[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: step
Target surface form: steps
Context:
Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important <t>steps</t> in the genesis of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=step%1:04:02:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=measure | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=step%1:23:00:: | definition=the distance covered by a step | synonyms=footstep, pace, stride | examples=he stepped off ten paces from the old tree and began to dig
3. sense_key=step%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of changing location by raising the foot and setting it down | examples=he walked with unsteady steps
4. sense_key=step%1:06:00:: | definition=support consisting of a place to rest the foot while ascending or descending a stairway | synonyms=stair | examples=he paused on the bottom step
5. sense_key=step%1:26:00:: | definition=relative position in a graded series | synonyms=gradation | examples=always a step behind; subtle gradations in color
6. sense_key=step%1:23:01:: | definition=a short distance | synonyms=stone's throw | examples=it's only a step to the drugstore
7. sense_key=step%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a step of someone walking | synonyms=footfall, footstep | examples=he heard footsteps on the porch
8. sense_key=step%1:10:00:: | definition=a musical interval of two semitones | synonyms=tone, whole tone, whole step
9. sense_key=step%1:10:02:: | definition=a mark of a foot or shoe on a surface | synonyms=footprint, footmark | examples=the police made casts of the footprints in the soft earth outside the window
10. sense_key=step%1:06:01:: | definition=a solid block joined to the beams in which the heel of a ship's mast or capstan is fixed
11. sense_key=step%1:04:03:: | definition=a sequence of foot movements that make up a particular dance | synonyms=dance step | examples=he taught them the waltz step

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context discusses "steps in the genesis of cancer," referring to stages or phases in the process of cancer development. Sense 5 ("relative position in a graded series") best captures this meaning, where "steps" represents stages in a progression or sequence. This interpretation aligns with how the term is used to describe phases in a biological process.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "steps" fits best.

The sentence is: "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer."

In this context, "steps" refers to stages or phases in the process of cancer development. Dr. Minna is saying that this discovery is an important stage/phase in understanding how cancer develops.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal" - This is about actions taken to achieve something. The examples mention "measures" and "the police took steps to reduce crime" where "steps" means actions/measures taken.

2. "the distance covered by a step" - This is about physical distance, not applicable here.

3. "the act of changing location by raising the foot and setting it down" - Physical action, not applicable.

4. "support consisting of a place to rest the foot while ascending or descending a stairway" - Physical stairway, not applicable.

5. "relative position in a graded series" - This refers to position in a sequence or progression. Examples include "always a step behind; subtle gradations in color". This seems to fit - a stage or phase in a sequence.

6. "a short distance" - Not applicable.

7. "the sound of a step of someone walking" - Not applicable.

8. "a musical interval of two semitones" - Not applicable.

9. "a mark of a foot or shoe on a surface" - Not applicable.

10. "a solid block joined to the beams in which the heel of a ship's mast or capstan is fixed" - Not applicable.

11. "a sequence of foot movements that make up a particular dance" - Not applicable.

The best fits are sense 1 and sense 5.
Sense 1 describes actions or measures taken toward progress, while sense 5 captures stages within a progression. Given that the phrase refers to phases in cancer development rather than deliberate actions, sense 5 better captures the meaning—it's describing a particular stage in the sequential process of how cancer originates.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: genesis
Target surface form: genesis
Context:
Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the <t>genesis</t> of cancer.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=genesis%1:11:00:: | definition=a coming into being | synonyms=generation
2. sense_key=genesis%1:10:00:: | definition=the first book of the Old Testament: tells of Creation; Adam and Eve; the Fall of Man; Cain and Abel; Noah and the flood; God's covenant with Abraham; Abraham and Isaac; Jacob and Esau; Joseph and his brothers | synonyms=Book of Genesis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "genesis of cancer" refers to the origin or beginning of cancer development. In this scientific context, "genesis" means "a coming into being" rather than referring to the biblical book. The sense describes how cancer originates and develops at the molecular level.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
The target word is "genesis" in the phrase "the genesis of cancer."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=genesis%1:11:00:: | definition=a coming into being | synonyms=generation
   - This refers to the origin or beginning of something, the process of coming into being

2. sense_key=genesis%1:10:00:: | definition=the first book of the Old Testament... | synonyms=Book of Genesis
   - This refers to the biblical book itself

In the context: "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer."

The phrase "genesis of cancer" clearly means the origin or beginning of cancer, not a reference to the Book of Genesis. The context is about the scientific discovery of how cancer develops and originates. The word is used metaphorically to describe the beginning or creation of cancer.

This clearly corresponds to sense 1: "a coming into being" with synonym "generation" - meaning the origin or beginning.

The answer should be sense index 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Where these discoveries will lead, scientists can only speculate. Already two major pharmaceutical companies, the Squibb unit of Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., are collaborating with gene hunters to turn the anticipated cascade of discoveries into predictive tests and, maybe, new therapies. Some researchers say new cancer drugs to slow or reverse tumor growth may be based on the suppressor proteins normally produced by the genes. The idea would be to administer to patients the growth-controlling proteins made by healthy versions of the damaged genes. It may even be possible to replace defective genes with healthy versions, though no one has come close to doing that so far. In any case, says Dr. Minna of the National Cancer Institute, "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of <t>cancer</t>.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to cancer as a medical disease. The passage discusses cancer drugs, tumor growth, tumor suppressor proteins, gene therapy for cancer treatment, and references the National Cancer Institute. This is unambiguously the sense of cancer as a malignant neoplastic disease caused by abnormal cell division, not any of the astronomical or zoological senses.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer" and I need to determine which sense is being used in the given context.

Looking at the sentence: "We're witnessing the discovery of one of the most important steps in the genesis of cancer."

The context makes it very clear this is about medical/biological cancer. The passage discusses:
- Pharmaceutical companies developing cancer drugs
- Tumor growth
- Gene therapy for defective genes
- Tumor suppressor proteins
- The National Cancer Institute

All of these clues point to cancer as a disease/malignant growth.

