[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their <t>emissions</t> by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses cutting "carbon output" and reducing "emissions" in terms of greenhouse gases released by nations. This clearly refers to the actual substances being emitted (carbon dioxide and other pollutants), rather than the act of emission itself. Sense 2, "a substance that is emitted or released," best fits the environmental/climate change context where the focus is on quantifying and reducing the physical pollutants being discharged into the atmosphere.

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, "emissions" is discussed in the context of carbon output from industrial nations and developing countries. The text mentions "cut their carbon output" and later "cut their emissions" - these are clearly referring to carbon emissions/greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming.

Let me analyze each candidate sense:

1. "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth" - This is the general act of emitting something. This could fit, but it's quite general.

2. "a substance that is emitted or released" - This is about the actual substance being released. In the context of carbon emissions/greenhouse gases, this makes sense - we're talking about the substances (CO2, methane, etc.) that are being released.

3. "the release of electrons from parent atoms" - This is too specific to physics/nuclear contexts. Not relevant here.

4. "any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body" - This is about biological processes. Not relevant to carbon/environmental context.

5. "the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)" - This is too specific to water. Not relevant.

The question is between sense 1 and sense 2. Looking at the context more carefully:
- "cut their carbon output" suggests we're talking about what is being output/released
- "cut their emissions" - we want to reduce the things that are being emitted
- "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions" - this is about cutting the substances being released

Sense 2 "a substance that is emitted or released" seems more precise because we're specifically talking about the substances (greenhouse gases) that are being released and need to be reduced. When we say "cut emissions," we're talking about reducing the amount of those substances.

Sense 1 is more about the act/process of emitting, while sense 2 is about the actual substances emitted. The context emphasizes the substances themselves (carbon/greenhouse gases) that need to be cut.
Sense 2 is the right fit here.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: level
Target surface form: levels
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 <t>levels</t>, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=level%1:07:00:: | definition=a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality | synonyms=degree, grade | examples=a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required
2. sense_key=level%1:26:01:: | definition=a relative position or degree of value in a graded group | synonyms=grade, tier | examples=lumber of the highest grade
3. sense_key=level%1:26:00:: | definition=a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process | synonyms=degree, stage, point | examples=a remarkable degree of frankness; at what stage are the social sciences?
4. sense_key=level%1:07:01:: | definition=height above ground | examples=the water reached ankle level; the pictures were at the same level
5. sense_key=level%1:06:00:: | definition=indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid | synonyms=spirit level
6. sense_key=level%1:06:03:: | definition=a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line | synonyms=horizontal surface | examples=park the car on the level
7. sense_key=level%1:09:00:: | definition=an abstract place usually conceived as having depth | synonyms=layer, stratum | examples=a good actor communicates on several levels; a simile has at least two layers of meaning
8. sense_key=level%1:06:01:: | definition=a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale | synonyms=floor, storey, story | examples=what level is the office on?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "levels" in "1990 levels" refers to emission amounts or quantities at a particular point in time. It indicates a position on a scale of intensity or amount, which matches sense 1. The context discusses comparing emissions quantities (a position on a scale of amount) between 1990 and 2020.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "levels" appears:

"...industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels..."

Here "levels" refers to the amount or quantity of emissions at a certain point in time (1990). We're comparing the emissions at 1990 to what they would be in 2020.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" - This seems to fit. Emissions levels would be a position on a scale of amount/quantity.

2. "a relative position or degree of value in a graded group" - This is more about ranking within a group, not really the meaning here.

3. "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - This could also fit as we're talking about a specific position (1990) in a temporal process.

4. "height above ground" - Not relevant here.

5. "indicator that establishes the horizontal when a bubble is centered in a tube of liquid" - Not relevant.

6. "a flat surface at right angles to a plumb line" - Not relevant.

7. "an abstract place usually conceived as having depth" - Not really fitting this context.

8. "a structure consisting of a room or set of rooms at a single position along a vertical scale" - Not relevant.

The most relevant senses are 1 and 3.

Sense 1: "a position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality" - This is about a position on a scale of amount. In the context, "1990 levels" refers to the amount/quantity of emissions in 1990, which is a position on a scale of emission amounts.

Sense 3: "a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series or especially in a process" - This could also work, referring to a position in time.
Examining the examples more closely, sense 1 uses phrases like "a moderate grade of intelligence; a high level of care is required" to illustrate amounts and qualities, while sense 3 references positions within processes. Since "1990 levels" specifically denotes the emission quantity at that point in time—a measurable amount on a scale—sense 1 is the better fit.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: period
Target surface form: period
Context:
But it was seen as an important advance in a negotiation that is running out of time, with more than 100 world leaders arriving in Copenhagen next week. Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same <t>period</t> by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=period%1:28:00:: | definition=an amount of time | synonyms=time period, period of time | examples=a time period of 30 years; hastened the period of time of his recovery
2. sense_key=period%1:28:02:: | definition=the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon
3. sense_key=period%1:28:07:: | definition=(ice hockey) one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games
4. sense_key=period%1:28:03:: | definition=a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed | synonyms=geological period | examples=ganoid fishes swarmed during the earlier geological periods
5. sense_key=period%1:28:04:: | definition=the end or completion of something | examples=death put a period to his endeavors; a change soon put a period to my tranquility
6. sense_key=period%1:22:00:: | definition=the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause; ; --Hippocrates; --Aristotle | synonyms=menstruation, menses, menstruum, catamenia, flow | examples=the women were sickly and subject to excessive menstruation; a woman does not take the gout unless her menses be stopped
7. sense_key=period%1:10:00:: | definition=a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations | synonyms=point, full stop, stop, full point | examples=in England they call a period a stop

