[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: right
Target surface form: Right
Context:
More recently, it is administrative harassment of foreign students, which is topical, with the minister of the interior ("Libération" on 23 May) declaring that France "does not need foreign talent, bricklayers and waiters." But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the <t>Right</t>. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%1:07:00:: | definition=an abstract idea of that which is due to a person or governmental body by law or tradition or nature; ; - Eleanor Roosevelt | examples=they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights; Certain rights can never be granted to the government but must be kept in the hands of the people
2. sense_key=right%1:15:00:: | definition=location near or direction toward the right side; i.e. the side to the south when a person or object faces east | examples=he stood on the right
3. sense_key=right%1:06:00:: | definition=the piece of ground in the outfield on the catcher's right | synonyms=right field
4. sense_key=right%1:14:00:: | definition=those who support political or social or economic conservatism; those who believe that things are better left unchanged | synonyms=right wing
5. sense_key=right%1:08:00:: | definition=the hand that is on the right side of the body | synonyms=right hand | examples=he writes with his right hand but pitches with his left; hit him with quick rights to the body
6. sense_key=right%1:04:00:: | definition=a turn toward the side of the body that is on the south when the person is facing east | examples=take a right at the corner
7. sense_key=right%1:07:01:: | definition=anything in accord with principles of justice | synonyms=rightfulness | examples=he feels he is in the right; the rightfulness of his claim
8. sense_key=right%1:21:00:: | definition=(frequently plural) the interest possessed by law or custom in some intangible thing | examples=mineral rights; film rights

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context is discussing political positions on immigration policy in France, contrasting "the Left" and "the Right" as opposing political factions. The passage explicitly references conservative political positions (Jacques Chirac's statements representing "the Right") and their views on immigration as an economic and social issue. Sense 4 defines "Right" as those who support political and social conservatism, which is the intended meaning here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage is discussing political positions and policies regarding immigration in France.

The relevant sentence is: "In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the <t>Right</t>."

The context mentions:
- "There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject"
- "On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac..."
- "on the Left by Michel Rocard..."
- "Both sides see immigrants as a burden..."

The word "Right" in this context clearly refers to political orientation - specifically the conservative side of the political spectrum. This is about political and economic conservatism.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=right%1:07:00:: - about legal rights and abstract concepts
2. sense_key=right%1:15:00:: - location/direction (spatial)
3. sense_key=right%1:06:00:: - baseball field
4. sense_key=right%1:14:00:: - "those who support political or social or economic conservatism; those who believe that things are better left unchanged" - THIS MATCHES
5. sense_key=right%1:08:00:: - the right hand
6. sense_key=right%1:04:00:: - a turn
7. sense_key=right%1:07:01:: - justice/fairness
8. sense_key=right%1:21:00:: - intangible rights

The answer is clearly sense 4 (right%1:14:00::) which defines "right" as "those who support political or social or economic conservatism; those who believe that things are better left unchanged."

The sense index for this sense is 4.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: side
Target surface form: sides
Context:
But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both <t>sides</t> see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=side%1:15:02:: | definition=a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location | examples=they always sat on the right side of the church; he never left my side
2. sense_key=side%1:14:00:: | definition=one of two or more contesting groups | examples=the Confederate side was prepared to attack
3. sense_key=side%1:08:00:: | definition=either the left or right half of a body | examples=he had a pain in his side
4. sense_key=side%1:15:00:: | definition=a surface forming part of the outside of an object | synonyms=face | examples=he examined all sides of the crystal; dew dripped from the face of the leaf
5. sense_key=side%1:06:00:: | definition=an extended outer surface of an object | examples=he turned the box over to examine the bottom side; they painted all four sides of the house
6. sense_key=side%1:09:00:: | definition=an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect) | examples=he was on the heavy side; he is on the purchasing side of the business
7. sense_key=side%1:15:01:: | definition=a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure | examples=the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side
8. sense_key=side%1:14:01:: | definition=a family line of descent | examples=he gets his brains from his father's side
9. sense_key=side%1:13:00:: | definition=a lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass used for food | synonyms=side of meat
10. sense_key=side%1:10:00:: | definition=an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute | synonyms=position | examples=there are two sides to every question
11. sense_key=side%1:17:01:: | definition=an elevated geological formation | synonyms=slope, incline | examples=he climbed the steep slope; the house was built on the side of a mountain
12. sense_key=side%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) the spin given to a ball by striking it on one side or releasing it with a sharp twist | synonyms=English

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly refers to "the Left and the Right" as two distinct political groups with differing perspectives on immigration. The phrase "Both sides see immigrants as a burden" uses "sides" to denote these contesting groups, matching sense 2: "one of two or more contesting groups" (with the example "the Confederate side was prepared to attack").

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence reads: "Both <t>sides</t> see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society."