Let me review the candidate senses:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This is the medical disease sense
2. "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - This is about zodiac people
3. "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere" - This is about a star constellation
4. "the fourth sign of the zodiac" - This is about a zodiac sign
5. "type genus of the family Cancridae" - This is about crabs (the animal genus)

Clearly, sense 1 is the correct answer. The context is entirely medical, discussing cancer drugs, tumor growth, genes, and therapies. This is unambiguously the malignant disease sense of cancer.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teach
Target surface form: teach
Context:
Why ca not we <t>teach</t> our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teach%2:32:00:: | definition=impart skills or knowledge to | synonyms=learn, instruct | examples=I taught them French; He instructed me in building a boat
2. sense_key=teach%2:30:00:: | definition=accustom gradually to some action or attitude | examples=The child is taught to obey her parents

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes teaching children concrete academic skills (read, write, and reckon), which aligns with sense 1's definition "impart skills or knowledge to." The examples provided for sense 1 (teaching French, instructing in building a boat) are directly comparable to the skill-based instruction described in the sentence, whereas sense 2 focuses on habituation to attitudes or behaviors.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "teach" is being used.

The sentence is: "Why can we not teach our children to read, write and reckon?"

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=teach%2:32:00:: | definition=impart skills or knowledge to | synonyms=learn, instruct | examples=I taught them French; He instructed me in building a boat

2. sense_key=teach%2:30:00:: | definition=accustom gradually to some action or attitude | examples=The child is taught to obey her parents

In the context, we're talking about teaching children to "read, write and reckon" - these are skills and knowledge. The first sense "impart skills or knowledge to" directly matches this usage. The examples given (teaching French, instructing in building a boat) are also about imparting concrete skills and knowledge.

The second sense is about "accustom gradually to some action or attitude" - this is about habituating someone to a behavior or attitude, like teaching a child to obey. This doesn't fit as well with the specific context of teaching concrete academic skills like reading, writing, and arithmetic.

Therefore, sense 1 (sense_key=teach%2:32:00::) is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: children
Context:
Why ca not we teach our <t>children</t> to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to teaching children to read, write, and do arithmetic—basic educational skills taught to young people. Sense 1 ("a young person of either sex") is the best fit, as the sentence discusses children in a developmental/educational context where they are learning fundamental skills. This aligns with the synonym "youngster" and the example "she writes books for children."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "child/children" is being used.

Context: "Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do."

The sentence is about teaching children to read, write, and do arithmetic. This is clearly referring to young people/students who are learning basic skills.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "a young person of either sex" - synonyms: kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry. Examples include "she writes books for children" - this is about young people, typically in the context of age/development.

2. Sense 2: "a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age" - this refers to the biological relationship, can be any age. Examples: "they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college"

3. Sense 3: "an immature childish person" - this is about behavior/maturity level, not age. Examples: "he remained a child in practical matters"

4. Sense 4: "a member of a clan or tribe" - examples mention "the children of Israel" which is a metaphorical/religious usage.

In the context given, we're talking about teaching children to read, write, and reckon. This is clearly about young people in an educational context. While sense 2 could technically apply (offspring of any age), the context of learning basic skills like reading and writing strongly suggests sense 1 - young people of a certain age, not yet fully educated.

Sense 1 ("a young person of either sex") is the best fit because:
- It explicitly refers to young people
- The examples include "she writes books for children" which is similar in context
- Teaching basic academic skills is what you do with young people, not adult offspring
- The answer is sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: read
Target surface form: read
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to <t>read</t>, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=read%2:31:00:: | definition=interpret something that is written or printed | examples=read the advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie?
2. sense_key=read%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=say | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
3. sense_key=read%2:31:01:: | definition=look at, interpret, and say out loud something that is written or printed | examples=The King will read the proclamation at noon
4. sense_key=read%2:31:06:: | definition=obtain data from magnetic tapes | synonyms=scan | examples=This dictionary can be read by the computer
5. sense_key=read%2:31:02:: | definition=interpret the significance of, as of palms, tea leaves, intestines, the sky; also of human behavior | examples=She read the sky and predicted rain; I can't read his strange behavior
6. sense_key=read%2:31:09:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=take | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=read%2:31:05:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
8. sense_key=read%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=register, show, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
9. sense_key=read%2:36:05:: | definition=audition for a stage role by reading parts of a role | examples=He is auditioning for `Julius Caesar' at Stratford this year
10. sense_key=read%2:31:08:: | definition=to hear and understand | examples=I read you loud and clear!
11. sense_key=read%2:31:04:: | definition=make sense of a language | synonyms=understand, interpret, translate | examples=She understands French; Can you read Greek?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses teaching children the fundamental skill of "read" alongside writing and arithmetic. This refers to the basic ability to interpret written or printed text, which matches sense 1: "interpret something that is written or printed." This is the foundational literacy skill, distinct from reading aloud (sense 3) or more specialized interpretive uses (senses 5, 6, 11).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "read" in the sentence:

"Why can not we teach our children to read, write and reckon?"

The context is asking why we cannot teach children three skills:
1. read
2. write
3. reckon (calculate)

This is clearly about the basic literacy skills taught to children. In this context, "read" means the foundational ability to interpret written or printed text - one of the three Rs of basic education.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "interpret something that is written or printed" - examples: "read the advertisement; Have you read Salman Rushdie?" - This is about understanding written text, a general interpretation ability.

2. "have or contain a certain wording or form" - This is about what a text says or contains.

3. "look at, interpret, and say out loud something that is written or printed" - examples: "The King will read the proclamation at noon" - This is about reading aloud.

4. "obtain data from magnetic tapes" - Technical sense about computers.

5. "interpret the significance of, as of palms, tea leaves, intestines, the sky" - This is about divination/prediction.

6. "interpret something in a certain way" - about interpretation and meaning.

7. "be a student of a certain subject" - academic study.

8. "indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments" - about instruments showing readings.

9. "audition for a stage role" - theatrical sense.

10. "to hear and understand" - about radio communication.

11. "make sense of a language" - about understanding a language.

In the context of teaching children, the most basic and fundamental meaning of "read" is sense 1: "interpret something that is written or printed". This is the basic literacy skill that is taught to children alongside writing and arithmetic.

