[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bush_administration
Target surface form: Bush administration
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than <t>Bush administration</t> officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive under President George H. W. Bush
2. sense_key=bush_administration%1:14:01:: | definition=the executive under President George W. Bush

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly indicates this refers to the George W. Bush administration. The passage discusses the Obama administration taking "a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago." Since the Obama administration began in 2009, "two years ago" would place this around 2007-2008, which falls squarely within George W. Bush's presidency (2001-2009), not George H. W. Bush's (1989-1993).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which Bush administration is being referenced.

The passage is discussing climate change negotiations and US climate policy. The key contextual clue is: "The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago."

The Obama administration began in 2009. If this article is from around 2009-2010 (based on the Copenhagen climate talks context), then "two years ago" would be around 2007-2008.

George W. Bush was president from 2001-2009, so his administration would have ended in January 2009.
George H. W. Bush was president from 1989-1993, so his administration ended in 1993 - this would be about 16+ years before a 2009 timeframe, not "two years ago."

Additionally, the context of Copenhagen climate talks (which appear to be COP15 from December 2009) and comparing Obama's approach with the previous administration two years ago clearly points to George W. Bush's administration (2001-2009).

The answer should be sense 2: the executive under President George W. Bush.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: official
Target surface form: officials
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration <t>officials</t> did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=official%1:18:01:: | definition=a worker who holds or is invested with an office | synonyms=functionary
2. sense_key=official%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who administers the rules of a game or sport | examples=the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context refers to "Bush administration officials," which clearly indicates government officials who hold positions of authority in government administration. This matches sense 1: "a worker who holds or is invested with an office," with the synonym "functionary." Sense 2 refers to sports officials, which is not relevant here.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "officials" is being used.

The context is about climate change negotiations and mentions "Bush administration officials." In this context, "officials" refers to people who work in government or hold positions of authority in government administration.

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "a worker who holds or is invested with an office" - This refers to people who hold official positions, particularly in government or administration. The synonym "functionary" supports this - a functionary is someone who performs official functions.

2. Sense 2: "someone who administers the rules of a game or sport" - This refers to referees, umpires, or similar people in sports. The example mentions "the golfer asked for an official who could give him a ruling."

In the context sentence: "The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago."

The word "officials" clearly refers to government officials - people who held positions in the Bush administration. This is definitely about government administration, not sports officiating.

Therefore, the correct sense is Sense 1: "a worker who holds or is invested with an office" (functionary).

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two <t>years</t> ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "two years ago" refers to a standard calendar period of 365 (or 366) days. The context indicates a temporal reference point in the past (comparing the Obama administration's current stance to what Bush officials did previously), which matches sense 1: a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "years" in this sentence:

"The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago."

The sentence is talking about a time period - specifically "two years ago" means two annual periods in the past. This is referring to when Bush administration officials made decisions.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: - "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days" - This is the basic definition of a year as a unit of time/calendar year. Examples: "she is 4 years old; in the year 1920". This fits the usage "two years ago" - it's referring to two 365-day periods in the past.

2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: - "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity" - This would be like a school year or fiscal year. The context doesn't suggest this specific usage.

3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: - "the period of time that it takes for a planet to make a complete revolution around the sun" - This is about planetary motion/astronomical years. This doesn't fit the context at all.

4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: - "a body of students who graduate together" or "class" - This refers to a cohort of students. This doesn't fit the context.

The phrase "two years ago" clearly refers to a simple time period of 365-day years. This is sense 1, which defines year as "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days".

The answer should be sense 1 or sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: united_states
Target surface form: United States
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The <t>United States</t> is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=united_states%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States of America, America, the States, US, USA
2. sense_key=united_states%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses international climate negotiations where the United States, as a nation-state, makes binding decisions about participating in climate agreements. This refers to the country as a political entity on the world stage (Sense 1), rather than specifically to the government's executive, legislative, and judicial branches (Sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "United States" is being used.

The context is about climate change negotiations and policy. The sentence reads: "The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough..."

Here, "The United States" is used as the subject of a negotiating position. It's personified as an agent making decisions about a deal (not doing a deal).

Let me examine the two senses:

1. Sense 1 (united_states%1:15:00::): "North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776" - This refers to the country as a geographic and political entity.

2. Sense 2 (united_states%1:14:00::): "the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States" - This refers to the government/administration.

In the context, "The United States is not going to do a deal" - this is actually referring to the governmental decision-making entity, not just the geographic place. It's the government (the Obama administration) that makes the decision about whether to do a deal.

