[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: spread
Target surface form: spreading
Context:
If he were brilliant, he probably would not be a family doctor in the first place. If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind <t>spreading</t>, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=spread%2:35:00:: | definition=distribute or disperse widely | synonyms=distribute | examples=The invaders spread their language all over the country
2. sense_key=spread%2:35:07:: | definition=become distributed or widespread | synonyms=propagate | examples=the infection spread; Optimism spread among the population
3. sense_key=spread%2:42:00:: | definition=spread across or over | synonyms=overspread | examples=A big oil spot spread across the water
4. sense_key=spread%2:35:03:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread out, open | examples=open the map; spread your arms
5. sense_key=spread%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to become widely known | synonyms=circulate, circularize, circularise, distribute, disseminate, propagate | examples=spread information; circulate a rumor
6. sense_key=spread%2:32:02:: | definition=become widely known and passed on | synonyms=go around, circulate | examples=the rumor spread; the story went around in the office
7. sense_key=spread%2:38:00:: | definition=strew or distribute over an area | synonyms=scatter, spread out | examples=He spread fertilizer over the lawn; scatter cards across the table
8. sense_key=spread%2:38:02:: | definition=move outward | synonyms=diffuse, spread out, fan out | examples=The soldiers fanned out
9. sense_key=spread%2:35:12:: | definition=cover by spreading something over | examples=spread the bread with cheese
10. sense_key=spread%2:35:13:: | definition=distribute over a surface in a layer | examples=spread cheese on a piece of bread