While sense 3 could apply (reading aloud), the context is about the basic skill of reading itself, not specifically about reading aloud. Sense 1 is the more general and fundamental meaning.
The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: write
Target surface form: write
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, <t>write</t> and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=write%2:36:00:: | definition=produce a literary work | synonyms=compose, pen, indite | examples=She composed a poem; He wrote four novels
2. sense_key=write%2:32:00:: | definition=communicate or express by writing | examples=Please write to me every week
3. sense_key=write%2:36:02:: | definition=have (one's written work) issued for publication | synonyms=publish | examples=How many books did Georges Simenon write?; She published 25 books during her long career
4. sense_key=write%2:32:08:: | definition=communicate (with) in writing | synonyms=drop a line | examples=Write her soon, please!
5. sense_key=write%2:32:01:: | definition=communicate by letter | examples=He wrote that he would be coming soon
6. sense_key=write%2:36:04:: | definition=write music | synonyms=compose | examples=Beethoven composed nine symphonies
7. sense_key=write%2:36:01:: | definition=mark or trace on a surface | examples=The artist wrote Chinese characters on a big piece of white paper; Russian is written with the Cyrillic alphabet
8. sense_key=write%2:32:03:: | definition=record data on a computer | synonyms=save | examples=boot-up instructions are written on the hard disk
9. sense_key=write%2:36:03:: | definition=write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word) | synonyms=spell | examples=He spelled the word wrong in this letter
10. sense_key=write%2:36:10:: | definition=create code, write a computer program | examples=She writes code faster than anybody else

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

The context is about teaching children fundamental skills: reading, writing, and arithmetic. In this context, "write" refers to the basic skill of forming letters and words on a surface (marking/tracing), which is what children learn when taught to write. This is sense 7: "mark or trace on a surface," which captures the foundational, mechanical act of writing that would be taught as a basic skill alongside reading and arithmetic.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context sentence: "Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon?"

This is asking why children are not taught to read, write, and do arithmetic (reckon). This is talking about basic skills that children learn.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "produce a literary work" - This is about creating literary compositions like poems and novels.
2. "communicate or express by writing" - This is general communication through writing.
3. "have (one's written work) issued for publication" - This is about publishing books.
4. "communicate (with) in writing" - Similar to sense 2, communicating through writing.
5. "communicate by letter" - Specific to letter writing.
6. "write music" - Composing music.
7. "mark or trace on a surface" - Making marks on a surface, including the basic act of forming letters/words.
8. "record data on a computer" - Computer-related.
9. "write or name the letters that comprise the conventionally accepted form of (a word or part of a word)" - Spelling out words.
10. "create code, write a computer program" - Programming.

In the context "teach our children to read, write and reckon," this is about teaching basic skills. The question is: which sense of "write" refers to the fundamental skill taught to children?

The most basic, fundamental skill of writing that children learn is the ability to form letters and words on a surface (sense 7: "mark or trace on a surface"). When we teach children to write, we're teaching them the physical/mechanical skill of forming written characters.

Sense 9 (spelling) is also about forming letters, but it's more specifically about spelling out words correctly.

Sense 7 seems to be the most basic, foundational meaning that encompasses the skill being taught to children - the act of marking/tracing on a surface to form written words.
The answer is sense 7, which captures the elementary act of forming written characters that constitutes the foundational writing skill taught to children.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reckon
Target surface form: reckon
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and <t>reckon</t>? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reckon%2:31:02:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=think, opine, suppose, imagine, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
2. sense_key=reckon%2:31:03:: | definition=judge to be probable | synonyms=calculate, estimate, count on, figure, forecast
3. sense_key=reckon%2:31:00:: | definition=deem to be | synonyms=see, consider, view, regard | examples=She views this quite differently from me; I consider her to be shallow
4. sense_key=reckon%2:31:01:: | definition=make a mathematical calculation or computation | synonyms=calculate, cipher, cypher, compute, work out, figure
5. sense_key=reckon%2:31:05:: | definition=have faith or confidence in | synonyms=count, bet, depend, look, calculate | examples=you can count on me to help you any time; Look to your friends for support
6. sense_key=reckon%2:31:13:: | definition=take account of | synonyms=count | examples=You have to reckon with our opponents; Count on the monsoon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context lists "reckon" alongside "read" and "write" as fundamental skills to teach children. This clearly refers to the ability to perform arithmetic or mathematical calculations, which corresponds to sense 4: "make a mathematical calculation or computation." The synonyms (calculate, cipher, compute, work out, figure) all support this interpretation in the context of basic numeracy skills.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context: "Why can not we teach our children to read, write and reckon?"

Here, "reckon" is being listed alongside "read" and "write" as basic skills to teach children. This is clearly referring to the ability to do arithmetic or mathematical calculations.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. expect, believe, or suppose - This is about expecting or thinking something
2. judge to be probable - This is about probability judgments
3. deem to be - This is about considering something
4. make a mathematical calculation or computation - This is about arithmetic/calculation
5. have faith or confidence in - This is about trust
6. take account of - This is about accounting or considering

The context clearly indicates we're talking about teaching children basic mathematical skills (read, write, and reckon). "Reckon" in this context means to do arithmetic or mathematical calculations.

Sense 4 is the perfect fit: "make a mathematical calculation or computation" with synonyms like "calculate, cipher, cypher, compute, work out, figure"

This is also consistent with historical usage where "reckon" was a common term for doing arithmetic.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: know
Target surface form: know
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not <t>know</t> how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=know%2:31:01:: | definition=be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about | synonyms=cognize, cognise | examples=I know that the President lied to the people; I want to know who is winning the game!
2. sense_key=know%2:31:03:: | definition=know how to do or perform something | examples=She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?
3. sense_key=know%2:31:02:: | definition=be aware of the truth of something; have a belief or faith in something; regard as true beyond any doubt | examples=I know that I left the key on the table; Galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun
4. sense_key=know%2:31:00:: | definition=be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object | examples=She doesn't know this composer; Do you know my sister?
5. sense_key=know%2:31:04:: | definition=have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations | synonyms=experience, live | examples=I know the feeling!; have you ever known hunger?
6. sense_key=know%2:31:06:: | definition=accept (someone) to be what is claimed or accept his power and authority | synonyms=acknowledge, recognize, recognise | examples=The Crown Prince was acknowledged as the true heir to the throne; We do not recognize your gods
7. sense_key=know%2:31:15:: | definition=have fixed in the mind | examples=I know Latin; This student knows her irregular verbs
8. sense_key=know%2:35:00:: | definition=have sexual intercourse with | synonyms=sleep together, roll in the hay, love, make out, make love, sleep with | examples=This student sleeps with everyone in her dorm; Adam knew Eve
9. sense_key=know%2:31:11:: | definition=know the nature or character of | examples=we all knew her as a big show-off
10. sense_key=know%2:31:12:: | definition=be able to distinguish, recognize as being different | examples=The child knows right from wrong
11. sense_key=know%2:31:14:: | definition=perceive as familiar | examples=I know this voice!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context "we do not know how to" directly indicates the meaning of possessing a skill or ability to perform something. This is explicitly captured in sense 2 with its definition "know how to do or perform something" and matching examples like "She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?" The phrase structure "know how to [do something]" is the defining characteristic of this sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context: "Why can not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to."

