[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: see
Target surface form: seen
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have <t>seen</t> one or two men die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=see%2:39:00:: | definition=perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight | examples=You have to be a good observer to see all the details; Can you see the bird in that tree?
2. sense_key=see%2:31:01:: | definition=perceive (an idea or situation) mentally | synonyms=understand, realize, realise | examples=Now I see!; I just can't see your point
3. sense_key=see%2:39:02:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, find | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
4. sense_key=see%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind | synonyms=visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy, figure | examples=I can't see him on horseback!; I can see what will happen
5. sense_key=see%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=consider, reckon, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
6. sense_key=see%2:31:02:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
7. sense_key=see%2:39:03:: | definition=see or watch | synonyms=watch, view, catch, take in | examples=view a show on television; This program will be seen all over the world
8. sense_key=see%2:38:00:: | definition=come together | synonyms=meet, run into, encounter, run across, come across | examples=I'll probably see you at the meeting; How nice to see you again!
9. sense_key=see%2:32:00:: | definition=find out, learn, or determine with certainty, usually by making an inquiry or other effort | synonyms=determine, check, find out, ascertain, watch, learn | examples=I want to see whether she speaks French; See whether it works
10. sense_key=see%2:31:03:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=check, insure, see to it, ensure, control, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
11. sense_key=see%2:41:11:: | definition=go to see for professional or business reasons | examples=You should see a lawyer; We had to see a psychiatrist
12. sense_key=see%2:41:12:: | definition=go to see for a social visit | examples=I went to see my friend Mary the other day
13. sense_key=see%2:41:10:: | definition=go to see a place, as for entertainment | synonyms=visit | examples=We went to see the Eiffel Tower in the morning
14. sense_key=see%2:41:14:: | definition=take charge of or deal with | synonyms=attend, take care, look | examples=Could you see about lunch?; I must attend to this matter
15. sense_key=see%2:35:09:: | definition=receive as a specified guest | examples=the doctor will see you now; The minister doesn't see anybody before noon
16. sense_key=see%2:41:00:: | definition=date regularly; have a steady relationship with | synonyms=go steady, go out, date | examples=Did you know that she is seeing an older man?; He is dating his former wife again!
17. sense_key=see%2:39:05:: | definition=see and understand, have a good eye | examples=The artist must first learn to see
18. sense_key=see%2:31:08:: | definition=deliberate or decide | examples=See whether you can come tomorrow; let's see--which movie should we see tonight?
19. sense_key=see%2:39:11:: | definition=observe as if with an eye | examples=The camera saw the burglary and recorded it
20. sense_key=see%2:39:13:: | definition=observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect | synonyms=examine | examples=The customs agent examined the baggage; I must see your passport before you can enter the country
21. sense_key=see%2:39:12:: | definition=go or live through | synonyms=experience, go through | examples=We had many trials to go through; he saw action in Viet Nam
22. sense_key=see%2:38:03:: | definition=accompany or escort | synonyms=escort | examples=I'll see you to the door
23. sense_key=see%2:33:00:: | definition=match or meet | examples=I saw the bet of one of my fellow players
24. sense_key=see%2:31:13:: | definition=make sense of; assign a meaning to | synonyms=interpret, construe | examples=What message do you see in this letter?; How do you interpret his behavior?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The speaker is recounting her personal experience in bell ringing, stating that she has "seen one or two men die" in the belfry. In this context, "seen" means to have been present at and witnessed an event. Sense 3 ("perceive or be contemporaneous with") with its synonym "witness" and example "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school" best captures this meaning of being present during and observing something that occurs.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "seen" appears:

"I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."

The speaker is recounting something she has witnessed or experienced in her 60 years of ringing. She has personally witnessed one or two men dying in the belfry.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "perceive by sight or have the power to perceive by sight" - This could work, but it's very basic and literal.

2. "perceive (an idea or situation) mentally" - Not really the focus here.

3. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - This includes "witness" as a synonym and examples like "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school". This seems very appropriate. The speaker witnessed (was contemporaneous with/present during) men dying.

4. "imagine; conceive of; see in one's mind" - No, she's not imagining this, she's recounting actual experiences.

5. "deem to be" - Not relevant.

6. "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - Not quite right, this seems more about learning information.

7. "see or watch" - Could work, but it's broader.

21. "go or live through; experience, go through" - This is interesting. She has lived through and experienced seeing men die.

The key context is that she's recounting an experience from her 60 years of ringing. She witnessed (saw) one or two men die.

Sense 3 "perceive or be contemporaneous with" with the synonym "witness" seems most appropriate. The definition emphasizes being present at the time of something happening, which matches perfectly with her recounting of witnessing deaths in the belfry.

Sense 21 about experiencing/going through could also work, but sense 3 seems more directly about witnessing/seeing something happen.

I'll go with sense 3.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: man
Target surface form: men
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two <t>men</t> die, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=man%1:18:00:: | definition=an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman) | synonyms=adult male | examples=there were two women and six men on the bus
2. sense_key=man%1:18:03:: | definition=someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force | synonyms=serviceman, military man, military personnel | examples=two men stood sentry duty
3. sense_key=man%1:18:04:: | definition=the generic use of the word to refer to any human being | examples=it was every man for himself
4. sense_key=man%1:05:01:: | definition=any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage | synonyms=homo, human being, human
5. sense_key=man%1:18:08:: | definition=a male subordinate | examples=the chief stationed two men outside the building; he awaited word from his man in Havana
6. sense_key=man%1:18:06:: | definition=an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent) | examples=the army will make a man of you
7. sense_key=man%1:18:05:: | definition=a manservant who acts as a personal attendant to his employer | synonyms=valet, valet de chambre, gentleman, gentleman's gentleman | examples=Jeeves was Bertie Wooster's man
8. sense_key=man%1:18:07:: | definition=a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman | examples=she takes good care of her man
9. sense_key=man%1:15:00:: | definition=one of the British Isles in the Irish Sea | synonyms=Isle of Man
10. sense_key=man%1:06:00:: | definition=game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games | synonyms=piece | examples=he taught me to set up the men on the chess board; he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage
11. sense_key=man%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=world, human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows a female bell-ringer contrasting women with men in the same activity. The phrase "I have seen one or two men die" refers to adult male bell-ringers, directly parallel to the contrast with women ringers established throughout the passage. This matches sense 1: "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)," which is further supported by the provided example "there were two women and six men on the bus" that uses the same contrastive structure.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "men" appears:

"I have seen one or two men die, bless them."

