[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tested
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they <t>tested</t> are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%2:41:00:: | definition=put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to | synonyms=prove, try, try out, examine, essay | examples=This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe
2. sense_key=test%2:41:01:: | definition=test or examine for the presence of disease or infection | synonyms=screen | examples=screen the blood for the HIV virus
3. sense_key=test%2:32:00:: | definition=examine someone's knowledge of something | synonyms=quiz | examples=The teacher tests us every week; We got quizzed on French irregular verbs
4. sense_key=test%2:42:00:: | definition=show a certain characteristic when tested | examples=He tested positive for HIV
5. sense_key=test%2:33:00:: | definition=achieve a certain score or rating on a test | examples=She tested high on the LSAT and was admitted to all the good law schools
6. sense_key=test%2:32:08:: | definition=determine the presence or properties of (a substance)
7. sense_key=test%2:31:06:: | definition=undergo a test | examples=She doesn't test well

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The context describes scientists examining tissue samples to determine whether the p53 gene (a substance) is present or absent in lung cancer cells. The verb "tested" here refers to analyzing the tissue to ascertain the presence or properties of a genetic substance, which directly aligns with sense 6: "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "tested" appears:

"In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

In this sentence, scientists are examining cells taken from lung cancer tissue to determine whether they have or are missing the p53 gene. They are analyzing the tissue samples to test for the presence or absence of this gene.

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=test%2:41:00:: - "put to the test, as for its quality, or give experimental use to" - This is general testing for quality or experimental use. The examples are "This approach has been tried with good results; Test this recipe" - this could fit, but it's more general.

2. sense_key=test%2:41:01:: - "test or examine for the presence of disease or infection" - This specifically mentions examining for the presence of disease or infection. The synonym is "screen" and example is "screen the blood for the HIV virus". This fits well since they're testing tissue samples for the presence/absence of a gene.

3. sense_key=test%2:32:00:: - "examine someone's knowledge of something" - This doesn't fit. The context is not about testing knowledge.

4. sense_key=test%2:42:00:: - "show a certain characteristic when tested" - This is about the result showing a characteristic. This doesn't quite fit the context.

5. sense_key=test%2:33:00:: - "achieve a certain score or rating on a test" - Doesn't fit.

6. sense_key=test%2:32:08:: - "determine the presence or properties of (a substance)" - This fits well. They're testing tissue samples to determine the presence or absence of the p53 gene (which is a substance/property).
7. sense_key=test%2:31:06:: - "undergo a test" - Doesn't apply in the active voice context here. Between senses 2 and 6, the distinction matters: sense 2 targets disease or infection screening specifically, while sense 6 addresses determining properties of substances generally. Since they're examining cancer tissue for a genetic marker rather than diagnosing disease per se, sense 6 about identifying the presence of a substance seems more precise.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: miss
Target surface form: missing
Context:
The discovery "suddenly puts an obscure gene right in the cockpit of cancer formation, "says Robert Weinberg, a leader in cancer-gene research at Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Mass. Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are <t>missing</t> this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=miss%2:39:00:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=lose | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
2. sense_key=miss%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or suffer from the lack of | examples=He misses his mother
3. sense_key=miss%2:42:01:: | definition=fail to attend an event or activity | examples=I missed the concert; He missed school for a week
4. sense_key=miss%2:31:00:: | definition=leave undone or leave out | synonyms=neglect, pretermit, omit, drop, leave out, overlook | examples=How could I miss that typo?; The workers on the conveyor belt miss one out of ten
5. sense_key=miss%2:38:00:: | definition=fail to reach or get to | examples=She missed her train
6. sense_key=miss%2:42:00:: | definition=be without | synonyms=lack | examples=This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box!
7. sense_key=miss%2:35:00:: | definition=fail to reach | examples=The arrow missed the target
8. sense_key=miss%2:42:02:: | definition=be absent | examples=The child had been missing for a week
9. sense_key=miss%2:32:00:: | definition=fail to experience | synonyms=escape | examples=Fortunately, I missed the hurricane

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The word "missing" in this context means the cells "are without" or "lack" the p53 gene. This matches sense 6 ("be without"), which has the synonym "lack" and the parallel example "There is something missing in my jewelry box!" - both describing the absence of something that should be present.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene."

The word "missing" here refers to cells that do not have the p53 gene. It's describing a state where the gene is absent or lacking from those cells.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind
2. feel or suffer from the lack of
3. fail to attend an event or activity
4. leave undone or leave out
5. fail to reach or get to
6. be without / lack - "This soup lacks salt; There is something missing in my jewelry box!"
7. fail to reach
8. be absent - "The child had been missing for a week"
9. fail to experience

The key context is that the cells "are missing this gene" - meaning they don't have the gene, it's absent from them.