The phrase "know how to" is the key here. The speaker is saying "we do not know how to [teach our children to read, write and reckon]" but then clarifies "we do [know how to]".

This is clearly about the ability or skill to do something - to teach children these things. The phrase "know how to" is the giveaway.

Looking at the senses:
- Sense 1: be cognizant or aware of a fact - doesn't fit
- Sense 2: know how to do or perform something - THIS IS IT. The definition explicitly mentions "know how to do or perform something" and examples include "She knows how to knit; Does your husband know how to cook?"
- Sense 3: be aware of the truth of something - doesn't fit
- Sense 4: be familiar with a person or object - doesn't fit
- Sense 5: have firsthand knowledge - doesn't fit
- Sense 6: accept someone - doesn't fit
- Sense 7: have fixed in the mind - doesn't fit
- Sense 8: have sexual intercourse - definitely not
- Sense 9: know the nature or character - doesn't fit
- Sense 10: distinguish, recognize as different - doesn't fit
- Sense 11: perceive as familiar - doesn't fit

The answer is clearly sense 2, which is indexed as position 2 in the candidate senses list.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: want
Target surface form: want
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not <t>want</t> to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=want%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or have a desire for; want strongly | synonyms=desire | examples=I want to go home now; I want my own room
2. sense_key=want%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=need, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=want%2:35:00:: | definition=hunt or look for; want for a particular reason | examples=Your former neighbor is wanted by the FBI; Uncle Sam wants you
4. sense_key=want%2:31:01:: | definition=wish or demand the presence of | examples=I want you here at noon!
5. sense_key=want%2:42:01:: | definition=be without, lack; be deficient in | examples=want courtesy; want the strength to go on living

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context "we do not want to teach our children" expresses a lack of desire or preference to do something. This matches sense 1 (feel or have a desire for; want strongly), which is synonymous with "desire." The infinitive construction "want to teach" is structurally parallel to the examples "I want to go home now," making this the clearest fit among the candidate senses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and identify the best sense for "want" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "It's that we do not want to."

The speaker is saying that we don't want to teach our children certain things. This is expressing a desire or preference not to do something.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=want%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or have a desire for; want strongly | synonyms=desire | examples=I want to go home now; I want my own room
   - This is about having a desire for something
   - The examples show wanting something desired
   - In the context, "we do not want to teach" means we do not have the desire to do it

2. sense_key=want%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=need, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
   - This is about needing something
   - Doesn't fit the context where we're talking about desire/preference

3. sense_key=want%2:35:00:: | definition=hunt or look for; want for a particular reason | examples=Your former neighbor is wanted by the FBI; Uncle Sam wants you
   - This is about being sought after
   - Doesn't fit the context

4. sense_key=want%2:31:01:: | definition=wish or demand the presence of | examples=I want you here at noon!
   - This could fit partially, but it's more about demanding someone's presence
   - Doesn't quite fit "we do not want to teach"

5. sense_key=want%2:42:01:: | definition=be without, lack; be deficient in | examples=want courtesy; want the strength to go on living
   - This is about lacking something
   - Could partially fit as "we lack the willingness" but not the best fit

The first sense clearly matches—it's about lacking the desire to do something, which aligns with the speaker's meaning. The structure mirrors examples like "I want to go home," making this the strongest fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: reason
Target surface form: reason
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the <t>reason</t> we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=reason%1:16:00:: | definition=a rational motive for a belief or action | synonyms=ground | examples=the reason that war was declared; the grounds for their declaration
2. sense_key=reason%1:10:01:: | definition=an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon | examples=the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly
3. sense_key=reason%1:09:00:: | definition=the capacity for rational thought or inference or discrimination | synonyms=understanding, intellect | examples=we are told that man is endowed with reason and capable of distinguishing good from evil
4. sense_key=reason%1:26:00:: | definition=the state of having good sense and sound judgment | synonyms=rationality, reasonableness | examples=his rationality may have been impaired; he had to rely less on reason than on rousing their emotions
5. sense_key=reason%1:10:00:: | definition=a justification for something existing or happening | synonyms=cause, grounds | examples=he had no cause to complain; they had good reason to rejoice
6. sense_key=reason%1:09:01:: | definition=a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion | examples=there is reason to believe he is lying

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context "the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish..." uses "reason" to mean an explanation or cause for a phenomenon (why we don't want to teach effectively). This matches sense 2's definition: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon," which is supported by the parallel structure with the example "the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "reason" best fits.

The sentence reads: "And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs..."

Here, "reason" is being used to explain the cause or justification for why "we do not want to" teach children effectively.

Let me consider each candidate sense:

1. **sense 1: "a rational motive for a belief or action"** - This means the rational ground or justification for doing something. The example is "the reason that war was declared" which fits a similar structure.

2. **sense 2: "an explanation of the cause of some phenomenon"** - This is about explaining why something happened. The example "the reason a steady state was never reached was that..." is very similar to our context.

3. **sense 3: "the capacity for rational thought or inference"** - This refers to the mental faculty of reasoning. This doesn't fit our context at all.

4. **sense 4: "the state of having good sense and sound judgment"** - This refers to being rational or having good judgment. This doesn't fit our context.