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "period" in this context refers to a span of time during which emissions reductions would occur (the same timeframe as "by 2020" mentioned in the previous sentence). This matches sense 1, which defines period as "an amount of time" with the synonyms "time period" and "period of time."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "period" in this passage.

The target sentence is: "...while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent."

Looking at the context, this is about climate negotiations and emissions reductions. The "period" refers to a time span being discussed - specifically the same time frame as mentioned earlier: "by 2020" (from the previous sentence: "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020...").

So "period" here refers to a span of time - the time frame from now until 2020 during which emissions reductions would occur.

Let me evaluate the candidate senses:

1. "an amount of time" (synonyms: time period, period of time) - This fits perfectly. The passage is talking about a time period when emissions reductions would happen.

2. "the interval taken to complete one cycle of a regularly repeating phenomenon" - This is about periodic cycles, not applicable here.

3. "one of three divisions into which play is divided in hockey games" - Clearly not applicable.

4. "a unit of geological time during which a system of rocks formed" - Not applicable.

5. "the end or completion of something" - Not applicable here.

6. "menstrual period" - Not applicable.

7. "a punctuation mark" - Not applicable.

The best answer is sense 1, which defines period as "an amount of time" with synonyms "time period, period of time". This clearly matches the context where "period" refers to a specific time span during which emissions reductions would occur.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the <t>countries</t> would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The passage discusses countries as political and governmental entities that participate in climate negotiations, make commitments to reduce emissions, and provide financial aid. The context emphasizes countries as organized political bodies making collective decisions ("industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions," "developed and major emerging economies," "poorer countries adapt"). This aligns with sense 1, which defines country as "a politically organized body of people under a single government."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "countries" here.

The passage is about climate negotiations and environmental policy. It discusses:
- "rich countries would give poor ones"
- "developed and major emerging economies"
- "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions"
- "major developing countries would reduce theirs"
- "poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change"

In this context, "countries" refers to politically organized entities/nations. The passage is discussing countries as governmental and political units that make decisions about carbon emissions, provide financial aid, and participate in international negotiations.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - This fits well. Countries here are discussed as political entities making decisions and commitments (cutting emissions, providing aid).

2. "the territory occupied by a nation" - This could fit, but the focus is on the countries as actors making decisions, not primarily on the territory itself.

3. "the people who live in a nation or country" - This doesn't fit as well. The passage is not talking about the people specifically, but rather the political entities/governments.

4. "an area outside of cities and towns" (rural area) - This doesn't fit at all. This is clearly about political nations, not rural areas.

5. "a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary" - This doesn't fit the context either. The passage is about political entities making international agreements.

The best fit is sense 1: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - this captures the meaning of "countries" as political and governmental entities that negotiate climate agreements and make commitments about emissions reductions.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
Forged by a U.N. ad-hoc working group, the text is silent on how much money rich countries would give poor ones to cope with global warming over the short and long term. And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut <t>emissions</t> between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "emissions" in this context refers to substances (greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide) that are released into the atmosphere by industrial and developing nations. The passage explicitly discusses cutting "carbon output" and reducing emissions as measurable substances by specific percentages. This matches sense 2: "a substance that is emitted or released," which is the most appropriate interpretation for environmental/climate-related emissions.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "emissions" in this passage.

The context is about climate change and carbon emissions. The text discusses:
- "how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output"
- "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent"
- "major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent"
- "the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050"

In this context, "emissions" refers to substances (like carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases) that are released into the atmosphere by industrial nations and developing countries. These are pollutants being emitted as a result of industrial activity and energy use.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth" - This is about the action/process itself
2. "a substance that is emitted or released" - This is about the substance itself being released (like CO2, pollutants)
3. "the release of electrons from parent atoms" - This is a physics-specific sense, not relevant to climate/carbon
4. "any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body" - This is biological, not relevant
5. "the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)" - This is about water flow, not relevant

Given the context is about carbon output being cut, and these are substances being released into the atmosphere, sense 2 ("a substance that is emitted or released") seems most appropriate. Carbon emissions are substances (greenhouse gases) that are emitted.

However, sense 1 could also work since it refers to "the act of emitting." But in context, we're talking about the substances themselves (carbon output, emissions as things that need to be reduced), not just the action.
The most fitting definition is sense 2—the greenhouse gases and pollutants themselves that nations are working to reduce. The passage focuses on cutting these substances, not merely the process of releasing them.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: year
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a <t>year</t> over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The phrase "$3.6 billion a year" refers to an annual amount—a standard 12-month period in the calendar sense. This is the most basic definition of "year" as a temporal unit of approximately 365 or 366 days, used here to measure the frequency of financial contributions ("per year"). The context clearly indicates the conventional calendar year sense rather than a school year, planetary orbit, or student cohort.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "year" in this text.