This is in the context of bell-ringing. The speaker (a woman ringer with 60 years of experience) is talking about her personal observations during ringing events - she has seen one or two men die (presumably while ringing in the belfry).

Now let's look at the candidate senses:

1. "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)" - This fits the basic meaning of men as adult males.

2. "someone who serves in the armed forces; a member of a military force" - This doesn't fit. There's no context about military.

3. "the generic use of the word to refer to any human being" - This is generic usage, but the text specifically contrasts women and men, so it's not generic here.

4. "any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae..." - This is too broad and scientific.

5. "a male subordinate" - There's no indication these are subordinates.

6. "an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent)" - This seems like it might apply, but the specific context doesn't emphasize these characteristics.

7. "a manservant who acts as a personal attendant..." - Not applicable here.

8. "a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman" - Not applicable.

9. Isle of Man - Not applicable.

10. Game equipment piece - Not applicable.

11. All of the living human inhabitants of the earth - Not applicable.

The most straightforward interpretation is sense 1: "an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman)." The speaker is specifically referring to male bell-ringers who have died during ringing, contrasting them with women ringers. The example for sense 1 ("there were two women and six men on the bus") is very similar in structure to the usage here - directly contrasting women with men.
Sense 1 is the correct answer.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: die
Target surface form: die
Context:
The oldest bell-ringing group in the country, the Ancient Society of College Youths, founded in 1637, remains male-only, a fact that's particularly galling to women because the group is the sole source of ringers for Britain's most prestigious churches, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. This being Britain, no woman has filed an equal-opportunity suit, but the extent of the problem surfaced this summer in a series of letters to "The Ringing World, "a weekly newspaper for ringers. One writer, signing his letter as "Red-blooded, balanced male, "remarked on the "frequency of women fainting in peals, "and suggested that they "settle back into their traditional role of making tea at meetings. "In the torrent of replies that followed, one woman ringer from Solihull observed that "the average male ringer leaves quite a lot to be desired: badly dressed, decorated with acne and a large beer-belly, frequently unwashed and unbearably flatulent in peals. "Another women wrote from Sheffield to say that in her 60 years of ringing, "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men <t>die</t>, bless them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=die%2:30:00:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=decease, perish, go, exit, pass away, expire | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
2. sense_key=die%2:39:00:: | definition=suffer or face the pain of death | examples=Martyrs may die every day for their faith
3. sense_key=die%2:37:00:: | definition=be brought to or as if to the point of death by an intense emotion such as embarrassment, amusement, or shame | examples=I was dying with embarrassment when my little lie was discovered; We almost died laughing during the show
4. sense_key=die%2:30:04:: | definition=stop operating or functioning | synonyms=fail, go bad, give way, give out, conk out, go | examples=The engine finally went; The car died on the road
5. sense_key=die%2:37:03:: | definition=feel indifferent towards | examples=She died to worldly things and eventually entered a monastery
6. sense_key=die%2:37:01:: | definition=languish as with love or desire | examples=She dying for a cigarette; I was dying to leave
7. sense_key=die%2:35:00:: | definition=cut or shape with a die | synonyms=die out | examples=Die out leather for belts
8. sense_key=die%2:33:00:: | definition=to be on base at the end of an inning, of a player
9. sense_key=die%2:30:05:: | definition=lose sparkle or bouquet | synonyms=pall, become flat | examples=wine and beer can pall
10. sense_key=die%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear or come to an end | examples=Their anger died; My secret will die with me!
11. sense_key=die%2:30:02:: | definition=suffer spiritual death; be damned (in the religious sense) | examples=Whosoever..believes in me shall never die

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The woman is recounting her 60 years of experience as a bell-ringer, stating factually that she has witnessed one or two men actually pass away (die) during bell-ringing activities, in contrast to never having seen a lady faint. This is the literal sense of death - ceasing to live - rather than any metaphorical usage like dying from embarrassment (sense 3) or dying to desire (sense 6).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "I have never known a lady to faint in the belfry. I have seen one or two men die, bless them."

This is a woman ringer talking about her 60 years of experience ringing bells. She's saying that in all her time, she's never seen a lady faint in the bell tower, but she HAS seen one or two men die.

Given the context of bell-ringing (which is physically strenuous work), the phrase "I have seen one or two men die" is being used literally - meaning men have actually died/passed away during bell-ringing activities.

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes" - This is the standard death meaning. This fits the context of someone actually dying during the bell-ringing activity.

2. "suffer or face the pain of death" - This is about experiencing the pain of dying.

3. "be brought to the point of death by an intense emotion" - This is metaphorical, about dying from embarrassment/laughter.

4. "stop operating or functioning" - This is about machines/engines stopping.

5. "feel indifferent towards" - This doesn't fit.

6. "languish as with love or desire" - This is metaphorical, like "dying for something."

7. "cut or shape with a die" - This is about the tool, doesn't fit.

8. "to be on base at the end of an inning" - Baseball term, doesn't fit.

9. "lose sparkle or bouquet" - About wine/beer, doesn't fit.

10. "disappear or come to an end" - This could be metaphorical use.

11. "suffer spiritual death" - Religious meaning.