5. **sense 5: "a justification for something existing or happening"** - Similar to sense 1, this is about justification. The example "he had no cause to complain" is similar in structure.

6. **sense 6: "a fact that logically justifies some premise or conclusion"** - This refers to a piece of evidence or logical justification.

The key phrase is "the reason we do not want to is that..." - this is asking for an explanation of WHY we don't want to. The answer provided is "effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs..."

Senses 1 and 5 seem very similar - both dealing with rational motives/justifications. Sense 2 is about explaining the cause of a phenomenon.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 2's example structure ("the reason a steady state was never reached was that the back pressure built up too slowly") mirrors our sentence exactly: "the reason we do not want to is that..."
- This direct parallel in phrasing, combined with the focus on explaining causation, makes sense 2 the strongest match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: want
Target surface form: want
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not <t>want</t> to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=want%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or have a desire for; want strongly | synonyms=desire | examples=I want to go home now; I want my own room
2. sense_key=want%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=need, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=want%2:35:00:: | definition=hunt or look for; want for a particular reason | examples=Your former neighbor is wanted by the FBI; Uncle Sam wants you
4. sense_key=want%2:31:01:: | definition=wish or demand the presence of | examples=I want you here at noon!
5. sense_key=want%2:42:01:: | definition=be without, lack; be deficient in | examples=want courtesy; want the strength to go on living

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly shows that "want" means "feel or have a desire for" - the passage is explaining that we lack the desire or willingness to teach children effectively because doing so would require relinquishing cherished beliefs. This is the sense of "want" as expressing a desire or wish (as in "I want to go home"), not about needing, seeking, demanding presence, or lacking something.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the target word "want" in the sentence: "And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs..."

The full context is: "It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs..."

The sentence is saying that people do not want to teach children to read, write, and reckon because doing so would require them to give up cherished beliefs and interests.

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=want%2:37:00:: | definition=feel or have a desire for; want strongly | synonyms=desire | examples=I want to go home now; I want my own room
   - This means to desire or wish for something. In the context "we do not want to [teach our children]", this fits perfectly. The speaker is saying people do not have the desire to teach children effectively.

2. sense_key=want%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=need, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
   - This is about needing something. This doesn't fit the context.

3. sense_key=want%2:35:00:: | definition=hunt or look for; want for a particular reason | examples=Your former neighbor is wanted by the FBI; Uncle Sam wants you
   - This is about searching for or being sought. This doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=want%2:31:01:: | definition=wish or demand the presence of | examples=I want you here at noon!
   - This is about demanding someone's presence. This doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=want%2:42:01:: | definition=be without, lack; be deficient in | examples=want courtesy; want the strength to go on living
   - This concerns lacking or being without something, which doesn't match here.

The first sense is the clear fit—people simply lack the desire to implement effective education because it would force them to abandon their cherished metaphysical beliefs.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: effective
Target surface form: effective
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that <t>effective</t> education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=effective%3:00:00:: | definition=producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect; -LewisMumford | synonyms=effectual, efficacious | examples=an air-cooled motor was more effective than a witch's broomstick for rapid long-distance transportation; effective teaching methods
2. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:competent:00 | definition=able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively; -G.B.Shaw | synonyms=efficient | examples=people who will do nothing unless they get something out of it for themselves are often highly effective persons...; effective personnel
3. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:efficacious:00 | definition=works well as a means or remedy | examples=an effective reprimand; a lotion that is effective in cases of prickly heat
4. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operative:00 | definition=exerting force or influence | synonyms=good, in effect, in force | examples=the law is effective immediately; a warranty good for two years
5. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:actual:00 | definition=existing in fact; not theoretical; real | examples=a decline in the effective demand; confused increased equipment and expenditure with the quantity of effective work done
6. sense_key=effective%5:00:00:operational:00 | definition=ready for service | examples=the fort was held by about 100 effective soldiers

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses "effective education" in relation to education that would actually teach children to read, write, and reckon—education that produces the intended result. The phrase emphasizes the capacity of education to generate a striking effect (requiring changes in beliefs and interests). This aligns with sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result," which is further supported by the explicit example "effective teaching methods" in that sense's examples.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "effective" is most appropriate.

The sentence reads: "effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs..."

The speaker is arguing that truly effective education would demand certain changes. Let me consider each sense:

1. Sense 1: "producing or capable of producing an intended result" - This is about education that actually works/produces results. The examples include "effective teaching methods" which is very relevant.

2. Sense 2: "able to accomplish a purpose; functioning effectively" - Similar to sense 1, about something working well in its intended purpose.

3. Sense 3: "works well as a means or remedy" - About something working well as a solution.

4. Sense 4: "exerting force or influence" - About something being in effect or force ("the law is effective immediately").

5. Sense 5: "existing in fact; not theoretical; real" - About something being actual or real rather than theoretical.

6. Sense 6: "ready for service" - About operational readiness ("effective soldiers").

In the context, the speaker is talking about education that would truly work and produce results - education that would "require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs." The speaker is saying that such education (education that actually produces results, that actually teaches children to read, write and reckon) would require fundamental changes.

The most natural reading here is sense 1: education that is "capable of producing an intended result" - i.e., education that actually works. This is supported by the mention of "effective teaching methods" in the examples of sense 1.

Sense 2 is very similar and could also work, but sense 1 seems more directly about producing results from education, which is what's being discussed.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: education
Target surface form: education
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective <t>education</t> would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=instruction, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: | definition=knowledge acquired by learning and instruction | examples=it was clear that he had a very broad education
3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: | definition=the gradual process of acquiring knowledge | examples=education is a preparation for life; a girl's education was less important than a boy's
4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: | definition=the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)
5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: | definition=the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior) | synonyms=training, breeding | examples=a woman of breeding and refinement
6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: | definition=the United States federal department that administers all federal programs dealing with education (including federal aid to educational institutions and students); created 1979 | synonyms=Department of Education, Education Department

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses what "effective education would require us to relinquish" in terms of teaching children to read, write, and reckon. This refers to education as the activities and processes of instructing and imparting knowledge/skill, rather than the knowledge itself or a profession. Sense 1 best captures this meaning: "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "education" in this sentence:

"And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests."