The sentence reads: "The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a <t>year</t> over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change"

The phrase is "$3.6 billion a year" which is referring to an annual amount - money per year.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: - "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days" - This is the standard definition of a year, a calendar year with 365/366 days. Examples include "she is 4 years old; in the year 1920"

2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: - "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity" - This refers to specific types of years like school years, fiscal years, etc.

3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: - "the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun" - This is about orbital periods.

4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: - "a body of students who graduate together" - This is about a cohort of students.

In the context "$3.6 billion a year," the word "year" refers to a 12-month period of time in the normal calendar sense. It's indicating that the EU will provide $3.6 billion annually. This is the most basic, standard meaning of "year" - a period of 365 or 366 days.

This matches sense 1, which defines year as "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days."

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: year
Target surface form: years
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three <t>years</t> to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: | definition=a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days | synonyms=twelvemonth, yr | examples=she is 4 years old; in the year 1920
2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity | examples=a school year
3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun | examples=a Martian year takes 687 of our days
4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=class | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context refers to "the next three years" as a temporal measurement for an EU financial commitment. This is the standard calendar year sense - a period of approximately 365 days. The sentence "provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years" uses "years" as a basic unit of time measurement, matching sense 1's definition of "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "years" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three <t>years</t> to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change..."

The context is about a financial commitment being made by the European Union. They're pledging "$3.6 billion a year over the next three years."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=year%1:28:01:: - "a period of time containing 365 (or 366) days" - This is the standard calendar year. Examples given are "she is 4 years old; in the year 1920". This would be the basic, standard meaning of year as a unit of time.

2. sense_key=year%1:28:02:: - "a period of time occupying a regular part of a calendar year that is used for some particular activity" - Example given is "a school year". This refers to a specific period within a calendar year used for a particular purpose.

3. sense_key=year%1:28:00:: - "the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun" - This is specifically about planetary orbits.

4. sense_key=year%1:14:00:: - "a body of students who graduate together" - This is about a graduating class, like "the class of '97".

In the context, "over the next three years" is referring to a three-year period of time where the EU will provide funding. This is a straightforward reference to the standard calendar year unit - a period of 365/366 days that marks a year.

The answer is sense 1 (year%1:28:01::), which is the most common and standard meaning of "year" as a calendar period.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: country
Target surface form: countries
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer <t>countries</t> adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=country%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=state, nation, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
2. sense_key=country%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=state, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
3. sense_key=country%1:14:01:: | definition=the people who live in a nation or country | synonyms=nation, land | examples=a statement that sums up the nation's mood; the news was announced to the nation
4. sense_key=country%1:15:01:: | definition=an area outside of cities and towns | synonyms=rural area | examples=his poetry celebrated the slower pace of life in the country
5. sense_key=country%1:15:02:: | definition=a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography) | synonyms=area | examples=it was a mountainous area; Bible country

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses countries as political entities negotiating climate policy commitments and receiving international aid. The references to "industrial nations," "major developing countries," and countries making emissions reductions by specific dates indicate these are politically organized bodies under single governments making governmental decisions. This aligns with sense 1 rather than the territorial (sense 2), population (sense 3), rural (sense 4), or geographical region (sense 5) interpretations.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "countries" is being used.

The context is about climate change negotiations and a deal where:
- "industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020"
- "major developing countries would reduce theirs"
- "the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050"
- The EU pledging to help "poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change"

The word "countries" here refers to political entities/nations that are negotiating climate change policies. Let me examine each sense:

1. **Sense 1**: "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - This refers to countries as political entities or governments.

2. **Sense 2**: "the territory occupied by a nation" - This refers to the geographical/territorial aspect of a country.

3. **Sense 3**: "the people who live in a nation or country" - This refers to the population/people of a country.

4. **Sense 4**: "an area outside of cities and towns" - Rural areas. This doesn't apply here.

5. **Sense 5**: "a particular geographical region" - This is more general geographical regions, not political entities.

In the context, "countries" clearly refers to political units that:
- Are developing or developed (economic classification)
- Negotiate climate policies
- Can reduce emissions
- Receive international aid

The most appropriate sense is **Sense 1** - "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - because the text discusses countries as political entities making commitments and receiving aid, which aligns with the definition of a country as a politically organized entity.

Sense 2 could also work (territory), but the emphasis here is on the political/governmental aspect making decisions and commitments.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impact
Target surface form: impact
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the <t>impact</t> of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impact%1:11:00:: | definition=the striking of one body against another
2. sense_key=impact%1:19:00:: | definition=a forceful consequence; a strong effect | synonyms=wallop | examples=the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop
3. sense_key=impact%1:04:00:: | definition=influencing strongly | synonyms=impingement, encroachment | examples=they resented the impingement of American values on European culture
4. sense_key=impact%1:04:01:: | definition=the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat | synonyms=shock | examples=the armies met in the shock of battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine the correct sense of "impact" in this text.