Sense 6 seems perfect: "be without" with synonym "lack" and an example "There is something missing in my jewelry box!" - this is the exact usage pattern we see here.

Sense 8 "be absent" is also a candidate with the example "The child had been missing for a week" - but this more refers to a person or object being absent from a location.

Sense 6 seems like the best fit because:
- It uses "be without" as the core definition
- It has "lack" as a synonym
- The example "There is something missing in my jewelry box!" demonstrates exactly the usage pattern here - something that should be there is not there
- The cells don't have (are without) the gene

So the answer is sense 6.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: report
Target surface form: reports
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are <t>reports</t> from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=study, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: | definition=the act of informing by verbal report | synonyms=account | examples=he heard reports that they were causing trouble; by all accounts they were a happy couple
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: | definition=a short account of the news | synonyms=news report, story, account, write up | examples=the report of his speech; the story was on the 11 o'clock news
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: | definition=a sharp explosive sound (especially the sound of a gun firing) | examples=they heard a violent report followed by silence
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: | definition=a written evaluation of a student's scholarship and deportment | synonyms=report card | examples=his father signed his report card
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: | definition=an essay (especially one written as an assignment) | synonyms=composition, paper, theme | examples=he got an A on his composition
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: | definition=the general estimation that the public has for a person | synonyms=reputation | examples=he acquired a reputation as an actor before he started writing; he was a person of bad report

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "reports from several labs" that contain findings about missing p53 genes in various cancer tissues. This usage refers to written documents describing research findings from scientific institutions, which directly matches sense 1: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group." The phrase "as yet unpublished" further reinforces that these are formal written reports of scientific findings rather than news accounts or announcements.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "reports" in context.

The sentence is: "There also are <t>reports</t> from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

This is talking about reports - accounts or documents that contain findings/information about missing p53 genes from labs. These are research findings being communicated.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=report%1:10:03:: - "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - this fits well, talking about written documents with research findings
2. sense_key=report%1:10:01:: - "the act of informing by verbal report" - this is about the act of informing
3. sense_key=report%1:10:00:: - "a short account of the news" - news report
4. sense_key=report%1:11:00:: - "a sharp explosive sound" - doesn't apply here
5. sense_key=report%1:10:04:: - "a written evaluation of a student's scholarship" - doesn't apply
6. sense_key=report%1:10:02:: - "an essay written as an assignment" - could apply but less likely than sense 1
7. sense_key=report%1:09:00:: - "the general estimation that the public has for a person" - doesn't apply

The context mentions "reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes". This is clearly talking about written documents or reports containing research findings from labs. This best matches sense 1: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group."

Sense 3 is about news reports and accounts of news. While this could apply, sense 1 is more specific and fits better since these are scientific/research reports from labs describing findings.

The best answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: yet
Target surface form: yet
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as <t>yet</t> unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time | synonyms=in time | examples=he longed for the flowers that were yet to show themselves; sooner or later you will have to face the facts
5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative | synonyms=so far | examples=this is the best so far; the largest drug bust yet
6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) | synonyms=however, nevertheless, withal, still, all the same, even so | examples=although I'm a little afraid, however I'd like to try it; while we disliked each other, nevertheless we agreed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "yet" appears in the phrase "as yet unpublished," which means "up to this point in time, unpublished" or "so far unpublished." This matches sense 2, which explicitly lists "as yet" among its synonyms and defines the usage as describing "a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time." The context indicates that these reports are unpublished as of the moment of writing, which aligns with this temporal sense of "yet."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "yet".

The sentence is: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

The phrase is "as yet unpublished" which means "up to this point in time, unpublished" or "so far, unpublished".

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=yet%4:02:02:: | definition=up to the present time | examples=I have yet to see the results; details are yet to be worked out
   - This talks about "up to the present time" but in a slightly different construction

2. sense_key=yet%4:02:04:: | definition=used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time | synonyms=so far, thus far, up to now, hitherto, heretofore, as yet | examples=So far he hasn't called; the sun isn't up yet
   - This mentions "as yet" in the synonyms and talks about "up to this point or up to the present time"

3. sense_key=yet%4:02:03:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=even, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
   - This doesn't fit - it's about degree/extent

4. sense_key=yet%4:02:00:: | definition=within an indefinite time or at an unspecified future time
   - This doesn't fit the context

5. sense_key=yet%4:02:05:: | definition=used after a superlative
   - This doesn't fit

6. sense_key=yet%4:02:06:: | definition=despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)
   - This doesn't fit

Sense 2 is the clear match. It directly lists "as yet" as a synonym and captures the meaning of describing something that remains in a particular state through the present moment—in this case, reports that remain unpublished up to now.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tissue
Target surface form: tissue
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in <t>tissue</t> taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tissue%1:08:00:: | definition=part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
2. sense_key=tissue%1:27:02:: | definition=a soft thin (usually translucent) paper | synonyms=tissue paper

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "tissue" is being used.

