[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: physical
Target surface form: physical
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires <t>physical</t> dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=physical%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit | examples=physical exercise; physical suffering
2. sense_key=physical%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics | examples=physical sciences; physical laws
3. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:material:01 | definition=having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses | examples=a physical manifestation; surrounded by tangible objects
4. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:natural:03 | definition=according with material things or natural laws (other than those peculiar to living matter) | examples=a reflex response to physical stimuli
5. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:energetic:00 | definition=characterized by energetic bodily activity | examples=a very physical dance performance
6. sense_key=physical%5:00:00:forceful:00 | definition=impelled by physical force especially against resistance | synonyms=forcible, strong-arm | examples=forcible entry; a real cop would get physical
7. sense_key=physical%5:00:02:material:01 | definition=concerned with material things | examples=physical properties; the physical characteristics of the earth

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly contrasts "physical dexterity" with "intense mental concentration," indicating that "physical" refers to bodily/muscular activity as distinguished from mental effort. The requirement to handle heavy bells (over a ton) that demands bodily skill further supports this interpretation. Sense 1, "involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit," is the best fit, similar to its example "physical exercise."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires <t>physical</t> dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."

The word "physical" is describing what kind of dexterity is required. The context mentions:
1. It requires dexterity
2. Bells weigh more than a ton (suggesting bodily/muscular effort)
3. Combined with "intense mental concentration" (contrasting physical with mental)

Let me go through the senses:

1. "involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit" - This fits very well. The contrast with "mental concentration" suggests physical refers to bodily/bodily activity.

2. "relating to the sciences dealing with matter and energy; especially physics" - This doesn't fit. The context is not about physics or sciences.

3. "having substance or material existence; perceptible to the senses" - This could work in that dexterity is perceptible/tangible, but it's not the best fit.

4. "according with material things or natural laws" - Not really relevant here.

5. "characterized by energetic bodily activity" - This could fit, as ringing bells with heavy weights requires bodily activity.

6. "impelled by physical force especially against resistance" - This is about forceful action, not just bodily dexterity.

7. "concerned with material things" - Not the best fit.

The most clear sense is #1: "involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit" because:
- The text explicitly contrasts "physical dexterity" with "intense mental concentration"
- This is the most natural interpretation - physical refers to bodily/bodily skill
- The example "physical exercise" is very similar to the use here

The answer should be sense_index: 1


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some <t>bells</t> weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to church bells that are physical metal devices rung during services. The passage discusses their weight ("some bells weigh more than a ton"), their use in change-ringing practices, and their pitch characteristics. This matches sense 1, which defines bells as "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - the fundamental meaning of church bells in this context.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "bells" in the passage about English bell-ringing.

The passage is discussing:
- Church bells that are rung on Sundays
- The art of change-ringing, an English invention
- Physical characteristics: "some bells weigh more than a ton"
- "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells"

The context clearly indicates these are physical metal bells in churches that produce sound when struck/rung. Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This fits perfectly. These are church bells that weigh over a ton and are rung during services.

2. "a push button at an outer door" - No, clearly not about doorbells.

3. "the sound of a bell being struck" - This is about the sound, not the physical bell itself. While the passage mentions the bells being rung and producing sound, the focus is on the physical bells.

4. "each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time" - No, this is about nautical bells, not church bells.

5. "the shape of a bell" - While bells have a bell shape, this is referring to a shape, not the bells themselves.

6-8. These are about people named Bell - clearly not relevant.

9. "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" - This could apply to carillons mentioned, but the context is specifically about individual church bells being rung, not orchestral bell instruments.

10. "the flared opening of a tubular device" - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck." This describes the church bells that weigh more than a ton and are rung during services.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: weigh
Target surface form: weigh
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells <t>weigh</t> more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=weigh%2:42:01:: | definition=have a certain weight
2. sense_key=weigh%2:32:00:: | definition=show consideration for; take into account | synonyms=consider, count | examples=You must consider her age; The judge considered the offender's youth and was lenient
3. sense_key=weigh%2:42:00:: | definition=determine the weight of | synonyms=librate | examples=The butcher weighed the chicken
4. sense_key=weigh%2:42:03:: | definition=have weight; have import, carry weight | synonyms=count, matter | examples=It does not matter much
5. sense_key=weigh%2:42:04:: | definition=to be oppressive or burdensome; , | synonyms=press | examples=weigh heavily on the mind; Something pressed on his mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The sentence "some bells weigh more than a ton" is describing a physical characteristic of the bells—specifically, that they have a certain weight. This is a straightforward statement of the bells' property without any action of measurement or metaphorical meaning. Sense 1 ("have a certain weight") is the most appropriate fit for this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "weigh" in the sentence:

"some bells weigh more than a ton"

This sentence is describing a characteristic of bells - they have a certain weight, and some of them are more than a ton in weight.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "have a certain weight" - This directly fits the context. The bells have weight, specifically more than a ton.

