- Multiple hits on cancer suppressor genes
- Genetic damage
- Polyps becoming malignant

All of this context is clearly about medical/biological cancer - malignant tumors and neoplastic diseases.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This is the medical definition
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - astrology person born in Cancer
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - zodiacal constellation
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - fourth sign of zodiac
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - genus Cancer (biology, but refers to crabs)

Clearly, sense 1 is the correct answer. This is discussing the disease cancer, not astrology or zodiac signs. The context is all about medical/biological cancer - malignant tumors, genetic damage, suppressor genes, etc.
The answer is sense 1, which refers to malignant tumors caused by abnormal cell division.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it <t>often</t> seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes how colon cancer develops in stages, and "often" is used to indicate that this pattern occurs "in many cases or instances" rather than at short intervals or in terms of quantity. The sentence establishes that the developmental pattern of colon cancer through stages is a common occurrence across multiple cases, which aligns with sense 3's definition of "in many cases or instances."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "often" in the given passage.

The target word appears in this sentence: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."

The word "often" is being used to describe something that happens with regularity or frequency - in this case, colon cancer seems to develop in stages frequently/regularly.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee

2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much

3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

In the context, "it often seems to develop in stages" means that in many cases or instances, colon cancer develops in stages. This is describing a frequency in terms of how many cases or instances show this pattern.

Sense 1 talks about "many times at short intervals" - this doesn't quite fit the context. It's not about short intervals; it's about frequency of occurrence across cases.

Sense 2 talks about "frequently or in great quantities" with examples about drinking and traveling - this doesn't seem right either.

Sense 3 says "in many cases or instances" - this perfectly fits the context. The passage is saying that in many cases (of colon cancer), it develops in stages.

The answer should be sense 3, which is sense_index: 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seems
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often <t>seems</t> to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "seems" in the context "it often seems to develop in stages" is used to indicate that something appears to be true or probable based on observable evidence. The sentence is stating that colon cancer appears to develop through identifiable stages (preceded by polyps that progress), reflecting the definition "seem to be true, probable, or apparent." This aligns with sense 2 rather than sense 1, which emphasizes subjective outward impression, or sense 4, which emphasizes personal opinion.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "seems" in this sentence:

"He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages."

The sentence structure is "it often seems to develop in stages."

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
   - This is about giving an impression or outward aspect
   - Example: "She seems to be sleeping" - suggesting she gives the appearance of sleeping
   - "it seems to develop in stages" - the cancer appears to develop in stages

2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
   - This is about appearing to be true or probable
   - "it seems that he is very gifted" - it appears to be true that he is gifted
   - "it seems to develop in stages" - it appears to be true that it develops in stages

3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
   - This is about appearing to exist
   - "There seems no reason..." - there appears to be no reason

4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters
   - This concerns how something appears subjectively to the speaker
   - "I seem to be misunderstood" - from my perspective, I appear misunderstood
   - "it seems to develop in stages" - in my view, it appears to develop in stages

Based on the context, the speaker is describing observable evidence that colon cancer develops progressively through stages (like polyp progression). Sense 2 fits best—"seem to be true, probable, or apparent"—since it captures that the staged development is apparent from empirical observation. Sense 1 is also plausible as it emphasizes the outward appearance of the developmental process.

The distinction between them is that sense 1 focuses on subjective impression or appearance, while sense 2 emphasizes what appears probable or true based on evidence. In this medical context, saying cancer "seems to develop in stages" means the staged progression appears to be factually true given what we observe. So sense 2 is the stronger fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develop
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to <t>develop</t> in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

The context describes colon cancer as developing "in stages," preceded by polyps that "become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly." This refers to a gradual, progressive process of emergence and evolution through multiple steps of genetic damage. Sense 10 ("grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment") best captures this meaning of development as a staged, progressive biological process rather than a single event of coming into existence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully:

"It often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The context is about colon cancer, and the passage is saying that colon cancer "develops" in stages. This is referring to how the disease comes into existence or emerges through a process over time.

Let me look at the relevant senses:

1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: - make something new (doesn't fit - cancer isn't being created)
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: - work out (no)
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: - gain through experience (no)
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: - come to have or undergo a change of (physical features) - This could fit
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: - come into existence; take on form or shape - This fits very well
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: - grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation - This fits well
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: - happen - This could work

The cancer is "developing in stages" means it's coming into existence/arising over time through a sequence of genetic hits. The emphasis is on the process of emergence/coming into existence.