The passage is discussing teaching children to read, write, and reckon, and the obstacles to doing this effectively. The word "education" is being used to refer to the activities/process of educating people.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=education%1:04:00:: - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" - This fits well. The context is about the act of teaching/educating children.

2. sense_key=education%1:09:00:: - "knowledge acquired by learning and instruction" - This could work but is less likely given the context focuses on the process/act of educating.

3. sense_key=education%1:09:01:: - "the gradual process of acquiring knowledge" - This is possible, but the context seems more focused on the activities/methods of teaching rather than the process of learning.

4. sense_key=education%1:04:01:: - "the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university)" - The context doesn't really focus on education as a profession.

5. sense_key=education%1:07:01:: - "the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)" - This is about upbringing/breeding, which doesn't match the context about teaching to read, write, and reckon.

6. sense_key=education%1:14:00:: - This is about the US Department of Education, clearly not relevant.

The best fit is sense 1, which describes education as "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill." The context is discussing what effective education (the act of teaching) would require, and this sense captures that meaning best.
{"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: require
Target surface form: require
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would <t>require</t> us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=require%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=require%2:32:01:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=ask, expect | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
3. sense_key=require%2:32:00:: | definition=make someone do something | synonyms=command
4. sense_key=require%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, need | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context presents "require" in the sense of something being necessary or demanded by circumstances. The phrase "effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs" uses "require" to mean that certain conditions or situations necessitate certain actions—similar to the example "success usually requires hard work." This is the use of "require" as expressing what is necessary or essential, rather than commanding obedience (sense 3), imposing explicit obligations (sense 2), or simply having a need (sense 4).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "require".

Context: "effective education would <t>require</t> us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs..."

Let me break down each sense:

1. Sense 1 (require%2:42:00::): "require as useful, just, or proper" - Synonyms: necessitate, ask, postulate, need, take, involve. Examples: "It takes nerve..." and "success usually requires hard work"
   - This sense means something is necessary or demanded by the situation/circumstances
   - The example "success requires hard work" is similar to our context where effective education requires certain things

2. Sense 2 (require%2:32:01::): "consider obligatory; request and expect" - Synonyms: ask, expect. Examples: "We require our secretary to be on time"
   - This is about imposing an obligation or expectation on someone
   - This involves a direct relationship where one party demands something from another

3. Sense 3 (require%2:32:00::): "make someone do something" - Synonyms: command
   - This is more direct and forceful - like commanding someone to do something

4. Sense 4 (require%2:34:00::): "have need of" - Synonyms: want, need. Examples: "This piano wants the attention..."
   - This is about having a need for something

In the context: "effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs"

This is saying that effective education would make it necessary for us (society/the educational establishment) to give up certain beliefs. It's not commanding us, but rather stating what would be necessary or demanded by the situation.

This most closely aligns with Sense 1: "require as useful, just, or proper" - meaning that circumstances would necessitate this action. The example "success usually requires hard work" is very similar in structure - it's saying that the situation of wanting success necessitates hard work.
Sense 1 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: relinquish
Target surface form: relinquish
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to <t>relinquish</t> some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=relinquish%2:40:01:: | definition=part with a possession or right | synonyms=release, resign, free, give up | examples=I am relinquishing my bedroom to the long-term house guest; resign a claim to the throne
2. sense_key=relinquish%2:41:00:: | definition=do without or cease to hold or adhere to | synonyms=waive, forgo, forego, foreswear, dispense with | examples=We are dispensing with formalities; relinquish the old ideas
3. sense_key=relinquish%2:40:00:: | definition=turn away from; give up | synonyms=foreswear, renounce, quit | examples=I am foreswearing women forever
4. sense_key=relinquish%2:35:02:: | definition=release, as from one's grip | synonyms=let go of, let go, release | examples=Let go of the door handle, please!; relinquish your grip on the rope--you won't fall

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context involves giving up "cherished metaphysical beliefs," which is about ceasing to hold or adhere to ideas and worldviews. Sense 2 ("do without or cease to hold or adhere to") with the definition and synonyms like "waive, forgo, foreswear" and the example "relinquish the old ideas" is the best match. The other senses involve either physical release (sense 4), parting with possessions or formal rights (sense 1), or renouncing in a more absolute sense (sense 3), none of which fit as well as the meaning of abandoning a belief system one currently adheres to.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "relinquish".

The sentence is: "It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular..."

The context is about giving up or letting go of "cherished metaphysical beliefs". This is not about physically releasing something (like grip or possession). It's about abandoning or giving up beliefs and ideas.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=relinquish%2:40:01:: | definition=part with a possession or right | synonyms=release, resign, free, give up | examples=I am relinquishing my bedroom to the long-term house guest; resign a claim to the throne
   - This is about parting with a possession or right. While the example "resign a claim to the throne" fits, the main focus is on possessions or formal rights.

2. sense_key=relinquish%2:41:00:: | definition=do without or cease to hold or adhere to | synonyms=waive, forgo, forego, foreswear, dispense with | examples=We are dispensing with formalities; relinquish the old ideas
   - This is about ceasing to hold or adhere to something. The example "relinquish the old ideas" directly matches our context. This is about giving up beliefs, ideas, or formal requirements.

3. sense_key=relinquish%2:40:00:: | definition=turn away from; give up | synonyms=foreswear, renounce, quit | examples=I am foreswearing women forever
   - This is about renouncing or turning away from something. It's about forsaking.

4. sense_key=relinquish%2:35:02:: | definition=release, as from one's grip | synonyms=let go of, let go, release | examples=Let go of the door handle, please!; relinquish your grip on the rope--you won't fall
   - This is about physical release, like releasing a grip. Clearly not the right sense here.

Sense 2 fits best because the passage specifically discusses abandoning metaphysical beliefs, and the definition directly addresses ceasing to hold or adhere to something—with an example that mirrors the context almost exactly.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: belief
Target surface form: beliefs
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical <t>beliefs</t> about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=belief%1:09:00:: | definition=any cognitive content held as true
2. sense_key=belief%1:09:01:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, notion, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature" and beliefs that "dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents." These are structured, deeply held convictions about human nature and education—not vague impressions or feelings. The passage emphasizes their foundational and substantive role in shaping institutions and practices. This aligns with sense 1: "any cognitive content held as true," which captures firmly established ideas and convictions, rather than sense 2's characterization of beliefs as "vague ideas."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "beliefs" to determine which sense is most appropriate.