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 5
}
```

The target word "spreading" in this context refers to the teachers' unions circulating or disseminating libel (false claims) about teachers being underpaid. This matches sense 5, which defines "cause to become widely known" with the synonyms and examples that include "circulate a rumor" and "spread information." The libel is being actively propagated for narrow purposes, not physically distributed, making this the best semantic fit among the candidates.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "spreading" (present participle of "spread").

The sentence is: "It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes."

The context discusses spreading libel or misinformation about teachers for narrow purposes (gaining more funding/support).

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "distribute or disperse widely" - This is a general sense of physically or widely spreading things.

2. "become distributed or widespread" - This is passive/intransitive, about something becoming widespread (like infection or optimism).

3. "spread across or over" - Physical spreading across a space.

4. "spread out or open from a closed or folded state" - About unfolding or opening things.

5. "cause to become widely known" - This is about making something known to many people. Example: "spread information; circulate a rumor"

6. "become widely known and passed on" - Passive version of spreading news/rumors.

7. "strew or distribute over an area" - About scattering things physically.

8. "move outward" - About spreading outward spatially.

9. "cover by spreading something over" - About coating with something.

10. "distribute over a surface in a layer" - About applying a layer.

In the context, "spreading" libel means making it widely known, circulating false information. The teachers' unions are spreading (circulating/distributing) libel about teachers being underpaid.

This best matches sense 5: "cause to become widely known" with synonyms "circulate, circularize, distribute, disseminate, propagate" and examples "spread information; circulate a rumor".

The act of spreading a libel/rumor is about causing it to become widely known, which is sense 5.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: narrow
Target surface form: narrow
Context:
If he were brilliant, he probably would not be a family doctor in the first place. If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own <t>narrow</t> purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=narrow%3:00:00:: | definition=not wide | examples=a narrow bridge; a narrow line across the page
2. sense_key=narrow%5:00:00:limited:00 | definition=limited in size or scope | examples=the narrow sense of a word
3. sense_key=narrow%3:00:06:: | definition=lacking tolerance or flexibility or breadth of view | synonyms=narrow-minded | examples=a brilliant but narrow-minded judge; narrow opinions
4. sense_key=narrow%3:00:02:: | definition=very limited in degree | examples=won by a narrow margin; a narrow escape
5. sense_key=narrow%5:00:00:careful:00 | definition=characterized by painstaking care and detailed examination | synonyms=minute | examples=a minute inspection of the grounds; a narrow scrutiny

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The phrase "their own narrow purposes" refers to the limited, self-interested goals of the teachers' unions. They are spreading the libel for purposes that are restricted in scope and confined to their own benefit, not for broader educational considerations. This matches sense 2: "limited in size or scope," which describes purposes that are constrained and focused narrowly on particular (selfish) interests.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "narrow" for this usage.

The sentence is: "It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own <t>narrow</t> purposes."

The context suggests that the teachers' unions are spreading this libel for purposes that are self-interested and limited in scope - they're acting for their own benefit, not for broader educational goals.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "not wide" - This is the literal/physical sense referring to spatial dimensions. Not applicable here.

2. "limited in size or scope" - This could work. The "narrow purposes" would mean purposes that are limited in scope - self-interested, specific purposes of the union.

3. "lacking tolerance or flexibility or breadth of view" - This refers to narrow-mindedness. This could also apply - the purposes are narrow because they're self-interested and don't consider broader concerns.

4. "very limited in degree" - This doesn't seem to fit well. We're not talking about something being limited in degree or amount.

5. "characterized by painstaking care and detailed examination" - This clearly doesn't apply.

Between senses 2 and 3:
- Sense 2: "limited in size or scope" - This directly addresses that the purposes are limited to the union's own interests
- Sense 3: "lacking tolerance or flexibility or breadth of view" - This focuses on narrow-mindedness and lack of breadth

The phrase "their own narrow purposes" suggests purposes that are limited in scope and self-interested. Sense 2 ("limited in size or scope") seems like the most precise fit, as it directly describes how the purposes are restricted to a particular, limited sphere.

However, sense 3 could also work as it implies lacking breadth of view. The text criticizes the unions for spreading misinformation for their own benefit, which is a narrow/self-interested perspective.

I think sense 2 is the best answer - "limited in size or scope" is the primary meaning that applies here. The purposes are limited/narrow because they're self-serving.
Reconsidering the phrase "narrow purposes" - it fundamentally describes goals that are restricted in scope and focused solely on the unions' own interests rather than broader considerations. This points directly to sense 2, the most straightforward interpretation.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: purpose
Target surface form: purposes
Context:
If he were brilliant, he probably would not be a family doctor in the first place. If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow <t>purposes</t>. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=purpose%1:09:00:: | definition=an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions | synonyms=intent, intention, aim, design | examples=his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough
2. sense_key=purpose%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=function, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=purpose%1:07:01:: | definition=the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose | synonyms=determination | examples=his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows the teachers' unions spreading libel "for their own narrow purposes," meaning for their own intended goals and objectives. This aligns with Sense 1, which defines purpose as "an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions" (synonyms: intent, intention, aim, design). The unions are acting toward specific intended outcomes/goals, not performing a function (Sense 2) or demonstrating determination (Sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "purposes" is being used.

Context: "It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. **Sense 1** (purpose%1:09:00::): "an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions" - synonyms: intent, intention, aim, design
   - Examples: "his intent was to provide a new translation; good intentions are not enough"
   - This refers to goals, aims, or objectives that someone intends to achieve

2. **Sense 2** (purpose%1:07:00::): "what something is used for" - synonyms: function, role, use
   - Examples: "the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?"
   - This refers to the function or utility of something

3. **Sense 3** (purpose%1:07:01::): "the quality of being determined to do or achieve something; firmness of purpose" - synonyms: determination
   - Examples: "his determination showed in his every movement; he is a man of purpose"
   - This refers to a quality of being determined

In the context: "teachers' unions do not mind spreading [libel], for their own narrow purposes"

The sentence is saying that the unions are spreading this libel for their own goals/objectives/aims. The "purposes" here refers to what the unions are trying to achieve or their intended goals.

This clearly matches **Sense 1**: "an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions" with synonyms like intent, intention, aim.

Not Sense 2 because we're not talking about what something is used for (function).
Not Sense 3 because we're not talking about determination or firmness of resolve.

The answer is sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: politician
Target surface form: politicians
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel <t>politicians</t> find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=politician%1:18:01:: | definition=a leader engaged in civil administration
2. sense_key=politician%1:18:00:: | definition=a person active in party politics | synonyms=politico, pol, political leader
3. sense_key=politician%1:18:02:: | definition=a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "politician" best fits.

The context discusses politicians finding the libel about teachers useful because "it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency."

Let me review the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=politician%1:18:01:: | definition=a leader engaged in civil administration
2. sense_key=politician%1:18:00:: | definition=a person active in party politics | synonyms=politico, pol, political leader
3. sense_key=politician%1:18:02:: | definition=a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways

In the context, politicians are described as finding it useful to "strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency." This suggests they are engaging in political maneuvering to gain advantage with voters/constituencies.

The phrase "it is also the kind of libel politicians find useful" suggests politicians are being somewhat manipulative - using a false claim (libel) strategically for their benefit. The context portrays this as somewhat calculated political behavior.