The most straightforward interpretation in this context is sense 1: the literal meaning of death - "pass from physical life." The woman is saying that in 60 years of bell-ringing, she's observed that men have actually died (passed away) during the activity, whereas she's never known a lady to faint. This is a factual statement about mortality during the physically demanding activity.
Sense 1 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medical
Target surface form: Medical
Context:
<t>Medical</t> scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the study or practice of medicine | examples=the medical profession; a medical student
2. sense_key=medical%3:00:00:: | definition=requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery | examples=medical treatment; pneumonia is a medical disease
3. sense_key=medical%3:01:02:: | definition=of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art | synonyms=aesculapian

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "Medical scientists" who are conducting scientific research to uncover genes related to cancer. This clearly refers to scientists involved in the study and practice of medicine, making sense 1 the best fit: "relating to the study or practice of medicine." This sense is directly supported by the example "a medical student" and the phrase "the medical profession," which are parallel to "Medical scientists."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "Medical":

Context: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."

The word "Medical" is modifying "scientists" - referring to scientists who work in the field of medicine/medical research.

Let me examine the three senses:

1. sense_key=medical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the study or practice of medicine | examples=the medical profession; a medical student
   - This sense refers to relating to the study or practice of medicine
   - The example "the medical profession" fits well with "medical scientists"
   - This appears to be the most appropriate sense

2. sense_key=medical%3:00:00:: | definition=requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery | examples=medical treatment; pneumonia is a medical disease
   - This sense refers to things that require or respond to medical treatment
   - This doesn't fit the context of "medical scientists"

3. sense_key=medical%3:01:02:: | definition=of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art | synonyms=aesculapian
   - This is an archaic/classical reference to the healing art
   - This is less likely in modern context

The best fit is clearly sense 1, which refers to "relating to the study or practice of medicine" - since "medical scientists" are scientists involved in the study and practice of medicine/medical research.

The answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: start
Target surface form: starting
Context:
Medical scientists are <t>starting</t> to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, begin, get, start out, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=begin, lead off, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: | definition=leave | synonyms=depart, part, start out, set forth, set off, set out | examples=The family took off for Florida
4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=begin | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: | definition=bring into being | synonyms=originate, initiate | examples=He initiated a new program; Start a foundation
6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: | definition=get off the ground | synonyms=start up, embark on, commence | examples=Who started this company?; We embarked on an exciting enterprise
7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: | definition=move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm | synonyms=startle, jump | examples=She startled when I walked into the room
8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: | definition=get going or set in motion | synonyms=start up | examples=We simply could not start the engine; start up the computer
9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: | definition=begin or set in motion | synonyms=go, get going | examples=I start at eight in the morning; Ready, set, go!
10. sense_key=start%2:41:00:: | definition=begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job | synonyms=take up | examples=Take up a position; start a new job
11. sense_key=start%2:33:00:: | definition=play in the starting lineup
12. sense_key=start%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=begin | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
13. sense_key=start%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=begin | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
14. sense_key=start%2:38:03:: | definition=bulge outward | synonyms=protrude, pop, pop out, bulge, bulge out, bug out | examples=His eyes popped

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "are starting to uncover" means scientists are beginning to perform the action of uncovering genes. This matches sense 1 ("take the first step or steps in carrying out an action"), which has synonyms like "begin" and "get down" and examples like "We began working at dawn." This is the core meaning of initiating an action or activity.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "starting" in this sentence:

"Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."

The phrase "are starting to uncover" means "are beginning to uncover" - it's about the initiation of an action or process.

Let me go through the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=start%2:30:00:: - "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - This fits! "begin working at dawn" example is similar to "starting to uncover"

2. sense_key=start%2:30:01:: - "set in motion, cause to start" - This is about causing something else to start, not about beginning to do something

3. sense_key=start%2:38:02:: - "leave" - Doesn't fit

4. sense_key=start%2:42:00:: - "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense" - This is about something having a beginning, not about someone beginning to do something

5. sense_key=start%2:36:00:: - "bring into being" - Not quite right

6. sense_key=start%2:36:01:: - "get off the ground" - Could fit, but more about businesses/enterprises

7. sense_key=start%2:38:04:: - "move or jump suddenly" - Doesn't fit

8. sense_key=start%2:38:01:: - "get going or set in motion" - This could work for machines/engines

9. sense_key=start%2:38:00:: - "begin or set in motion" - This is very close to sense 1, but broader
The remaining senses don't align with the context—they either reference sports terminology, physical movements like bulging, or describe how something begins rather than how someone initiates an action. Sense 1 remains the clearest match for scientists beginning their investigative work.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: handful
Target surface form: handful
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a <t>handful</t> of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=handful%1:23:01:: | definition=a small number or amount | synonyms=smattering | examples=only a handful of responses were received
2. sense_key=handful%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity that can be held in the hand | synonyms=fistful

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "handful" is being used.

The sentence is: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a <t>handful</t> of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."

Let me examine both candidate senses:

1. sense_key=handful%1:23:01:: | definition=a small number or amount | synonyms=smattering | examples=only a handful of responses were received
   - This sense refers to a small number or amount of something (abstract or countable)
   - The example "only a handful of responses were received" shows this usage
   - Synonyms: smattering

2. sense_key=handful%1:23:00:: | definition=the quantity that can be held in the hand | synonyms=fistful
   - This sense refers to the literal/physical quantity that can be held in one's hand
   - Synonyms: fistful

In the context provided, we're talking about "a handful of genes." The genes are abstract entities (you can't physically hold them in your hand), so we're not talking about a literal physical quantity. Instead, we're using "handful" to mean "a small number or amount of genes."

This clearly maps to sense 1, which has the definition "a small number or amount" and includes examples like "only a handful of responses were received," which is similar in structure to our context.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damaged
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if <t>damaged</t>, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes genes being harmed or injured at a functional/molecular level, which causes cancer development. This matches sense 1 ("harmed or injured or spoiled"), which refers to physical or functional damage. Sense 2 refers to reputational damage, which is not applicable in this medical/biological context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "damaged" in this sentence.

The target sentence is: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if <t>damaged</t>, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."

Here, "damaged" refers to genes that have been harmed or injured in some way. The context is about genes being harmed/injured in a physical or functional sense, which would then cause cancer development.