The sentence reads: "The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation."

Here, "impact of climate change" refers to the effects or consequences of climate change on these countries. The text clarifies what this means: "coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation" - these are the effects/consequences of climate change that countries need to adapt to.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "the striking of one body against another" - This is the physical sense of impact (collision). Not applicable here.

2. "a forceful consequence; a strong effect" - This fits perfectly. Climate change has strong effects/consequences (floods, droughts, deforestation). The synonyms include "wallop" and examples include "the book had an important impact on my thinking; the book packs a wallop" - showing that impact can mean a strong effect on something.

3. "influencing strongly" - This is about one thing influencing another. While related, the definition and examples focus more on the relationship between two things rather than the consequences or effects.

4. "the violent interaction of individuals or groups entering into combat" - This is clearly not appropriate here. It's about military conflict.

The best fit is sense 2: "a forceful consequence; a strong effect". The context clearly shows that "impact" here means the effects/consequences of climate change that countries need to adapt to.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: flood
Target surface form: flood
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with <t>flood</t> and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=flood%1:19:00:: | definition=the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land | synonyms=inundation, deluge, alluvion | examples=plains fertilized by annual inundations
2. sense_key=flood%1:23:00:: | definition=an overwhelming number or amount | synonyms=inundation, deluge, torrent | examples=a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse
3. sense_key=flood%1:06:00:: | definition=light that is a source of artificial illumination having a broad beam; used in photography | synonyms=floodlight, flood lamp, photoflood
4. sense_key=flood%1:04:01:: | definition=a large flow | synonyms=overflow, outpouring
5. sense_key=flood%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of flooding; filling to overflowing | synonyms=flowage
6. sense_key=flood%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide);  -Shakespeare | synonyms=flood tide, rising tide | examples=a tide in the affairs of men which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context refers to climate change impacts that countries need to adapt to, specifically mentioning "coping with flood and drought." This is clearly referring to the natural disaster of flooding—water overflowing onto normally dry land—paired with drought as an environmental hazard. Sense 1 (the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land) directly matches this literal, concrete usage in the context of climate-related natural disasters.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "flood" appears:

"from coping with <t>flood</t> and drought to avoiding deforestation"

This is in the context of climate change impacts that poorer countries need to adapt to. The passage is discussing natural disasters and environmental challenges.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=flood%1:19:00::** - "the rising of a body of water and its overflowing onto normally dry land" | synonyms: inundation, deluge, alluvion | examples: plains fertilized by annual inundations
   - This is about natural flooding - water overflowing onto land

2. **sense_key=flood%1:23:00::** - "an overwhelming number or amount" | synonyms: inundation, deluge, torrent | examples: a flood of requests; a torrent of abuse
   - This is metaphorical/abstract usage

3. **sense_key=flood%1:06:00::** - "light that is a source of artificial illumination having a broad beam" | synonyms: floodlight, flood lamp, photoflood
   - This is about artificial light, not relevant

4. **sense_key=flood%1:04:01::** - "a large flow" | synonyms: overflow, outpouring
   - This is about the flow of something

5. **sense_key=flood%1:04:00::** - "the act of flooding; filling to overflowing" | synonyms: flowage
   - This is about the act of flooding

6. **sense_key=flood%1:11:00::** - "the occurrence of incoming water (between a low tide and the following high tide)" | synonyms: flood tide, rising tide
   - This is about tidal phenomena

In the context, "coping with flood and drought" - this is clearly referring to the natural disaster of flooding (water overflowing onto land), paired with drought as another climate/natural disaster. This is the most literal, concrete sense of flooding as a natural phenomenon.
The first sense captures this precisely—it directly describes water rising and overflowing onto normally dry land, which aligns with how "flood" functions as a climate-related hazard alongside drought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: drought
Target surface form: drought
Context:
And it provides a range of options for the key questions, including how developed and major emerging economies would cut their carbon output, and what would be the upper limit of global temperature rise that policymakers would be willing to tolerate. It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and <t>drought</t> to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=drought%1:26:00:: | definition=a shortage of rainfall | synonyms=drouth | examples=farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season
2. sense_key=drought%1:28:00:: | definition=a prolonged shortage | synonyms=drouth | examples=when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "drought" is being used.

The target word "drought" appears in this sentence:
"The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and <t>drought</t> to avoiding deforestation."

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "a shortage of rainfall" - this is a specific meteorological/agricultural meaning, referring to lack of rain
   - Example: "farmers most affected by the drought hope that there may yet be sufficient rain early in the growing season"
   - This is about insufficient rainfall

2. Sense 2: "a prolonged shortage" - this is a more general meaning of any prolonged shortage
   - Example: "when England defeated Pakistan it ended a ten-year drought"
   - This is about a shortage of something (in the example, winning matches)

In the context, the text is discussing climate change impacts. It mentions "coping with flood and drought" as impacts of climate change that poorer countries need to adapt to. This is clearly referring to the meteorological/climatic phenomenon of drought - a shortage of rainfall and water that occurs as a result of climate change.