Sense 1 (leader engaged in civil administration) is too neutral/administrative.

Sense 2 (a person active in party politics) is a general definition that would work.

Sense 3 (a schemer who tries to gain advantage in sly/underhanded ways) seems to fit the tone of the passage - the politicians are portrayed as using this libel strategically for their own benefit, in a somewhat underhanded way.

However, looking more carefully, sense 3 is specifically about gaining advantage "in an organization" which doesn't quite fit the political context here.

Sense 2 seems like the most straightforward fit - politicians are people active in party politics, and they find this libel useful for political purposes (maintaining relationships with constituencies).

I think sense 2 is the best answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: find
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians <t>find</t> useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The phrase "politicians find useful" in context means politicians consider or regard something as useful—they hold the belief that it is useful. This matches sense 5: "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds," with its parallel structure to the example "I find him to be obnoxious." Both use "find" to express a judgment or subjective assessment about something.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context sentence:

"It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency."

In this sentence, "find" is being used to mean that politicians consider or regard something as useful. They "find it useful" means they believe it to be useful or consider it useful.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "come upon, as if by accident; meet with" - Not applicable, this isn't about accidentally encountering something.

2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This could work but doesn't quite fit the sense of regarding something as useful.

3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - Not applicable, not about searching for something lost.

4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - Not applicable, this is more formal investigation.

5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds; feel" - This seems very close! The example "I find him to be obnoxious" is similar in structure to "politicians find [it] useful." This is about forming a judgment or belief about something.

6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - Not quite right.

7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - Not applicable.

8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - Not applicable.

9. "make a discovery" - Not applicable.

10. "obtain through effort or management" - Not applicable.

11. "decide on and make a declaration about; rule" - Not applicable.

12. "receive a specified treatment" - Not applicable.

13. "perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place" - Not quite, this is about finding oneself.
The remaining senses—recovering something, arriving at a destination, or accepting one's situation—don't match the context. Sense 5 best captures how politicians form a judgment that something is useful based on their perspective and interests.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: help
Target surface form: helps
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it <t>helps</t> them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=help%2:41:00:: | definition=give help or assistance; be of service | synonyms=assist, aid | examples=Everyone helped out during the earthquake; Can you help me carry this table?
2. sense_key=help%2:29:00:: | definition=improve the condition of | synonyms=aid | examples=These pills will help the patient
3. sense_key=help%2:42:00:: | definition=be of use | synonyms=facilitate | examples=This will help to prevent accidents
4. sense_key=help%2:42:08:: | definition=abstain from doing; always used with a negative | synonyms=help oneself | examples=I can't help myself--I have to smoke; She could not help watching the sad spectacle
5. sense_key=help%2:34:00:: | definition=help to some food; help with food or drink | synonyms=serve | examples=I served him three times, and after that he helped himself
6. sense_key=help%2:41:12:: | definition=contribute to the furtherance of | examples=This money will help the development of literacy in developing countries
7. sense_key=help%2:34:04:: | definition=take or use | synonyms=avail | examples=She helped herself to some of the office supplies
8. sense_key=help%2:30:13:: | definition=improve; change for the better | examples=New slipcovers will help the old living room furniture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

In this context, "helps" means that the libel "facilitates" or is "of use" in enabling politicians to strike a friendly posture. The word is used to convey that something makes a certain action possible or easier, rather than providing direct assistance or improving a condition. This matches the definition "be of use" with the synonym "facilitate."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "helps" in this sentence:

"But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

Wait, let me find the correct sentence with "helps":

"It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency."

So the sentence is: "since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency"

Here, "helps" means that something (the libel) makes it possible or enables politicians to strike a friendly posture. They're saying the libel is useful because it helps (enables, facilitates, or contributes to) politicians adopting a friendly posture.

Let me look at the senses:

1. "give help or assistance; be of service" - This is about directly assisting someone
2. "improve the condition of" - This is about making something better
3. "be of use" / "facilitate" - This is about being useful or making something possible
4. "abstain from doing; always used with a negative" - This doesn't fit
5. "help to some food; help with food or drink" - This doesn't fit
6. "contribute to the furtherance of" - This means to help advance or promote something
7. "take or use" - This doesn't fit
8. "improve; change for the better" - This is about making better

The sentence structure is: "it helps them strike a friendly posture"

This is saying that the libel facilitates or enables politicians to adopt a friendly posture. It's not directly improving something or assisting in a hands-on way. It's more like "contributes to the furtherance of" or "makes it possible" or "facilitates".

Sense 6 (contribute to the furtherance of) seems like the best fit - it means to contribute to making something happen or advancing something.
Sense 3 (facilitate) is equally strong here since the libel enables them to adopt that posture. Both senses capture the idea of making something possible, though sense 3 feels more direct for this usage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: strike
Target surface form: strike
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them <t>strike</t> a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=strike%2:35:00:: | definition=deliver a sharp blow, as with the hand, fist, or weapon | examples=The teacher struck the child; the opponent refused to strike
2. sense_key=strike%2:37:00:: | definition=have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | synonyms=affect, impress, move | examples=This child impressed me as unusually mature; This behavior struck me as odd
3. sense_key=strike%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=hit, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
4. sense_key=strike%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=hit | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
5. sense_key=strike%2:32:00:: | definition=indicate (a certain time) by striking | examples=The clock struck midnight; Just when I entered, the clock struck
6. sense_key=strike%2:35:02:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=hit | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
7. sense_key=strike%2:41:00:: | definition=stop work in order to press demands | synonyms=walk out | examples=The auto workers are striking for higher wages; The employees walked out when their demand for better benefits was not met
8. sense_key=strike%2:42:00:: | definition=touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly | synonyms=fall, shine | examples=Light fell on her face; The sun shone on the fields
9. sense_key=strike%2:41:02:: | definition=attain | synonyms=come to | examples=The horse finally struck a pace
10. sense_key=strike%2:35:03:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=hit | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
11. sense_key=strike%2:30:00:: | definition=cause to form (an electric arc) between electrodes of an arc lamp | examples=strike an arc
12. sense_key=strike%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across, chance on | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
13. sense_key=strike%2:36:00:: | definition=produce by ignition or a blow | examples=strike fire from the flintstone; strike a match
14. sense_key=strike%2:35:08:: | definition=remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line | synonyms=scratch, expunge, excise | examples=Please strike this remark from the record; scratch that remark
15. sense_key=strike%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=hit, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
16. sense_key=strike%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=hit | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
17. sense_key=strike%2:38:08:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, take, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
18. sense_key=strike%2:36:02:: | definition=form by stamping, punching, or printing | synonyms=mint, coin | examples=strike coins; strike a medal
19. sense_key=strike%2:35:10:: | definition=smooth with a strickle | synonyms=strickle | examples=strickle the grain in the measure
20. sense_key=strike%2:35:09:: | definition=pierce with force | examples=The bullet struck her thigh; The icy wind struck through our coats
21. sense_key=strike%2:31:00:: | definition=arrive at after reckoning, deliberating, and weighing | examples=strike a balance; strike a bargain

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 17}
```