Sense 5 (develop%2:42:00::) - "come into existence; take on form or shape" with synonyms "originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow" - seems perfect.
Sense 10 better captures the staged progression described in the passage. The definition emphasizes gradual growth and evolution through natural processes, which aligns with how the text describes cancer advancing from benign polyps through increasingly malignant stages. Examples like "The country developed into a mighty superpower" show this sense focuses on transformation over time, matching the cascade of genetic damage mentioned.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
"I was convinced that what was true of retinoblastoma would be true for all cancers. "It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in <t>stages</t>. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes cancer developing in "identifiable stages" that progress from "less severe to deadly" - a continuum of increasingly severe conditions. This matches sense 2, which defines a stage as "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process," with synonyms including "degree" and "level." The passage is describing distinct positions along the progression of cancer development, not merely time periods or phases.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of how "stages" is used in this medical passage about cancer development.

The sentence states: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Here, "stages" refers to distinct phases or levels in the progression of cancer development - from polyps to increasingly malignant forms. It's talking about the sequential progression of the disease.

Let me evaluate each candidate:

1. **sense 1** (phase): "any distinct time period in a sequence of events" - This could work as it mentions a sequence of events and uses "phase" as synonym.

2. **sense 2** (degree, level, point): "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - This seems very appropriate. The passage talks about "identifiable stages" that progress along a continuum from less severe to deadly.

3. **sense 3** (platform): Obviously not relevant - this is about a physical stage/platform.

4. **sense 4** (theater profession): Not relevant.

5. **sense 5** (stagecoach): Not relevant.

6. **sense 6** (section of journey/leg): This could work as it's about portions of a progression.

7. **sense 7** (scene/setting): Not the primary meaning here.

8. **sense 8** (microscope stage): Not relevant.

The key context is that the passage describes cancer development in "identifiable stages" that progress from less severe to deadly - this is describing specific positions or levels in a process of cancer progression.
Sense 2 best captures this meaning, with its definition of "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process." The passage explicitly describes stages progressing along a continuum from less severe to deadly, fitting the synonyms of degree, level, and point. The answer is sense 2, which is index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It <t>often</t> is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context discusses a pattern in colon cancer development: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel." This indicates that in many cases or instances, colon cancer follows this progression. The usage is describing a frequency across multiple cases rather than repetition at short intervals (sense 1) or quantity (sense 2). Sense 3 ("in many cases or instances") best captures the meaning in this scientific/medical context.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "often" in the sentence: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence is saying that colon cancer "often is preceded by the development of polyps"
- This means in many cases or instances, colon cancer is preceded by polyps
- The text is discussing a pattern or general occurrence across multiple cases

Now let's look at the three senses:

1. **Sense 1**: "many times at short intervals" - This suggests frequent repetition in a short time period. Example: "we often met over a cup of coffee" - this is about meeting repeatedly. This doesn't fit the context well because we're not talking about something happening repeatedly at short intervals.

2. **Sense 2**: "frequently or in great quantities" - This seems to be about quantities or amounts, synonymous with "much" or "a great deal". This doesn't fit the context either, as we're not talking about quantities.

3. **Sense 3**: "in many cases or instances" - This is about situations occurring in many cases or instances. This fits perfectly with the context - the sentence is saying that in many cases/instances, colon cancer is preceded by polyps developing.

The best fit is sense 3, which conveys the meaning "in many cases or instances" - which is what "often" means in this medical/scientific context where we're discussing a general pattern across multiple cases.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: precede
Target surface form: preceded
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is <t>preceded</t> by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=precede%2:42:00:: | definition=be earlier in time; go back further | synonyms=predate, forego, forgo, antecede, antedate | examples=Stone tools precede bronze tools
2. sense_key=precede%2:42:01:: | definition=come before | synonyms=predate | examples=Most English adjectives precede the noun they modify
3. sense_key=precede%2:41:00:: | definition=be the predecessor of | synonyms=come before | examples=Bill preceded John in the long line of Susan's husbands
4. sense_key=precede%2:38:00:: | definition=move ahead (of others) in time or space | synonyms=lead
5. sense_key=precede%2:32:03:: | definition=furnish with a preface or introduction | synonyms=preface, premise, introduce | examples=She always precedes her lectures with a joke; He prefaced his lecture with a critical remark about the institution

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The sentence indicates that polyps develop earlier in time than colon cancer in the progression of the disease ("It often is preceded by the development of polyps"). This matches sense 1: "be earlier in time; go back further," which is demonstrated by the example "Stone tools precede bronze tools" - a direct temporal ordering parallel to the context where polyps develop before colon cancer becomes malignant.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the meaning of "preceded" in this sentence:

"It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel..."