The context discusses:
- The Left and the Right political positions
- Their different views on immigration
- "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity"
- The phrase "Both sides see immigrants as a burden"

Here, "sides" is referring to two contesting groups - the Left and the Right political groups who have different positions on immigration policy.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. A place within a region - not relevant
2. One of two or more contesting groups - THIS LOOKS RIGHT. The examples show "the Confederate side was prepared to attack" - which shows sides as rival/contesting groups
3. Either left or right half of a body - not relevant
4. A surface forming part of outside of object - not relevant
5. An extended outer surface of object - not relevant
6. An aspect of something - could work, but the context clearly refers to contesting groups
7. A line segment forming part of perimeter - not relevant
8. A family line of descent - not relevant
9. A lengthwise dressed half of an animal's carcass - not relevant
10. An opinion held in opposition to another in argument/dispute - could work, but this is about the people/groups holding the opinions
11. An elevated geological formation - not relevant
12. Sports spin on a ball - not relevant

Between sense 2 and sense 10:
- Sense 2: "one of two or more contesting groups" - this refers to the groups themselves (Left and Right)
- Sense 10: "an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute" - this refers to the opinions/positions

The context says "Both sides see immigrants as a burden" - it's talking about what the groups/sides do, so it's referring to the groups themselves, not the opinions. Therefore, sense 2 is the best fit.
The answer is 2.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: burden
Target surface form: burden
Context:
But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a <t>burden</t> on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=burden%1:09:01:: | definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
2. sense_key=burden%1:06:01:: | definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
3. sense_key=burden%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
4. sense_key=burden%1:09:00:: | definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "burden" in this context refers to immigrants being viewed as an "onerous or difficult concern" for the French economy and society. The passage explains that both the Left and Right see immigrants negatively, describing them as a burden—something problematic or difficult to bear. This matches sense 1 perfectly, as opposed to the literal physical weight (sense 2) or discourse-related meanings (senses 3-4).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "burden."

Context: "Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society."

This is clearly referring to immigrants being a burden - something that is difficult, onerous, or problematic.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=burden%1:09:01:: | definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
   - This refers to something that is onerous or difficult
   - The phrase "burden on the French economy and on French society" fits this perfectly
   - It's about something being a difficult concern or responsibility

2. sense_key=burden%1:06:01:: | definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
   - This is more literal/physical - actual weight
   - The context is about immigrants being problematic for the economy and society, not about physical weight
   - This doesn't fit

3. sense_key=burden%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
   - This is about the main idea or theme of a work
   - Doesn't fit the context

4. sense_key=burden%1:09:00:: | definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse
   - This is also about literary/discourse meaning
   - Doesn't fit the context

The best fit is clearly sense 1: "an onerous or difficult concern" - immigrants are seen as an onerous or difficult concern for the economy and society. This matches the negative view presented in the context.

The sense index for sense 1 is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: economy
Target surface form: economy
Context:
But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French <t>economy</t> and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=economy%1:14:00:: | definition=the system of production and distribution and consumption | synonyms=economic system
2. sense_key=economy%1:09:01:: | definition=the efficient use of resources | examples=economy of effort
3. sense_key=economy%1:07:00:: | definition=frugality in the expenditure of money or resources | synonyms=thriftiness | examples=the Scots are famous for their economy
4. sense_key=economy%1:04:00:: | definition=an act of economizing; reduction in cost | synonyms=saving | examples=it was a small economy to walk to work every day; there was a saving of 50 cents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses immigrants as "a burden on the French economy," which refers to the overall economic system of France—the system of production, distribution, and consumption. This is the standard use of "economy" when referring to a nation's economic structure and performance, not about frugality (sense 3), efficiency (sense 2), or cost reduction (sense 4).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "economy" in this sentence:

"Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society."

The context is discussing immigrants and their impact on France - whether they are a burden on the French economy and society. This is clearly referring to the economic system of France - the system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, particularly in relation to how immigrants affect it.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=economy%1:14:00:: | definition=the system of production and distribution and consumption | synonyms=economic system
   - This refers to the overall economic system of a country

2. sense_key=economy%1:09:01:: | definition=the efficient use of resources | examples=economy of effort
   - This refers to efficiency in using resources

3. sense_key=economy%1:07:00:: | definition=frugality in the expenditure of money or resources | synonyms=thriftiness | examples=the Scots are famous for their economy
   - This refers to being thrifty/frugal with money

4. sense_key=economy%1:04:00:: | definition=an act of economizing; reduction in cost | synonyms=saving | examples=it was a small economy to walk to work every day; there was a saving of 50 cents
   - This refers to saving money/reducing costs

In the context "Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy," the word refers to France's economic system - the entire system of production, distribution, and consumption. The phrase "burden on the economy" is a common expression referring to how immigrants affect the overall economic system of the country.

This clearly matches sense 1: "the system of production and distribution and consumption"

The answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: society
Target surface form: society
Context:
But it is only rarely analyzed from the economic viewpoint. There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French <t>society</t>. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=society%1:14:00:: | definition=an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization
2. sense_key=society%1:14:01:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, guild, gild, lodge, order | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
3. sense_key=society%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of being with someone | synonyms=company, companionship, fellowship | examples=he missed their company; he enjoyed the society of his friends
4. sense_key=society%1:14:02:: | definition=the fashionable elite | synonyms=high society, beau monde, smart set, bon ton

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context refers to "French society" as a broader social entity with cultural and economic dimensions ("burden on the French economy and on French society"). This clearly invokes sense 1, which defines society as an extended social group with distinctive cultural and economic organization—referring to the nation as a whole rather than a specific club (sense 2), companionship (sense 3), or the fashionable elite (sense 4).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "society" is being used.