The phrase "strike a friendly posture" means to assume or adopt a particular attitude or demeanor. Sense 17 ("occupy or take on") with synonyms "assume, take, take up" best captures this meaning - the politicians are adopting/taking on a friendly public stance toward an important group of voters.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "strike" appears:

"But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

Wait, let me find the actual sentence with "strike":

"But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency."

So the sentence is: "it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency."

The phrase "strike a posture" means to adopt or assume a particular attitude or demeanor. The politicians are trying to adopt/assume a friendly posture or demeanor.

Let me look at the relevant senses:

1. deliver a sharp blow - clearly not
2. have an emotional or cognitive impact - not really
3. hit against; come into sudden contact - not physically hitting
4. make a strategic offensive assault - no
5. indicate time by striking - no
6. affect or afflict suddenly - no
7. stop work to press demands - no
8. touch or seem as if touching visually or audibly - no
9. attain - possibly
10. produce by manipulating keys - no
11. cause to form electric arc - no
12. find unexpectedly - no
13. produce by ignition or a blow - no
14. remove by erasing - no
15. cause to experience suddenly - no
16. drive violently into a location - no
17. occupy or take on / assume - THIS ONE! "assume, take, take up" - synonyms include "assume"
18. form by stamping - no
19. smooth with a strickle - no
20. pierce with force - no
21. arrive at after reckoning - possibly "strike a balance" which is similar to striking a posture

Sense 17 has synonyms "assume, take, take up" and an example "He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage" - this is about taking on or occupying a position/posture.
Sense 21 involves achieving something through deliberation, like "strike a balance" or "strike a bargain." The best match here is sense 17—"occupy or take on"—since "strike a friendly posture" simply means to assume or adopt that particular demeanor.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: friendly
Target surface form: friendly
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a <t>friendly</t> posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=friendly%3:00:01:: | definition=characteristic of or befitting a friend | examples=friendly advice; a friendly neighborhood
2. sense_key=friendly%5:00:00:amicable:00 | definition=inclined to help or support; not antagonistic or hostile | synonyms=favorable, well-disposed | examples=a government friendly to our interests; an amicable agreement
3. sense_key=friendly%3:00:03:: | definition=easy to understand or use | examples=user-friendly computers; a consumer-friendly policy
4. sense_key=friendly%3:00:02:: | definition=of or belonging to your own country's forces or those of an ally | examples=in friendly territory; he was accidentally killed by friendly fire

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "friendly" in "strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency" describes a position or attitude that is favorable, supportive, and well-disposed toward teachers. This matches sense 2: "inclined to help or support; not antagonistic or hostile," which perfectly captures how politicians adopt a sympathetic stance toward an important group. The synonyms "favorable, well-disposed" and the example "a government friendly to our interests" directly support this interpretation in the political context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "friendly" in this passage.

The target sentence is: "...it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency."

In this context, the word "friendly" is being used to describe a "posture" (an attitude or position) that politicians take. The passage suggests that by using this particular claim about teachers, politicians can appear to be supportive of teachers - hence "striking a friendly posture" means adopting a favorable, supportive attitude.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. **Sense 1**: "characteristic of or befitting a friend" - This is about the nature of friendship. While "friendly posture" could mean acting like a friend, this seems too narrow for the context.

2. **Sense 2**: "inclined to help or support; not antagonistic or hostile" with synonyms "favorable, well-disposed" and examples like "a government friendly to our interests" - This fits perfectly! A politician striking a "friendly posture" means appearing supportive and well-disposed toward teachers/the teaching profession. This is about appearing favorable and helpful.

3. **Sense 3**: "easy to understand or use" - This doesn't fit at all. A posture isn't about being easy to understand.

4. **Sense 4**: "of or belonging to your own country's forces or those of an ally" - This is a military usage that doesn't apply here.

The best fit is clearly **Sense 2**: "inclined to help or support; not antagonistic or hostile." The phrase "strike a friendly posture" means to adopt an appearance or position that is favorable and supportive toward teachers (the constituency mentioned). The synonyms "favorable, well-disposed" directly support this interpretation.

The answer should be sense_index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: posture
Target surface form: posture
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly <t>posture</t> on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=posture%1:07:00:: | definition=the arrangement of the body and its limbs | synonyms=position, attitude | examples=he assumed an attitude of surrender
2. sense_key=posture%1:07:01:: | definition=characteristic way of bearing one's body | synonyms=carriage, bearing | examples=stood with good posture
3. sense_key=posture%1:09:00:: | definition=a rationalized mental attitude | synonyms=position, stance
4. sense_key=posture%1:07:02:: | definition=capability in terms of personnel and materiel that affect the capacity to fight a war | synonyms=military capability, military strength, strength, military posture | examples=we faced an army of great strength; politicians have neglected our military posture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The phrase "strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency" refers to adopting a particular attitude or stance toward voters, not a physical body position or military capability. The context shows politicians using this as a rhetorical strategy—displaying a favorable mental attitude or position. Sense 3 ("a rationalized mental attitude") with synonyms "position" and "stance" is the best match for this figurative usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "posture" is being used.

The sentence is: "it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency"

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "the arrangement of the body and its limbs" - This is about physical body position. The phrase "strike a friendly posture" doesn't seem to be about physical body arrangement in this context.

2. "characteristic way of bearing one's body" - Again, this is about physical bearing/carriage. While "posture" can have this meaning, the context doesn't suggest a physical body arrangement.

3. "a rationalized mental attitude" - This is defined as a mental attitude, with synonyms "position" and "stance". The phrase "strike a friendly posture" could mean to adopt a friendly mental attitude or position regarding an important constituency. This seems like a good fit.

4. "capability in terms of personnel and materiel that affect the capacity to fight a war" - This is specifically about military capability. The context doesn't mention war or military matters at all.

Looking at the context: "politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency"

The phrase "strike a posture" is an idiomatic expression meaning to adopt or display a particular attitude or position. Politicians are adopting a "friendly posture" - a friendly stance or mental attitude - toward an important constituency.

Sense 3 ("a rationalized mental attitude" with synonyms "position, stance") is the best fit. This is about adopting a particular attitude or stance, which is exactly what the context suggests.