2. "show consideration for; take into account" - This doesn't fit. The sentence is not about considering or accounting for something conceptually.

3. "determine the weight of" - This would mean someone is measuring the weight of the bells. But the sentence is just stating a fact about how much the bells weigh, not the act of determining their weight.

4. "have weight; have import, carry weight" - This could be about importance/significance, but in the example "It does not matter much" shows it's more about metaphorical weight. The context is about physical weight.

5. "to be oppressive or burdensome" - This doesn't fit at all. The context is not about something being burdensome.

The best fit is sense 1: "have a certain weight" - because the sentence is simply stating that the bells possess a certain weight (more than a ton). This is a basic descriptive statement about the physical property of the bells.

So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: intense
Target surface form: intense
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with <t>intense</t> mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=intense%3:00:00:: | definition=possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree | examples=intense heat; intense anxiety
2. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:sharp:04 | definition=extremely sharp or intense | synonyms=acute | examples=acute pain; felt acute annoyance
3. sense_key=intense%5:00:00:saturated:03 | definition=(of color) having the highest saturation | synonyms=vivid | examples=vivid green; intense blue

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "intense" in "intense mental concentration" describes concentration at a heightened or strong degree. This matches sense 1, which defines "intense" as "possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree." The context indicates that change-ringing requires mental concentration that is markedly strong and demanding, fitting the definition with examples like "intense anxiety."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "intense" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."

The target word is "intense" and it modifies "mental concentration."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. Sense 1: "possessing or displaying a distinctive feature to a heightened degree" with examples "intense heat; intense anxiety"
   - This fits well with "intense mental concentration" - meaning concentration at a heightened degree
   - This is about something existing to a heightened or strong degree

2. Sense 2: "extremely sharp or intense" with synonyms "acute" and examples "acute pain; felt acute annoyance"
   - This is about something being sharp or acute
   - "intense mental concentration" doesn't quite fit this meaning - concentration isn't typically described as "sharp"

3. Sense 3: "(of color) having the highest saturation" with synonyms "vivid" and examples "vivid green; intense blue"
   - This is specifically about color and saturation
   - "intense mental concentration" has nothing to do with color saturation

The best fit is clearly Sense 1. The word "intense" describes the mental concentration as being at a heightened degree - it requires strong, concentrated mental focus. The context of the sentence supports this: change-ringing requires both physical dexterity and mental concentration of a high/intense degree.

The answer is 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mental
Target surface form: mental
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense <t>mental</t> concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mental%3:00:00:: | definition=involving the mind or an intellectual process | examples=mental images of happy times; mental calculations
2. sense_key=mental%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to the mind | examples=mental powers; mental development
3. sense_key=mental%3:01:03:: | definition=of or relating to the chin- or liplike structure in insects and certain mollusks
4. sense_key=mental%3:01:04:: | definition=of or relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw | synonyms=genial
5. sense_key=mental%5:00:00:unhealthy:00 | definition=affected by a disorder of the mind | examples=a mental patient; mental illness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "intense mental concentration" as a requirement for change-ringing, contrasted with "physical dexterity." This clearly refers to concentration as an intellectual process involving the mind, matching the definition "involving the mind or an intellectual process" with examples like "mental calculations." Sense 1 best captures this usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "mental" in the sentence:

"Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration."

The context indicates that "mental" is being used to describe the type of concentration required for change-ringing. It's combined with "physical dexterity," showing a contrast between physical and mental effort.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "involving the mind or an intellectual process" - examples include "mental images of happy times; mental calculations" - This fits well. Concentration is an intellectual/cognitive process.

2. "of or relating to the mind" - examples include "mental powers; mental development" - This is also about relating to the mind. This is quite similar to sense 1.

3. "of or relating to the chin- or liplike structure in insects and certain mollusks" - This is anatomical and doesn't fit at all.

4. "of or relating to the chin or median part of the lower jaw" - This is also anatomical and doesn't fit.

5. "affected by a disorder of the mind" - examples include "a mental patient; mental illness" - This would imply that the concentration is disordered/unhealthy, which doesn't fit the context.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1: "involving the mind or an intellectual process" - emphasizes the process/activity aspect
- Sense 2: "of or relating to the mind" - more general relationship to the mind

In the context "intense mental concentration," we're talking about a process of concentration that involves the mind. "Mental concentration" is specifically an intellectual process/activity rather than just a general relation to the mind.