However, in common usage, when we say "The United States is not going to do a deal," we often use the country name metonymically to refer to the government. But in this specific context, with references to the Obama administration and the U.S. special climate envoy making these statements, it seems like it's the government making these decisions.

But looking more carefully at typical usage in news contexts, "the United States" more commonly refers to the country as a political entity, not specifically to the government branches. Sense 1 seems more appropriate here as it refers to the country that acts as a political agent on the world stage.
The first sense captures the country functioning as a unified political actor in international affairs, whereas the second sense narrows the focus to specific governmental branches. In this negotiating context, the reference is to the nation as a whole operating on the global stage, making Sense 1 the better fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: deal
Target surface form: deal
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a <t>deal</t> without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=deal%1:04:02:: | definition=a particular instance of buying or selling | synonyms=trade, business deal | examples=it was a package deal; I had no further trade with him
2. sense_key=deal%1:10:00:: | definition=an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | synonyms=bargain | examples=he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals
3. sense_key=deal%1:23:00:: | definition=(often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent | synonyms=batch, flock, good deal, great deal, hatful, heap | examples=a batch of letters; a deal of trouble
4. sense_key=deal%1:27:00:: | definition=a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. sense_key=deal%1:27:01:: | definition=wood that is easy to saw (from conifers such as pine or fir) | synonyms=softwood
6. sense_key=deal%1:14:00:: | definition=the cards held in a card game by a given player at any given time | synonyms=hand | examples=I didn't hold a good hand all evening; he kept trying to see my hand
7. sense_key=deal%1:11:00:: | definition=the type of treatment received (especially as the result of an agreement) | examples=he got a good deal on his car
8. sense_key=deal%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of distributing playing cards | examples=the deal was passed around the table clockwise
9. sense_key=deal%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of apportioning or distributing something | examples=the captain was entrusted with the deal of provisions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes international climate change negotiations where Todd Stern states "The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action." This clearly refers to an **agreement between parties** (nations) with mutual obligations being discussed and negotiated. This matches sense 2 (deal%1:10:00::) - "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each" - rather than a commercial transaction (sense 1) or other senses.

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the target word "deal" appears in this sentence:

"The United States is not going to do a <t>deal</t> without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern..."

This is clearly referring to an international agreement in the context of climate change negotiations. Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. **deal%1:04:02::** - a particular instance of buying or selling | trade, business deal
2. **deal%1:10:00::** - an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each | bargain
3. **deal%1:23:00::** - (often followed by `of') a large number or amount or extent
4. **deal%1:27:00::** - a plank of softwood (fir or pine board)
5. **deal%1:27:01::** - wood that is easy to saw
6. **deal%1:14:00::** - the cards held in a card game
7. **deal%1:11:00::** - the type of treatment received
8. **deal%1:04:00::** - the act of distributing playing cards
9. **deal%1:04:01::** - the act of apportioning or distributing something

In the context of climate change negotiations, "The United States is not going to do a deal" clearly refers to an agreement. This is about negotiating an agreement between nations on climate change.

Sense 2 (deal%1:10:00::) is "an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obligations of each" with the synonym "bargain" and examples like "he made a bargain with the devil; he rose to prominence through a series of shady deals".

This is the best fit. The speaker is saying the US won't enter into an agreement without certain conditions being met.
Sense 1 focuses on commercial transactions rather than diplomatic agreements, while sense 7 refers to how someone is treated, not an accord itself. The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: text
Target surface form: text
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the <t>text</t> did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=text%1:10:00:: | definition=the words of something written | synonyms=textual matter | examples=there were more than a thousand words of text; they handed out the printed text of the mayor's speech
2. sense_key=text%1:10:03:: | definition=a passage from the Bible that is used as the subject of a sermon | examples=the preacher chose a text from Psalms to introduce his sermon
3. sense_key=text%1:10:02:: | definition=a book prepared for use in schools or colleges | synonyms=textbook, text edition, schoolbook, school text | examples=his economics textbook is in its tenth edition; the professor wrote the text that he assigned students to buy
4. sense_key=text%1:10:01:: | definition=the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.) | examples=pictures made the text easier to understand

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In this context, "text" refers to the written agreement or document being negotiated at the climate talks. Stern is complaining that this written document did not contain sufficient provisions for verification. This corresponds to the general sense of "the words of something written," which is the most straightforward and applicable meaning for a negotiation document.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "text" is being used.

In the sentence: "Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers."

The context is about climate change negotiations and talks. The "text" here refers to the document or agreement being negotiated in the talks. This is the written content of the agreement/document that was being discussed.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=text%1:10:00:: - "the words of something written" - synonyms: textual matter - examples about written words and speeches
   This is a very general sense referring to written content/words.