The target word appears in this sentence: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

Looking at the context:
- The passage is about cancer research and the p53 suppressor gene
- It discusses "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers"
- Earlier in the text, it mentions "cells taken from lung cancer tissue"
- The context is clearly biological/medical, talking about cancer cells and biological samples

The two candidate senses are:
1. "part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function" - This is the biological sense of tissue, referring to a group of cells that form a body part
2. "a soft thin (usually translucent) paper" - This is tissue paper, the paper product used for blowing noses, etc.

Given the context is about cancer research, cells, organs (kidney, brain, skin), and biological samples, the word "tissue" clearly refers to biological tissue - the aggregate of cells that make up parts of organisms.

This is sense 1: "part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function"

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: taken
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue <t>taken</t> from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 17}
```

The word "taken" in "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers" refers to tissue that was removed or extracted from these organs. Sense 17 ("remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract") best captures this meaning in the scientific/medical context where samples are being extracted from cancer tissues.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context around the word "taken" in the passage:

"There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue <t>taken</t> from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

The word "taken" here is in the passive voice construction "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers." This means tissue that was removed or extracted from these organs.

Let me look at the relevant senses:

- Sense 4: "get into one's hands, take physically" - This could fit, as tissue is physically taken/extracted
- Sense 17: "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract" - This seems very relevant as it talks about removing something concrete
- Sense 8: "take into one's possession" - This could work as well

In the context "tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers," the tissue is being removed or extracted from these locations. This is primarily about removing or extracting something physical.

Sense 17 with definition "remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract" and examples "remove a threat; remove a wrapper" seems most appropriate. The tissue is being removed from the organs.

Actually, looking more carefully at sense 4 "get into one's hands, take physically" - this is also about taking something physically, getting hold of it.

But sense 17 specifically mentions "remove something concrete" which is what's happening - tissue is being removed/extracted from organs.

I think sense 17 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brain
Target surface form: brain
Context:
Evidence now is emerging that the p53 suppressor gene is involved in other cancers, too. Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, <t>brain</t> and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brain%1:08:00:: | definition=that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord | synonyms=encephalon
2. sense_key=brain%1:09:00:: | definition=mental ability | synonyms=brainpower, learning ability, mental capacity, mentality, wit | examples=he's got plenty of brains but no common sense
3. sense_key=brain%1:09:01:: | definition=that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason | synonyms=mind, head, psyche, nous | examples=his mind wandered; I couldn't get his words out of my head
4. sense_key=brain%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality | synonyms=genius, mastermind, brainiac, Einstein | examples=Mozart was a child genius; he's smart but he's no Einstein
5. sense_key=brain%1:13:00:: | definition=the brain of certain animals used as meat

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "brain" in this medical/scientific context refers to the anatomical organ—specifically brain tissue where cancer can develop and where p53 genes may be missing. This aligns with sense 1, which defines brain as the anatomical part of the central nervous system enclosed within the skull.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "brain" is being used.

In the sentence: "There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers."

The context is clearly about cancer research. The passage is discussing tumor-suppressor genes and their absence in various cancer tissues. When it mentions "brain," it's referring to brain tissue where cancer can develop, specifically as a location where p53 genes are found to be missing.

Let me examine each sense:

1. **sense_key=brain%1:08:00::** - "that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord" - This is the anatomical definition of the organ itself.

2. **sense_key=brain%1:09:00::** - "mental ability" - This is about cognitive capacity.

3. **sense_key=brain%1:09:01::** - "that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason" - This is about the mind/consciousness.

4. **sense_key=brain%1:18:00::** - "someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality" - This is about a person.

5. **sense_key=brain%1:13:00::** - "the brain of certain animals used as meat" - This is about brain as food.

In the context of medical/scientific discussion about "brain cancers," the word "brain" clearly refers to the anatomical organ - the physical tissue where cancer can develop. This is sense 1: the anatomical brain that is part of the central nervous system.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: at_the_same_time
Target surface form: At the same time
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. <t>At the same time</t>, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:03:: | definition=at the same instant | synonyms=simultaneously | examples=they spoke simultaneously
2. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:05:: | definition=overlapping in duration | synonyms=concurrently | examples=concurrently with the conference an exhibition of things associated with Rutherford was held; going to school and holding a job at the same time

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target phrase "At the same time" is used to indicate that while the research findings about p53 are being reported, the Johns Hopkins team is concurrently (during the same period) working on identifying other tumor-suppressor genes. This reflects the "overlapping in duration" sense (sense 2) rather than "at the same instant" (sense 1). The phrase functions as a discourse marker indicating parallel, simultaneous research efforts happening during the same time period, similar to the example "going to school and holding a job at the same time."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "at the same time" is being used.