Sense 1 seems more precise and better fits the context of "mental concentration" as an intellectual process. The example "mental calculations" is particularly relevant as it shows mental concentration on a specific task.
Sense 1 is the best answer. The phrase "mental concentration" describes an active intellectual process rather than a general property of the mind, making the first definition the most appropriate fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: concentration
Target surface form: concentration
Context:
Mr. Hammond worries that old age and the flightiness of youth will diminish the ranks of the East Anglian group that keeps the Aslacton bells pealing. History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=concentration%1:07:02:: | definition=the strength of a solution; number of molecules of a substance in a given volume
2. sense_key=concentration%1:07:03:: | definition=the spatial property of being crowded together | synonyms=density, denseness, tightness, compactness
3. sense_key=concentration%1:04:01:: | definition=strengthening the concentration (as of a solute in a mixture) by removing diluting material
4. sense_key=concentration%1:11:00:: | definition=increase in density
5. sense_key=concentration%1:09:00:: | definition=complete attention; intense mental effort | synonyms=engrossment, absorption, immersion
6. sense_key=concentration%1:04:02:: | definition=bringing together military forces
7. sense_key=concentration%1:07:01:: | definition=great and constant diligence and attention | synonyms=assiduity, assiduousness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the phrase is "requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental <t>concentration</t>."

The key phrase is "intense mental concentration" - this refers to focused mental effort, not physical concentration or chemical concentration.

Let me look at the candidate senses:
1. Chemical/solution concentration - doesn't fit
2. Spatial property of being crowded - doesn't fit
3. Process of concentrating a solute - doesn't fit
4. Increase in density - doesn't fit
5. "complete attention; intense mental effort | synonyms=engrossment, absorption, immersion" - THIS FITS PERFECTLY. The phrase "intense mental concentration" matches this exactly.
6. Military forces concentration - doesn't fit
7. "great and constant diligence and attention" - this could also fit, but sense 5 is more direct with "intense mental effort"

The context clearly indicates mental concentration, focus, and attention needed for the complex bell-ringing activity. Sense 5 explicitly mentions "intense mental effort" and has synonyms like "engrossment" and "absorption" which match the context perfectly.

The answer is sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: english
Target surface form: English
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper <t>English</t> bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "English" in "Proper English bells" refers to bells characteristic of England and its bell-ringing culture (specifically change-ringing, which the passage notes was invented by the English). This is clearly sense 1 (of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people), parallel to examples like "English history." It has nothing to do with the English language (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "English" is being used.

The sentence is: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,'"

Looking at the two candidate senses:
1. sense_key=english%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people | examples=English history; the English landed aristocracy
2. sense_key=english%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the English language

In this context, "English bells" refers to bells that are characteristic of England and its culture. The passage discusses "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago" - this is describing bells that are particular to England and the English people.

The phrase "Proper English bells" is not referring to bells that speak the English language (which wouldn't make sense), but rather bells that are characteristic of or belong to England - a specific tradition of bell-ringing invented by the English.

This clearly matches sense 1: "of or relating to or characteristic of England or its culture or people"

The example given for sense 1 is "English history; the English landed aristocracy" which is parallel to how "English bells" refers to a cultural/regional characteristic.

So the answer is sense 1, which would be sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English <t>bells</t> are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly describes physical church bells that are struck and rung in an English bell-ringing tradition. The passage emphasizes their material nature ("some bells weigh more than a ton"), their individual characteristics (pitch, ranging from highest to lowest), and the physical act of ringing them. This matches the definition of a "hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "bells" is being used.

In the passage, "bells" refers to church bells that are rung in English churches. The context discusses:
- Church bells that are rung on Sundays
- "The ancient art" of bell-ringing
- Physical dexterity required, with some bells weighing more than a ton
- Change-ringing, a specific English tradition
- The bells making sounds when struck ("the bells sound")
- Multiple bells (as many as 12 in larger churches) used together

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This matches! The passage talks about physical bells that are struck/rung and make sounds.

2. "a push button at an outer door" (doorbell) - No, this is not about doorbells.

3. "the sound of a bell being struck" - This is about the sound, not the physical bell itself. While bells do make sounds in the passage, "bells" refers to the physical objects.

4. "nautical time signaling" - No, these are church bells, not ship's bells.

5. "the shape of a bell" - No, the passage is not about bell shapes.

6-8. Person names - No.

9. "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" - This could fit since change-ringing involves multiple bells. However, the passage emphasizes the individual bells (the physical objects) and their specific characteristics (weight, pitch).

10. "the flared opening of a tubular device" - No, this is not about the physical bells themselves.