Let me examine both senses:

1. sense_key=damaged%3:00:00:: | definition=harmed or injured or spoiled | examples=I won't buy damaged goods; the storm left a wake of badly damaged buildings
   - This refers to physical harm or injury
   - "harmed or injured or spoiled" fits perfectly with the biological context of genes being harmed

2. sense_key=damaged%5:00:00:disreputable:00 | definition=being unjustly brought into disrepute | synonyms=discredited | examples=a discredited politician; her damaged reputation
   - This refers to reputation or standing being harmed
   - This is about social/reputational damage, not physical damage

In the medical/biological context, when genes are "damaged," it means they are functionally impaired or injured at the molecular/genetic level. This is clearly the first sense - "harmed or injured or spoiled" - not the second sense about reputation.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: unleash
Target surface form: unleash
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, <t>unleash</t> the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=unleash%2:35:00:: | definition=release or vent | examples=unleash one's anger
2. sense_key=unleash%2:35:01:: | definition=release from a leash | examples=unleash the dogs in the park
3. sense_key=unleash%2:35:02:: | definition=turn loose or free from restraint | synonyms=let loose, loose | examples=let loose mines; Loose terrible plagues upon humanity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes genes that, when damaged, cause the chaotic growth of cancer cells to occur. "Unleash" here means to release something dangerous or destructive from restraint—the genes are freeing uncontrolled cellular growth. This metaphorical use of "turn loose or free from restraint" with a harmful consequence aligns with sense 3, which includes examples like "let loose mines" and "loose terrible plagues upon humanity," all describing the release of destructive forces.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "unleash" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."

Let's examine each sense:

1. sense_key=unleash%2:35:00:: | definition=release or vent | examples=unleash one's anger
   - This refers to releasing emotions or feelings
   - Example: "unleash one's anger" - venting emotions

2. sense_key=unleash%2:35:01:: | definition=release from a leash | examples=unleash the dogs in the park
   - This is literal - releasing something from a physical leash
   - More concrete/physical meaning

3. sense_key=unleash%2:35:02:: | definition=turn loose or free from restraint | synonyms=let loose, loose | examples=let loose mines; Loose terrible plagues upon humanity
   - This refers to releasing something dangerous or destructive
   - The examples show releasing harmful things (mines, plagues)
   - More metaphorical/abstract meaning

In the context of the sentence, the genes, when damaged, "unleash the chaotic growth of cells." This is describing the release of something dangerous or destructive - the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells. The genes are being freed from their normal restraint, allowing chaotic growth to occur.

This fits best with sense 3: "turn loose or free from restraint" - the genes are releasing/freeing the uncontrolled cellular growth, which is a dangerous/destructive outcome. The examples of "let loose mines" and "loose terrible plagues" parallel this - they describe releasing harmful things.

Sense 1 (release or vent emotions) doesn't fit because we're not talking about emotions.

Sense 2 (release from a leash literally) is too literal and concrete for this context - we're not actually talking about physical leashes.

The best answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: chaotic
Target surface form: chaotic
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the <t>chaotic</t> growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=chaotic%5:00:00:disorganized:00 | definition=lacking a visible order or organization | synonyms=helter-skelter
2. sense_key=chaotic%5:00:00:wild:02 | definition=completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing | synonyms=disorderly
3. sense_key=chaotic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to a sensitive dependence on initial conditions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "chaotic" best fits.

The context is: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."

The word "chaotic" here describes the growth of cells in cancer. Let me consider each sense:

1. **Sense 1** (disorganized, lacking visible order): "lacking a visible order or organization" with synonym "helter-skelter". This suggests something that lacks structure or organization.

2. **Sense 2** (wild, unpredictable): "completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing" with synonym "disorderly". This suggests something that is wild, uncontrolled, unpredictable, and confusing.

3. **Sense 3** (mathematical/scientific): "of or relating to a sensitive dependence on initial conditions". This is the technical mathematical definition used in chaos theory.

In the medical context, cancerous cell growth is characterized by:
- Uncontrolled proliferation
- Lack of organization
- Unpredictable behavior
- Wildness/lack of regulation

The word is describing how cancer cells grow in an uncontrolled, unpredictable manner - not in the organized, orderly way that healthy cells do.

Sense 1 emphasizes lack of organization/order, which is relevant.
Sense 2 emphasizes being unordered, unpredictable, and confusing, with "disorderly" as a synonym.
Sense 3 is the technical mathematical definition, which while technically accurate for chaos theory, is not the intended meaning in this medical context.

Between sense 1 and 2, sense 2 seems more appropriate because it emphasizes both the disorganization AND the unpredictability of the cell growth. The phrase "chaotic growth" in cancer refers to cells growing wildly and unpredictably, not just in a disorganized manner. Sense 2's definition "completely unordered and unpredictable and confusing" captures the sense of wild, out-of-control growth better than sense 1.
Sense 2 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic <t>growth</t> of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The context explicitly discusses cancer development and "chaotic growth of cells." Sense 6 is the pathology-specific definition that addresses abnormal proliferation of tissue related to tumors, which directly corresponds to the cancer-related cellular growth described in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is about cancer cells undergoing "chaotic growth."

The key phrase is "the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer" and "how cancer develops."

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: - "the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" - This is about normal biological development.

2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: - "a progression from simpler to more complex forms" - This is about progression, cultural growth.

3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: - "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" - This is about increase/enlargement.

4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: - "vegetation that has grown" - Physical plants/vegetation.

5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: - "the gradual beginning or coming forth" - About emergence.

6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: - "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" - This is about abnormal tissue growth, related to disease.

7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: - "something grown or growing" - Generic growth of something.

The context specifically mentions "chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer" and talks about genes that "unleash" this growth. Cancer is about abnormal cell proliferation. Sense 6 is specifically a pathology definition about "abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" which directly relates to cancer.

While sense 3 about "process of becoming larger" could work, sense 6 is more specific and directly addresses the pathological context of cancer mentioned in the text.

The answer should be sense 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of <t>cells</t> that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "cells" in this sentence.