The sentence in context is: "At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:03::
   - definition: at the same instant
   - synonyms: simultaneously
   - examples: they spoke simultaneously

2. sense_key=at_the_same_time%4:02:05::
   - definition: overlapping in duration
   - synonyms: concurrently
   - examples: concurrently with the conference an exhibition of things associated with Rutherford was held; going to school and holding a job at the same time

Looking at the context, the passage describes research findings about the p53 gene in various cancers, and then says "At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."

This is not saying these events happen at the exact same instant. Rather, it's saying that while these other findings are being reported/discovered, simultaneously (in terms of duration/concurrently), the Johns Hopkins team is also working on finding other genes.

The phrase "at the same time" here functions as a connective that means "during the same period" or "concurrently" - indicating that multiple research efforts are happening in parallel during the same time period.

Sense 2 better fits this usage because:
- It talks about "overlapping in duration"
- The example "going to school and holding a job at the same time" is very similar - multiple activities happening during overlapping time periods
- It's about concurrent activities, not necessarily at the exact same instant

The answer should be sense 2, which would be indexed as 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins <t>team</t> and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In this context, "the Johns Hopkins team" refers to a group of researchers working cooperatively together on cancer research. This matches the first sense definition of "a cooperative unit" - while the gloss notes "especially in sports," the broader meaning of team as a collaborative group applies here to a scientific research group.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "team" in the phrase "the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."

Let me analyze the context:
- The text is about scientific research regarding tumor-suppressor genes and cancer
- "The Johns Hopkins team" refers to a group of scientists/researchers working together at Johns Hopkins
- They are described as "rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes"

Now let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
   - This is a group of people working together cooperatively
   - While the definition says "especially in sports," it still means a cooperative unit generally
   - This fits the context of researchers working together

2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something
   - This refers to animals (like horses or oxen) that pull together
   - This doesn't fit the context at all - we're talking about scientists, not animals

The correct answer is sense 1. It's referring to a group of researchers (a cooperative unit) at Johns Hopkins, which is the general meaning of "team" as a cooperative group, even though the definition emphasizes sports.

The sense index for the first sense would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rush
Target surface form: rushing
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are <t>rushing</t> to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rush%2:38:00:: | definition=move fast | synonyms=hotfoot, hasten, hie, speed, race, pelt along | examples=He rushed down the hall to receive his guests; The cars raced down the street
2. sense_key=rush%2:33:00:: | definition=attack suddenly
3. sense_key=rush%2:30:01:: | definition=urge to an unnatural speed | synonyms=hurry | examples=Don't rush me, please!
4. sense_key=rush%2:30:00:: | definition=act or move at high speed | synonyms=hasten, hurry, look sharp, festinate | examples=We have to rush!; hurry--it's late!
5. sense_key=rush%2:38:01:: | definition=run with the ball, in football
6. sense_key=rush%2:38:10:: | definition=cause to move fast or to rush or race | synonyms=race | examples=The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze
7. sense_key=rush%2:36:00:: | definition=cause to occur rapidly | synonyms=induce, stimulate, hasten | examples=the infection precipitated a high fever and allergic reactions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context indicates that the Johns Hopkins team and others are working with urgency and speed to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. The phrase "rushing to pinpoint" describes acting at high speed to accomplish a research goal. Sense 4 ("act or move at high speed") best captures this meaning of performing an action urgently, as opposed to sense 1 which emphasizes physical movement through space. The examples "We have to rush!" and "hurry--it's late!" parallel the scientific context of working urgently toward a goal.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "rushing" is used:

"At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are <t>rushing</t> to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."

In this context, "rushing" is used with the infinitive "to pinpoint" - it means the Johns Hopkins team and others are working quickly/hurriedly to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. They're trying to do this task at high speed or with urgency.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "move fast" - This is about physical movement. The example "He rushed down the hall" is about moving quickly through space. This doesn't fit well since the context is about working to pinpoint genes, not moving physically.

2. "attack suddenly" - This doesn't fit at all.

3. "urge to an unnatural speed" - This means causing someone else to move fast, like "Don't rush me, please!" This could fit, but it's more about urging someone than the subject itself moving fast.

4. "act or move at high speed" - This is about acting or moving quickly. The examples "We have to rush!" and "hurry--it's late!" show people moving/acting with urgency. This seems like it could fit - the team is acting with urgency to pinpoint genes.

5. "run with the ball, in football" - This doesn't fit, it's sport-specific.

6. "cause to move fast or to rush or race" - This is about causing something to move fast, like "The psychologist raced the rats through a long maze." This is transitive.

7. "cause to occur rapidly" - This is about making something happen faster, like "the infection precipitated a high fever." This could potentially fit.

The key is that the scientists are "rushing to pinpoint" - they are working with urgency/speed to accomplish a goal. This is not about physical movement but about the speed of their work/action.