The best fit is sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - this is clearly referring to the physical church bells that are rung in the tradition described.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: round
Target surface form: rounds
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "<t>rounds</t>, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=round%1:06:01:: | definition=a charge of ammunition for a single shot | synonyms=unit of ammunition, one shot
2. sense_key=round%1:28:01:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, rhythm | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
3. sense_key=round%1:15:00:: | definition=a regular route for a sentry or policeman | synonyms=beat | examples=in the old days a policeman walked a beat and knew all his people by name
4. sense_key=round%1:04:00:: | definition=(often plural) a series of professional calls (usually in a set order) | examples=the doctor goes on his rounds first thing every morning; the postman's rounds
5. sense_key=round%1:04:03:: | definition=the activity of playing 18 holes of golf | synonyms=round of golf | examples=a round of golf takes about 4 hours
6. sense_key=round%1:04:01:: | definition=the usual activities in your day | synonyms=daily round | examples=the doctor made his rounds
7. sense_key=round%1:28:00:: | definition=(sports) a division during which one team is on the offensive | synonyms=turn, bout
8. sense_key=round%1:17:00:: | definition=the course along which communications spread | examples=the story is going the rounds in Washington
9. sense_key=round%1:13:01:: | definition=a serving to each of a group (usually alcoholic) | synonyms=round of drinks | examples=he ordered a second round
10. sense_key=round%1:13:00:: | definition=a cut of beef between the rump and the lower leg
11. sense_key=round%1:10:00:: | definition=a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time | synonyms=troll | examples=they enjoyed singing rounds
12. sense_key=round%1:10:01:: | definition=an outburst of applause | examples=there was a round of applause
13. sense_key=round%1:06:03:: | definition=a crosspiece between the legs of a chair | synonyms=rung, stave
14. sense_key=round%1:06:00:: | definition=any circular or rotating mechanism | synonyms=circle | examples=the machine punched out metal circles

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

The context describes "rounds" as a bell-ringing technique where bells sound in a specific sequence: "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale." Sense 11 defines rounds as "a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time." This perfectly matches the bell-ringing practice where each bell follows the others in a predetermined sequence to create a coordinated musical pattern.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "rounds" in this bell-ringing passage.

The context says:
"Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

This is describing a bell-ringing technique where bells are rung in a specific order/pattern. Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. ammunition - not relevant
2. interval/cycle - possibly relevant to rhythm
3. route for sentry/policeman - not relevant
4. series of professional calls - not relevant
5. round of golf - not relevant
6. usual activities in day - not relevant
7. sports division/turn - could be relevant as a "turn" or sequence
8. course along which communications spread - not relevant
9. serving to group (drinks) - not relevant
10. cut of beef - not relevant
11. partsong where voices follow each other - this is very relevant! This describes a musical form where multiple voices/bells follow each other in sequence!
12. outburst of applause - not relevant
13. crosspiece between chair legs - not relevant
14. circular rotating mechanism - not relevant

Looking at sense 11: "a partsong in which voices follow each other; one voice starts and others join in one after another until all are singing different parts of the song at the same time"

This perfectly matches the bell-ringing context! In bell-ringing "rounds," the bells are rung in a specific sequence, starting from the highest-pitched and going to the lowest, creating a musical pattern. The definition of sense 11 describes exactly this pattern - voices (or bells) following each other in sequence.

The answer should be sense 11.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high-pitched
Target surface form: highest-pitched
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high-pitched%3:00:00:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high
2. sense_key=high-pitched%5:00:00:inclined:01 | definition=set at a sharp or high angle or slant | examples=a high-pitched roof

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "highest-pitched."

In the sentence: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the <t>highest-pitched</t> bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

The context is about church bells and bell-ringing. The sentence is describing bells being played from the highest-pitched to the lowest. This refers to the sound quality of the bells - their pitch or frequency.

Candidate sense 1: "used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency" with synonym "high"
- This refers to sounds being high in pitch/frequency

Candidate sense 2: "set at a sharp or high angle or slant" with example "a high-pitched roof"
- This refers to physical angles/slants, like a roof

The context clearly indicates we're talking about the pitch of the bells' sound, not their physical angle. Bells are described in descending pitch from highest to lowest. This is about sound frequency, not physical angle.

Therefore, sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bell
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched <t>bell</t> to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "bell" is being used.

The passage is discussing English church bells and the tradition of change-ringing. The text mentions:
- "church bells"
- "the ancient art" of ringing bells
- "bells weigh more than a ton"
- "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds'"
- "the highest-pitched bell to the lowest"
- "the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking"

The context is clearly referring to the physical objects - the actual bell instruments that are hung in churches and rung by ringers. The passage talks about their weight, their pitch (highest-pitched to lowest), and the physical act of ringing them.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This is the basic definition of a bell as a physical object. This fits the context perfectly.

2. "a push button at an outer door" - No, this is a doorbell, not relevant to church bells.

3. "the sound of a bell being struck" - The passage is about the bells themselves, not just the sound.

4. "nautical" - Not relevant here.

5. "the shape of a bell" - Not the main focus.

6-8. "person names" - Not relevant.

9. "percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" - This could apply, but the context is about individual bells in a church, not a set of tuned bells used as an orchestral instrument.