The answer should be sense index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: behalf
Target surface form: behalf
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on <t>behalf</t> of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=behalf%1:04:00:: | definition=as the agent of or on someone's part (usually expressed as  rather than ) | examples=on behalf of; in behalf of
2. sense_key=behalf%1:07:00:: | definition=for someone's benefit (usually expressed as `in behalf' rather than `on behalf' and usually with a possessive) | examples=in your behalf; campaigning in his own behalf

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "on behalf of an important constituency" clearly indicates sense 1, where "behalf" means "as the agent of or on someone's part." The politicians are acting as representatives or agents for the constituency. The use of the preposition "on" and the structure of the phrase directly match the example "on behalf of" provided for sense 1. Sense 2 would typically be expressed with "in behalf of" and conveys the idea of benefit, which is not the primary meaning here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "behalf" is being used.

The context sentence is: "it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency."

Let me examine both senses:

1. sense_key=behalf%1:04:00:: - "as the agent of or on someone's part (usually expressed as rather than)" - examples: "on behalf of; in behalf of"

2. sense_key=behalf%1:07:00:: - "for someone's benefit (usually expressed as `in behalf' rather than `on behalf' and usually with a possessive)" - examples: "in your behalf; campaigning in his own behalf"

In the sentence, "on behalf of an important constituency" is being used.

The phrase structure is "on behalf of" which directly matches the example in sense 1: "on behalf of".

The meaning here is that politicians are acting as agents or representatives for an important constituency. They are striking a friendly posture in representation of this constituency - in other words, acting on the part of or as agents for this constituency.

Sense 1 is the clear winner here because:
- It uses "on behalf of" which matches the usage in the sentence
- The meaning fits: politicians are acting as agents/representatives for a constituency
- Sense 2 is about benefit and typically uses "in behalf of" with a possessive

So the answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: important
Target surface form: important
Context:
If he is competent and conscientious, he serves us well. Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an <t>important</t> constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=important%3:00:00:: | definition=of great significance or value | synonyms=of import | examples=important people; the important questions of the day
2. sense_key=important%3:00:04:: | definition=important in effect or meaning | synonyms=significant | examples=a significant change in tax laws; a significant change in the Constitution
3. sense_key=important%3:00:02:: | definition=of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis | synonyms=crucial | examples=a crucial moment in his career; a crucial election
4. sense_key=important%5:00:00:influential:00 | definition=having authority or ascendancy or influence | synonyms=authoritative | examples=an important official; the captain's authoritative manner
5. sense_key=important%5:00:00:immodest:02 | definition=having or suggesting a consciousness of high position | examples=recited the decree with an important air; took long important strides in the direction of his office

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The word "important" describes a constituency that politicians need to appeal to. In this political context, an "important constituency" refers to a group of voters that has authority, influence, and ascendancy over political decisions. The politicians strike a "friendly posture on behalf of" this constituency because it has power and influence, making sense 4 (having authority or ascendancy or influence) the best fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "important" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency."

The context is discussing politicians and how they find certain libel useful because it helps them seem friendly to an important constituency. A constituency refers to a group of voters or people that a politician represents.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "of great significance or value" - This is about something being of great significance or value. A constituency could certainly be important in this sense if it's a large or powerful group.

2. "important in effect or meaning; significant" - This is similar to sense 1, emphasizing the meaningful or significant nature of something.

3. "of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis" - This is about something being crucial or vital to resolving a crisis. While a constituency might be important, it's not necessarily vital to a crisis resolution in this context.

4. "having authority or ascendancy or influence" - This is about something having power, authority, or influence. An important constituency in a political context would be one that has power and influence over the politician.

5. "having or suggesting a consciousness of high position" - This is about being pretentious or having an air of importance. This doesn't fit the context.

Looking at the context more carefully: politicians find this libel useful "on behalf of an important constituency." A constituency is a group of voters. An important constituency would be one that has influence or power - one that politicians need to appeal to. This suggests sense 4 (having authority or ascendancy or influence) is the best fit.

Actually, let me reconsider. Sense 1 (of great significance or value) is very general and would cover the idea that the constituency is significant/valuable. Sense 4 specifically emphasizes authority/influence/ascendancy.
In a political setting, an "important constituency" really means one with sway and leverage over the politician—making sense 4 the strongest match, as it directly captures that notion of power and influence.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: shred
Target surface form: shred
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one <t>shred</t> of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=shred%1:23:00:: | definition=a tiny or scarcely detectable amount | synonyms=scintilla, whit, iota, tittle, smidgen, smidgeon
2. sense_key=shred%1:06:00:: | definition=a small piece of cloth or paper | synonyms=rag, tag, tag end, tatter

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "not one shred of evidence" uses "shred" to mean a tiny or scarcely detectable amount. The context indicates the author is saying there is no measurable quantity of evidence for the salary-education differential claim. This is the figurative sense meaning "an extremely small amount" (synonymous with scintilla, iota, whit), not the literal physical sense of a small piece of cloth or paper.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for the word "shred."

The sentence is: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

Let me examine the two senses:

1. Sense 1: "a tiny or scarcely detectable amount" | synonyms=scintilla, whit, iota, tittle, smidgen, smidgeon
   - This refers to a very small quantity or amount of something abstract
   - The phrase "not one shred of evidence" means "not even a tiny amount of evidence"
   - This is a metaphorical/figurative use

2. Sense 2: "a small piece of cloth or paper" | synonyms=rag, tag, tag end, tatter
   - This refers to a physical piece of material
   - This would be the literal meaning

Looking at the context: "not one shred of evidence"

This is clearly using "shred" in the figurative sense to mean "a tiny or scarcely detectable amount." You don't have physical pieces of evidence (cloth or paper); rather, you have no amount of evidence at all.