2. sense_key=text%1:10:03:: - "a passage from the Bible used as subject of a sermon" - this is clearly not relevant here as this is about climate negotiations, not biblical content.

3. sense_key=text%1:10:02:: - "a book prepared for use in schools or colleges" (textbook) - not relevant, this is about a school textbook, not a negotiation document.

4. sense_key=text%1:10:01:: - "the main body of a written work (as distinct from illustrations or footnotes etc.)" - this refers to the main content of a written work, separate from other elements.

In the context, "the text" refers to the written agreement/document being negotiated in the climate talks. Stern is complaining that this document/text did not do enough to ensure verification.

Sense 1 seems to be the most appropriate - it's about "the words of something written" in a general sense. The text here is the written agreement document.

Sense 4 could also work as it refers to "the main body of a written work" but that's more specific to distinguishing the main body from illustrations/footnotes.
Sense 1 is the best fit here—it captures the general meaning of written content that applies directly to the negotiated agreement document.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cut
Target surface form: cuts
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the <t>cuts</t> could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cut%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of the profits | examples=everyone got a cut of the earnings
2. sense_key=cut%1:10:00:: | definition=(film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next | examples=the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt
3. sense_key=cut%1:06:00:: | definition=a trench resembling a furrow that was made by erosion or excavation | synonyms=gash
4. sense_key=cut%1:26:01:: | definition=a step on some scale | examples=he is a cut above the rest
5. sense_key=cut%1:26:00:: | definition=a wound made by cutting | synonyms=gash, slash, slice | examples=he put a bandage over the cut
6. sense_key=cut%1:13:00:: | definition=a piece of meat that has been cut from an animal carcass | synonyms=cut of meat
7. sense_key=cut%1:10:02:: | definition=a remark capable of wounding mentally | synonyms=stinger | examples=the unkindest cut of all
8. sense_key=cut%1:10:04:: | definition=a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc | synonyms=track | examples=he played the first cut on the cd; the title track of the album
9. sense_key=cut%1:10:01:: | definition=the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage | synonyms=deletion, excision | examples=an editor's deletions frequently upset young authors; both parties agreed on the excision of the proposed clause
10. sense_key=cut%1:09:00:: | definition=the style in which a garment is cut | examples=a dress of traditional cut
11. sense_key=cut%1:06:01:: | definition=a canal made by erosion or excavation
12. sense_key=cut%1:04:03:: | definition=a refusal to recognize someone you know | synonyms=snub, cold shoulder | examples=the snub was clearly intentional
13. sense_key=cut%1:04:07:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, swing | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
14. sense_key=cut%1:04:08:: | definition=(sports) a stroke that puts reverse spin on the ball | synonyms=undercut | examples=cuts do not bother a good tennis player
15. sense_key=cut%1:04:09:: | definition=the division of a deck of cards before dealing | synonyms=cutting | examples=he insisted that we give him the last cut before every deal; the cutting of the cards soon became a ritual
16. sense_key=cut%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cut in the lining revealed the hidden jewels
17. sense_key=cut%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of cutting something into parts | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cuts were skillful; his cutting of the cake made a terrible mess
18. sense_key=cut%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends | synonyms=cutting, cutting off | examples=the barber gave him a good cut
19. sense_key=cut%1:04:05:: | definition=the act of reducing the amount or number | examples=the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget
20. sense_key=cut%1:04:06:: | definition=an unexcused absence from class | examples=he was punished for taking too many cuts in his math class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 19}
```

The target word "cuts" in this context refers to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. The sentence states "the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers," where "cuts" means reductions in the amount of emissions. This matches sense 19, which defines "cut" as "the act of reducing the amount or number" with the example "the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "cuts" in this sentence:

"Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers."

The context is about climate change negotiations and emissions reduction. Looking at the broader context:
- "the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050"
- "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries"
- "the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified"

Here, "cuts" refers to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions - it's about reducing the amount or number of emissions.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. A share of the profits - not relevant
2. Film transition - not relevant
3. Erosion trench - not relevant
4. Step on a scale - not relevant
5. Wound - not relevant
6. Meat - not relevant
7. Wounding remark - not relevant
8. Music selection - not relevant
9. Editorial deletion - not relevant
10. Style of garment - not relevant
11. Canal - not relevant
12. Refusal to recognize - not relevant
13. Baseball swing - not relevant
14. Sports stroke - not relevant
15. Card division - not relevant
16. Act of penetrating - not relevant
17. Cutting into parts - not relevant
18. Shortening by chopping - not relevant
19. "the act of reducing the amount or number" with example "the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget" - THIS IS IT!
20. Unexcused absence - not relevant

Sense 19 (cut%1:04:05::) is clearly the right answer - it's about reducing the amount or number, and the example even mentions "cuts in the city budget" which is parallel to "cuts in emissions."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: observer
Target surface form: observers
Context:
Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside <t>observers</t>. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=observer%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses | synonyms=perceiver, percipient, beholder