10. "the flared opening of a tubular device" - Not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - this is the basic definition of a bell, which is what the passage is referring to when discussing church bells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: low
Target surface form: lowest
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the <t>lowest</t> -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=low%3:00:02:: | definition=less than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=low prices; the reservoir is low
2. sense_key=low%3:00:01:: | definition=literal meanings; being at or having a relatively small elevation or upward extension | examples=low ceilings; low clouds
3. sense_key=low%5:00:00:soft:04 | definition=very low in volume | synonyms=low-toned | examples=a low murmur; the low-toned murmur of the surf
4. sense_key=low%5:00:00:unrefined:01 | definition=unrefined in character | examples=low comedy
5. sense_key=low%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency | synonyms=low-pitched
6. sense_key=low%5:00:00:contemptible:00 | definition=of the most contemptible kind | synonyms=abject, low-down, miserable, scummy, scurvy | examples=abject cowardice; a low stunt to pull
7. sense_key=low%5:00:00:inferior:01 | definition=low or inferior in station or quality | synonyms=humble, lowly, modest, small | examples=a humble cottage; a lowly parish priest
8. sense_key=low%5:00:00:insufficient:00 | definition=no longer sufficient | synonyms=depleted | examples=supplies are low; our funds are depleted
9. sense_key=low%5:00:00:humble:00 | definition=subdued or brought low in condition or status | synonyms=broken, crushed, humbled, humiliated | examples=brought low; a broken man
10. sense_key=low%5:00:00:dejected:00 | definition=filled with melancholy and despondency | synonyms=gloomy, grim, blue, depressed, dispirited, down | examples=gloomy at the thought of what he had to face; gloomy predictions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 5}

The context clearly describes the arrangement of bells by their pitch: "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale." The word "lowest" here refers to the bell with the lowest pitch or frequency, directly aligning with sense 5, which defines "low" as "used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word "lowest" appears in this sentence:

"Proper English bells are started off in "rounds," from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

The context is about bell-ringing. Specifically, it's describing how the bells are arranged and rung - from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest. This is referring to the pitch of the bells.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "less than normal in degree or intensity" - could apply, but not the best fit
2. "being at or having a relatively small elevation" - this is about physical height/position, not really the primary meaning here
3. "very low in volume" - not about volume, but pitch
4. "unrefined in character" - not relevant
5. "used of sounds and voices; low in pitch or frequency" - THIS IS IT! The passage explicitly mentions "highest-pitched bell to the lowest" - it's talking about pitch of the bells
6. "contemptible kind" - not relevant
7. "low or inferior in station or quality" - not relevant
8. "no longer sufficient" - not relevant
9. "subdued or brought low in condition" - not relevant
10. "filled with melancholy" - not relevant

The answer is clearly sense 5, which refers to "low in pitch or frequency" when used of sounds and voices. The context explicitly discusses pitches of bells (highest-pitched to lowest), making this the definitive answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simple
Target surface form: simple
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a <t>simple</t> descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere | examples=only the bare facts; shocked by the mere idea
4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed | examples=childlike trust; dewy-eyed innocence
5. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:retarded:00 | definition=lacking mental capacity and subtlety | synonyms=dim-witted, simple-minded
6. sense_key=simple%3:00:01:: | definition=(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions | synonyms=unsubdivided
7. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=unornamented | examples=a simple country schoolhouse; her black dress--simple to austerity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "a simple descending scale" of bells rung in order from highest to lowest pitch. This refers to the straightforward, uncomplicated nature of the initial bell sequence before the ringers begin varying the order. Sense 1 best captures this meaning: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" - perfectly describing a basic descending sequence without elaborate variations.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "simple" in this sentence:

"Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

The context describes bell-ringing. The phrase is "a simple descending scale" - this is referring to bells being rung in order from highest to lowest pitch, which is straightforward and uncomplicated.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=simple%3:00:02:: | definition=having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved | examples=a simple problem; simple mechanisms
   - This fits: a descending scale from high to low is not complex

2. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:easy:01 | definition=easy and not involved or complicated | synonyms=elementary, uncomplicated, unproblematic | examples=an elementary problem in statistics; elementary, my dear Watson
   - This also fits: "easy and not involved or complicated" matches the context

3. sense_key=simple%5:00:02:plain:01 | definition=apart from anything else; without additions or modifications | synonyms=bare, mere
   - This could fit: the scale is just the basic descending order without variations

4. sense_key=simple%5:00:00:naive:00 | definition=exhibiting childlike simplicity and credulity | synonyms=childlike, wide-eyed, round-eyed, dewy-eyed
   - Doesn't fit

The remaining senses don't apply—the botanical definition of leaf shapes, the derogatory sense about mental capacity, and the unornamented meaning all fall outside the context of bell-ringing. Between the top candidates, sense 1 and 2 both capture the core meaning of "not complex," though they approach it slightly differently.

