[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer <t>medicine</t>) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "medicine" in the context "anticancer medicine" refers to a substance or drug used to treat disease (cancer). This matches sense 2, which defines medicine as "something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease" with synonyms including medication, medicament, and medicinal drug.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "medicine" appears:

"For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine)"

In this context, "medicine" is referring to a substance/drug that treats cancer. It's being used to describe a medication or drug used for medical treatment.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: - "the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques" - This is about medical specialties, not applicable here.

2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: - "(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease" with synonyms "medication, medicament, medicinal drug" - This fits perfectly. The context describes "anticancer medicine" which is a substance that treats disease (cancer).

3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: - "the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries" - This is about the profession/practice of medicine, not applicable.

4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: - "punishment for one's actions" with examples "you have to face the music; take your medicine" - This is an idiomatic/figurative use, not applicable.

The word "medicine" in the phrase "anticancer medicine" is clearly referring to a drug or medication that treats disease. This is sense 2, which defines medicine as "something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease" with synonyms including "medication" and "medicinal drug".

The answer should be sense_index: 2


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one <t>study</t> involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "study" refers to a formal clinical research investigation in which the effects of Alimta were compared with other medicines in a group of patients. Sense 3 ("a written document describing the findings of some individual or group") best captures this meaning, as evidenced by the example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" and the context of medical research documentation.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "study" is being used.

In the sentence: "For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one <t>study</t> involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past."

The context is clearly talking about a clinical research project or trial where a medicine (Alimta) is being tested and compared with another medicine (docetaxel) in a group of patients. This is a research study - a formal investigation or examination.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a detailed critical inspection" - This could fit, but it's more about inspection than research
2. "applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject" - This is about studying/learning, not a research study
3. "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - This fits! The examples mention "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" which is exactly what we see here - a research study that would have findings
4. "a state of deep mental absorption" - Not applicable
5. "a room used for reading and writing" - Not applicable
6. "a branch of knowledge" - Not applicable
7. "preliminary drawing for later elaboration" - Not applicable
8. "attentive consideration and meditation" - Not applicable
9. "someone who memorizes quickly" - Not applicable
10. "a composition intended to develop one aspect" - Not applicable

The context clearly refers to a clinical research study. Sense 3 is about "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" which best matches the medical/clinical study context where researchers conducted a study comparing medicines.

However, I should also consider sense 1 "a detailed critical inspection" - this could also apply to a research study.

Actually, looking more carefully, in medical contexts, a "study" typically refers to the research investigation itself, which would be documented in a written report.

Sense 3 best captures this meaning with its definition and example referencing "the recent study by Hill and Dale." The answer is sense 3.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involve
Target surface form: involving
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study <t>involving</t> 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
3. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
7. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The word "involving" here means the study "contains as a part" 571 patients. This is parallel to the example provided in sense 5: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - where a dinner contains courses just as a study contains participants. This is the most natural reading in the medical/scientific context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "involving" in this medical text.

The sentence reads: "...in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease..."

The word "involving" here describes a study that contains or includes 571 patients. Let me look at each sense:

1. "connect closely and often incriminatingly" - Not the right sense. This is about connecting/implicating things, not about a study containing participants.

2. "engage as a participant" - This could work, as it refers to patients being participants in a study.

3. "have as a necessary feature" / "imply" - This could work too. A study that has 571 patients as a necessary feature.

4. "require as useful, just, or proper" - Not the right sense. The study doesn't "require" patients in this way.

5. "contain as a part" - This is very fitting. A study that contains patients as parts. The example "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" is very similar - it means the dinner contains six courses.

6. "occupy or engage the interest of" - Not really. The study doesn't occupy or engage the patients' interest.

7. "make complex or intricate or complicated" - Not the right sense.

The most fitting sense is #5 "contain as a part" because:
- The study "contains" 571 patients as a part of it
- This matches the example structure perfectly: "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" - the dinner contains courses, just like the study contains patients
- This is the most natural interpretation of "involving" in this context

The answer should be sense_index: 5


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: patient
Target surface form: patients
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 <t>patients</t> with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "patients" in this context refers to actual people enrolled in clinical trials for cancer treatment who require medical care. This matches sense 1: "a person who requires medical care." The passage is describing studies involving real individuals receiving treatment with Alimta and other anticancer medications, not analyzing grammatical semantic roles.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "patients" in the context of a medical study about cancer treatments.