The sentence states: "Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=society%1:14:00:: - "an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization"
   - This refers to society as a whole nation or social group with cultural and economic aspects

2. sense_key=society%1:14:01:: - "a formal association of people with similar interests" (club, social club, guild, etc.)
   - This refers to a specific organized group with similar interests
   - Examples: golf club, lunch society
   - This doesn't fit the context

3. sense_key=society%1:26:00:: - "the state of being with someone" (company, companionship, fellowship)
   - This is about companionship or being together
   - This doesn't fit the context

4. sense_key=society%1:14:02:: - "the fashionable elite" (high society, beau monde, smart set)
   - This refers to the upper class or fashionable people
   - This doesn't fit the context

In the context, "French society" clearly refers to the overall social group/nation of France with its cultural and economic organization. The passage discusses how immigrants are seen as a burden on "the French economy and on French society" - meaning the broader French nation/social organization, not a specific club, companionship, or the fashionable elite.

The best fit is sense 1: "an extended social group having a distinctive cultural and economic organization"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: difference
Target surface form: difference
Context:
There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only <t>difference</t> resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=difference%1:07:00:: | definition=the quality of being unlike or dissimilar | examples=there are many differences between jazz and rock
2. sense_key=difference%1:11:00:: | definition=a variation that deviates from the standard or norm | synonyms=deviation, divergence, departure | examples=the deviation from the mean
3. sense_key=difference%1:10:00:: | definition=a disagreement or argument about something important | synonyms=dispute, difference of opinion, conflict | examples=he had a dispute with his wife; there were irreconcilable differences
4. sense_key=difference%1:24:00:: | definition=a significant change | examples=the difference in her is amazing; his support made a real difference
5. sense_key=difference%1:23:00:: | definition=the number that remains after subtraction; the number that when added to the subtrahend gives the minuend | synonyms=remainder

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The passage uses "difference" to identify what distinguishes or makes unlike the Left and Right positions on immigration. While both sides agree that immigrants are a burden, the text explicitly states "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity" - pointing to how they are dissimilar or unlike in that particular aspect. This corresponds to sense 1, which defines difference as "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar." The context emphasizes consensus on the core issue, with only this one point of dissimilarity in the degree of generosity they're willing to extend.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense of "difference" in this passage.

The sentence is: "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants."

The context shows a comparison between Left and Right positions on immigration. The passage states:
1. Both sides have similar negative views on immigration
2. There is consensus between Left and Right
3. Both see immigrants as a burden
4. The only difference is in the degree of generosity they're willing to show

Let me examine each sense:

1. **sense 1: "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar"** - This refers to a general distinction between things. While this could apply, it's quite broad.

2. **sense 2: "a variation that deviates from the standard or norm"** - This is about deviation from a standard. This doesn't quite fit the context.

3. **sense 3: "a disagreement or argument about something important"** - This refers to disputes or conflicts. The text explicitly says there is "consensus" and "the only difference" is in degree of generosity. This seems to be describing a point of difference, but not really a disagreement or argument - they're in agreement on the main point (seeing immigrants as burden), only differing in degree.

4. **sense 4: "a significant change"** - This doesn't fit the context at all.

5. **sense 5: "the number that remains after subtraction"** - Mathematical sense, not applicable here.

Looking more carefully, the passage says "The only difference, the degree of generosity" and later "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity." This is clearly identifying what distinguishes the two positions from each other - the degree to which they're willing to help immigrants.

The best fit is **sense 1** - "the quality of being unlike or dissimilar" - because it's identifying what makes the two positions unlike or dissimilar (the degree of generosity). They agree on the main issue but differ in this particular aspect.
Sense 3 mentions "dispute" as a synonym, but that doesn't align with the passage's emphasis on consensus between the two sides. The distinction here isn't about disagreement—both positions share the same fundamental view of immigrants as a burden. What separates them is merely the extent of generosity they're prepared to offer, making sense 1 the clearest fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: degree
Target surface form: degree
Context:
There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the <t>degree</t> of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude
4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle
5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable
6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature
7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The phrase "degree of generosity" refers to the extent or intensity of generosity shown toward immigrants. Sense 1 ("a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality") is the best fit, as it captures the meaning of how much or to what extent generosity is granted. The synonyms "grade" and "level" align perfectly with this interpretation in context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "degree" in this passage.

The sentence is: "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants."

The context is discussing how both the Left and Right in France oppose immigration, and the only difference is how much generosity they are willing to show toward immigrants.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=degree%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=grade, level | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required

2. sense_key=degree%1:26:01:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=level, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?