The context is: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."

This is clearly about biological cells - the basic structural and functional units of organisms. The passage is discussing cancer development, which involves the growth and behavior of biological cells.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "any small compartment" - examples given are honeycomb cells. This is too general and contextually inappropriate for the cancer discussion.

2. "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals" - This is clearly the correct sense. The context is about "chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer" which refers to biological cells in organisms.

3. "a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction" - This is about electrical/chemical devices, not relevant to cancer biology.

4. "a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement" - This is about political organizations, not biology.

5. "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone" - This is about phones (cellular phones), not relevant.

6. "small room in which a monk or nun lives" - This is about rooms in religious contexts, not relevant.

7. "a room where a prisoner is kept" - This is about prison cells, not relevant.

The answer is clearly sense 2, which is the biological definition of cells. This makes perfect sense in the context of discussing cancer development and gene damage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: characterize
Target surface form: characterizes
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that <t>characterizes</t> cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=characterize%2:32:00:: | definition=describe or portray the character or the qualities or peculiarities of | synonyms=qualify, characterise | examples=You can characterize his behavior as that of an egotist; This poem can be characterized as a lament for a dead lover
2. sense_key=characterize%2:42:01:: | definition=be characteristic of | synonyms=characterise | examples=What characterizes a Venetian painting?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context shows that "chaotic growth of cells" is being presented as a distinguishing feature that is typical of cancer. The word "characterizes" here means "is characteristic of" or "is a defining feature of," which matches sense 2's definition "be characteristic of." The example "What characterizes a Venetian painting?" demonstrates this same usage pattern—asking what features are typical or distinctive of something. Sense 1 (describe or portray) would instead involve actively describing or depicting something, which is not what occurs in this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses:

The sentence is: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer."

The word "characterizes" is being used to describe what property or quality is typical of cancer. The chaotic growth of cells is what characterizes (is typical of, is distinctive of) cancer.

Let me look at the two senses:

1. sense_key=characterize%2:32:00:: | definition=describe or portray the character or the qualities or peculiarities of | synonyms=qualify, characterise | examples=You can characterize his behavior as that of an egotist; This poem can be characterized as a lament for a dead lover

This sense means to describe or depict something by its characteristics. The examples show this as an active process of describing or portraying.

2. sense_key=characterize%2:42:01:: | definition=be characteristic of | synonyms=characterise | examples=What characterizes a Venetian painting?

This sense means to BE CHARACTERISTIC OF something - i.e., to be a distinguishing feature or quality that is typical of something.

In the context: "the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer" - this means the chaotic growth is characteristic of cancer, it's a typical feature that defines or distinguishes cancer.

This is clearly sense 2 - "be characteristic of" - because we're saying that this property (chaotic growth) IS CHARACTERISTIC OF (is a defining feature of) cancer, not that we are describing or portraying cancer.

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes <t>cancer</t>. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to cancer as a medical condition. The passage discusses:
- "genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells" - describing abnormal cell division
- Medical scientists conducting research on the disease
- How cancer develops at the genetic level

This matches sense 1, which defines cancer as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division." The other senses relate to astrology (senses 2, 3, 4) or zoology (sense 5), none of which fit the medical-scientific context of the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cancer" is being used.

The context reads: "Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

Key contextual clues:
- "Medical scientists" - indicates a medical/scientific context
- "genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells" - describes cellular growth and division
- "characterizes cancer" - cancer is being discussed as a disease
- "discovery of these genes" - genetic/medical research context
- "how cancer develops" - discussing disease development

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. **sense_key=cancer%1:26:00::** - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" - This perfectly matches the context. The description of "chaotic growth of cells," "abnormal and uncontrolled cell division," and the discussion of genes causing cancer all align with this medical definition.

2. **sense_key=cancer%1:18:00::** - "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - This is astrological and has nothing to do with the medical context.

3. **sense_key=cancer%1:17:00::** - "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini" - This is astronomical/astrological and doesn't fit the context.

4. **sense_key=cancer%1:15:00::** - "the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22" - This is astrological and doesn't fit.
The remaining senses—including a biological genus related to crabs—are equally irrelevant to this medical discussion. The passage is unmistakably focused on cancer as a disease caused by genetic mutations and uncontrolled cellular growth, making sense 1 the only viable interpretation. The sense_index is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: say
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists <t>say</t> the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "say" in this context means scientists are reporting or asserting their position on what the discovery reveals about cancer development. The phrase "Scientists say the discovery... is painting a new picture" reflects sense 2 ("report or maintain"), where scientists are asserting their interpretation of scientific findings, similar to the example "He said it was too late to intervene" which also involves reporting a claimed position.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "say" in the sentence:

"Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

The sentence structure is: "Scientists say [that] the discovery... is painting..."

This is reporting what scientists believe or assert about the discovery. Let me go through each sense:

1. **sense_key=say%2:32:00::** "express in words" - This is the most general sense, means to state or tell something.

2. **sense_key=say%2:32:01::** "report or maintain" - This means to claim or assert something, often where there's some question about truthfulness. Example: "He said it was too late to intervene" - this is reporting what someone claimed.

3. **sense_key=say%2:32:03::** "express a supposition" - This is for hypothetical statements like "Let's say..." This doesn't fit.

4. **sense_key=say%2:42:00::** "have or contain a certain wording" - This is about what something reads or contains, not applicable here.

5. **sense_key=say%2:32:04::** "give instructions" - This is about ordering or directing, not applicable.

6. **sense_key=say%2:32:02::** "speak, pronounce in a certain way" - This is about pronunciation/articulation, not applicable.

7. **sense_key=say%2:32:07::** "communicate nonverbally" - Not applicable.

8. **sense_key=say%2:32:15::** "utter aloud" - This is just about vocalizing, but doesn't capture the meaning here.