2. sense_key=observer%1:18:01:: | definition=an expert who observes and comments on something | synonyms=commentator

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "outside observers" who would verify emissions cuts in climate negotiations. This refers to expert monitors or commentators who would observe and verify compliance with the agreement, not merely passive perceivers. The phrase "verified by outside observers" indicates people with authority and expertise to monitor and assess whether the emissions reductions are being achieved, aligning with the sense of "an expert who observes and comments on something."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "observer" is being used.

The sentence is: "...to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers."

The context is about climate change negotiations and emissions cuts. The phrase "outside observers" refers to people who would verify/monitor that the emissions cuts are actually being made.

Let me look at the two senses:

1. sense_key=observer%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses | synonyms=perceiver, percipient, beholder
   - This refers to someone who simply perceives things through their senses, a basic witness or perceiver

2. sense_key=observer%1:18:01:: | definition=an expert who observes and comments on something | synonyms=commentator
   - This refers to someone with expertise who observes and comments/analyzes something

In the context of climate negotiations, "outside observers" who would verify emissions cuts are people with some expertise or authority to monitor and verify compliance. They're not just casual perceivers - they're people tasked with verifying/monitoring the cuts.

This seems to fit sense 2 better - observers as expert monitors who would verify and comment on whether the emissions cuts are being met. They would need to have some expertise or authority to make such verifications.

However, I should reconsider. "Outside observers" could also mean neutral third parties who witness/observe what's happening. The first sense talks about "a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses" which could include monitoring.

But the key phrase is "could be verified by outside observers" - this suggests people who are doing verification work, which implies some level of expertise or authority. An expert who observes and comments fits this context better than just a basic perceiver.

I'll go with sense 2 (sense_index: 2).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: comment
Target surface form: comments
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his <t>comments</t> an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=comment%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information | synonyms=remark, input | examples=from time to time she contributed a personal comment on his account
2. sense_key=comment%1:10:01:: | definition=a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material | synonyms=commentary | examples=he wrote an extended comment on the proposal
3. sense_key=comment%1:10:02:: | definition=a report (often malicious) about the behavior of other people | synonyms=gossip, scuttlebutt | examples=the divorce caused much gossip

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "comments" refers to the public statements and remarks Todd Stern made during the climate negotiations, expressing his position and criticisms about the negotiation text. This matches sense 1 ("a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information") with the synonym "remark." The context shows these were spoken statements made during the talks, not written annotations (sense 2) or gossip (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "comments" (plural of comment).

In the context, the passage reads:
"Stern made his <t>comments</t> an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming."

This is referring to statements that Todd Stern (the U.S. special climate envoy) made during climate negotiations. The context shows that he made public statements/remarks about the climate talks, specifically rejecting certain language and complaining about the text not doing enough to verify cuts.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=comment%1:10:00:: - "a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information" with synonyms "remark, input" and example "from time to time she contributed a personal comment on his account"

2. sense_key=comment%1:10:01:: - "a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or other textual material" with synonyms "commentary" and example "he wrote an extended comment on the proposal"

3. sense_key=comment%1:10:02:: - "a report (often malicious) about the behavior of other people" with synonyms "gossip, scuttlebutt" and example "the divorce caused much gossip"

The word "comments" in the context refers to statements/remarks made by Stern during the climate negotiations. These are public statements expressing his position on the negotiations. This fits best with sense 1, which defines comment as "a statement that expresses a personal opinion or belief or adds information." The synonym "remark" also fits well with what Stern made during these talks.

Sense 2 is about written explanations added to textual material, which doesn't fit this context.
Sense 3 concerns gossip or reports about people's behavior, which is also inappropriate here. The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hour
Target surface form: hour
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an <t>hour</t> after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hour%1:28:00:: | definition=a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day | synonyms=hr, 60 minutes | examples=the job will take more than an hour
2. sense_key=hour%1:28:01:: | definition=clock time | synonyms=time of day | examples=the hour is getting late
3. sense_key=hour%1:28:02:: | definition=a special and memorable period | examples=it was their finest hour
4. sense_key=hour%1:07:00:: | definition=distance measured by the time taken to cover it | synonyms=minute | examples=we live an hour from the airport; its just 10 minutes away

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "hour" appears in the phrase "Stern made his comments an hour after," which clearly refers to a duration of 60 minutes or a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day. This is sense 1, which matches the gloss and examples provided. Sense 2 refers to clock time/time of day, sense 3 refers to a memorable period, and sense 4 refers to distance measured by time—none of which apply in this context where "hour" is simply measuring elapsed time between two events.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "hour" is being used.