The context strongly suggests sense 1, which is about a shortage of rainfall - this is the environmental/climatic drought that would be an impact of climate change along with floods.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sort
Target surface form: sort
Context:
It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same <t>sort</t> of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sort%1:09:00:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, form, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
2. sense_key=sort%1:07:00:: | definition=an approximate definition or example | examples=she wore a sort of magenta dress; she served a creamy sort of dessert thing
3. sense_key=sort%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a particular character or nature | examples=what sort of person is he?; he's a good sort
4. sense_key=sort%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion | synonyms=sorting | examples=the bottleneck in mail delivery is the process of sorting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The word "sort" in "the same sort of verbal fireworks" refers to a category or type of behavior/event. The phrase means "the same kind/type of verbal fireworks," which matches the definition of a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic. This is clearly distinct from the approximate/vague sense (sense 2), the personal character sense (sense 3), or the computational operation sense (sense 4).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "sort".

The target sentence is:
"Still, Friday featured the same <t>sort</t> of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week."

The context is about climate negotiations and discussions. The phrase "sort of verbal fireworks" is being used to describe a type or kind of behavior/event.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=sort%1:09:00:: | definition=a category of things distinguished by some common characteristic or quality | synonyms=kind, form, variety | examples=sculpture is a form of art; what kinds of desserts are there?
   - This refers to a type or category of something. The phrase "sort of verbal fireworks" would mean "a type/kind of verbal fireworks" - this fits well.

2. sense_key=sort%1:07:00:: | definition=an approximate definition or example | examples=she wore a sort of magenta dress; she served a creamy sort of dessert thing
   - This is about an approximation or vague description. "The same sort of verbal fireworks" doesn't really convey approximation or vagueness.

3. sense_key=sort%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of a particular character or nature | examples=what sort of person is he?; he's a good sort
   - This is about describing people, not about events or behaviors. This doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=sort%1:22:00:: | definition=an operation that segregates items into groups according to a specified criterion | synonyms=sorting | examples=the bottleneck in mail delivery is the process of sorting
   - This is about organizing/arranging items. This doesn't fit the context at all.

The best fit is clearly sense 1.

In this context, "the same sort of verbal fireworks" refers to a particular category or classification of behavior that's been recurring throughout the negotiations. The word is functioning to group similar instances of heated discussion together.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: week
Target surface form: week
Context:
It gives a lot of flexibility to the process, said John Coequyt, senior Washington representative for the Sierra Club. Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past <t>week</t>. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "for the past week" refers to a general seven-day period of time preceding Friday. The context discusses how verbal disputes have characterized the climate talks throughout this recent time period. This is the general, non-specific usage of "week" as any period of seven consecutive days, not tied to workweek hours or a specific calendar structure.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "week" in this sentence:

"Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past <t>week</t>."

The sentence is discussing that Friday had the same kind of verbal disputes that have been happening throughout the talks. The phrase "for the past week" refers to a period of time leading up to Friday.

Let me look at the three senses:

1. sense_key=week%1:28:00:: | definition=any period of seven consecutive days | synonyms=hebdomad | examples=it rained for a week
   - This is the general sense of "week" as any 7 consecutive days

2. sense_key=week%1:28:01:: | definition=hours or days of work in a calendar week | synonyms=workweek | examples=they worked a 40-hour week
   - This is specifically about work hours/work week

3. sense_key=week%1:28:02:: | definition=a period of seven consecutive days starting on Sunday | synonyms=calendar week
   - This is specifically the calendar week (Sunday to Saturday)

In the context, "for the past week" is used to mean a general period of time - the talks have been going on, and the same kind of verbal disputes have dominated them for the past seven days or so. There's no specific indication that this is about work hours (sense 2), and there's no specific indication that it must start on Sunday (sense 3).

The most natural interpretation is sense 1: "any period of seven consecutive days" - this is the most general, common usage of "week" when referring to a time period in the past. The phrase "for the past week" simply means "during the last seven days or so."
The correct answer is sense_index: 1, since the usage here is the broadest definition of a seven-day period without any specialized context about work schedules or calendar alignment.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: climate
Target surface form: climate
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special <t>climate</t> envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=climate%1:26:00:: | definition=the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time | synonyms=clime | examples=the dank climate of southern Wales; plants from a cold clime travel best in winter
2. sense_key=climate%1:26:01:: | definition=the prevailing psychological state | synonyms=mood | examples=the climate of opinion; the national mood had changed radically since the last election

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "climate" in the phrase "U.S. special climate envoy" refers to weather patterns and environmental conditions averaged over long periods of time. This is evident from the broader context discussing climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, floods, droughts, and deforestation—all physical environmental phenomena. This aligns with sense 1 (the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time), not sense 2 which describes a psychological or social state.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "climate" in this passage.

The target word appears in the phrase "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern".