9. **sense_key=say%2:32:13::** "state as one's opinion or judgement; declare" - This could work, as scientists are declaring their view.
Senses 10 and 11 (recite/repeat and indicate) don't apply. Between the viable options, sense 2 best captures the meaning—scientists are reporting or asserting what the discovery demonstrates. While sense 1 is more general and sense 9 emphasizes declaration, sense 2 specifically conveys the act of maintaining a scientific assertion about findings.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discovery
Target surface form: discovery
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the <t>discovery</t> of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of discovering something | synonyms=find, uncovering
2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: | definition=something that is discovered
3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: | definition=a productive insight | synonyms=breakthrough, find
4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: | definition=(law) compulsory pretrial disclosure of documents relevant to a case; enables one side in a litigation to elicit information from the other side concerning the facts in the case

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context emphasizes that the discovery of these genes is "painting a new and startling picture" and is "expected to produce an array of new strategies," indicating this is not merely the act of discovering or the object discovered, but rather a breakthrough—a productive insight that yields new understanding and practical applications. This aligns best with sense 3.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "discovery."

The sentence is: "Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

Looking at the context:
- Scientists have uncovered genes that, if damaged, cause cancer
- They are referring to the discovery of these genes
- This discovery is producing new understanding and will lead to new strategies

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=discovery%1:04:00:: - "the act of discovering something" (synonyms: find, uncovering)
   - This refers to the process/act of discovering

2. sense_key=discovery%1:10:00:: - "something that is discovered"
   - This refers to the thing that was discovered (the genes themselves)

3. sense_key=discovery%1:09:00:: - "a productive insight" (synonyms: breakthrough, find)
   - This refers to a meaningful discovery that leads to new understanding

4. sense_key=discovery%1:10:01:: - Legal definition about pretrial disclosure
   - This is clearly not relevant to the context

The sentence says "the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops." This suggests that the discovery is:
- Recent
- Leading to new understanding
- A productive breakthrough
- Creating new strategies for treatment

Between senses 1, 2, and 3:
- Sense 1 (the act) - could work, but "the act of discovering" doesn't quite capture the full sense
- Sense 2 (something discovered) - could work, referring to what was found (the genes)
- Sense 3 (productive insight) - this seems best because it captures both the discovery as a finding AND the fact that it's a "breakthrough" that produces new understanding and strategies

The context emphasizes that this is a breakthrough producing new strategies and understanding, which aligns best with sense 3 "a productive insight" with the synonym "breakthrough."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in <t>recent</t> months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "recent months" refers to months of the immediate past, close to the present time. This aligns with sense 2's definition of "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time." The synonym "late" could replace "recent" here (e.g., "in late months"), confirming this temporal interpretation rather than the "new" sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "recent" is being used.

The sentence is: "Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

The phrase is "recent months" - referring to months that are close to the present time, specifically months that have just passed or are just previous to the present.

Let me consider both senses:

1. Sense 1: "new" - with examples like "recent graduates" (newly graduated) and "a recent addition to the house" (newly added)
   - This definition emphasizes the "new" aspect

2. Sense 2: "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" - with synonym "late" and examples like "a late development" (development of recent occurrence), "their late quarrel" (quarrel that happened recently)
   - This definition emphasizes the temporal aspect - something that happened not long ago

In the context "discovery of these genes in recent months," we're talking about months that are close to the present time - months that have just passed. This is about timing, not about novelty. The months themselves aren't "new" in the sense of the first definition; rather, they are close to the present.

Sense 2 is the better fit because:
- "recent months" refers to months of the immediate past
- The synonym "late" would fit naturally: "their late quarrel" has similar meaning to "recent months"
- The definition "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" directly applies to "recent months"

The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent <t>months</t> is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context "in recent months" uses "month" as a temporal unit measuring duration (the past several weeks/months), rather than referring to specific calendar divisions. This aligns with sense 2, which defines month as "a time unit of approximately 30 days," similar to the example "he was given a month to pay the bill."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "month" is being used.

The sentence is: "Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

The phrase "in recent months" is referring to a span of time in the immediate past where these scientific discoveries have been made.

Let me examine the two senses:

1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: - "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" with example "he paid the bill last month"
   This refers to specific calendar months (January, February, etc.) or the month as a structural unit of the calendar year.

2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: - "a time unit of approximately 30 days" with example "he was given a month to pay the bill"
   This refers to a period of time lasting around 30 days, used as a measurement of duration.

In the context "in recent months," the usage is describing a time period - how long ago these discoveries happened. The phrase "recent months" refers to a span of time, not to specific calendar months like "January" or "February."

When someone says "in recent months," they're typically using "months" as a unit of time duration to indicate "over the last few months" or "during the past few months" - essentially measuring a duration of time.

This matches sense 2 better: "a time unit of approximately 30 days" - because the speaker is using "month" as a unit to measure time duration.

Sense 1 would be more like "last month" or "in January" - referring to specific calendar divisions.

So the answer should be sense_index: 2


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: new
Target surface form: new
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a <t>new</t> and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=new%3:00:00:: | definition=not of long duration; having just (or relatively recently) come into being or been made or acquired or discovered | examples=a new law; new cars
2. sense_key=new%5:00:00:original:00 | definition=original and of a kind not seen before | synonyms=fresh, novel | examples=the computer produced a completely novel proof of a well-known theorem
3. sense_key=new%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=lacking training or experience | synonyms=raw | examples=the new men were eager to fight; raw recruits
4. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unprecedented:00 | definition=having no previous example or precedent or parallel | synonyms=unexampled | examples=a time of unexampled prosperity
5. sense_key=new%5:00:00:other:00 | definition=other than the former one(s); different | examples=they now have a new leaders; my new car is four years old but has only 15,000 miles on it
6. sense_key=new%3:00:09:: | definition=unaffected by use or exposure | examples=it looks like new
7. sense_key=new%5:00:02:original:00 | definition=(of a new kind or fashion) gratuitously new | synonyms=newfangled | examples=newfangled ideas; she buys all these new-fangled machines and never uses them
8. sense_key=new%5:00:02:late:01 | definition=in use after medieval times | examples=New Eqyptian was the language of the 18th to 21st dynasties
9. sense_key=new%5:00:01:late:01 | definition=used of a living language; being the current stage in its development | synonyms=Modern | examples=Modern English; New Hebrew is Israeli Hebrew
10. sense_key=new%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=young | examples=new potatoes; young corn
11. sense_key=new%5:00:00:unaccustomed:00 | definition=unfamiliar | examples=new experiences; experiences new to him

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "new" is being used.