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1 (patient%1:18:00::): "a person who requires medical care" - with examples like "the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly"
   - This is the noun sense referring to people receiving medical treatment

2. Sense 2 (patient%1:10:00::): "the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause" - synonyms: affected role, patient role
   - This is a linguistic/grammatical sense referring to the semantic role in a clause

Looking at the context: "For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past."

The word "patients" here refers to actual people who are receiving medical treatment and participating in clinical trials for cancer. This is clearly the noun sense referring to people requiring medical care, not a grammatical/semantic role analysis.

The answer should be sense 1, which is indexed as 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: locally
Target surface form: locally
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with <t>locally</t> advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=locally%4:02:00:: | definition=by a particular locality | examples=it was locally decided
2. sense_key=locally%4:02:01:: | definition=to a restricted area of the body | synonyms=topically | examples=apply this medicine topically

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The term "locally advanced disease" in medical oncology refers to cancer that is restricted to a particular area of the body, as opposed to being metastatic (spread to distant sites). This aligns with sense 2, which defines "locally" as "to a restricted area of the body," with the synonym "topically." In the context of cancer treatment, "locally advanced" indicates disease limited to a specific anatomical region.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "locally" in the context: "For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with <t>locally</t> advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past."

I need to determine which sense of "locally" is being used:

1. sense_key=locally%4:02:00:: | definition=by a particular locality | examples=it was locally decided
   - This sense means "in a particular locality" or "in a specific area/region"

2. sense_key=locally%4:02:01:: | definition=to a restricted area of the body | synonyms=topically | examples=apply this medicine topically
   - This sense means "limited to a specific area of the body" (medical usage)

In the context, "locally advanced disease" is a medical term used in oncology. "Locally advanced" means the cancer is advanced in a particular area/region of the body but has not spread to distant metastatic sites. This is specifically referring to the disease being restricted or limited to a particular area of the body, which aligns with sense 2.

Sense 2 with the definition "to a restricted area of the body" and synonyms "topically" is the correct choice for this medical context. The word "locally" in "locally advanced disease" means the cancer progression is limited to a specific region/area of the body.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: advanced
Target surface form: advanced
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally <t>advanced</t> or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:precocious:00 | definition=farther along in physical or mental development | examples=the child's skeletal age was classified as `advanced'; children in the advanced classes in elementary school read far above grade average
2. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:late:02 | definition=comparatively late in a course of development | examples=the illness had reached an advanced stage; an advanced state of exhaustion
3. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:progressive:01 | definition=ahead of the times | synonyms=forward-looking, innovative, modern | examples=the advanced teaching methods; had advanced views on the subject
4. sense_key=advanced%5:00:02:high:02 | definition=at a higher level in training or knowledge or skill | examples=an advanced degree; an advanced text in physics
5. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:high-tech:00 | definition=ahead in development; complex or intricate | synonyms=sophisticated | examples=advanced technology; a sophisticated electronic control system
6. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:late:00 | definition=far along in time | synonyms=ripe | examples=a man of advanced age; advanced in years
7. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:civilized:00 | definition=(of societies) highly developed especially in technology or industry | examples=advanced societies; an advanced country technologically
8. sense_key=advanced%5:00:00:front:00 | definition=situated ahead or going before | synonyms=advance, in advance | examples=an advance party; at that time the most advanced outpost was still east of the Rockies

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes patients with "locally advanced or metastatic disease" in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. The word "advanced" here refers to a disease that has progressed significantly in its course of development. This matches sense 2 ("comparatively late in a course of development"), which specifically provides "the illness had reached an advanced stage" as an example—directly analogous to cancer at an advanced stage of progression.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "advanced" in this sentence about lung cancer.

The sentence reads: "For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past."

The phrase is "locally advanced or metastatic disease" - this is describing the stage/progression of cancer in patients.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "farther along in physical or mental development" (precocious) - Not applicable, we're not talking about a child's development
2. "comparatively late in a course of development" - This could fit - cancer that is advanced in its development/progression
3. "ahead of the times" (innovative, modern) - Not applicable, we're not talking about methods or ideas
4. "at a higher level in training or knowledge or skill" - Not applicable, not about education/training
5. "ahead in development; complex or intricate" (sophisticated) - Not a perfect fit
6. "far along in time" (of advanced age) - Not applicable, not about age/time
7. "(of societies) highly developed especially in technology" - Not applicable, not about societies
8. "situated ahead or going before" - Not applicable