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "the weather in some location averaged over some long period of time" - with synonyms "clime" and examples about physical weather conditions
2. sense 2: "the prevailing psychological state" - with synonyms "mood" and examples about "climate of opinion" and "national mood"

In the context of the passage:
- The passage is about climate change negotiations and emissions cuts
- It mentions a "climate official" and "climate envoy"
- It discusses greenhouse gas emissions, environmental impacts like floods and droughts
- The term "climate" is being used in the context of environmental science and policy

Looking at the phrase "climate envoy" - this is someone who negotiates about climate issues. The passage also discusses "climate change" earlier in the text, which refers to changes in long-term weather patterns.

So the word "climate" here is clearly referring to the physical weather/environmental climate (sense 1), not a psychological state or opinion (sense 2).

Even though "climate of opinion" appears as an example of sense 2, the usage in this context with "climate change," "climate envoy," and the discussion of emissions and environmental impacts clearly indicates this is sense 1 - the weather patterns averaged over time.

The answer should be sense 1 (or in terms of the index, 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: envoy
Target surface form: envoy
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate <t>envoy</t> Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=envoy%1:18:00:: | definition=a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador | synonyms=envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary
2. sense_key=envoy%1:18:01:: | definition=someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else | synonyms=emissary
3. sense_key=envoy%1:10:00:: | definition=a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry | synonyms=envoi

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The target word is "envoy" in the phrase "U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern".

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=envoy%1:18:00:: | definition=a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador | synonyms=envoy extraordinary, minister plenipotentiary
   - This refers to a formal diplomatic position with specific rank

2. sense_key=envoy%1:18:01:: | definition=someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else | synonyms=emissary
   - This is a more general sense referring to someone representing others' interests in a diplomatic capacity

3. sense_key=envoy%1:10:00:: | definition=a brief stanza concluding certain forms of poetry | synonyms=envoi
   - This is clearly not relevant (poetry stanza)

In the context, Todd Stern is described as "U.S. special climate envoy". This is clearly a diplomatic/governmental role where he represents U.S. interests in climate negotiations.

The question is whether this is sense 1 (a diplomat with less authority than an ambassador) or sense 2 (someone sent on a mission to represent interests).

"Special climate envoy" is a specific governmental position - he's representing the U.S. government in climate negotiations. This is more aligned with sense 1, which describes a diplomat with a specific rank/position in the diplomatic hierarchy. An "envoy" in the traditional diplomatic sense is indeed a rank below ambassador.

Actually, looking more carefully, sense 2 is broader - "someone sent on a mission to represent the interests of someone else" - which could apply to any representative. Sense 1 is more specific about the diplomatic rank.