The sentence is: "Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

The context describes:
- Discovery of genes in recent months
- This discovery is painting a "new" picture of cancer development
- The picture is described as "startling"

Let me consider each sense:

1. "not of long duration; having just come into being" - This could fit, but the picture isn't necessarily new in this temporal sense.

2. "original and of a kind not seen before" - This seems to fit well. The discovery is revealing an original understanding of cancer that hasn't been seen before.

3. "lacking training or experience" - Doesn't fit the context.

4. "having no previous example or precedent or parallel" - This could fit, suggesting something unprecedented about the understanding.

5. "other than the former one(s); different" - This could fit, suggesting a different picture than the old understanding.

6. "unaffected by use or exposure" - Doesn't fit.

7. "gratuitously new/newfangled" - Could fit but seems less likely.

8-10. These don't fit the context about scientific discovery.

11. "unfamiliar" - This could fit; the picture is new/unfamiliar.

The key is understanding what "new picture" means. The scientists have discovered genes and this discovery is painting a "new and startling picture" of how cancer develops. This suggests an original, previously unseen understanding - something that is novel/fresh in the sense of being original and not seen before.

I think sense 2 (original and of a kind not seen before, synonyms: fresh, novel) is the best fit, as it captures the idea that this picture of cancer development is original and unprecedented based on these gene discoveries.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how <t>cancer</t> develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly indicates the medical sense of cancer. The passage discusses genes causing "abnormal and uncontrolled cell division," treatment strategies, and disease prevention—all concepts related to malignant tumors and neoplastic disease. This directly matches sense 1, which defines cancer as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division." The other senses refer to zodiacal/astrological meanings and a genus of crabs, which are irrelevant to the medical discussion.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cancer" is being used.

The context discusses:
- "genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer"
- "discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops"
- "new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention"

This is clearly discussing cancer in the medical sense - specifically malignant growths caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. The passage is about genetic factors in disease development, treatment, and prevention, which are medical concepts.

Let me review the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
   - This is the medical definition - MATCHES PERFECTLY

2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer"
   - This is astrological, not medical - doesn't match

3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini"
   - This is astronomical/zodiacal - doesn't match

4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - "the fourth sign of the zodiac"
   - This is astrological/zodiacal - doesn't match

5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - "type genus of the family Cancridae"
   - This is about crabs (the genus Cancer) - doesn't match

The answer is clearly sense 1, which is the medical sense of cancer as a malignant disease.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: develop
Target surface form: develops
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer <t>develops</t>. An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=develop%2:36:01:: | definition=make something new, such as a product or a mental or artistic creation | examples=Her company developed a new kind of building material that withstands all kinds of weather; They developed a new technique
2. sense_key=develop%2:36:00:: | definition=work out | synonyms=evolve, germinate | examples=We have developed a new theory of evolution
3. sense_key=develop%2:30:06:: | definition=gain through experience | synonyms=acquire, evolve | examples=I acquired a strong aversion to television; Children must develop a sense of right and wrong
4. sense_key=develop%2:29:00:: | definition=come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes) | synonyms=grow, produce, get, acquire | examples=He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains
5. sense_key=develop%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
6. sense_key=develop%2:30:04:: | definition=change the use of and make available or usable | synonyms=build up | examples=develop land; The country developed its natural resources
7. sense_key=develop%2:32:00:: | definition=elaborate, as of theories and hypotheses | synonyms=explicate, formulate | examples=Could you develop the ideas in your thesis
8. sense_key=develop%2:31:00:: | definition=create by training and teaching | synonyms=train, prepare, educate | examples=The old master is training world-class violinists; we develop the leaders for the future
9. sense_key=develop%2:30:05:: | definition=be gradually disclosed or unfolded; become manifest | examples=The plot developed slowly
10. sense_key=develop%2:30:00:: | definition=grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment | examples=A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower
11. sense_key=develop%2:30:09:: | definition=become technologically advanced | synonyms=modernize, modernise | examples=Many countries in Asia are now developing at a very fast pace; Viet Nam is modernizing rapidly
12. sense_key=develop%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to grow and differentiate in ways conforming to its natural development | synonyms=make grow | examples=The perfect climate here develops the grain; He developed a new kind of apple
13. sense_key=develop%2:36:09:: | definition=generate gradually | examples=We must develop more potential customers; develop a market for the new mobile phone
14. sense_key=develop%2:30:10:: | definition=grow emotionally or mature | synonyms=grow | examples=The child developed beautifully in her new kindergarten; When he spent a summer at camp, the boy grew noticeably and no longer showed some of his old adolescent behavior
15. sense_key=develop%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible by means of chemical solutions | examples=Please develop this roll of film for me
16. sense_key=develop%2:35:04:: | definition=superimpose a three-dimensional surface on a plane without stretching, in geometry
17. sense_key=develop%2:33:03:: | definition=move one's pieces into strategically more advantageous positions | examples=Spassky developed quickly
18. sense_key=develop%2:33:02:: | definition=move into a strategically more advantageous position | examples=develop the rook
19. sense_key=develop%2:30:13:: | definition=elaborate by the unfolding of a musical idea and by the working out of the rhythmic and harmonic changes in the theme | examples=develop the melody and change the key
20. sense_key=develop%2:30:03:: | definition=happen | synonyms=break, recrudesce | examples=Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time
21. sense_key=develop%2:30:12:: | definition=expand in the form of a series | examples=Develop the function in the following form

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

The context describes cancer as a process of biological growth and progression from cellular changes. Sense 10 ("grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment") best captures this meaning of "develops" in the medical/biological context, particularly with its emphasis on natural growth and differentiation through a process. The example "A flower developed on the branch" parallels the biological development of cancer cells.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is about how cancer develops:

"Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops."