The sentence is: "Stern made his comments an <t>hour</t> after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator..."

In this context, "an hour" is referring to a duration of time - specifically indicating that Stern's comments came one hour (60 minutes) after He Yafei's statements.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=hour%1:28:00:: - "a period of time equal to 1/24th of a day" with synonyms "hr, 60 minutes" and example "the job will take more than an hour" - This fits! The phrase "an hour after" clearly refers to a 60-minute time period.

2. sense_key=hour%1:28:01:: - "clock time" with example "the hour is getting late" - This is about the time of day (like 3 o'clock), not a duration of time. This doesn't fit because we're not talking about what time on the clock it is.

3. sense_key=hour%1:28:02:: - "a special and memorable period" with example "it was their finest hour" - This is about a significant time period in someone's life, not a measurement of 60 minutes. Doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=hour%1:07:00:: - "distance measured by the time taken to cover it" with example "we live an hour from the airport" - While this is also temporal, it's about distance measured in time terms (like "an hour's drive"). The context here is about time elapsed after an event, not distance.

The best fit is sense 1, which represents "hour" as a unit of time measurement equal to 60 minutes or 1/24th of a day. The phrase "an hour after" clearly refers to this temporal duration.
The answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: america
Target surface form: America
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said <t>America</t>'s top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=america%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States, United States of America, the States, US, USA
2. sense_key=america%1:17:00:: | definition=North America and South America and Central America

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context makes clear that "America" refers to the United States as a nation-state. The passage discusses the "Obama administration," the "U.S. special climate envoy," and U.S. climate negotiations, and the Chinese official is criticizing "America's top climate negotiator" in the context of the United States' specific government positions on climate deals. This is clearly referring to the country, not to the continents generally.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "America" is being used.

The context is about climate negotiations and talks. The specific phrase is: "Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking 'common sense' or being 'extremely irresponsible'"

Looking at the context clues:
- It mentions the Obama administration
- It mentions the United States explicitly multiple times
- It talks about U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern
- The Chinese official is criticizing "America's top climate negotiator"
- The text discusses the United States' position on climate deals

The two senses are:
1. The United States (North American republic with 50 states) - a specific country
2. North, South, and Central America combined - the continents

In this context, when the Chinese official references "America's top climate negotiator," they are clearly referring to a representative of the United States government, which is a specific nation-state. The context makes it clear that "America" refers to the United States as a country, not to the continents collectively.

This is sense 1 - the North American republic that is the United States.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: climate
Target surface form: climate
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top <t>climate</t> negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

content:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "climate" and I need to determine which sense it refers to in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
"Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming."

The context is about climate change, global warming, greenhouse-gas emissions, and negotiations about environmental policy. The term "climate negotiator" refers to someone who negotiates about climate-related issues, specifically about climate change and environmental policies.

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time" - This is the physical/meteorological sense of climate, referring to long-term weather patterns.

2. Sense 2: "the prevailing psychological state" - This is the figurative sense of climate, referring to the general atmosphere or mood.

In the context provided, "climate" appears in "climate negotiator" and the broader discussion is about climate change, global warming, environmental policies, and negotiations about greenhouse gas emissions. This is clearly referring to the meteorological/environmental sense of climate - the long-term weather and atmospheric conditions.

Even though sense 2 mentions "the climate of opinion" as an example, in this context we're talking about actual climate change and environmental negotiations, not a psychological or metaphorical climate.

Therefore, the best sense is Sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the <t>week</t> that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The phrase "earlier in the week" in the context refers to a period within a calendar week (with the current reference point being Friday). This idiomatic usage indicates a standard seven-day period starting on Sunday, which corresponds to the calendar week definition rather than just any arbitrary seven-day period or a work week.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "week" is being used.

The sentence is: "Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the <t>week</t> that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming."

The context shows that "earlier in the week" refers to a time period that occurred within the current week. Looking at the broader context, Friday is mentioned ("on Friday") and then it mentions "earlier in the week" - suggesting a period of seven consecutive days that includes both Friday and some earlier days in that same week.

Let me examine the three senses:

1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
   - This is the most general sense, referring to any seven-day period

2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
   - This specifically refers to working days/hours in a week, which doesn't seem to apply here

3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week