The best fit is sense 2: "comparatively late in a course of development" with examples like "the illness had reached an advanced stage" - this directly relates to disease progression. The cancer being "advanced" means it's far along in its development/progression, similar to "an advanced stage" of illness.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
The active substance in Alimta, pemetrexed, is a cytotoxic medicine (a medicine that kills cells that are dividing, such as cancer cells), which belongs to the group antimetabolites. In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the <t>past</t>. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%1:28:00:: | definition=the time that has elapsed | synonyms=past times, yesteryear | examples=forget the past
2. sense_key=past%1:28:01:: | definition=a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret) | examples=reporters dug into the candidate's past
3. sense_key=past%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past | synonyms=past tense

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "past" is being used.

The target word is "past" in this sentence: "For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the <t>past</t>."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=past%1:28:00:: | definition=the time that has elapsed | synonyms=past times, yesteryear | examples=forget the past
   - This refers to "the time that has elapsed" in general. In context, "chemotherapy in the past" means "chemotherapy at some earlier time" or "chemotherapy that has already happened."

2. sense_key=past%1:28:01:: | definition=a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret) | examples=reporters dug into the candidate's past
   - This is more specific to a person's personal history, especially something secretive. This doesn't fit the context well.

3. sense_key=past%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past | synonyms=past tense
   - This is about grammatical tense, not applicable here.

In the sentence "who had received chemotherapy in the past," the word "past" means the time that has already occurred, the elapsed time before the study. This matches sense 1 perfectly.

Sense 1 is the best choice: "the time that has elapsed"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: compare
Target surface form: compared
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also <t>compared</t> with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=compare%2:31:00:: | definition=examine and note the similarities or differences of | examples=John compared his haircut to his friend's; We compared notes after we had both seen the movie
2. sense_key=compare%2:42:00:: | definition=be comparable | examples=This car does not compare with our line of Mercedes
3. sense_key=compare%2:31:01:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=liken, equate | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
4. sense_key=compare%2:32:00:: | definition=to form the comparative or superlative form on an adjective or adverb

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "compared" in this medical context means to examine and note the similarities or differences between Alimta and other anticancer medicines (gemcitabine, cisplatin, docetaxel) in clinical studies. The passage repeatedly describes studies that examine the effects of Alimta in relation to other treatments, which aligns with sense 1's definition of "examine and note the similarities or differences of."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "compared" is being used.

The sentence is: "Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past."

The context shows that researchers are studying the effects of Alimta and comparing it with other medicines (cisplatin, docetaxel, gemcitabine). They're examining how Alimta performs versus other medicines - this is a scientific/medical comparison.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "examine and note the similarities or differences of" - This fits the medical context where they're examining Alimta versus other medicines to note differences in effectiveness. Examples: "John compared his haircut to his friend's" - this is about examining and noting differences.

2. "be comparable" - This would mean Alimta is able to be compared (i.e., it's comparable), but the sentence structure shows an active comparison action, not stating something is comparable.

3. "consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous" - This would mean treating Alimta as similar/equal to gemcitabine, but the context is about examining their differences in effectiveness, not describing them as equal.

4. "to form the comparative or superlative form" - This is about grammar, forming comparative forms of adjectives/adverbs, which doesn't apply here.

The best fit is sense 1: "examine and note the similarities or differences of" - because the studies are examining how Alimta performs compared to other medicines, looking at their differences in effectiveness (survival rates).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: medicine
Target surface form: medicine
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer <t>medicine</t>), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: | definition=the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques | synonyms=medical specialty
2. sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: | definition=(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease | synonyms=medication, medicament, medicinal drug
3. sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: | definition=the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries | synonyms=practice of medicine | examples=he studied medicine at Harvard
4. sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: | definition=punishment for one's actions | synonyms=music | examples=you have to face the music; take your medicine