The context discusses cancer growth from a biological perspective - it's about the process by which cancer comes into existence and progresses. The text mentions:
- "chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer"
- "how cancer develops"

This is asking about a biological/physiological process of how something comes into being and progresses.

Let me look at the relevant senses:

- Sense 5: "come into existence; take on form or shape" - synonyms: originate, arise, rise, uprise, spring up, grow. Examples: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship"

- Sense 10: "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" - Examples: "A flower developed on the branch; The country developed into a mighty superpower"

- Sense 4: "come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes)" - synonyms: grow, produce, get, acquire. Examples: "He grew a beard; The patient developed abdominal pains"

- Sense 20: "happen" - synonyms: break, recrudesce. Examples: "Report the news as it develops; These political movements recrudesce from time to time"

For cancer, we're talking about a natural biological process of growth and progression. Sense 10 seems most appropriate as it specifically mentions "grow, progress, unfold, or evolve through a process of evolution, natural growth, differentiation, or a conducive environment" and the example "A flower developed on the branch" is similar to cancer developing from cells.

Sense 5 is about coming into existence and taking form, which is also relevant, but sense 10 better captures the progressive, evolving nature of cancer development.
Sense 10 fits best here—it directly addresses the gradual, biological unfolding of cancer as cells progress and differentiate in a way that mirrors the example of a flower developing on a branch.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: understanding
Target surface form: understanding
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging <t>understanding</t> of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=understanding%1:09:01:: | definition=the cognitive condition of someone who understands | synonyms=apprehension, discernment, savvy | examples=he has virtually no understanding of social cause and effect
2. sense_key=understanding%1:10:00:: | definition=the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises | synonyms=agreement | examples=they had an agreement that they would not interfere in each other's business; there was an understanding between management and the workers
3. sense_key=understanding%1:09:03:: | definition=an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion | synonyms=sympathy | examples=his sympathies were always with the underdog; I knew I could count on his understanding
4. sense_key=understanding%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=reason, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "an emerging understanding of the genes," referring to growing comprehension and knowledge about how genes function in cancer development. This matches sense 1, which defines understanding as "the cognitive condition of someone who understands" with the synonym "apprehension" (meaning comprehension). The phrase parallels the example "understanding of social cause and effect" in indicating knowledge or grasp of a subject matter.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for "understanding" in the sentence:

"An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

The sentence is discussing scientific knowledge about genes. Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=understanding%1:09:01:: - "the cognitive condition of someone who understands" | synonyms: apprehension, discernment, savvy | examples: "he has virtually no understanding of social cause and effect"
   - This refers to comprehension or knowledge of something

2. sense_key=understanding%1:10:00:: - "the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises" | synonyms: agreement | examples: "they had an agreement..."
   - This refers to an agreement or mutual arrangement

3. sense_key=understanding%1:09:03:: - "an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion" | synonyms: sympathy | examples: "his sympathies were always with the underdog"
   - This refers to sympathy or support

4. sense_key=understanding%1:09:00:: - "the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination" | synonyms: reason, intellect | examples: "we are told that man is endowed with reason..."
   - This refers to the general mental capacity

In the context, "An emerging understanding of the genes" means growing knowledge or comprehension of the genes. This is clearly talking about the cognitive grasp or apprehension of knowledge about genes.

Sense 1 (understanding%1:09:01) - "the cognitive condition of someone who understands" - fits best. The example "he has virtually no understanding of social cause and effect" shows this sense is about comprehension and knowledge, which matches "understanding of the genes."

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: expect
Target surface form: expected
Context:
Medical scientists are starting to uncover a handful of genes which, if damaged, unleash the chaotic growth of cells that characterizes cancer. Scientists say the discovery of these genes in recent months is painting a new and startling picture of how cancer develops. An emerging understanding of the genes is <t>expected</t> to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention. That is for the future.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait | examples=We were expecting a visit from our relatives; She is looking to a promotion
4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due | examples=I'm expecting a full explanation as to why these files were destroyed
5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child | examples=She is expecting in March
6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, bear, carry, gestate | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The sentence uses "expected" to indicate that the emerging understanding is likely or probable to produce new cancer treatment strategies. This directly matches sense 1: "regard something as probable or likely" with the example "The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow" - both are about anticipating something probable or likely to occur.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "expected".

Context: "An emerging understanding of the genes is <t>expected</t> to produce an array of new strategies for future cancer treatment and prevention."

In this sentence, "expected" means something that is likely or probable to happen in the future - specifically, that the emerging understanding is likely/probable to produce new strategies.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=expect%2:31:00:: | definition=regard something as probable or likely | synonyms=anticipate | examples=The meteorologists are expecting rain for tomorrow
   - This fits well. It's about regarding something as probable or likely to happen.

2. sense_key=expect%2:32:00:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, require
   - This is about requiring or asking for something, not about something being probable.

3. sense_key=expect%2:31:01:: | definition=look forward to the probable occurrence of | synonyms=look, await, wait
   - This is also about anticipating something probable, with an emotional/anticipatory component.

4. sense_key=expect%2:31:05:: | definition=consider reasonable or due
   - This is more about something being reasonable or deserved, not about probability.

5. sense_key=expect%2:29:02:: | definition=look forward to the birth of a child
   - Not applicable here.

6. sense_key=expect%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with
   - Not applicable here.

Between senses 1 and 3:
- Sense 1: "regard something as probable or likely" - this is the most straightforward interpretation
- Sense 3: "look forward to the probable occurrence of" - this adds an emotional/anticipatory component

In the sentence "An emerging understanding of the genes is expected to produce an array of new strategies", the focus is on probability - that these strategies will probably/likely be produced.

The scientific context here doesn't carry emotional anticipation—it's a neutral statement of likelihood. Sense 1 captures this best, as it simply denotes regarding something as probable without the anticipatory tone that sense 3 implies.