   - This is more specific about the structure (starting on Sunday)

In the context, "earlier in the week" is being used to refer to a recent time period within the current calendar week. The phrase "earlier in the week" is idiomatic and typically refers to the days within a calendar week. Since Friday is specifically mentioned as the current day ("on Friday"), and "earlier in the week" would mean the days before Friday in that same week, this suggests it's referring to a calendar week.

The most natural fit is sense 3, which defines it as "a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday" - this is the typical calendar week that people refer to when they say "earlier in the week" or "later in the week."
While the general definition in sense 1 could technically apply, sense 3 better captures how "earlier in the week" is actually used idiomatically. I'm going with sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: united_states
Target surface form: United States
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the <t>United States</t> would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=united_states%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States of America, America, the States, US, USA
2. sense_key=united_states%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses "the United States would not help China financially," referring to the nation's policy position on climate change negotiations. This is using "United States" to denote the country as a sovereign nation-state (sense 1), not specifically its government institutions (sense 2). While government makes the decision, the phrase references the nation as a geopolitical entity rather than explicitly focusing on the branches of government.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "United States" is being used.

The target surface form is "United States" in this sentence: "that the <t>United States</t> would not help China financially to cope with global warming."

The two candidate senses are:
1. Sense 1: The geographic country/territory - "North American republic containing 50 states..." - This refers to the nation as a geographic and political entity.
2. Sense 2: The government/political institutions - "the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States"

Looking at the context: "the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming"

This sentence is discussing an action or policy position - whether the U.S. would provide financial help to China. This is describing what the country/nation will or won't do.

However, the key question is whether this refers to:
- The nation as a territorial entity (sense 1)
- The government as the body making policy decisions (sense 2)

In this context, "the United States would not help" is essentially saying "the U.S. government/administration would not help." The speaker is referring to the policy position of the country, which is typically expressed through government action.

Looking at the broader context, the passage talks about the Obama administration, the U.S. special climate envoy, negotiations, etc. When we say "the United States would not help," we're really talking about what the U.S. government would or wouldn't do - this is a government action/policy.

Sense 2 (the government) seems more appropriate here because it's referring to the decision-making body and policy position. However, in common usage, when we say "the United States will do X," we typically mean the nation/country will do it, even though technically it's the government doing it.

I think sense 1 is actually the more standard usage. When we say "the United States will do X," we refer to the country as a whole, not specifically to the government institution. Sense 1 is the geographic/political entity (the nation), which is the primary meaning.
The most fitting interpretation is sense 1—the nation itself. Despite the policy context suggesting governmental action, the standard phrasing "the United States would not help" conventionally refers to the country as a unified entity rather than its institutional apparatus.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: china
Target surface form: China
Context:
The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help <t>China</t> financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to China as a geopolitical entity - a major emerging economy participating in climate change negotiations. The passage discusses China's role as a negotiating party with government representatives (vice foreign minister), its status as a developing country, and its participation in international climate talks. This unambiguously points to sense 1, the People's Republic of China as a nation-state.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "China" and I need to determine which sense it refers to in the given context.

Let me analyze the context:
The passage is discussing climate change negotiations. It mentions:
- "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies"
- "The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago"
- "Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking 'common sense' or being 'extremely irresponsible' for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming"

Key indicators:
1. China is discussed as a "major emerging economy"
2. It has a "vice foreign minister"
3. It's mentioned in the context of climate negotiations and economic development
4. The reference is to a nation-state that can negotiate and has governmental representatives

This is clearly referring to the People's Republic of China - a nation-state, not porcelain/dishware, and not Taiwan.

The four senses are:
1. People's Republic of China (communist nation in eastern Asia)
2. High quality porcelain originally made in China
3. Taiwan (government on the island established in 1949)
4. Dishware made of high quality porcelain

Sense 1 is the correct choice - this is about China as a country (the PRC), a major emerging economy participating in climate negotiations.

The sense_index would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: world
Target surface form: world
Context:
Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the <t>world</t>'s major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: | definition=everything that exists anywhere | synonyms=universe, existence, creation, cosmos, macrocosm | examples=they study the evolution of the universe; the biggest tree in existence
2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: | definition=people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest | synonyms=domain | examples=the Western world
3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: | definition=all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you | synonyms=reality | examples=his world was shattered; we live in different worlds