3. sense_key=degree%1:10:00:: | definition=an award conferred by a college or university signifying that the recipient has satisfactorily completed a course of study | synonyms=academic degree | examples=he earned his degree at Princeton summa cum laude

4. sense_key=degree%1:23:00:: | definition=a measure for arcs and angles | synonyms=arcdegree | examples=there are 360 degrees in a circle

5. sense_key=degree%1:09:00:: | definition=the highest power of a term or variable

6. sense_key=degree%1:23:03:: | definition=a unit of temperature on a specified scale | examples=the game was played in spite of the 40-degree temperature

7. sense_key=degree%1:07:01:: | definition=the seriousness of something (e.g., a burn or crime) | examples=murder in the second degree; a second degree burn

The phrase is "degree of generosity" - this refers to the extent or amount of generosity. The context makes it clear that we're talking about how much generosity is shown.
Sense 1 is the strongest match since it directly captures the notion of intensity and quantity of generosity on a scale. The academic, mathematical, angular, and temperature-related senses are clearly irrelevant here. While sense 7 deals with degrees of severity, it doesn't apply to measuring generosity in this context. The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generosity
Target surface form: generosity
Context:
There is a lot of consensus between the Left and the Right on this subject. On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of <t>generosity</t>, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generosity%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being willing to give your money or time | synonyms=generousness
2. sense_key=generosity%1:04:00:: | definition=acting generously | synonyms=unselfishness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses political differences regarding how much generous treatment or support ("the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants") should be provided to immigrants. This refers to the **action or behavior** of being generous—the extent to which politicians are willing to show generous treatment and support. This matches sense 2 ("acting generously"), rather than sense 1 which focuses on the trait or personal willingness to give in general.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "generosity" is being used.

The context is discussing immigration policies in France. The passage mentions:
- Different positions on the Left and Right regarding immigration
- A statement about whether France can "accommodate all the world's misery"
- "The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants"

Now let's look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=generosity%1:07:00:: | definition=the trait of being willing to give your money or time | synonyms=generousness
   - This refers to a personal trait or characteristic of being willing to give money or time

2. sense_key=generosity%1:04:00:: | definition=acting generously | synonyms=unselfishness
   - This refers to the action or behavior of acting generously

In the context, "the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants" is referring to:
- How willing politicians are to help/provide for immigrants
- The extent to which they show willingness to give resources/support to immigrants

The phrase "acting generously" (sense 2) seems to fit better because:
- It's about the behavior or actions of granting/providing for immigrants
- The context talks about what politicians "deign to grant" - this is an action
- The political debate is about HOW MUCH generosity (i.e., how much generous action/support) to show

However, sense 1 about "the trait of being willing to give" also fits because:
- It refers to the willingness or inclination to help
- The degree of willingness varies between Left and Right

Looking at the exact phrasing: "the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants" - this is talking about the extent of generous actions/behavior being granted, not just a trait. The action of granting is key here.

I think sense 2 (acting generously, unselfishness) is the better fit because the context emphasizes what is being "granted" (an action), and it's about the level of generous behavior toward immigrants.
Reconsidering the phrasing more carefully—"the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant"—the emphasis on what is being "granted" points toward the action of generosity rather than merely a disposition. The political positions differ in how much generous treatment they're willing to extend, making sense 2 the more fitting interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: program
Target surface form: program
Context:
On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his <t>program</t>, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=program%1:09:00:: | definition=a series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished | synonyms=plan, programme | examples=they drew up a six-step plan; they discussed plans for a new bond issue
2. sense_key=program%1:09:01:: | definition=a system of projects or services intended to meet a public need | synonyms=programme | examples=he proposed an elaborate program of public works; working mothers rely on the day care program
3. sense_key=program%1:10:01:: | definition=a radio or television show | synonyms=broadcast, programme | examples=did you see his program last night?
4. sense_key=program%1:10:04:: | definition=a document stating the aims and principles of a political party | synonyms=platform, political platform, political program | examples=their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program
5. sense_key=program%1:10:00:: | definition=an announcement of the events that will occur as part of a theatrical or sporting event | synonyms=programme | examples=you can't tell the players without a program
6. sense_key=program%1:10:05:: | definition=an integrated course of academic studies | synonyms=course of study, programme, curriculum, syllabus | examples=he was admitted to a new program at the university
7. sense_key=program%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a sequence of instructions that a computer can interpret and execute | synonyms=programme, computer program, computer programme | examples=the program required several hundred lines of code
8. sense_key=program%1:04:00:: | definition=a performance (or series of performances) at a public presentation | synonyms=programme | examples=the program lasted more than two hours

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes François Hollande's political program—his stated aims and principles regarding immigration policy. This is clearly referring to his political platform or electoral manifesto, which makes sense 4 the best fit: "a document stating the aims and principles of a political party." The synonyms "platform" and "political program" further confirm this interpretation, and the example about a candidate ignoring "the party platform" parallels the usage here of a political candidate's program.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "program" appears:

"In his <t>program</t>, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved."