Sense 1 is the clearest match here: "having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved" directly describes what a simple descending scale is—bells rung in sequence from highest to lowest with no elaborate arrangement. That's the right interpretation.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: scale
Target surface form: scale
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending <t>scale</t> using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scale%1:24:03:: | definition=an ordered reference standard | synonyms=scale of measurement, graduated table, ordered series | examples=judging on a scale of 1 to 10
2. sense_key=scale%1:24:00:: | definition=relative magnitude | examples=they entertained on a grand scale
3. sense_key=scale%1:24:01:: | definition=the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it | examples=the scale of the map; the scale of the model
4. sense_key=scale%1:20:00:: | definition=a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin | synonyms=scale leaf
5. sense_key=scale%1:17:00:: | definition=a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin | synonyms=scurf, exfoliation
6. sense_key=scale%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) | synonyms=musical scale
7. sense_key=scale%1:06:02:: | definition=a measuring instrument for weighing; shows amount of mass | synonyms=weighing machine
8. sense_key=scale%1:06:00:: | definition=an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
9. sense_key=scale%1:06:03:: | definition=a metal sheathing of uniform thickness (such as the shield attached to an artillery piece to protect the gunners) | synonyms=plate, shell
10. sense_key=scale%1:05:00:: | definition=a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The context describes bells arranged "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale." This is explicitly referring to a musical scale - a series of notes (in this case, bell tones) arranged in a specific order according to pitch. Sense 6 directly defines this as "(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme" with the synonym "musical scale," which perfectly matches the usage in the passage about bell ringing.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense of "scale" here.

The context is about church bell ringing. The specific sentence is:
"Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

The word "scale" is being used to describe a musical sequence of notes - from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest. This is clearly referring to a musical concept.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=scale%1:24:03:: | definition=an ordered reference standard | examples=judging on a scale of 1 to 10
2. sense_key=scale%1:24:00:: | definition=relative magnitude | examples=they entertained on a grand scale
3. sense_key=scale%1:24:01:: | definition=the ratio between the size of something and a representation of it
4. sense_key=scale%1:20:00:: | definition=a specialized leaf or bract that protects a bud or catkin
5. sense_key=scale%1:17:00:: | definition=a thin flake of dead epidermis shed from the surface of the skin
6. sense_key=scale%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) a series of notes differing in pitch according to a specific scheme (usually within an octave) | synonyms=musical scale
7. sense_key=scale%1:06:02:: | definition=a measuring instrument for weighing
8. sense_key=scale%1:06:00:: | definition=an indicator having a graduated sequence of marks
9. sense_key=scale%1:06:03:: | definition=a metal sheathing of uniform thickness
10. sense_key=scale%1:05:00:: | definition=a flattened rigid plate forming part of the body covering of many animals

Sense 6 directly defines a musical series of notes arranged by pitch within an octave, which aligns with the passage's description of bells ordered from highest to lowest pitch. This is the correct match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: use
Target surface form: using
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale <t>using</t>, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=use%2:34:01:: | definition=put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose | synonyms=utilize, utilise, apply, employ | examples=use your head!; we only use Spanish at home
2. sense_key=use%2:34:02:: | definition=take or consume (regularly or habitually) | synonyms=habituate | examples=She uses drugs rarely
3. sense_key=use%2:34:00:: | definition=use up, consume fully | synonyms=expend | examples=The legislature expended its time on school questions
4. sense_key=use%2:41:14:: | definition=seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage | examples=She uses her influential friends to get jobs; The president's wife used her good connections
5. sense_key=use%2:41:04:: | definition=avail oneself to | synonyms=practice, apply | examples=apply a principle; practice a religion
6. sense_key=use%2:41:03:: | definition=habitually do something (use only in the past tense) | examples=She used to call her mother every week but now she calls only occasionally; I used to get sick when I ate in that dining hall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In this context, "using" means the simple descending scale employs or makes use of as many as 12 bells. This is clearly sense 1, which defines "use" as "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose." The scale requires/employs the bells as a tool to create the musical pattern—exactly matching the definition and the example "use your head!" where "use" means to employ something for its purpose.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "using" in this sentence:

"Proper English bells are started off in "rounds," from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

The word "using" here means "employing" or "making use of" the bells in a particular way - specifically, the scale uses/employs as many as 12 bells.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose or for its inherent or natural purpose" - This seems to fit. The scale is "using" (employing) the bells as many as 12 of them.

2. "take or consume (regularly or habitually)" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about consuming bells.

3. "use up, consume fully" - This doesn't fit. We're not consuming or using up the bells.

4. "seek or achieve an end by using to one's advantage" - This could partially fit, but it's more about manipulation than simple employment.

5. "avail oneself to" / "practice, apply" - This could fit, but it's more about applying a principle or practice.

6. "habitually do something (use only in the past tense)" - This doesn't fit because we have "using" (present participle), not past tense.

The best fit is sense 1: "put into service; make work or employ for a particular purpose." The scale uses/employs as many as 12 bells for the purpose of creating the descending scale. This is the most straightforward interpretation.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: church
Target surface form: churches
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger <t>churches</t>, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: | definition=one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship | synonyms=Christian church
2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: | definition=a place for public (especially Christian) worship | synonyms=church building | examples=the church was empty
3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: | definition=a service conducted in a house of worship | synonyms=church service | examples=don't be late for church
4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church | examples=our church is hosting a picnic next week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The context describes bell-ringing equipment ("as many as 12 bells") located in larger churches. This clearly refers to churches as physical buildings/structures where these bells are housed, which corresponds to "a place for public (especially Christian) worship."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells."