The context is about colon cancer development. The sentence is saying that the development of polyps comes before (occurs earlier than) the development of colon cancer in many cases.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "be earlier in time; go back further" - This is about one thing being earlier in time than another. In this context, polyps developing is earlier in time than colon cancer developing. This fits well.

2. "come before" - This is similar but more abstract about order or position. Polyps come before colon cancer in the progression of the disease.

3. "be the predecessor of" - This is about one person or entity being the predecessor of another. This doesn't fit as well because we're talking about events/stages, not entities.

4. "move ahead (of others) in time or space" - This seems to be about movement and leading. The polyps don't really "move ahead" - they just develop earlier.

5. "furnish with a preface or introduction" - This is clearly about providing an introduction. Not applicable here.

The best fit is sense 1: "be earlier in time; go back further". The example "Stone tools precede bronze tools" is directly comparable to "polyps precede colon cancer" - both are about one thing being earlier in time than another.

Sense 2 "come before" could also work, but sense 1 is more specific about the temporal aspect, which is clearly what's being expressed here.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the <t>development</t> of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context clearly refers to the biological growth and formation of polyps in the bowel as part of a disease progression process. The passage discusses how colon cancer "often is preceded by the development of polyps," which are growing organically through identifiable stages. This matches sense 3, which specifically defines development as the biological process of an organism (in this case, polyps) growing and unfolding gradually, rather than the abstract improvement (sense 1), stage-based progression (sense 2), or other definitions.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The context is discussing colon cancer and how it develops in stages. Specifically, it mentions that colon cancer is often preceded by the "development of polyps in the bowel."

Let me consider each sense:

1. "act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining" - This is about improving something through expansion/refinement. This doesn't fit well.

2. "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" - This could fit - the development of polyps involves them progressing through stages.

3. "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" - This is about biological growth and development of organisms. The polyps growing could be seen as a biological process.

4. "a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation" - This doesn't fit. The development of polyps isn't described as a "recent event" in the abstract sense.

5. "the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful" - This is about resource development. Doesn't fit.

6. "a district that has been developed to serve some purpose" - This is about physical development/construction. Doesn't fit.

7. "a state in which things are improving; the result of developing" - Could fit, but less specific.

8. "processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible" - This is about photography. Doesn't fit.

9. "music composition section" - Doesn't fit.

The key is that "development of polyps" refers to the growth/formation of polyps in the biological context. This most clearly matches sense 3, which specifically refers to biological growth and organic development.

The polyps developing involves a biological unfolding process where cells gradually change and multiply. The answer is 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: polyp
Target surface form: polyps
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of <t>polyps</t> in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=polyp%1:26:00:: | definition=a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane | synonyms=polypus
2. sense_key=polyp%1:05:00:: | definition=one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth | examples=in some species of coelenterate, polyps are a phase in the life cycle that alternates with a medusoid phase

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses polyps in the bowel that precede and can develop into colon cancer. This refers to medical growths on the mucous membrane of the colon, which matches sense 1: "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane." Sense 2 refers to a zoological term for marine organisms like corals and hydras, which is irrelevant to the medical discussion of colon cancer.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "polyps" is being used.

The context is discussing colon cancer and mentions:
"He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The text clearly indicates that polyps are:
1. Found in the bowel (colon)
2. A development that precedes colon cancer
3. Can become malignant
4. Develop on a mucous membrane (the bowel lining)

This is clearly referring to medical polyps - small growths on the surface of mucous membranes.

Sense 1 definition: "a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane" - This matches perfectly. Polyps in the colon are indeed small growths on the mucous membrane of the bowel.

Sense 2 definition: "one of two forms that coelenterates take (e.g. a hydra or coral): usually sedentary with a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth" - This is a biological term referring to marine/aquatic organisms, which is completely unrelated to the context of colon cancer.