4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=Earth, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: | definition=people in general considered as a whole | synonyms=populace, public | examples=he is a hero in the eyes of the public
6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: | definition=a part of the earth that can be considered separately | examples=the outdoor world; the world of insects
7. sense_key=world%1:09:01:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, earth | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
8. sense_key=world%1:05:00:: | definition=all of the living human inhabitants of the earth | synonyms=human race, humanity, humankind, human beings, humans, mankind | examples=all the world loves a lover; she always used `humankind' because `mankind' seemed to slight the women

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "world" in this context refers to groups of people distinguished by shared economic characteristics: "the developing world," "the industrial world," and "emerging economies." This matches sense 2, which defines world as "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" (with example "the Western world"). The phrase "world's major powers" refers to major nations and their people, grouped by economic status and development level.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "world" in this passage.

The sentence is: "With the future economic trajectory of the <t>world</t>'s major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies."

Let me consider each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=world%1:17:01:: - "everything that exists anywhere" (universe, existence) - This is too broad and philosophical. The context is about economics and climate, not the universe.

2. sense_key=world%1:14:01:: - "people in general; especially a distinctive group of people with some shared interest" (domain) - This could work. "world's major powers" suggests the people/countries of the world.

3. sense_key=world%1:09:00:: - "all of your experiences that determine how things appear to you" (reality) - This is about personal experience, doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=world%1:17:00:: - "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on" (Earth, globe) - This refers to the physical planet. While possible, it doesn't seem to be the best fit for "world's major powers."

5. sense_key=world%1:14:02:: - "people in general considered as a whole" (populace, public) - This is about people in general as a whole, which could fit "world's major powers."

6. sense_key=world%1:17:02:: - "a part of the earth that can be considered separately" - This could work for "the developing world" and "the industrial world."
The passage uses "world" to categorize nations by economic development—"developing world," "industrial world," and "emerging economies." Sense 2 (world%1:14:01::) best captures this usage, as it refers to a distinctive group sharing economic characteristics rather than the entire human population or physical planet.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: battle
Target surface form: battle
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current <t>battle</t> is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=battle%1:04:00:: | definition=a hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war | synonyms=conflict, fight, engagement | examples=Grant won a decisive victory in the battle of Chickamauga; he lost his romantic ideas about war when he got into a real engagement
2. sense_key=battle%1:04:01:: | definition=an energetic attempt to achieve something | synonyms=struggle | examples=getting through the crowd was a real struggle; he fought a battle for recognition
3. sense_key=battle%1:04:02:: | definition=an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals); --Thomas Paine | synonyms=conflict, struggle | examples=the harder the conflict the more glorious the triumph; police tried to control the battle between the pro- and anti-abortion mobs

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "battle" in this context refers to the clash between opposing groups of nations over climate policy and economic obligations. The passage describes feuding between China and the United States, tensions between developed and developing countries, and conflicts over responsibility for curbing emissions. This metaphorical usage of "battle" as a conflict between opposing groups (sense 3) fits the context far better than a military engagement (sense 1) or a general struggle to achieve something (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "battle" in this passage about climate negotiations.

The sentence reads: "The current <t>battle</t> is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. **Sense 1**: A hostile meeting of opposing military forces in the course of a war. Definition focuses on military conflict with examples about Grant and war.

2. **Sense 2**: An energetic attempt to achieve something. Definition mentions "struggle" with examples like "getting through the crowd was a real struggle" and "fought a battle for recognition."

3. **Sense 3**: An open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals). Definition mentions conflict and struggle between opposing groups with examples about "conflict" and "police tried to control the battle between pro- and anti-abortion mobs."

In the context, "battle" refers to a disagreement/conflict between nations about climate policy and obligations. This is NOT a military battle. It's a metaphorical or figurative use.

Looking at the context:
- It's about China and United States "feuding" over obligations
- It's about vulnerable countries becoming "more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable"
- The text talks about "fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies"
- There's fighting over "who should bear the costs"

This is clearly about an ongoing conflict/struggle between nations over climate obligations and economic responsibility. The word "feuding" is also used synonymously.

Sense 2 seems too narrow (it's about an "energetic attempt" to achieve something) and doesn't quite fit.

Sense 3 talks about "an open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)" which fits perfectly. This is about a clash between developed and developing nations, and between China and the US specifically.
Military conflict doesn't apply here. The passage describes opposing nations clashing over climate obligations and economic responsibility—developed versus developing countries, China versus the US—which aligns with Sense 3's definition of an open clash between opposing groups.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: economy