The word "churches" is being used in the context of describing where bells are located. The passage is discussing bell-ringing and change-ringing as an ancient art practiced in England. It mentions that larger churches have as many as 12 bells.

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=church%1:14:00:: - "one of the groups of Christians who have their own beliefs and forms of worship" - This refers to religious denominations or organizations, not physical buildings.

2. sense_key=church%1:06:00:: - "a place for public (especially Christian) worship" - This refers to a church building. Given that the context talks about bells in churches, and bells are physical objects that would be in buildings, this makes sense.

3. sense_key=church%1:04:00:: - "a service conducted in a house of worship" - This refers to a church service/ceremony, not a physical place.

4. sense_key=church%1:14:01:: - "the body of people who attend or belong to a particular local church" - This refers to a congregation of people.

In the context "in larger churches, as many as 12 bells," the word "churches" clearly refers to the physical buildings where these bells are located. The passage is about bell-ringing equipment and their location in these buildings.

The best answer is sense 2 - church as a place/building for public Christian worship.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
History, after all, is not on his side. According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 <t>bells</t>. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to physical church bells that are rung or struck to produce sound. The passage discusses the "ancient art" of change-ringing, the weight of bells ("some bells weigh more than a ton"), and how ringers vary the order in which the bells sound. This matches sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck," which describes the actual bell objects used in English churches.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage is discussing English church bells and the art of change-ringing.

The text mentions:
- "church bells are no longer rung on Sundays"
- "playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons"
- "Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise"
- "some bells weigh more than a ton"
- "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds'"
- "as many as 12 bells"
- "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound"

This is clearly talking about physical bell objects that are struck/rung in churches. These are hollow metal devices that make ringing sounds when struck.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This matches perfectly. These are the actual physical bells in the church tower.

2. "a push button at an outer door" - This is a doorbell, doesn't fit.

3. "the sound of a bell being struck" - This is the sound, not the physical object itself.

4. "(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units" - This is about nautical time, not relevant.

5. "the shape of a bell" - This is about shape, not the actual bell object.

6-8. These are about people named Bell, not relevant.

9. "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" - This is about a chime or percussion instrument set, but the context is talking about individual church bells that are rung separately, not a single musical instrument.

10. "the flared opening of a tubular device" - This is about the shape of an opening, not relevant.

The best answer is sense 1 - "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - which refers to the actual physical church bells being discussed in the passage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: then
Target surface form: Then
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. <t>Then</t>, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=so, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: | definition=in that case or as a consequence | examples=if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to
3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: | definition=at that time | examples=I was young then; prices were lower back then

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "Then" in this context indicates a sequential action following the initial setup of the bells in "rounds." The sentence structure "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds'... Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order" shows a temporal progression describing what happens next in the change-ringing process. This matches sense 1 (subsequently or soon afterward, used as a sentence connector), rather than sense 3 (at that time in the past) or sense 2 (as a logical consequence/conditional).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context around the word "Then" in this passage about English church bells and change-ringing.

The sentence is: "Proper English bells are started off in 'rounds,' from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

The word "Then" here is used to indicate a sequence of events. It shows what happens next in the process of change-ringing:
1. First, bells start in "rounds" (a simple descending scale)
2. Then (after that), at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=then%4:02:00:: - "subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors)" with examples "then he left; go left first, then right"
   - This fits the context. It describes a sequential action that follows.

2. sense_key=then%4:02:02:: - "in that case or as a consequence" with examples "if he didn't take it, then who did?; keep it then if you want to"
   - This would suggest a causal relationship or conditional consequence, which doesn't quite fit here.

3. sense_key=then%4:02:01:: - "at that time" with examples "I was young then; prices were lower back then"
   - This would refer to a specific time period in the past, which doesn't fit this context.

The context clearly shows temporal sequence: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order..." This is describing what happens next in the process, which aligns with sense 1 (subsequently or soon afterward).

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: signal
Target surface form: signal
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a <t>signal</t>, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=signal%1:10:00:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signaling, sign | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
2. sense_key=signal%1:16:00:: | definition=any incitement to action | examples=he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
3. sense_key=signal%1:19:00:: | definition=an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "signal" in this context refers to a prompt that triggers action. The sentence states "at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order," indicating that the signal is what incites or initiates the action of the bell ringers. This directly aligns with sense 2's definition of "any incitement to action," with its example "he awaited the signal to start" being parallel to the ringers awaiting the signal to begin their variation pattern.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "signal" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=signal%1:10:00:: | definition=any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message | synonyms=signaling, sign | examples=signals from the boat suddenly stopped
   - This refers to a nonverbal action or gesture that conveys a message
   - The example "signals from the boat suddenly stopped" suggests observable actions/gestures

2. sense_key=signal%1:16:00:: | definition=any incitement to action | examples=he awaited the signal to start; the victory was a signal for wild celebration
   - This refers to something that prompts or triggers an action
   - The example "he awaited the signal to start" is very similar to our context
   - This is about something that causes action to begin

3. sense_key=signal%1:19:00:: | definition=an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength) whose modulation represents coded information about the source from which it comes
   - This is clearly about electrical signals, which doesn't apply here

In the context: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying..." - the signal is something that prompts the ringers to begin their action. It's what triggers them to start the variation.