The answer is clearly sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: case
Target surface form: cases
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some <t>cases</t> become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=case%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=instance, example | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
2. sense_key=case%1:26:00:: | definition=a special set of circumstances | synonyms=event | examples=in that event, the first possibility is excluded; it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled
3. sense_key=case%1:04:00:: | definition=a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy | synonyms=lawsuit, suit, cause, causa | examples=the family brought suit against the landlord
4. sense_key=case%1:09:00:: | definition=the actual state of things | examples=that was not the case
5. sense_key=case%1:06:00:: | definition=a portable container for carrying several objects | examples=the musicians left their instrument cases backstage
6. sense_key=case%1:18:03:: | definition=a person requiring professional services | examples=a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor
7. sense_key=case%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation | synonyms=subject, guinea pig | examples=the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly; the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities
8. sense_key=case%1:10:02:: | definition=a problem requiring investigation | examples=Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir
9. sense_key=case%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument | examples=he stated his case clearly
10. sense_key=case%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity contained in a case | synonyms=caseful
11. sense_key=case%1:10:00:: | definition=nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentence | synonyms=grammatical case
12. sense_key=case%1:26:02:: | definition=a specific state of mind that is temporary | examples=a case of the jitters
13. sense_key=case%1:18:04:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, type | examples=a real character; a strange character
14. sense_key=case%1:10:03:: | definition=a specific size and style of type within a type family | synonyms=font, fount, typeface, face
15. sense_key=case%1:08:00:: | definition=an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or part | synonyms=sheath
16. sense_key=case%1:06:06:: | definition=the housing or outer covering of something | synonyms=shell, casing | examples=the clock has a walnut case
17. sense_key=case%1:06:07:: | definition=the enclosing frame around a door or window opening | synonyms=casing | examples=the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced
18. sense_key=case%1:06:03:: | definition=(printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers | synonyms=compositor's case, typesetter's case | examples=for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters
19. sense_key=case%1:06:02:: | definition=bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow | synonyms=pillowcase, slip, pillow slip | examples=the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase
20. sense_key=case%1:06:01:: | definition=a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or home | synonyms=display case, showcase, vitrine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "cases" in this context means "instances" or "occurrences." The sentence describes how polyps "in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages" - referring to some instances or examples of polyp development. This matches sense 1: "an occurrence of something" with synonyms "instance, example," which directly captures the meaning in this medical/scientific discussion.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The word "cases" here refers to instances of polyps in the bowel. The text is talking about how polyps sometimes become increasingly malignant, and in some instances/occurrences this happens in identifiable stages.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "an occurrence of something" with synonyms "instance, example" and examples like "it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday" - This fits perfectly. The word "cases" here means "instances" or "occurrences."

2. "a special set of circumstances" - This could potentially work but is less precise.

3. "a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law" - Not applicable, not legal context.

4. "the actual state of things" - Not quite right.

5-20. Other definitions related to containers, persons, etc. - Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 1, which defines "case" as "an occurrence of something" with the synonym "instance, example." This matches the context where "in some cases" means "in some instances" or "in some occurrences."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases <t>become</t> increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "become" in this context describes polyps transforming from less severe to increasingly malignant states in identifiable stages. This represents an "undergo a change or development" scenario rather than simply "entering a state." The adverb "increasingly" and the phrase "in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly" emphasize the developmental transformation process, which aligns best with sense 2.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "become" is used:

"It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages"

Here, "become" is describing a transformation or change in state. The polyps are changing from less malignant to more malignant/deadly.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "enter or assume a certain state or condition" (go, get) - This could fit, as the polyps are entering a more malignant state. Examples: "He became annoyed" - the person enters an annoyed state.

2. "undergo a change or development" (turn) - This also could fit. The polyps are undergoing a change/development from less malignant to more malignant. Examples: "The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy" - these show transformation/change.

3. "come into existence" - This doesn't fit well. The polyps already exist; they're not coming into existence.

4. "enhance the appearance of" (suit) - This doesn't fit at all in this context.

Between senses 1 and 2, I need to be more precise:
- Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - focuses on assuming/entering a state
- Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" - focuses on the process of change/development

The context says "become increasingly malignant" - the polyps are becoming more and more malignant in stages. The emphasis is on the transformation/change process ("increasingly", "in identifiable stages"). This better matches sense 2 "undergo a change or development" than sense 1.

So the answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: stage
Target surface form: stages
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable <t>stages</t> -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: | definition=any distinct time period in a sequence of events | synonyms=phase | examples=we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected
2. sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, level, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: | definition=a large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience | examples=he clambered up onto the stage and got the actors to help him into the box
4. sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: | definition=the theater as a profession (usually `the stage') | examples=an early movie simply showed a long kiss by two actors of the contemporary stage
5. sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: | definition=a large coach-and-four formerly used to carry passengers and mail on regular routes between towns | synonyms=stagecoach | examples=we went out of town together by stage about ten or twelve miles
6. sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: | definition=a section or portion of a journey or course | synonyms=leg | examples=then we embarked on the second stage of our Caribbean cruise
7. sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: | definition=any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting or doing something; --Shakespeare | examples=All the world's a stage; it set the stage for peaceful negotiations
8. sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: | definition=a small platform on a microscope where the specimen is mounted for examination | synonyms=microscope stage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes cancer development progressing through identifiable stages from less severe to deadly conditions, representing distinct positions in a biological process. This matches sense 2: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process," which emphasizes positions within a sequential process—exactly how "stages" is used here to describe progression points in cancer development.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand how "stages" is being used.