Sense 4 best captures this—it encompasses acting with urgency, not just moving through space. The examples like "We have to rush!" align with the team's sense of working quickly toward their research goal.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Researchers in Edinburgh, Scotland, have found that in 23 of 38 breast tumors, one copy of chromosome 17 was mutated at the spot where gene p53 lies. The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint <t>other</t> tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "other" in this context means "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied." The passage discusses the p53 tumor-suppressor gene found in various cancers, then states that researchers are seeking to pinpoint "other tumor-suppressor genes"—meaning additional, different genes beyond p53. This matches sense 1 perfectly, with the example "the construction of highways and other public works" following the same pattern of referring to different items of the same category.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "other" in this sentence:

"At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes."

I need to determine which sense of "other" fits best:

1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: - "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - This would mean "different" tumor-suppressor genes, ones not yet discussed.

2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 - "recently past" - This doesn't fit at all. We're not talking about time.

3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 - "belonging to the distant past" - This also doesn't fit. Not about time.

4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 - "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" - This could potentially fit, but the context doesn't suggest the genes are strange or unusual in that way.

Looking at the context: "the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18..."

The passage mentions p53 genes in various cancers, then says researchers are looking to find "other tumor-suppressor genes" - meaning additional ones besides p53. This is clearly sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - different/additional genes not yet identified.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hope
Target surface form: hopes
Context:
The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein <t>hopes</t> soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hope%2:37:01:: | definition=expect and wish | synonyms=trust, desire | examples=I trust you will behave better from now on; I hope she understands that she cannot expect a raise
2. sense_key=hope%2:37:00:: | definition=be optimistic; be full of hope; have hopes | examples=I am still hoping that all will turn out well
3. sense_key=hope%2:31:00:: | definition=intend with some possibility of fulfilment | synonyms=go for | examples=I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context shows Dr. Vogelstein expressing an intention to isolate a gene soon, which reflects the "intend with some possibility of fulfilment" definition. The structure "hopes soon to isolate" directly parallels the given example "I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening," making sense 3 the best match.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "hopes" in this sentence:

"Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

The sentence structure is: "Dr. Vogelstein hopes [to do something]" - specifically, he hopes to isolate a gene.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=hope%2:37:01:: | definition=expect and wish | synonyms=trust, desire | examples=I trust you will behave better from now on; I hope she understands that she cannot expect a raise

2. sense_key=hope%2:37:00:: | definition=be optimistic; be full of hope; have hopes | examples=I am still hoping that all will turn out well

3. sense_key=hope%2:31:00:: | definition=intend with some possibility of fulfilment | synonyms=go for | examples=I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening

The context shows Dr. Vogelstein hoping "soon to isolate one on chromosome 18". This is about having the intention to do something (isolate a gene) with some possibility of success/fulfillment.

Looking at sense 3: "intend with some possibility of fulfilment" - this fits perfectly. The examples given include "I hope to have finished this work by tomorrow evening" which is structurally very similar to "Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate..."

Sense 1 is about expecting and wishing, with examples about understanding/behavior expectations.

Sense 2 is about being optimistic and full of hope.

Sense 3 is specifically about intending to do something with some possibility of fulfillment, which matches the context where Dr. Vogelstein is expressing his intention to isolate a gene.
The correct sense is 3, as it captures the meaning of expressing an intention to accomplish something with realistic prospects of success.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The scientists say that since breast cancer often strikes multiple members of certain families, the gene, when inherited in a damaged form, may predispose women to the cancer. The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also <t>involved</t> in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "involved" in this context means the gene is "connected by participation or association" with colon cancer. The phrase "involved in colon cancer" indicates the gene participates in or is associated with the disease mechanism, which aligns perfectly with sense 1's definition and its example "the problems involved."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "involved" in this sentence:

"Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer."

The context is about genes being implicated or associated with different types of cancer. The sentence is saying that a particular gene on chromosome 18 is also associated with or participates in colon cancer.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "connected by participation or association or use" - This seems to fit well. The gene is "involved in" colon cancer means it's connected through participation/association with the disease.

2. "entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire" - This doesn't fit. The gene isn't entangled or hindered by colon cancer.

3. "emotionally involved" - This doesn't fit at all. There's no emotional component here.

4. "highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious" - This doesn't fit. We're not saying the gene is complex or intricate in structure.

5. "enveloped" - This doesn't fit. The gene isn't enveloped in colon cancer.

The best fit is clearly sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use". The phrase "involved in colon cancer" means the gene is connected through participation/association with colon cancer. The examples given ("we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved") also support this interpretation - "the problems involved" means the problems that are connected/associated.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: close