This clearly matches sense 2 - "any incitement to action" with the example "he awaited the signal to start". The bell ringers are awaiting a signal to start their variation of the bell-ringing pattern.

Sense 1 could also work if we think of it as a nonverbal gesture that encodes "start now", but sense 2 is more directly about the action-triggering aspect.

The best answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: ringers
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the <t>ringers</t> begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context makes it clear that "ringers" refers to people who ring church bells. The passage discusses English change-ringing tradition and explicitly states "at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound," describing people performing the physical action of ringing bells in a church setting. This matches sense 1: "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)."

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ringers" in the context of English church bells and change-ringing. Let me analyze the context:

The passage discusses:
- Church bells not being rung on Sundays
- The art of change-ringing (an English tradition)
- Bells being started in "rounds"
- At a signal, "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound"

The context clearly indicates that "ringers" refers to people who ring church bells. The passage is discussing the English tradition of change-ringing, which is a specific art form of bell-ringing in churches.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - This directly matches the context. The passage is about people who ring church bells in English churches.
2. "a person who is almost identical to another" - This doesn't fit the context at all.
3. "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - This doesn't match the context.
4. "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg" - This is about horseshoes, not church bells.

Sense 1 is clearly the best match. The passage explicitly discusses church bells and people ringing them in the change-ringing tradition.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: begin
Target surface form: begin
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers <t>begin</t> varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: | definition=take the first step or steps in carrying out an action | synonyms=get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out | examples=We began working at dawn; Who will start?
2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: | definition=have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense | synonyms=start | examples=The DMZ begins right over the hill; The second movement begins after the Allegro
3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: | definition=set in motion, cause to start | synonyms=lead off, start, commence | examples=The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities
4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: | definition=begin to speak or say;  he began | examples=Now listen, friends,
5. sense_key=begin%2:42:02:: | definition=be the first item or point, constitute the beginning or start, come first in a series | examples=The number `one' begins the sequence; A terrible murder begins the novel
6. sense_key=begin%2:42:04:: | definition=have a beginning, of a temporal event | examples=WW II began in 1939 when Hitler marched into Poland; The company's Asia tour begins next month
7. sense_key=begin%2:42:03:: | definition=have a beginning characterized in some specified way | synonyms=start | examples=The novel begins with a murder; My property begins with the three maple trees
8. sense_key=begin%2:41:04:: | definition=begin an event that is implied and limited by the nature or inherent function of the direct object | synonyms=start | examples=begin a cigar; She started the soup while it was still hot
9. sense_key=begin%2:41:00:: | definition=achieve or accomplish in the least degree, usually used in the negative | examples=This economic measure doesn't even begin to deal with the problem of inflation; You cannot even begin to understand the problem we had to deal with during the war
10. sense_key=begin%2:32:04:: | definition=begin to speak, understand, read, and write a language | examples=She began Russian at an early age; We started French in fourth grade

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes ringers who "begin varying the order in which the bells sound" - they are commencing an action of variation. This matches sense 1 ("take the first step or steps in carrying out an action") with synonyms like "start," "set about," and "set out." The ringers initiate the action of varying the bell order, similar to the example "We began working at dawn."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

The ringers "begin varying the order" - this means they start to vary/change the order. They commence an action of varying.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=begin%2:30:00:: - "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - synonyms: get down, get, start out, start, set about, set out. Example: "We began working at dawn"

2. sense_key=begin%2:42:00:: - "have a beginning, in a temporal, spatial, or evaluative sense" - This is more about something's starting point in space/time, not really about commencing an action.

3. sense_key=begin%2:30:01:: - "set in motion, cause to start" - This is about causing something to start. The sentence has "the ringers begin varying" - the ringers are causing the variation to start.

4. sense_key=begin%2:32:03:: - "begin to speak or say" - Not relevant, not about speaking.

5-10: Not relevant based on the context.

The key question is between sense 1 and sense 3.

Sense 1: "take the first step or steps in carrying out an action" - The ringers are taking the first step in carrying out the action of varying the order.

Sense 3: "set in motion, cause to start" - The ringers cause the variation to start.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "We began working at dawn; Who will start?"
- Sense 3: "The U.S. started a war in the Middle East; The Iraqis began hostilities"

The example for sense 1 is more about initiating an action yourself ("We began working"), while sense 3 is about causing something to be initiated.
The ringers are directly performing the action of varying, not causing something external to vary. This points toward sense 1 as the better match. The distinction is that sense 1 describes the ringers themselves commencing the action, whereas sense 3 would suggest they're triggering variation as a separate entity. Given the structure "the ringers begin varying," they're the agents actively starting the variation process, making sense 1 the most appropriate fit.