Given that the context shows this is a formal governmental position (U.S. government official), sense 1 seems most appropriate as it specifically refers to the diplomatic rank/position.
Sense 1 is the best fit here—it captures the formal diplomatic standing of the role rather than the more generic representation implied by sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cut
Target surface form: cuts
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding <t>cuts</t> of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cut%1:21:00:: | definition=a share of the profits | examples=everyone got a cut of the earnings
2. sense_key=cut%1:10:00:: | definition=(film) an immediate transition from one shot to the next | examples=the cut from the accident scene to the hospital seemed too abrupt
3. sense_key=cut%1:06:00:: | definition=a trench resembling a furrow that was made by erosion or excavation | synonyms=gash
4. sense_key=cut%1:26:01:: | definition=a step on some scale | examples=he is a cut above the rest
5. sense_key=cut%1:26:00:: | definition=a wound made by cutting | synonyms=gash, slash, slice | examples=he put a bandage over the cut
6. sense_key=cut%1:13:00:: | definition=a piece of meat that has been cut from an animal carcass | synonyms=cut of meat
7. sense_key=cut%1:10:02:: | definition=a remark capable of wounding mentally | synonyms=stinger | examples=the unkindest cut of all
8. sense_key=cut%1:10:04:: | definition=a distinct selection of music from a recording or a compact disc | synonyms=track | examples=he played the first cut on the cd; the title track of the album
9. sense_key=cut%1:10:01:: | definition=the omission that is made when an editorial change shortens a written passage | synonyms=deletion, excision | examples=an editor's deletions frequently upset young authors; both parties agreed on the excision of the proposed clause
10. sense_key=cut%1:09:00:: | definition=the style in which a garment is cut | examples=a dress of traditional cut
11. sense_key=cut%1:06:01:: | definition=a canal made by erosion or excavation
12. sense_key=cut%1:04:03:: | definition=a refusal to recognize someone you know | synonyms=snub, cold shoulder | examples=the snub was clearly intentional
13. sense_key=cut%1:04:07:: | definition=in baseball; a batter's attempt to hit a pitched ball | synonyms=baseball swing, swing | examples=he took a vicious cut at the ball
14. sense_key=cut%1:04:08:: | definition=(sports) a stroke that puts reverse spin on the ball | synonyms=undercut | examples=cuts do not bother a good tennis player
15. sense_key=cut%1:04:09:: | definition=the division of a deck of cards before dealing | synonyms=cutting | examples=he insisted that we give him the last cut before every deal; the cutting of the cards soon became a ritual
16. sense_key=cut%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of penetrating or opening open with a sharp edge | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cut in the lining revealed the hidden jewels
17. sense_key=cut%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of cutting something into parts | synonyms=cutting | examples=his cuts were skillful; his cutting of the cake made a terrible mess
18. sense_key=cut%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of shortening something by chopping off the ends | synonyms=cutting, cutting off | examples=the barber gave him a good cut
19. sense_key=cut%1:04:05:: | definition=the act of reducing the amount or number | examples=the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget
20. sense_key=cut%1:04:06:: | definition=an unexcused absence from class | examples=he was punished for taking too many cuts in his math class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 19}
```

The word "cuts" in this context refers to reductions in the amount of greenhouse-gas emissions. The phrase "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions" clearly indicates a reduction in quantity/amount, which directly matches sense 19: "the act of reducing the amount or number" with the example "the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget." This is parallel to the emission reduction requirements being discussed in the climate negotiations context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "cuts" in the phrase:

"U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies..."

The context is about reducing greenhouse-gas emissions by a certain amount. Earlier in the text, there's clear discussion of "cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent" and "cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050."

So "cuts" here refers to reductions in the amount of something - specifically emissions. This is about reducing the quantity/amount of something.

Looking at the candidate senses:
- Sense 19: "the act of reducing the amount or number" with example "the mayor proposed extensive cuts in the city budget" - This is exactly what we need! It refers to reductions in amounts.

The phrase "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions" means reductions in the amount of greenhouse gases emitted. This matches sense 19 perfectly.

Sense 19 is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: emission
Target surface form: emissions
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas <t>emissions</t> for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=emission%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of emitting; causing to flow forth | synonyms=emanation
2. sense_key=emission%1:27:00:: | definition=a substance that is emitted or released | synonyms=discharge
3. sense_key=emission%1:22:00:: | definition=the release of electrons from parent atoms
4. sense_key=emission%1:22:01:: | definition=any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body | synonyms=discharge, expelling | examples=the discharge of pus
5. sense_key=emission%1:11:00:: | definition=the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses greenhouse-gas emissions that need to be cut by specific percentages. This refers to the actual substances (greenhouse gases) that are released into the atmosphere, not the act of emitting itself. Sense 2, "a substance that is emitted or released," is the appropriate sense here, as opposed to sense 1 which refers to the action/process of emitting.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "emissions" is being used.

The context is about climate change negotiations, where the text discusses:
- Industrial nations cutting "their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent"
- Major developing countries reducing "theirs" (emissions)
- Countries cutting "emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050"
- "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions"

This is clearly about greenhouse gas emissions - substances released into the atmosphere that contribute to climate change.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "the act of emitting; causing to flow forth" - This is about the process/action of emitting
2. "a substance that is emitted or released" - This is about the substance itself that is released
3. "the release of electrons from parent atoms" - This is a physics-specific sense, not relevant here
4. "any of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body" - This is a biological process sense, not relevant
5. "the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)" - This is about water flow, not relevant

In the climate context, "emissions" refers to greenhouse gases that are released/emitted into the atmosphere. This would be "a substance that is emitted or released" (sense 2), not the act of emitting itself.

Actually, let me reconsider. In common usage, "emissions" often refers to the substances being released. The text talks about "binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions" - this is referring to the actual greenhouse gases (CO2, methane, etc.) that are being emitted, not the action of emitting.

Sense 2 defines it as "a substance that is emitted or released" which perfectly fits this context.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: ones
Context:
Michael Zammit Cutajar, who drafted the six-page document, boiled down a 180-page negotiation text to focus on what the U.N.'s top climate official, Yvo de Boer, described as "the big picture." It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary <t>ones</t> by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "ones" in this context refers to "cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions" mentioned earlier in the sentence. It functions as a pronoun replacing the noun "cuts" to avoid repetition. This matches sense 2 ("a single person or thing"), where "ones" refers to multiple individual things/items previously established in the discourse. Sense 1, referring to the numeral one, is not applicable here.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "ones" in the context of "voluntary <t>ones</t> by major emerging economies"

Let me analyze the context:
"U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world."

Here, "ones" refers to "cuts" - specifically "voluntary cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions by major emerging economies."