The context discusses:
1. "cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature"
2. "These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents"

The target word appears twice in the passage. Let me consider both occurrences:

First occurrence: "relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature"
- This suggests deeply held convictions about how people are

Second occurrence: "These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment"
- This refers to fundamental doctrines or principles that guide thinking

Now let's examine the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "any cognitive content held as true"
- This is a broad definition covering any idea held to be true
- It encompasses both firm convictions and vague ideas

Sense 2: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"
- The key word here is "vague"
- Examples: impression, feeling, notion, opinion
- These suggest less firm or defined beliefs

The context strongly suggests the beliefs in question are NOT vague. They are:
- "cherished metaphysical beliefs" - suggesting deep, structured philosophical positions
- Beliefs that "dominate" institutions - suggesting influential, well-established convictions
- Beliefs significant enough to require "relinquishing" - suggesting substantial, held-to positions

The text describes these as deeply entrenched ideas about human nature and educational philosophy, not vague impressions or feelings. The beliefs are firm enough to define an entire educational establishment.

Sense 1 (cognitive content held as true) better captures this. The beliefs are structured cognitive content, not vague ideas.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of <t>young</t> people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to "young people" in the developmental sense—children in an early period of life and development. The passage discusses teaching children foundational skills (reading, writing, arithmetic) and beliefs about their developing nature. This matches sense 1 directly, which defines young as "(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth," with the exact example "young people."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence discusses teaching children to read, write, and reckon, and mentions beliefs about "human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular."

The phrase "young people" is the target. Let me consider each sense:

1. "in an early period of life or development or growth" - This is the straightforward definition for "young people" referring to children or adolescents in an early stage of life. The example given is "young people."

2. "harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity" - This applies to crops like potatoes or corn. Not relevant here since we're talking about people.

3. "suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh" - This would be more like "he is young for his age," implying someone has youthful qualities despite being older. Not quite the fit here.

4. "being in its early stage" - This applies to industries or days that are still young (early). Not appropriate for people.

5. "not tried or tested by experience" - This means inexperienced. While young people might be inexperienced, the context here is specifically about being in an early period of life, not about lack of experience.

The context is clearly about children/young people in the developmental sense - the educational system, learning to read and write, and developing their "human nature." This most directly matches sense 1, which explicitly mentions "in an early period of life or development or growth" and gives "young people" as an example.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young <t>people</t> in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses metaphysical beliefs about "the human nature of young people in particular." This refers to young human beings collectively as a general group, not to citizens of a state, family members, or the masses specifically. The use parallels the example "old people" given in sense 1, making this the most appropriate sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "people" in this passage.

The sentence is: "It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young <t>people</t> in particular..."

Let me look at each sense:

1. Sense 1: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - examples: old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
   - This is a very general sense referring to any group of humans collectively

2. Sense 2: "the body of citizens of a state or country" - synonyms: citizenry - examples: the Spanish people
   - This refers to citizens of a nation/state

3. Sense 3: "members of a family line" - examples: his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
   - This refers to family members, relatives, or family lineage

4. Sense 4: "the common people generally" - synonyms: multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed - examples: separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people
   - This refers to ordinary/common people, the masses

In the context: "about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular"

The passage is talking about metaphysical beliefs about human nature - both human nature in general and specifically about young people (children/youth). It's referring to young human beings collectively, not to a specific nation's citizens, not to family members, and not particularly emphasizing class/status.

This best fits Sense 1: "any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" because:
- It's talking about young people as a collective group of humans
- The examples include "old people" which is parallel to "young people"
- It's the most neutral, general sense

So the answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: violate
Target surface form: violate
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to <t>violate</t> some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=violate%2:42:00:: | definition=fail to agree with; be in violation of; as of rules or patterns | synonyms=go against, break | examples=This sentence violates the rules of syntax
2. sense_key=violate%2:41:00:: | definition=act in disregard of laws, rules, contracts, or promises | synonyms=transgress, offend, infract, go against, breach, break | examples=offend all laws of humanity; violate the basic laws or human civilization
3. sense_key=violate%2:35:00:: | definition=destroy | examples=Don't violate my garden; violate my privacy
4. sense_key=violate%2:41:02:: | definition=violate the sacred character of a place or language | synonyms=desecrate, profane, outrage | examples=desecrate a cemetery; violate the sanctity of the church
5. sense_key=violate%2:41:01:: | definition=force (someone) to have sex against their will | synonyms=rape, ravish, assault, dishonor, dishonour, outrage | examples=The woman was raped on her way home at night
6. sense_key=violate%2:35:01:: | definition=destroy and strip of its possession | synonyms=rape, spoil, despoil, plunder | examples=The soldiers raped the beautiful country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and determine which sense of "violate" is being used.

Context: "It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests."

The context is about education policy and why it's not implemented effectively. The phrase is "violate some cherished vested interests" - meaning to go against or disregard these interests.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=violate%2:42:00:: | "fail to agree with; be in violation of; as of rules or patterns" | examples include violating rules of syntax - This is about breaking/not conforming to rules or patterns.

2. sense_key=violate%2:41:00:: | "act in disregard of laws, rules, contracts, or promises" | synonyms include transgress, offend, infract, go against, breach, break - This is about disregarding laws, rules, contracts, or promises.

3. sense_key=violate%2:35:00:: | "destroy" | examples: Don't violate my garden; violate my privacy - This is about destroying or harming something.

4. sense_key=violate%2:41:02:: | "violate the sacred character of a place or language" | This is specifically about desecrating sacred things.

5. sense_key=violate%2:41:01:: | "force (someone) to have sex against their will" - This is rape. Not relevant here.

6. sense_key=violate%2:35:01:: | "destroy and strip of its possession" - This is about plundering/destroying. Not relevant here.

In the context, "violate some cherished vested interests" means to go against or act in disregard of these interests.