The context is about François Hollande's political program/plan regarding immigration. He's referring to his political platform or electoral platform - his stated goals and principles related to immigration and other policies.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. A series of steps to be carried out or goals to be accomplished - This is general and could fit
2. A system of projects or services intended to meet a public need - This could work
3. A radio or television show - Doesn't fit
4. A document stating the aims and principles of a political party - This fits well! It's about Hollande's political program/platform
5. An announcement of events at a theatrical or sporting event - Doesn't fit
6. An integrated course of academic studies - Doesn't fit
7. A sequence of instructions for a computer - Doesn't fit
8. A performance at a public presentation - Doesn't fit

The best fit is sense 4 (sense_key=program%1:10:04::) which defines it as "a document stating the aims and principles of a political party" with the example "their candidate simply ignored the party platform; they won the election even though they offered no positive program"

This matches perfectly because:
- Hollande is a politician (candidate)
- His "program" refers to his political platform/platform of policies
- It's about his stated positions on issues (immigration in this case)
- The synonyms include "platform" and "political program"

The answer should be sense index 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
On the Right, the tone was set by Jacques Chirac, who declared in 1976 that "900,000 unemployed would not become a problem in a country with 2 million of foreign workers," and on the Left by Michel Rocard explaining in 1990 that France "can not accommodate all the world's misery." The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration <t>problem</t> to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "problem" in this context refers to the immigration issue in France described as "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved." The surrounding text explicitly states that co-development would "allow our immigration problem to be solved," which directly aligns with sense 1's definition emphasizing resolution of a state of difficulty. The context also repeatedly frames immigration as a burden and difficulty that requires solving, matching this sense perfectly.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "problem" is being used.

The context discusses immigration in France. The sentence is: "...saying that co-development would allow our immigration <t>problem</t> to be solved."

Looking at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him

2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve

3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

In the context, "immigration problem" refers to the difficulty or challenge that immigration poses to French society and economy. The text describes it as something that needs to be resolved ("co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved") and relates it to a "source of difficulty" and "burden."

Sense 1 (a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved) and Sense 3 (a source of difficulty) are both very similar and applicable here. However:

- Sense 2 is clearly not the right fit - it's about homework problems or mathematical problems to solve, which is not what we have here.

Between Sense 1 and Sense 3:
- Sense 1 emphasizes "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved"
- Sense 3 emphasizes "a source of difficulty" with the synonym "trouble"

The context explicitly says the problem "be solved," which aligns more with Sense 1's definition of "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved." The phrase "problem to be solved" directly matches this definition.
Sense 1 better captures the actual condition being described—the state of difficulty itself—whereas Sense 3 focuses more on what causes or originates the difficulty. Since the passage frames immigration as something requiring resolution, Sense 1 is the most appropriate fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: notion
Target surface form: notion
Context:
The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This <t>notion</t> of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, belief, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?
2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: | definition=a general inclusive concept
3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: | definition=an odd or fanciful or capricious idea | synonyms=whim, whimsy, whimsey | examples=the theatrical notion of disguise is associated with disaster in his stories; he had a whimsy about flying to the moon
4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: | definition=(usually plural) small personal articles or clothing or sewing items | examples=buttons and needles are notions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "notion" in this context refers to a vague idea or concept ("the notion of immigration being a burden and a problem") that people hold and that has electoral weight. This aligns with sense 1, which defines notion as "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" with synonyms including impression, feeling, belief, and opinion. The passage describes how this idea/notion is held by both sides of the political spectrum and functions as an electoral asset, which fits the definition of a vague but confidently held idea or belief.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and candidate senses for the word "notion."

The sentence is: "This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly."

Here, "notion" refers to a concept or idea about immigration being a burden and a problem. Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=notion%1:09:02:: - "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed" - synonyms: impression, feeling, belief, opinion. This fits well because the context discusses a general idea/concept about immigration.

2. sense_key=notion%1:09:00:: - "a general inclusive concept" - This also seems relevant as we're talking about a general concept of immigration.

3. sense_key=notion%1:09:01:: - "an odd or fanciful or capricious idea" - The context doesn't suggest the idea is odd or fanciful; it's presented as something politically relevant.

4. sense_key=notion%1:06:00:: - "small personal articles" - This is clearly not relevant.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 focuses on a vague idea with some confidence placed in it - this emphasizes the subjective nature and the belief aspect
- Sense 2 is about a general inclusive concept

The context describes "the notion of immigration being a burden and a problem" - this is presented as a general concept/idea that's widely held (on both Left and Right). The word "notion" is used to refer to this widespread idea/concept.

Sense 2 ("a general inclusive concept") seems more appropriate than sense 1 because we're talking about a conceptual framework rather than just a vague impression or feeling. The notion is being discussed as a conceptual idea about immigration.

However, sense 1 could also work since there's an element of vagueness and belief in the idea.

Looking more carefully: "notion of immigration being a burden and a problem" - this is describing a concept/idea. Sense 2 "a general inclusive concept" seems to best fit this usage.
Reconsidering the emphasis on this as a widely held belief—the passage frames it as something people actually accept and rely on politically. The synonyms for sense 1 (impression, feeling, belief, opinion) capture this better than a purely abstract concept. I think sense 1 is the stronger fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: burden
Target surface form: burden
Context:
The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a <t>burden</t> and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=burden%1:09:01:: | definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
2. sense_key=burden%1:06:01:: | definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
3. sense_key=burden%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
4. sense_key=burden%1:09:00:: | definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The context describes immigrants as a "burden on the French economy and on French society," referring to them as a difficult, onerous concern or problem. This matches sense 1's definition of "an onerous or difficult concern" with its synonym "onus" and example "the burden of responsibility." The literal weight-bearing sense (2) and the discourse/literary meaning senses (3, 4) do not fit the context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "burden" is being used.