The synonyms for sense 1 (scintilla, whit, iota, tittle, smidgen, smidgeon) all support this interpretation. These are all words meaning "a very small amount."

The correct sense is **Sense 1**.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of <t>evidence</t> that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses the absence of factual grounds or basis for belief that salary increases lead to better educational outcomes. The author uses "evidence" to mean "knowledge on which to base belief" or "grounds," which matches sense 1. The phrase "there is not one shred of evidence that... salary differentials result in educational differentials" clearly refers to a lack of foundational knowledge or basis for this claim, not a legal context (sense 3) or a symptom/indicator (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "evidence" is being used.

The sentence is: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

The author is discussing whether salary increases would lead to better educational outcomes. They're saying there's no evidence - no basis for belief, no grounds - that this would happen.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: - "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" with synonyms "grounds" and example "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling"
   - This fits well with the context. The author is saying there's no basis/grounds for believing that salary differentials lead to educational differentials.

2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: - "an indication that makes something evident" with example "his trembling was evidence of his fear"
   - This suggests evidence as a sign or indicator of something. While this could potentially fit, it's more about something serving as a sign or symptom.

3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: - "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved"
   - This is a legal term. The context is an educational/political argument, not a legal trial. This doesn't fit.

The best fit is sense 1 (evidence%1:09:00::), which means "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" - this is exactly what the author means when they say there is no evidence for a claim.

So the answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: other
Target surface form: other
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, <t>other</t> things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=other%3:00:00:: | definition=not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied; - the White Queen | examples=today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works
2. sense_key=other%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=recently past | examples=the other evening
3. sense_key=other%5:00:02:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=early, former | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=other%5:00:00:strange:00 | definition=very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected; - Lance Morrow | examples=a strange, other dimension...where his powers seemed to fail

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "other things being equal" uses "other" in the sense of "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied." Here it refers to factors or variables other than salary that remain constant in the comparison between salary and educational outcomes. This is the standard meaning of "other" as an adjective indicating different or additional things distinct from those already specified.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The phrase in question is "other things being equal" which is a classic ceteris paribus phrase used in argumentation/reasoning.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - This is the basic adjective sense meaning "different from" or "additional". The example "today isn't any other day; the construction of highways and other public works" shows this usage.

2. "recently past" - Examples like "the other evening" - referring to a recent past time period.

3. "belonging to the distant past" - Synonyms include "early, former" with examples about "early inhabitants", "former generations".

4. "very unusual; different in character or quality from the normal or expected" - Examples mention "strange, other dimension" showing something weird or unusual.

In the phrase "other things being equal", the word "other" is being used to mean "all the remaining things" or "everything else" - it's referring to things that are different from what's being compared but held constant. This is the basic sense of "other" as in "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied."

The phrase "other things being equal" is a classic academic/logical phrase meaning "all else being equal" or "ceteris paribus" - we're holding other (different/remaining) things constant while testing the relationship between salary and education differentials.

This clearly matches sense 1: "not the same one or ones already mentioned or implied" - it refers to the other/remaining factors/things not being discussed.

This is definitely not about time (senses 2 or 3), and it's not about something being strange or unusual (sense 4).

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: thing
Target surface form: things
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other <t>things</t> being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: | definition=a special situation | examples=this thing has got to end; it is a remarkable thing
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: | definition=an action | examples=how could you do such a thing?
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: | definition=a special abstraction | examples=a thing of the spirit; things of the heart
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact | examples=how does this thing work?
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: | definition=an event | examples=a funny thing happened on the way to the...
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: | definition=a vaguely specified concern | synonyms=matter, affair | examples=several matters to attend to; it is none of your affair
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement regarded as an object | examples=to say the same thing in other terms; how can you say such a thing?
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: | definition=an entity that is not named specifically | examples=I couldn't tell what the thing was
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: | definition=any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence | examples=the thing I like about her is ...
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: | definition=a special objective | examples=the thing is to stay in bounds
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: | definition=a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion | examples=he has a thing about seafood; she has a thing about him
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: | definition=a separate and self-contained entity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The phrase "other things being equal" uses "things" to mean circumstances or matters that need to be held constant. Sense 6 ("a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms "matter, affair") best captures this meaning, as "things" here refers to various conditions or factors that could affect the outcome, making it synonymous with "matters."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "things" appears:

"But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

This phrase "other things being equal" is a common economic/logical expression meaning "all other factors being held constant" or "all other circumstances being the same."