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 2
}
```

The target word "medicine" in the context "another anticancer medicine" clearly refers to a therapeutic substance used to treat disease. The sentence discusses Alimta and other drugs like gemcitabine and docetaxel as anticancer agents, which directly corresponds to sense 2: "(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease" with synonyms including "medication" and "medicinal drug."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "medicine" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin..."

In this context, "medicine" refers to a substance used to treat cancer - it's being used as a therapeutic agent. The context makes it clear that:

1. It's described as an "anticancer medicine"
2. It's being compared with other anticancer drugs like docetaxel and gemcitabine
3. These are substances used in chemotherapy to treat diseases

Let me check each candidate sense:

1. **sense_key=medicine%1:09:00:: - "the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques"** - This refers to a field of study/specialty, not a substance. This doesn't fit.

2. **sense_key=medicine%1:06:00:: - "(medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease" | synonyms: medication, medicament, medicinal drug** - This is clearly the right fit. It's a substance used to treat disease. This matches perfectly with how "medicine" is used here as an anticancer drug.

3. **sense_key=medicine%1:04:00:: - "the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school..."** - This refers to the medical profession or field of study, not a therapeutic substance. This doesn't fit.

4. **sense_key=medicine%1:04:02:: - "punishment for one's actions"** - This is a metaphorical/idiomatic sense. This doesn't fit at all.

The answer is clearly sense 2 (sense_index: 2), which refers to "something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease" - exactly what anticancer medicines/drugs are.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: study
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a <t>study</t> involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "study" refers to a formal scientific investigation or clinical trial—a research project where data is collected and findings are documented. This matches sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group." The context describes clinical trials involving patients where effects are compared and outcomes measured, which aligns perfectly with the scientific usage exemplified by the reference example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense of "study" in this passage.

The context is about clinical trials for a pharmaceutical drug (Alimta). The text mentions:
- "For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients..."
- "For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients..."
- "Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients..."
- "In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived."

In this context, "study" refers to a research investigation/clinical trial - a formal scientific investigation where data is collected and analyzed. This is clearly a medical/scientific study.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a detailed critical inspection" - This could fit, but it's more general
2. "applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading)" - Not quite right
3. "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - This could fit as the study would be written up, but the context emphasizes the study as the investigation itself
4. "a state of deep mental absorption" - Not appropriate
5. "a room used for reading and writing and studying" - Clearly not
6. "a branch of knowledge" - Not appropriate
7. "preliminary drawing for later elaboration" - Not appropriate
8. "attentive consideration and meditation" - Not quite right
9. "someone who memorizes quickly and easily" - Not appropriate
10. "a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique" - Not appropriate

Between senses 1 and 3, I think sense 3 is the best fit.

The passage describes the investigation itself, not merely the written report, yet sense 3 works well because scientific research is fundamentally documented and published. The example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" parallels how "study" functions here—referring to a piece of research that's been formally recorded and can be cited.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: involve
Target surface form: involving
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study <t>involving</t> 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=involve%2:42:01:: | definition=connect closely and often incriminatingly | synonyms=affect, regard | examples=This new ruling affects your business
2. sense_key=involve%2:42:04:: | definition=engage as a participant | examples=Don't involve me in your family affairs!
3. sense_key=involve%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a necessary feature | synonyms=imply | examples=This decision involves many changes
4. sense_key=involve%2:42:07:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, take | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
5. sense_key=involve%2:42:02:: | definition=contain as a part | examples=Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses
6. sense_key=involve%2:31:00:: | definition=occupy or engage the interest of | examples=His story completely involved me during the entire afternoon
7. sense_key=involve%2:30:00:: | definition=make complex or intricate or complicated | examples=The situation was rather involved

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "involving" is used:

"Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past."

In this sentence, "involving" means that the study contained or included 1,725 patients. It's describing what the study consisted of - the study involved/included/contained 1,725 patients.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "connect closely and often incriminatingly" - not applicable here
2. "engage as a participant" - not really the right meaning here
3. "have as a necessary feature" - this could work. A study involving 1,725 patients means the study has 1,725 patients as a necessary feature
4. "require as useful, just, or proper" - not applicable
5. "contain as a part" - this could work. The study contains 1,725 patients as a part
6. "occupy or engage the interest of" - not applicable
7. "make complex or intricate" - not applicable

Between senses 3 and 5:
- Sense 3: "have as a necessary feature" with example "This decision involves many changes"
- Sense 5: "contain as a part" with example "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses"

The example for sense 5 is very similar to our context - "Dinner at Joe's always involves at least six courses" is like "a study involving 1,725 patients". Both are saying that something (dinner/study) contains/includes a certain component (six courses/1,725 patients).

Sense 3 seems more about having something as a necessary feature, while sense 5 is more about containing something as a part.