Target surface form: close
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are <t>close</t> to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=close%3:00:01:: | definition=at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other | examples=close to noon; how close are we to town?
2. sense_key=close%3:00:02:: | definition=close in relevance or relationship | examples=a close family; we are all...in close sympathy with...
3. sense_key=close%3:00:05:: | definition=not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances | synonyms=near, nigh | examples=near neighbors; in the near future
4. sense_key=close%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=rigorously attentive; strict and thorough | examples=close supervision; paid close attention
5. sense_key=close%5:00:00:accurate:00 | definition=marked by fidelity to an original | synonyms=faithful | examples=a close translation; a faithful copy of the portrait
6. sense_key=close%5:00:00:equal:00 | definition=(of a contest or contestants) evenly matched | synonyms=tight | examples=a close contest; a close election
7. sense_key=close%5:00:00:confined:00 | definition=crowded | synonyms=confining | examples=close quarters
8. sense_key=close%5:00:00:unventilated:00 | definition=lacking fresh air | synonyms=airless, stuffy, unaired | examples=a dusty airless attic; the dreadfully close atmosphere
9. sense_key=close%5:00:00:fine:00 | definition=of textiles | synonyms=tight | examples=a close weave; smooth percale with a very tight weave
10. sense_key=close%5:00:00:restrained:00 | definition=strictly confined or guarded | examples=kept under close custody
11. sense_key=close%5:00:00:private:00 | definition=confined to specific persons | examples=a close secret
12. sense_key=close%5:00:00:tight:01 | definition=fitting closely but comfortably | synonyms=snug, close-fitting | examples=a close fit
13. sense_key=close%5:00:00:short:01 | definition=used of hair or haircuts | examples=a close military haircut
14. sense_key=close%5:00:00:stingy:00 | definition=giving or spending with reluctance | synonyms=cheeseparing, near, penny-pinching, skinny | examples=our cheeseparing administration; very close (or near) with his money
15. sense_key=close%5:00:00:uncommunicative:00 | definition=inclined to secrecy or reticence about divulging information | synonyms=closelipped, closemouthed, secretive, tightlipped | examples=although they knew her whereabouts her friends kept close about it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "are close to finding another gene" uses "close" to indicate proximity or nearness in terms of progress toward a goal. This matches sense 1: "at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other," which has the example "close to town?" showing the identical structural pattern of "close to [something]" indicating approaching or being near to accomplishing something.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "close" appears:

"Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

The phrase "close to finding" indicates that they are near (in terms of progress/distance) to achieving the goal of finding a gene. It's about being near to accomplishing something.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other" - This fits the meaning of being near/proximate to finding something. Examples: "close to noon; how close are we to town?" - This matches the pattern "close to [finding]"

2. "close in relevance or relationship" - Doesn't fit. This is about relationships being close, not about being near to an event.

3. "not far distant in time or space or degree or circumstances" - Similar to #1, but this is sense 3 (which means it's also an adjective adverbial sense). The example "near neighbors; in the near future" shows it's about proximity.

4. "rigorously attentive" - Doesn't fit the context.

5. "marked by fidelity to an original" - Doesn't fit.

6. "(of a contest or contestants) evenly matched" - Doesn't fit.

7-15. All the other senses don't apply.

The key phrase is "are close to finding" which means they are near to/approaching the accomplishment of finding a gene. This is clearly sense 1: "at or within a short distance in space or time or having elements near each other" with the example "close to noon; how close are we to town?" which shows the same pattern of "close to [something]" indicating proximity.

Sense 3 is also similar, but sense 1 is more directly applicable since the examples in sense 1 show the exact pattern "close to [noun]".
Sense 1 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: finding
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to <t>finding</t> another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

The context describes researchers being "close to finding another gene" through scientific investigation. This is about making a discovery of something new (a previously unknown gene). Sense 8 ("make a discovery, make a new finding") directly captures this meaning, with the synonym "discover" and examples like "Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle" being particularly parallel to the scientific discovery of a new gene in the target sentence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "finding" in the sentence:

"Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to <t>finding</t> another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

The context is about researchers searching for and attempting to discover genes. In this case, "finding" refers to the act of discovering or locating a gene through research efforts.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. come upon, as if by accident - This suggests accidental discovery
2. discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of - This means to discover/detect something
3. come upon after searching; find the location of something - This is searching and locating
4. establish after calculation, investigation, experiment - This is determining through systematic investigation
5. come to believe on the basis of emotion - Not relevant
6. perceive or be contemporaneous with - Not relevant
7. get something or somebody for a specific purpose - Not the right meaning
8. make a discovery, make a new finding - This directly relates to discovering something new
9. make a discovery - Similar to 8
10. obtain through effort or management - Not quite right
11. decide on and make a declaration - Not relevant
12. receive a specified treatment - Not relevant
13. perceive oneself to be - Not relevant
14. get or find back; recover - Not relevant
15. succeed in reaching; arrive at - Not quite
16. accept and make use of one's personality - Not relevant

In the context, researchers are "close to finding another gene" - this means they are about to make a discovery of a gene. The sense should reflect discovering or determining the existence of something through research/investigation.