In this context, "things" refers to circumstances, conditions, or factors - essentially abstract matters that need to be considered or held constant.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=thing%1:26:00:: - a special situation
2. sense_key=thing%1:04:00:: - an action
3. sense_key=thing%1:09:00:: - a special abstraction
4. sense_key=thing%1:06:00:: - an artifact
5. sense_key=thing%1:11:00:: - an event
6. sense_key=thing%1:09:02:: - a vaguely specified concern (synonyms: matter, affair)
7. sense_key=thing%1:10:00:: - a statement regarded as an object
8. sense_key=thing%1:06:01:: - an entity that is not named specifically
9. sense_key=thing%1:07:00:: - any attribute or quality considered as having its own existence
10. sense_key=thing%1:09:01:: - a special objective
11. sense_key=thing%1:12:00:: - a persistent illogical feeling of desire or aversion
12. sense_key=thing%1:03:00:: - a separate and self-contained entity

The phrase "other things being equal" refers to circumstances, conditions, or matters. The best fit seems to be:

- Sense 6 (thing%1:09:02::) - "a vaguely specified concern" with synonyms "matter, affair" - This fits well because "things" in this context means "matters" or "circumstances"
- Sense 1 could work as "a special situation," but sense 6 aligns more directly with the synonym "matter." I'm selecting sense 6, the 6th indexed sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equal
Target surface form: equal
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being <t>equal</t>, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equal%3:00:00:: | definition=having the same quantity, value, or measure as another | examples=on equal terms; all men are equal before the law
2. sense_key=equal%3:00:03:: | definition=having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task | synonyms=adequate | examples=she had adequate training; her training was adequate

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "other things being equal" uses "equal" to mean "the same" or "identical" — indicating that all other variables are held constant at the same level. This matches the first sense: "having the same quantity, value, or measure as another." The second sense (adequate/having requisite qualities) does not fit this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "equal" is being used.

The sentence is: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

The phrase "other things being equal" is a common expression in English. It means "assuming that all other factors are the same" or "holding all other variables constant."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "having the same quantity, value, or measure as another" - Examples include "on equal terms; all men are equal before the law"

2. Sense 2: "having the requisite qualities or resources to meet a task" - Synonyms: adequate; Examples: "she had adequate training; her training was adequate"

In the phrase "other things being equal," the word "equal" means "the same" or "identical." It's used to indicate that all other variables are held constant at the same level.

This aligns with Sense 1: "having the same quantity, value, or measure as another." This sense is about things being identical or the same, which is exactly what "other things being equal" means.

Sense 2 is about adequacy or having sufficient qualities, which doesn't fit the context.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differential
Target surface form: differentials
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary <t>differentials</t> result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differential%1:09:00:: | definition=the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx | synonyms=derived function, derivative, differential coefficient, first derivative
2. sense_key=differential%1:07:00:: | definition=a quality that differentiates between similar things
3. sense_key=differential%1:06:00:: | definition=a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds; used on the rear axle of automobiles to allow wheels to rotate at different speeds on curves | synonyms=differential gear

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses "salary differentials" in relation to educational outcomes. This refers to differences or distinctions in salary amounts between teachers or groups, which is captured by sense 2 ("a quality that differentiates between similar things"). This is clearly not a mathematical term (sense 1) nor an automotive mechanism (sense 3), but rather a reference to the gaps or variations in compensation that distinguish one salary from another.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "differentials" is being used.

Looking at the sentence: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

The context is about:
1. Teachers and educational crisis
2. Salary/pay differences
3. Educational outcomes
4. The argument is that pay differences don't necessarily lead to educational differences

The three candidate senses are:
1. Mathematical differentiation (df(x)/dx)
2. A quality that differentiates between similar things
3. A bevel gear for automobiles

In this context, "salary differentials" clearly refers to differences in pay/salaries. The term is used in a social/economic context, not a mathematical context and definitely not about automobile parts.

"Salary differentials" = differences in salary amounts between people or groups.

This usage aligns with sense 2: "a quality that differentiates between similar things" - because salary differentials are the differences that set apart salaries from one another.

Sense 1 (mathematical) doesn't fit - this is economics/education context
Sense 3 (automobile gear) doesn't fit - completely unrelated

The best answer is sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: result
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials <t>result</t> in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%2:42:00:: | definition=issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end | synonyms=ensue | examples=result in tragedy
2. sense_key=result%2:42:02:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, lead | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
3. sense_key=result%2:30:00:: | definition=come about or follow as a consequence | examples=nothing will result from this meeting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows "salary differentials result in educational differentials," where "result" means to lead to or produce a particular outcome or consequence. This matches sense 1 (issue or terminate in a specified way; end) with its example "result in tragedy" - both use the "result in [outcome]" construction to indicate a causal relationship producing an end state or consequence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "result".

The sentence is: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

This is saying that salary differentials lead to or cause educational differentials. The word "result" here is being used in the sense of "cause" or "lead to" - if salary differentials result in educational differentials, they cause or lead to educational differentials.

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=result%2:42:00:: | definition=issue or terminate (in a specified way, state, etc.); end | synonyms=ensue | examples=result in tragedy
   - This means to end in a particular way or state. "result in tragedy" is similar to the usage in the context "result in educational differentials"
   - This seems like a good match

2. sense_key=result%2:42:02:: | definition=have as a result or residue | synonyms=leave, lead | examples=The water left a mark on the silk dress; Her blood left a stain on the napkin
   - This is about something having a result or leaving a trace
   - The synonyms include "lead" which is relevant
   - But the examples are about leaving marks or stains, which is different from the context

3. sense_key=result%2:30:00:: | definition=come about or follow as a consequence | examples=nothing will result from this meeting
   - This is about something coming about or following as a consequence
   - The example "nothing will result from this meeting" is about the meeting resulting in nothing
   - This is similar to the context where salary differentials result in educational differentials

Both senses 1 and 3 capture the meaning well. Sense 1 emphasizes the outcome being produced (like "result in tragedy"), while sense 3 focuses on consequences flowing from an action. In this context, salary differentials producing educational differentials as a consequence aligns with sense 3's definition of something following as a result of another thing.