In the passage, the target word "burden" appears in this sentence:
"Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society."

And later:
"This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem..."

The context is discussing immigration as something that is viewed negatively - as a problem, as something difficult or onerous. The passage contrasts this view with evidence that immigration actually has positive economic impacts.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=burden%1:09:01:: | definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
   - This definition fits perfectly. "Burden" here means something difficult or onerous that weighs on society/economy.

2. sense_key=burden%1:06:01:: | definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
   - This is more literal, about physical weight to be carried or conveyed. This doesn't fit the context about immigration policy.

3. sense_key=burden%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
   - This is about the central idea or theme in a text. Not applicable here.

4. sense_key=burden%1:09:00:: | definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse
   - Similar to sense 3, about the central theme or meaning in discourse. Not applicable.

The best sense is clearly #1, which defines "burden" as "an onerous or difficult concern." This matches the context where immigration is viewed as a difficult concern weighing on the French economy and society.
The answer is sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: problem
Target surface form: problem
Context:
The only difference, the degree of generosity In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a <t>problem</t>, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: | definition=a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved | synonyms=job | examples=she and her husband are having problems; it is always a job to contact him
2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: | definition=a question raised for consideration or solution | examples=our homework consisted of ten problems to solve
3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: | definition=a source of difficulty | synonyms=trouble | examples=one trouble after another delayed the job; what's the problem?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "problem" refers to immigration as a source of difficulty or trouble. The context describes immigration as being viewed as "a burden and a problem" on French society and economy, which aligns with sense 3 ("a source of difficulty"). This captures the sense of immigration as something causing trouble or difficulty, rather than specifically emphasizing it as a mathematical question (sense 2) or as a state needing resolution (sense 1).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "problem" is being used.

The sentence states: "This notion of immigration being a burden and a <t>problem</t>, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly."

The context discusses immigration as a burden on French economy and society. The word "problem" here refers to immigration as something that is viewed as a difficulty or burden that needs to be addressed.

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=problem%1:26:00:: - "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" | synonyms: job | examples about having problems/difficulty contacting someone
   - This fits: immigration is a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved

2. sense_key=problem%1:10:00:: - "a question raised for consideration or solution" | examples: homework problems to solve
   - This is more about a problem as a question or exercise, less fitting

3. sense_key=problem%1:09:00:: - "a source of difficulty" | synonyms: trouble | examples: "what's the problem?"
   - This also fits: immigration is viewed as a source of difficulty/trouble

Both sense 1 and sense 3 seem plausible. Let me think more carefully:

Sense 1: "a state of difficulty that needs to be resolved" - emphasizes the resolution aspect
Sense 3: "a source of difficulty" - emphasizes it as something causing trouble

In the context, immigration is described as a "burden" and a "problem" - something viewed negatively that causes difficulty. The phrase "what's the problem?" in the examples for sense 3 is very similar to how the word is being used here.

The context suggests viewing immigration as a source of trouble/difficulty rather than specifically focusing on it as something needing resolution. Sense 3 ("a source of difficulty") seems more directly applicable.
Sense 3 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: book
Target surface form: book
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent <t>book</t> summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=book%1:10:00:: | definition=a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together) | examples=I am reading a good book on economics
2. sense_key=book%1:06:00:: | definition=physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together | synonyms=volume | examples=he used a large book as a doorstop
3. sense_key=book%1:10:02:: | definition=a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone | synonyms=record, record book | examples=Al Smith used to say, `Let's look at the record'; his name is in all the record books
4. sense_key=book%1:10:01:: | definition=a written version of a play or other dramatic composition; used in preparing for a performance | synonyms=script, playscript
5. sense_key=book%1:21:00:: | definition=a record in which commercial accounts are recorded | synonyms=ledger, leger, account book, book of account | examples=they got a subpoena to examine our books
6. sense_key=book%1:14:01:: | definition=a collection of playing cards satisfying the rules of a card game
7. sense_key=book%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of rules or prescribed standards on the basis of which decisions are made | synonyms=rule book | examples=they run things by the book around here
8. sense_key=book%1:10:05:: | definition=the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina | synonyms=Koran, Quran, al-Qur'an
9. sense_key=book%1:10:04:: | definition=the sacred writings of the Christian religions | synonyms=Bible, Christian Bible, Good Book, Holy Scripture, Holy Writ, Scripture | examples=he went to carry the Word to the heathen
10. sense_key=book%1:10:03:: | definition=a major division of a long written composition | examples=the book of Isaiah
11. sense_key=book%1:06:02:: | definition=a number of sheets (ticket or stamps etc.) bound together on one edge | examples=he bought a book of stamps

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "a recent book" by economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron with specific publication details (title, publisher, page count, year). This is clearly referring to a published written work or composition, not merely a physical object, a record book, or any other specialized sense. Sense 1 best captures this meaning: "a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to identify the correct sense of "book".