In the context: "He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple 'hits' on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The word "stages" is used to refer to distinct points or phases in a process - specifically the progression of cancer development from less severe to deadly conditions. It's describing steps or phases in a sequential process.

Let me evaluate each candidate sense:

1. "sense_key=stage%1:28:00:: any distinct time period in a sequence of events" - This fits well. It's describing distinct periods in the development of cancer.

2. "sense_key=stage%1:26:00:: a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - This also fits very well. The context explicitly mentions "identifiable stages" that progress from less severe to deadly in a process.

3. "sense_key=stage%1:06:00:: a large platform on which people can stand" - This doesn't fit; not about a physical platform.

4. "sense_key=stage%1:10:00:: the theater as a profession" - Doesn't fit.

5. "sense_key=stage%1:06:01:: a large coach-and-four" - Doesn't fit.

6. "sense_key=stage%1:04:00:: a section or portion of a journey or course" - This could fit as it refers to parts of a progression.

7. "sense_key=stage%1:15:00:: any scene regarded as a setting for exhibiting" - Doesn't fit.
8. "sense_key=stage%1:06:02:: a small platform on a microscope" - Doesn't fit.

Sense 2 is the strongest match since the passage explicitly references "identifiable stages" within a process of cancer progression. The emphasis on a specific position within a continuum aligns perfectly with how the cancer develops through increasingly malignant phases.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progress
Target surface form: progressing
Context:
It was an audacious claim. But in Baltimore, Dr. Vogelstein, a young molecular biologist at Johns Hopkins Medical School, believed Dr. Knudson was right, and set out to repeat the Cavenee experiment in cells from other cancers. His was one of two research teams in 1984 to report dual chromosome losses for a rare childhood cancer of the kidney called Wilm's tumor. Dr. Vogelstein next turned his attention colon cancer, the second biggest cancer killer in the U.S. after lung cancer. He believed colon cancer might also arise from multiple "hits "on cancer suppressor genes, because it often seems to develop in stages. It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- <t>progressing</t> from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring. Dr. Vogelstein and a doctoral student, Eric Fearon, began months of tedious and often frustrating probing of the chromosomes searching for signs of genetic damage.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along
2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on
3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "progressing" in this context describes how polyps become "increasingly malignant" through "identifiable stages" in a "cascade of genetic damage." The sense emphasizes the steady accumulation and building up of malignancy over time, which aligns with sense 3 ("form or accumulate steadily"). This is further supported by the biological narrative of cancer development through multiple genetic "hits" that accumulate progressively, rather than either positive development (sense 1) or simple forward movement in time (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the three candidate senses for "progressing".

Context: "It often is preceded by the development of polyps in the bowel, which in some cases become increasingly malignant in identifiable stages -- progressing from less severe to deadly -- as though a cascade of genetic damage might be occurring."

The word "progressing" here is describing how polyps change over time - they go from less severe to deadly. This is about the development and accumulation of changes in stages.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=progress%2:30:00:: | definition=develop in a positive way | synonyms=come on, come along, advance, get on, get along, shape up | examples=He progressed well in school; My plants are coming along

This sense emphasizes "positive way" and the examples show favorable development. In the context, polyps becoming "increasingly malignant" and "deadly" is not a positive development - this doesn't fit.

2. sense_key=progress%2:38:00:: | definition=move forward, also in the metaphorical sense | synonyms=advance, pass on, move on, march on, go on | examples=Time marches on

This sense is about moving forward in time or sequence. The polyps are indeed moving forward through stages from less severe to deadly, so this could fit.

3. sense_key=progress%2:30:01:: | definition=form or accumulate steadily | synonyms=build up, work up, build | examples=Resistance to the manager's plan built up quickly; Pressure is building up at the Indian-Pakistani border

This sense is about steady accumulation and building up. The context talks about "increasingly malignant" stages and "a cascade of genetic damage" - which suggests accumulation over time.

Looking at the exact context: "progressing from less severe to deadly" - this is describing stages of development, where severity accumulates. The phrase "increasingly malignant" and "cascade of genetic damage" support the idea of steady accumulation.
Sense 2 focuses on sequential movement through stages, whereas sense 3 captures the biological reality of how mutations build up progressively. Given that the passage emphasizes a "cascade of genetic damage" accumulating in identifiable stages, sense 3 best captures this steady buildup of severity over time. The answer is 3.