However, sense 1 is the stronger match because the phrasing "result in [noun]" directly parallels the sentence structure and indicates a direct causal relationship leading to a specific outcome.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: educational
Target surface form: educational
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in <t>educational</t> differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=educational%3:01:00:: | definition=relating to the process of education | examples=educational psychology
2. sense_key=educational%5:00:00:instructive:00 | definition=providing knowledge | examples=an educational film

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "educational differentials" in context refers to differences in the quality or outcomes of the educational process itself—that is, whether differences in teacher salaries would lead to differences in the education system's effectiveness. This matches sense 1 ("relating to the process of education"), as opposed to sense 2 ("providing knowledge/instructive"), which would not fit the meaning of comparing two different educational outcomes.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "educational" is being used.

Looking at the target sentence: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

The context discusses:
- "educational crisis"
- Whether teacher salary affects educational outcomes
- "educational problem" vs equity problem
- "educational differentials" - referring to differences in quality of education/outcomes

The word "educational" in the phrase "educational differentials" refers to differences in the quality of education or educational outcomes/processes.

Let me examine the two senses:

1. Sense 1: "relating to the process of education" - examples: educational psychology
   - This is about something that pertains to or is related to the educational process itself
   - "Educational differentials" would mean differences in the educational process or system

2. Sense 2: "providing knowledge" - examples: an educational film
   - This is about something that teaches or instructs
   - "Educational differentials" would mean differences in how much teaching/instruction there is

Looking at the context more carefully, the passage is discussing differences in educational outcomes/quality of education - whether salary differences lead to differences in educational quality. This is about the educational process and its quality, not about something that provides knowledge/instruction.

The context strongly suggests sense 1: "relating to the process of education" because:
- It's used in phrases like "educational crisis," "educational problem," "educational differentials"
- These all relate to aspects of the education system/process
- The sense of "providing knowledge" (instructive) doesn't fit the context well

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differential
Target surface form: differentials
Context:
Our teachers are not an important factor in our educational crisis. Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational <t>differentials</t>. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differential%1:09:00:: | definition=the result of mathematical differentiation; the instantaneous change of one quantity relative to another; df(x)/dx | synonyms=derived function, derivative, differential coefficient, first derivative
2. sense_key=differential%1:07:00:: | definition=a quality that differentiates between similar things
3. sense_key=differential%1:06:00:: | definition=a bevel gear that permits rotation of two shafts at different speeds; used on the rear axle of automobiles to allow wheels to rotate at different speeds on curves | synonyms=differential gear

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "differentials" in this context refers to **differences** - specifically differences in salary levels and differences in educational outcomes/quality. Sense 2 ("a quality that differentiates between similar things") is the appropriate sense, as the passage discusses how salary differences do or do not correlate with educational quality differences. This is neither a mathematical derivative (sense 1) nor a mechanical component (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "differentials" is being used.

The sentence is: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=differential%1:09:00:: - This is the mathematical sense (derivative, df(x)/dx). This is clearly not what's meant in the context of salary and educational outcomes.

2. sense_key=differential%1:07:00:: - This is "a quality that differentiates between similar things". This means differences or distinctions that set things apart.

3. sense_key=differential%1:06:00:: - This is a mechanical/automotive component (bevel gear in car axles). This has nothing to do with the context.

In the context, "salary differentials" means differences in salaries, and "educational differentials" means differences in educational outcomes. The passage is arguing that differences in teacher salaries don't result in differences in educational quality.

Sense 2 (differential%1:07:00:: - "a quality that differentiates between similar things") is the correct interpretation. This refers to differences or distinctions that set different things apart.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 2}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: evidence
Target surface form: evidence
Context:
Whether they are or are not underpaid is a problem of equity; it is not an educational problem. It is silly libel on our teachers to think they would educate our children better if only they got a few thousand dollars a year more. It is the kind of libel the teachers' unions do not mind spreading, for their own narrow purposes. It is also the kind of libel politicians find useful, since it helps them strike a friendly posture on behalf of an important constituency. But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such <t>evidence</t>, you can be sure you would have heard of it. If we wish to be serious about American education, we know exactly what to do -- and, just as important, what not to do.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: | definition=your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief | synonyms=grounds | examples=the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling
2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: | definition=an indication that makes something evident | examples=his trembling was evidence of his fear
3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: | definition=(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses the lack of "basis for belief" that salary differentials result in educational improvements. The author uses "evidence" to mean grounds or factual support for a claim—knowledge on which to base belief (sense 1), rather than a symptom/indication of something (sense 2) or legal testimony in a trial (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for the word "evidence" in this passage.

The sentence is: "But there is not one shred of evidence that, other things being equal, salary differentials result in educational differentials. If there were such evidence, you can be sure you would have heard of it."

The author is discussing whether there is empirical support or proof that salary increases lead to better educational outcomes. They're saying there's no proof or basis for believing this claim.

Let me examine the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=evidence%1:09:00:: - "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief" - synonyms: grounds. Example: "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling"

2. sense_key=evidence%1:10:01:: - "an indication that makes something evident" - Example: "his trembling was evidence of his fear"

3. sense_key=evidence%1:10:00:: - "(law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved"

In the context, the author is discussing whether there is factual/empirical support (grounds, basis for belief) that salary differentials lead to educational differentials. They're saying there's "not one shred of evidence" - meaning there's no basis for belief or no proof.

This is clearly sense 1 - "your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief." The synonym "grounds" is particularly apt here. The author is saying there are no grounds/basis for believing that salary increases improve education.

Sense 2 talks about something being "an indication" of something else, which doesn't quite fit here.

Sense 3 is specifically legal terminology about judicial trials, which is not relevant in this context.

The answer should be sense 1.