Sense 8 and 9 both mean "make a discovery" but sense 8 specifically mentions "make a new finding" which is very relevant to the context of discovering a new gene.

Sense 4 "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" also fits well as it emphasizes the investigative process.
Sense 8 stands out as the most fitting choice because it directly captures the notion of making a new discovery, with examples like "found a new elementary particle" that parallel the discovery of a previously unknown gene. The answer is sense 8.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involved
Target surface form: involved
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene <t>involved</t> with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involved%3:00:00:: | definition=connected by participation or association or use | examples=we accomplished nothing, simply because of the large number of people involved; the problems involved
2. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:encumbered:00 | definition=entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire | synonyms=mired | examples=the difficulties in which the question is involved; brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion
3. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:attached:01 | definition=emotionally involved
4. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:complex:00 | definition=highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - Sir Walter Scott | synonyms=Byzantine, convoluted, knotty, tangled, tortuous | examples=the Byzantine tax structure; Byzantine methods for holding on to his chairmanship
5. sense_key=involved%5:00:00:enclosed:00 | definition=enveloped | examples=a castle involved in mist; the difficulties in which the question is involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "involved" in this context means that the gene is "connected by participation or association" with colon cancer. The phrase "a gene involved with some types of colon cancer" describes a causal or functional relationship where the gene is associated with the disease, matching the first sense definition perfectly.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "involved" appears:

"Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

The word "involved" here describes a gene that is "involved with some types of colon cancer." This means the gene is connected to, associated with, or participates in colon cancer.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "connected by participation or association or use" - This fits perfectly. The gene is connected with colon cancer through participation/association.

2. "entangled or hindered as if e.g. in mire" - This doesn't fit. There's no sense of being hindered or mired.

3. "emotionally involved" - This doesn't fit. There's nothing emotional here.

4. "highly complex or intricate" - This doesn't fit. The context isn't about complexity.

5. "enveloped" - This doesn't fit. The gene isn't being enveloped.

The best fit is clearly sense 1: "connected by participation or association or use" because the gene is connected with/associated with colon cancer. The example "the problems involved" also matches this usage pattern.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: type
Target surface form: types
Context:
The p53 gene has just been implicated in lung cancer. In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=type%1:09:00:: | definition=a subdivision of a particular kind of thing | examples=what type of sculpture do you prefer?
2. sense_key=type%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities) | synonyms=character, eccentric, case | examples=a real character; a strange character
3. sense_key=type%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. sense_key=type%1:10:01:: | definition=printed characters | examples=small type is hard to read
5. sense_key=type%1:10:00:: | definition=all of the tokens of the same symbol | examples=the word `element' contains five different types of character
6. sense_key=type%1:06:00:: | definition=a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper | examples=he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "types" in this passage.

The context is: "Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some <t>types</t> of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5."

The word "types" here is referring to different kinds or categories of colon cancer. It's being used to distinguish between different varieties or classifications of the same disease.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing" with example "what type of sculpture do you prefer?" - This fits well. Different types of colon cancer are subdivisions of the larger category of colon cancer.

2. "a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities)" - This doesn't fit at all. We're not talking about people.

3. "(biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon" - This is a technical biological term about taxonomy, but it doesn't quite fit the usage here.

4. "printed characters" - This doesn't fit.

5. "all of the tokens of the same symbol" - This is about linguistics/typography, not relevant.

6. "a small metal block bearing a raised character" - This is about printing presses, not relevant.

The best fit is clearly sense 1: "a subdivision of a particular kind of thing". This captures the meaning of "types of colon cancer" - meaning different varieties or categories of colon cancer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: believe
Target surface form: believes
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna <t>believes</t> people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=believe%2:31:00:: | definition=accept as true; take to be true | examples=I believed his report; We didn't believe his stories from the War
2. sense_key=believe%2:31:04:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=think, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
3. sense_key=believe%2:31:03:: | definition=be confident about something | synonyms=trust | examples=I believe that he will come back from the war
4. sense_key=believe%2:31:01:: | definition=follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer | examples=When you hear his sermons, you will be able to believe, too
5. sense_key=believe%2:31:02:: | definition=credit with veracity | examples=You cannot believe this man; Should we believe a publication like the National Enquirer?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

In this context, Dr. Minna is expressing a scientific judgment or opinion based on his research findings. The phrase "believes people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer" is equivalent to "judges" or "holds the opinion that," which aligns with sense 2's definition of "judge or regard." The synonym "think" (provided in sense 2) is the most natural paraphrase here—Dr. Minna thinks/judges that this genetic defect confers cancer susceptibility. This is not about accepting someone's testimony (sense 1), religious faith (sense 4), personal confidence (sense 3), or trusting veracity (sense 5).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "believes" to determine the correct sense.