The context mentions: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.)"

This is clearly referring to a published work - specifically a written academic/non-fiction book about immigration. The book has:
- Authors (Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron)
- A title (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future)
- Publication details (Princeton University Press, 352 pp.)
- A publication year (2011)

This is describing a published written composition, not just a physical object.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a written work or composition that has been published (printed on pages bound together)" - This fits well. It's a written work, published, and the example mentions "a good book on economics" which is similar to the immigration book being discussed.

2. "physical objects consisting of a number of pages bound together" - This is more about the physical object aspect rather than the written work itself.

3. "a compilation of the known facts regarding something or someone" - This could apply, but the focus is on the written work rather than a compilation/record.

4. "a written version of a play" - Doesn't fit, this is not a dramatic composition.

5. "a record in which commercial accounts are recorded" - Doesn't fit, this is not an accounting book.

6-11. Other senses don't apply.

The best fit is sense 1 - it emphasizes the "written work or composition that has been published" aspect, which is exactly what we have here: a published academic book about immigration by two economists.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: immigration
Target surface form: immigration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of <t>immigration</t> (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=immigration%1:04:00:: | definition=migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) | synonyms=in-migration
2. sense_key=immigration%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval | examples=the increased immigration strengthened the colony

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses immigration as a process and phenomenon affecting economic growth, wages, and employment. The passage references "migration flows" and discusses how "restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth," treating immigration as a process or practice rather than a discrete body of immigrants. This aligns with Sense 1, which defines immigration as the process of migration into a place, rather than Sense 2, which refers to a specific collective group of immigrants during a particular time interval.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "immigration".

The sentence in question is: "As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

Let's look at the two senses:

Sense 1: "migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)" - synonyms: in-migration
This refers to the process/act of migrating into a place.

Sense 2: "the body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval" - examples: "the increased immigration strengthened the colony"
This refers to a collective group of immigrants or the aggregate number/quantity of immigrants.

In the context provided, the word "immigration" is being discussed as a topic/concept that is related to migration flows and their economic impact. The book is about "How Migration Shaped Our World" and discusses "the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

The context is using "immigration" to refer to the process/phenomenon of people migrating into countries, not specifically as a body or aggregate of immigrants. The text discusses "immigration" as a process that can be "restrained" and that "leads to anaemic growth."

This suggests Sense 1 is more appropriate, as it refers to the process of migration into a place, rather than Sense 2 which refers to a specific body or group of immigrants arriving during a specified interval.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: People
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional <t>People</t>: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "People" in the book title "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future" refers to human beings collectively in a general sense. The book is about migrants and their impact on the world, so "people" is used to denote groups of human beings in general. This aligns with sense 1, which defines people as "any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "People" appears in the text:

"Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future"

This is the title of a book mentioned in the passage. The word "People" here is part of a book title about migration and its effects on society.

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: - "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - Examples: "old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience"

2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: - "the body of citizens of a state or country" - Synonyms: citizenry - Examples: "the Spanish people"

3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: - "members of a family line" - Examples: "his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?"

4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: - "the common people generally" - Synonyms: multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed - Examples: "separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people"

In the book title "Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future," the word "People" refers to exceptional individuals or human beings in general who migrate. The book is about how migration (movement of people) has shaped the world.

The most appropriate sense would be sense 1, which refers to "any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively." This is the most general sense referring to people as human beings in general.

Sense 2 refers to citizens of a state (too specific).
Sense 3 refers to family lines (not relevant here).
Sense 4 refers to common people generally (could fit, but the title suggests "exceptional people" not "common people").

I believe sense 1 is the best fit - it's referring to people as human beings in general, particularly those who migrate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: Migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How <t>Migration</t> Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "migration" is being used.

Looking at the passage, it's discussing immigration policy in France, Polish workers moving to France, and the economic impacts of immigration. The key sentence about the target word is:

"there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

This is clearly referring to human movement from one country to another for economic reasons (people moving to work or live).

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
   - This is about people moving between locations/countries

2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
   - This is about a specific group of people migrating at the same time

3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
   - This is about chemistry, not relevant here

4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding
   - This is about animal migration, not human migration

The context is clearly about human migration/immigration. The passage discusses "migration flows" and their impact on "economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

Sense 1 is "the movement of persons from one country or locality to another" - this fits perfectly.

The answer should be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: future
Target surface form: Future
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The word "Future" in the book title "How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future" refers to the time yet to come. This is a temporal reference to forthcoming events and periods, not a grammatical term (sense 2) or financial commodity (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "Future" in this sentence:

"Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our <t>Future</t>"

This is the title of a book. The context is discussing immigration and its impact on economic growth and development. When we say "will define our future," we're talking about time that hasn't happened yet - the time period that lies ahead.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=future%1:28:00:: | definition=the time yet to come | synonyms=hereafter, futurity, time to come
   - This refers to time in general that hasn't occurred yet

2. sense_key=future%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the future | synonyms=future tense
   - This is a grammatical term referring to verb tense

3. sense_key=future%1:06:00:: | definition=bulk commodities bought or sold at an agreed price for delivery at a specified future date
   - This is a financial/trading term

In the book title "Will Define Our Future," the word "Future" clearly refers to the time period that will come, not a verb tense or financial commodity. This is sense 1: "the time yet to come."