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: - "the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number" with examples like "he has the one" or "they had lunch at one". This is clearly about the number one.

2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: - "a single person or thing" with examples like "he is the best one; this is the one I ordered". This refers to a person or thing as a singular entity.

In the context, "ones" is used as a plural form substituting for "cuts" that were previously mentioned. It's a pronoun referring to "cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions" - specifically the voluntary cuts by major emerging economies.

This fits sense 2 (one%1:09:00::) - "a single person or thing" - because "ones" here means "cuts" (things) that were previously referenced. The plural form "ones" refers to multiple individual things/items being discussed.

Sense 1 is about the numeral/number one, which doesn't apply here.

So the answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: move
Target surface form: move
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The <t>move</t> signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=move%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deciding to do something | examples=he didn't make a move to help; his first move was to hire a lawyer
2. sense_key=move%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing your residence or place of business | synonyms=relocation | examples=they say that three moves equal one fire
3. sense_key=move%1:04:03:: | definition=a change of position that does not entail a change of location | synonyms=motion, movement, motility | examples=the reflex motion of his eyebrows revealed his surprise; movement is a sign of life
4. sense_key=move%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of changing location from one place to another | synonyms=motion, movement | examples=police controlled the motion of the crowd; the movement of people from the farms to the cities
5. sense_key=move%1:04:02:: | definition=(game) a player's turn to take some action permitted by the rules of the game

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "move" refers to the U.S. rejection of binding emissions language—a strategic action or decision in the climate negotiations. This matches sense 1 (the act of deciding to do something), similar to the example "his first move was to hire a lawyer," where both represent a deliberate course of action taken by an entity. The other senses involve physical relocation (2, 4), physical motion (3), or game rules (5), none of which apply in this diplomatic context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "move" is being used.

The target sentence is: "The <t>move</t> signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago."

Context: This is about climate negotiations and the U.S. rejection of language requiring binding cuts. The "move" refers to the rejection of this language - it's a strategic action or decision made by the U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=move%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of deciding to do something | examples=he didn't make a move to help; his first move was to hire a lawyer
   - This matches well. The U.S. rejecting the language is an action/decision. The example "his first move was to hire a lawyer" is similar to "the move signaled..."

2. sense_key=move%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing your residence or place of business | synonyms=relocation
   - This doesn't fit. There's no relocation happening here.

3. sense_key=move%1:04:03:: | definition=a change of position that does not entail a change of location | synonyms=motion, movement, motility
   - This is more about physical motion, which doesn't apply here.

4. sense_key=move%1:04:04:: | definition=the act of changing location from one place to another | synonyms=motion, movement
   - This is about physical relocation, which doesn't apply.

5. sense_key=move%1:04:02:: | definition=(game) a player's turn to take some action permitted by the rules of the game
   - This could work metaphorically (like a strategic game move), but the context is about diplomatic/political action, not a game.

The best fit is sense 1: "the act of deciding to do something" - the U.S.

The rejection of binding language represents a deliberate diplomatic action, parallel to how "his first move was to hire a lawyer" describes a concrete decision. This sense captures the strategic nature of the U.S. position in climate negotiations.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: china
Target surface form: China
Context:
It shows the outlines for a possible deal, in which industrial nations would collectively cut their emissions by 2020 by 25 to 45 percent compared with 1990 levels, while major developing countries would reduce theirs during the same period by 15 to 30 percent. Together, the countries would cut emissions between 50 and 95 percent by 2050. The European Union gave the talks a boost as well on Friday by pledging to provide $3.6 billion a year over the next three years to help poorer countries adapt to the impact of climate change -- from coping with flood and drought to avoiding deforestation. Still, Friday featured the same sort of verbal fireworks that have dominated the talks for the past week. U.S. special climate envoy Todd Stern rejected language requiring binding cuts of greenhouse-gas emissions for industrialized countries compared with voluntary ones by major emerging economies if they were not funded by the developed world. The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with <t>China</t> than Bush administration officials did just two years ago. The United States is not going to do a deal without the major developing countries stepping up and taking action, said Stern, who also complained that the text did not do enough to make sure the cuts could be verified by outside observers.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: | definition=a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world | synonyms=People's Republic of China, mainland China, Communist China, Red China, PRC, Cathay
2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: | definition=high quality porcelain originally made only in China
3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: | definition=a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the Communists led by Mao Zedong | synonyms=Taiwan, Nationalist China, Republic of China
4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: | definition=dishware made of high quality porcelain | synonyms=chinaware

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context makes clear that "China" refers to the nation-state engaged in international climate negotiations. The passage discusses China as a "major developing country" in the context of emissions reduction commitments and U.S. diplomatic relations. This corresponds to the People's Republic of China, the large communist nation in eastern Asia, not Taiwan, porcelain, or dishware.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "China" is being used.

The context is about climate talks and emissions reductions. The passage discusses:
- Industrial nations cutting emissions
- Major developing countries reducing emissions
- The European Union pledging money to help poorer countries
- U.S. climate policy and negotiations

Specifically, it mentions: "The move signaled that the Obama administration is taking a harder line with China than Bush administration officials did just two years ago."

This is clearly referring to China as a country in the geopolitical/diplomatic context, not as a type of porcelain or dishware.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=china%1:15:00:: - "a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world" - This refers to the People's Republic of China (mainland China), a political entity/country.

2. sense_key=china%1:06:00:: - "high quality porcelain originally made only in China" - This refers to porcelain/ceramic dishware.

3. sense_key=china%1:15:01:: - "a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949..." - This refers to the Republic of China (Taiwan).

4. sense_key=china%1:06:01:: - "dishware made of high quality porcelain" - This refers to porcelain dishware.

In the context of climate negotiations, U.S. climate policy, and international relations, the passage is clearly referring to China as a nation. The question is whether it's referring to mainland China (sense 1) or Taiwan (sense 3).

Given that the passage discusses "major developing countries" and mentions China as one of them in the context of international climate negotiations, it's almost certainly referring to the People's Republic of China (mainland China), which is the major developing country with significant emissions. Taiwan is not typically referred to in such contexts as "China" when discussing major developing nations.
The correct sense is the first one—mainland China as a major developing nation in global climate discussions.