The second sense fits best—it directly captures the notion of acting in disregard of established interests, whereas the first sense focuses more on failing to conform to patterns. The language of "act in disregard" aligns precisely with breaching something valued and entrenched.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: belief
Target surface form: beliefs
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These <t>beliefs</t> so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=belief%1:09:00:: | definition=any cognitive content held as true
2. sense_key=belief%1:09:01:: | definition=a vague idea in which some confidence is placed | synonyms=impression, feeling, notion, opinion | examples=his impression of her was favorable; what are your feelings about the crisis?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context indicates the author is discussing "metaphysical beliefs about human nature" that are deeply entrenched in educational institutions, media, politics, and parenting. These are presented as core tenets or convictions held as true by these establishments, not merely vague impressions or opinions. The phrase "cherished beliefs" and the description of them as dominating entire institutions indicates they function as cognitive content that is held and accepted as true, which corresponds to Sense 1.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "beliefs" is being used.

The passage discusses "cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature" and states that "These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents..."

Let me examine both senses:

Sense 1: "any cognitive content held as true"
- This is a more general, fundamental definition of belief
- It refers to any content that someone accepts as true
- This is the broader, more philosophical sense

Sense 2: "a vague idea in which some confidence is placed"
- This emphasizes something less certain, more like an impression or feeling
- Synonyms: impression, feeling, notion, opinion
- This is more about subjective impressions or opinions

In the context, the author is talking about "metaphysical beliefs about human nature" that are "cherished" and so deeply ingrained they seem "blasphemous to challenge." These appear to be core tenets or convictions that are held as true by the educational establishment, media, politicians, and parents.

The word "metaphysical" suggests these are beliefs about fundamental truths or nature, not just vague impressions. The fact that they "dominate" institutions suggests they are held as solid truths, not mere opinions or impressions.

This suggests Sense 1 ("any cognitive content held as true") is the better fit. The author is referring to fundamental beliefs or convictions about human nature that are held as true by various institutions, not just vague impressions or opinions.

Sense 1 is more appropriate here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: so
Target surface form: so
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs <t>so</t> dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=so%4:02:02:: | definition=to a very great extent or degree | examples=the idea is so obvious; never been so happy
2. sense_key=so%4:02:06:: | definition=in a manner that facilitates | examples=he observed the snakes so he could describe their behavior; he stooped down so he could pick up his hat
3. sense_key=so%4:02:05:: | definition=in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied | examples=They're happy and I hope they will remain so; so live your life that old age will bring no regrets
4. sense_key=so%4:02:07:: | definition=to a certain unspecified extent or degree | examples=I can only go so far with this student; can do only so much in a day
5. sense_key=so%4:02:08:: | definition=in the same way; also | examples=I was offended and so was he; worked hard and so did she
6. sense_key=so%4:02:04:: | definition=in the way indicated; ; ; (`thusly' is a nonstandard variant) | synonyms=thus, thusly | examples=hold the brush so; set up the pieces thus
7. sense_key=so%4:02:03:: | definition=(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed | examples=he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells
8. sense_key=so%4:02:09:: | definition=subsequently or soon afterward (often used as sentence connectors) | synonyms=then, and so, and then | examples=then he left; go left first, then right
9. sense_key=so%4:02:10:: | definition=(used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result | synonyms=therefore, hence, thence, thus | examples=therefore X must be true; the eggs were fresh and hence satisfactory
10. sense_key=so%4:02:00:: | definition=in truth (often tends to intensify) | synonyms=indeed | examples=they said the car would break down and indeed it did; it is very cold indeed

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

The target word "so" in this context is used in the construction "so dominate...that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them," where "so" expresses a degree or extent that leads to a consequence. This matches sense 7: "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed," which is exemplified by constructions like "he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand the best sense for "so" in the sentence:

"These beliefs <t>so</t> dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them."

The full sentence structure shows that "so" is being used with a following "that" clause that expresses a consequence or result. The sentence suggests "These beliefs dominate our educational establishment... SO MUCH THAT it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "to a very great extent or degree" - examples like "the idea is so obvious"
2. "in a manner that facilitates" - examples like "he observed the snakes so he could describe"
3. "in such a condition or manner, especially as expressed or implied"
4. "to a certain unspecified extent or degree"
5. "in the same way; also"
6. "in the way indicated"
7. "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed" - examples like "he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells"
8. "subsequently or soon afterward"
9. "(used to introduce a logical conclusion)"
10. "in truth"

The key context is "so dominate... that it seems almost blasphemous". This is clearly the construction where "so" is used with "that" to express degree/extent and consequence.

Sense 7 specifically states "(usually followed by `that') to an extent or degree as expressed" with examples like "he was so tired he could hardly stand; so dirty that it smells". This matches perfectly with our usage.

However, I also need to consider sense 1 which is about "to a very great extent or degree" - this could also fit, but sense 7 is more specific because it explicitly mentions the "that" construction.

The answer should be sense 7, which would be index 7.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our <t>educational</t> establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "educational establishment" refers to institutions and systems that are **related to the process of education**. This matches sense 1, which describes something relating to the education process itself. The example "educational psychology" demonstrates parallel usage—a field related to education. In the given context, "educational" characterizes what kind of establishment is being discussed (one concerned with education), rather than describing an establishment that provides knowledge.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "educational":

Context: "These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them."

The target word "educational" is used in the phrase "educational establishment."

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Let me think about what each sense means:

Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" - This is an adjective that describes something that is related to or connected with the education process itself. The example "educational psychology" is the psychological study of education and learning processes.

Sense 2: "providing knowledge" - This is an adjective that describes something that teaches or provides knowledge. The example "an educational film" is a film that teaches or provides knowledge to viewers.

In the context "educational establishment," what does "educational" mean?

An "educational establishment" would be an institution or system that relates to education - this could be schools, universities, or the broader educational system. This is describing what kind of establishment it is - it's an establishment relating to education.

Sense 1 ("relating to the process of education") fits this usage better because "educational establishment" is something that is related to or concerned with education, not something that provides knowledge.

Sense 2 would be more like "an establishment that provides knowledge," which is less precise.

The phrase "educational psychology" in sense 1's example is similar in structure to "educational establishment" - both are describing something that relates to the field or process of education.

I believe sense 1 is the better choice here.