Target surface form: economies
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual <t>economies</t> as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=economy%1:14:00:: | definition=the system of production and distribution and consumption | synonyms=economic system
2. sense_key=economy%1:09:01:: | definition=the efficient use of resources | examples=economy of effort
3. sense_key=economy%1:07:00:: | definition=frugality in the expenditure of money or resources | synonyms=thriftiness | examples=the Scots are famous for their economy
4. sense_key=economy%1:04:00:: | definition=an act of economizing; reduction in cost | synonyms=saving | examples=it was a small economy to walk to work every day; there was a saving of 50 cents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses climate negotiations and their impact on different countries' "individual economies." The passage explicitly references "China and United States" and "the world's major powers," indicating that "economies" refers to the economic systems or structures of nations—their systems of production, distribution, and consumption. This aligns with sense 1 (economic system) rather than the other senses which relate to frugality, efficiency, or specific cost-saving measures.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for "economies" in this passage.

The sentence in context is: "The current battle is as much about saving individual <t>economies</t> as saving the planet, with China and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action."

The passage discusses:
- Climate negotiations between countries
- Greenhouse gas emissions and developing vs. industrialized countries
- Global warming and economic implications for different nations
- Economic trajectories of major powers

Let me examine each sense:

1. **Sense 1 (economy%1:14:00::)**: "the system of production and distribution and consumption" - This refers to a country's economic system or structure. This makes sense in the context where we're talking about "saving individual economies" - meaning saving the economic systems/structures of countries.

2. **Sense 2 (economy%1:09:01::)**: "the efficient use of resources" - This is about efficiency of resource use, not about national economies or country systems.

3. **Sense 3 (economy%1:07:00::)**: "frugality in the expenditure of money or resources" - This is about being thrifty, not about national/country economies.

4. **Sense 4 (economy%1:04:00::)**: "an act of economizing; reduction in cost" - This is about specific cost-saving measures, not about national economies.

In context, "saving individual economies" clearly refers to saving the economic systems of different countries (like China, the United States, and other developing nations mentioned). This is about the macroeconomic systems of nations, not about frugality, efficiency, or specific cost-saving measures.
The passage is fundamentally about national economic systems and their relationship to climate action. When discussing how countries balance environmental protection with economic concerns, "economies" refers to each nation's production and distribution infrastructure—the structural systems that define their economic output and prosperity.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: china
Target surface form: China
Context:
U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers. Stern made his comments an hour after Chinese vice foreign minister He Yafei said America's top climate negotiator was either lacking "common sense" or being "extremely irresponsible" for saying earlier in the week that the United States would not help China financially to cope with global warming. With the future economic trajectory of the world's major powers at stake, fault lines have erupted both within the developing world and between the industrial world and emerging economies. The current battle is as much about saving individual economies as saving the planet, with <t>China</t> and United States feuding over their respective obligations while poorer nations insist that the world's two dozen most influential countries are ignoring the scientific imperative to take bolder action. Ricardo Ulate, a Costa Rican delegate, said it's not surprising that the major powers are fighting over who should bear the costs for curbing greenhouse gases, even as vulnerable countries have become more aggressive in seeking to hold the big emitters accountable for their actions.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to China as a country engaged in international climate negotiations. Key indicators include references to "major powers," "developing countries," international obligations regarding greenhouse-gas emissions, and financial aid discussions—all of which are characteristic of a nation-state. This matches sense 1 (the People's Republic of China as a communist nation and major world power), not the porcelain or Taiwan senses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "China" is being used.

The context is about climate negotiations and global warming. The passage discusses:
- U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern's position on greenhouse-gas emissions
- The Obama administration's stance with China
- Comments about financial aid to China to cope with global warming
- China and the United States feuding over obligations in climate agreements
- China being described as one of "the world's major powers" and "big emitters"

The passage is clearly referring to China as a country, specifically the People's Republic of China (mainland China), as evidenced by:
1. Discussion of climate negotiations and international agreements (relevant to nation-states)
2. References to "major powers" and "major developing countries"
3. Discussion of financial obligations and cutting greenhouse-gas emissions (national-level policies)
4. The context of a U.S. climate envoy negotiating with China

Sense 1: "a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world" - This fits perfectly. China is referred to as a major power, a developing country, and the context involves international climate negotiations at a national level.

Sense 2: "high quality porcelain originally made only in China" - This doesn't fit. There's no discussion of porcelain or pottery.

Sense 3: "a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949..." - This doesn't fit. The context is about mainland China as a major power in climate negotiations.

Sense 4: "dishware made of high quality porcelain" - This doesn't fit. No discussion of dishes.

The answer is clearly sense 1.