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: specialist
Target surface form: specialists
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=specialist%1:18:00:: | definition=an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning | synonyms=specializer, specialiser
2. sense_key=specialist%1:18:01:: | definition=practices one branch of medicine | synonyms=medical specialist

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses economists and their expertise on immigration and economic impacts. The "specialists" refers to experts devoted to a branch of learning (in this case, economics and migration studies), not medical professionals. This matches sense 1: "an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "specialists" is being used.

The sentence reads: "there is wide consensus among <t>specialists</t> on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

The context is about immigration economics. The passage references "economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron" and their book about migration and its economic impact. The "specialists" being referred to are experts in the field of immigration economics and related economic fields who have reached a consensus about the positive impacts of migration.

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=specialist%1:18:00:: - "an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning" with synonyms specializer, specialiser
   - This is a general sense meaning an expert in a specific field or branch of knowledge

2. sense_key=specialist%1:18:01:: - "practices one branch of medicine" with synonyms medical specialist
   - This is a medical sense, referring to doctors who specialize in one branch of medicine

Given the context is about economics and immigration, and the passage is discussing economists and their consensus on economic impacts, the "specialists" clearly refers to experts in the economic/social science field, not medical doctors.

The correct sense is sense 1: an expert who is devoted to one occupation or branch of learning. This is the general meaning that fits the context where economists and other experts in migration/economics are being referred to.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "impact" in the context refers to the effect or consequence that migration flows have on economic growth, wages, and employment. This matches sense 2 ("a forceful consequence; a strong effect"), as evidenced by the phrase "the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment." The example "the book had an important impact on my thinking" is parallel in structure and meaning to how migration has an effect on economic outcomes.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "impact".

Context: The passage discusses immigration and mentions "the positive <t>impact</t> of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
   - This is about physical collision. The context is not about physical striking.

2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
   - This is about a strong effect or consequence. The context talks about "positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment" - this is clearly about the effect that migration has. The examples match perfectly ("the book had an important impact on my thinking" is similar to "migration flows had an impact on economic growth").

3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
   - This is about influencing strongly. While this could potentially work, the context doesn't have the negative connotation of "encroachment" or "impingement". The passage says "positive impact", not that something is encroaching.

4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle
   - This is about violent interaction in combat. This doesn't fit the context at all.

The best fit is sense 2, which is about a forceful consequence or strong effect. The context uses "impact" to mean the effect that migration flows have on economic growth, wages, and employment.

Sense 2 aligns perfectly with how the word is used here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: migration
Target surface form: migration
Context:
In 2005, the fear of invasion of the national territory by hordes of Polish plumbers was felt both on the Left and on the Right. Both sides see immigrants as a burden on the French economy and on French society. The only difference resides in the degree of generosity, which one deigns to grant to immigrants. In his program, François Hollande confines himself to banalities, saying that co-development would allow our immigration problem to be solved." This notion of immigration being a burden and a problem, may be an electoral asset, but it is economically very costly. As the economists Ian Goldin and Geoffrey Cameron, remind us in a recent book summarising the most recent knowledge of immigration (Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future, mai 2011, Princeton University Press, 352 pp.), there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of <t>migration</t> flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants. Restraining immigration leads to anaemic growth and harms employment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses the movement of people (Polish plumbers, immigrants) from one country to another and their economic impacts. The phrase "migration flows" and the discussion of how immigration affects "economic growth, wages and employment in countries" clearly indicates this is about human movement across geographic/national boundaries, which corresponds to sense 1: "the movement of persons from one country or locality to another."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense for "migration" in this passage.

The context is discussing:
- Immigration/immigration in France
- The economic impact of immigration
- Movement of people from one country to another
- How migration affects economic growth, wages, and employment in countries

The target word appears in: "there is wide consensus among specialists on the positive impact of migration flows on economic growth, wages and employment in countries, which admit immigrants."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=migration%1:04:00:: | definition=the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
   - This fits perfectly. The passage is discussing people moving from one location to another.

2. sense_key=migration%1:14:00:: | definition=a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period)
   - This would refer to a specific group of migrants, but the context talks about "migration flows" and the impact on economic growth generally, not a specific group.

3. sense_key=migration%1:11:01:: | definition=(chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
   - This is clearly about chemistry, completely unrelated to the context about people and immigration.

4. sense_key=migration%1:11:00:: | definition=the periodic passage of groups of animals (especially birds or fishes) from one region to another for feeding or breeding
   - This is about animal migration, not human migration. The context is clearly about people/immigrants.

The best fit is sense 1: "the movement of persons from one country or locality to another" because:
- The passage discusses people moving countries (Polish plumbers)
- It explicitly mentions "immigration" repeatedly
- The context is about human movement between countries/regions
- The economic impact discussion is about human migration, not animal migration
- This is the correct answer.