The sentence is: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "accept as true; take to be true" - This is about accepting something as true. The example is "I believed his report" which is about believing a statement.

2. Sense 2: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - This is about forming an opinion or judgment about something. The examples are "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart" which suggests making a judgment about someone's qualities.

3. Sense 3: "be confident about something" - This is about having confidence or trust. The example is "I believe that he will come back from the war" which suggests confidence/hope.

4. Sense 4: "follow a credo; have a faith; be a believer" - This is religious/philosophical belief, about following a faith or ideology.

5. Sense 5: "credit with veracity" - This is about trusting someone's truthfulness. The examples are about whether to believe/trust certain sources.

In the context, Dr. Minna is expressing a scientific opinion or hypothesis based on evidence he's discussing. The sentence structure is "Dr. Minna believes [that] people who inherit a defective gene... are especially prone to lung cancer."

This is not about accepting something as true that someone told him (sense 1). It's not about having faith/religious belief (sense 4). It's not about trusting someone's veracity (sense 5).

It's between sense 2 (judge or regard) and sense 3 (be confident about).

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 2: "I believe her to be very smart" - this is forming a judgment about a quality
- Sense 3: "I believe that he will come back from the war" - this is having confidence/conviction
- Dr. Minna is making a judgment about the relationship between gene defects and cancer susceptibility, which aligns with sense 2's meaning of "think" or "hold the opinion that." The answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes <t>people</t> who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "people" in the context refers to human beings collectively in a general sense. Dr. Minna is discussing individuals in general who might inherit a defective gene, not citizens of a particular nation (sense 2), family members (sense 3), or the masses as a social class (sense 4). This is the most basic, generic use of "people" to refer to any group of human beings.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "people" appears:

"Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

In this sentence, "people" refers to human beings in general - specifically those individuals who have inherited a defective gene. The context is about genetic inheritance and cancer susceptibility.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - This is a general sense referring to any group of human beings. The example "old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience" shows this is about any collection of humans.

2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: "the body of citizens of a state or country" - This is about citizenship and nationality. The example "the Spanish people" shows this is more specific to a nation or state. This doesn't fit here.

3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: "members of a family line" - This is about family lineage. The example "his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?" shows this is about family. This doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: "the common people generally" - This is about the masses or common people, with synonyms like "multitude, masses, hoi polloi". This is more about social class distinction. This doesn't fit.

In the sentence "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene..." the word "people" simply refers to any human beings in general who might inherit this gene - it's not about nationality, family lineage, or social class. It's just a general reference to human beings collectively.

The best fit is sense 1: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherit
Context:
In a report out last week, John Minna and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute say that about half the cells taken from lung cancer tissue they tested are missing this gene. There also are reports from several labs, as yet unpublished, of missing p53 genes in tissue taken from kidney, brain and skin cancers. At the same time, the Johns Hopkins team and others are rushing to pinpoint other tumor-suppressor genes. Dr. Vogelstein hopes soon to isolate one on chromosome 18, also involved in colon cancer. Ray White in Utah and Walter Bodmer, a researcher in Great Britain, are close to finding another gene involved with some types of colon cancer, thought to be on chromosome 5. Dr. Minna believes people who <t>inherit</t> a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer. Recently, he and others reported that the retinoblastoma suppressor gene may also be involved in some lung cancers, as well as several other more common cancers, too.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context explicitly discusses genetic transmission: "people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer." This is clearly about receiving genetic material through hereditary transmission, which matches sense 3 ("receive by genetic transmission") rather than sense 1 (death/inheritance of property) or sense 2 (succession from a predecessor).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "inherit" is being used.

The sentence is: "Dr. Minna believes people who inherit a defective gene somewhere on one of their two copies of chromosome 3 are especially prone to lung cancer."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "obtain from someone after their death" - This is about inheriting property/assets after someone dies. The example is about inheriting a castle from grandparents. This doesn't fit the context about genes.

2. "receive from a predecessor" - This is about receiving something from someone who held a position before. The example is about a new chairman inheriting problems. This is about organizational succession, not genetic inheritance.

3. "receive by genetic transmission" - This is about inheriting traits or characteristics through genes. The example is about inheriting good eyesight from one's mother. This perfectly fits the context - the text is discussing genetic transmission of a defective gene that makes people prone to lung cancer.

The context clearly indicates genetic inheritance: "a defective gene" and "chromosome 3" are explicit genetic terms. The passage discusses how genetic material is passed from parents to offspring, which makes people susceptible to lung cancer. This is clearly about genetic transmission.

The answer is sense 3.