I think sense 5 "contain as a part" is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: patient
Target surface form: patients
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 <t>patients</t> who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes people enrolled in clinical trials for a cancer medication. The word "patients" refers to "persons who require medical care," which is the medical sense of the term. The text explicitly discusses these individuals receiving chemotherapy and participating in drug efficacy studies, making sense 1 (a person who requires medical care) the appropriate choice.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "patients" in the context of a medical study about Alimta (a cancer drug). Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "a person who requires medical care" - This is the most straightforward definition of a patient in medical contexts. The examples mention "the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly," which shows this sense refers to people receiving medical treatment.

2. Sense 2: "the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause" - This is a grammatical/linguistic sense referring to the patient role in linguistic theory (the affected party in a sentence).

In the given context, "patients" refers to actual people enrolled in clinical studies: "456 patients who had not received chemotherapy," "571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease," and "1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer." These are real people receiving medical care and being studied for the effects of the drug.

This clearly corresponds to sense 1, which is the standard medical meaning of "patients" as "persons who require medical care" or in this case, persons enrolled in a medical study for treatment.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: past
Target surface form: past
Context:
In the body, pemetrexed is converted into an active form that blocks the activity of the enzymes that are involved in producing nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of cells). How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the <t>past</t>. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=past%1:28:00:: | definition=the time that has elapsed | synonyms=past times, yesteryear | examples=forget the past
2. sense_key=past%1:28:01:: | definition=a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret) | examples=reporters dug into the candidate's past
3. sense_key=past%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past | synonyms=past tense

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "past" in the phrase "who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past" refers to elapsed time before the present moment. This is a temporal reference indicating "previously" or "at an earlier time," which matches sense 1 (the time that has elapsed). The phrase "in the past" is a common temporal expression that does not refer to a personal history or a grammatical tense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "past" is being used in this sentence:

"Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the <t>past</t>."

The sentence is discussing patients "who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=past%1:28:00:: | definition=the time that has elapsed | synonyms=past times, yesteryear | examples=forget the past
   - This refers to the general time period that has gone by before the present moment. "in the past" means "at some point before now" or "previously in time"

2. sense_key=past%1:28:01:: | definition=a earlier period in someone's life (especially one that they have reason to keep secret) | examples=reporters dug into the candidate's past
   - This refers to someone's personal history or background, often with connotations of hidden information. "the past" in this sense would be about an individual's personal history.

3. sense_key=past%1:10:00:: | definition=a verb tense that expresses actions or states in the past | synonyms=past tense
   - This is a grammatical term referring to verb tense.

In the context given: "who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past" - the word "past" is used as a noun meaning "the time that has elapsed" or "time before the present." It's referring to previous time periods in general, not to any individual's personal history or background.

The phrase "in the past" is a temporal reference, meaning "at some earlier time" or "previously."

This matches sense 1: "the time that has elapsed" - it's a general reference to elapsed time.
The correct answer is sense 1, as the usage refers to a general time period before the present rather than personal history or grammatical tense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studies
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three <t>studies</t>, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%1:04:00:: | definition=a detailed critical inspection | synonyms=survey
2. sense_key=study%1:09:03:: | definition=applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading) | synonyms=work | examples=mastering a second language requires a lot of work; no schools offer graduate study in interior design
3. sense_key=study%1:10:00:: | definition=a written document describing the findings of some individual or group | synonyms=report, written report | examples=this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale
4. sense_key=study%1:09:04:: | definition=a state of deep mental absorption | examples=she is in a deep study
5. sense_key=study%1:06:00:: | definition=a room used for reading and writing and studying | examples=he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study
6. sense_key=study%1:09:02:: | definition=a branch of knowledge | synonyms=discipline, subject, subject area, subject field, field, field of study | examples=in what discipline is his doctorate?; teachers should be well trained in their subject
7. sense_key=study%1:06:01:: | definition=preliminary drawing for later elaboration | synonyms=sketch | examples=he made several studies before starting to paint
8. sense_key=study%1:09:01:: | definition=attentive consideration and meditation | synonyms=cogitation | examples=after much cogitation he rejected the offer
9. sense_key=study%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play) | examples=he is a quick study
10. sense_key=study%1:10:01:: | definition=a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique | examples=a study in spiccato bowing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "studies" in this context refers to clinical research projects/investigations documented with their findings. The passage discusses specific clinical trials (conducted with 456 patients, 571 patients, and 1,725 patients) and their documented results regarding drug effectiveness. This matches sense 3: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group," which is the standard meaning of "study" when referring to formal research investigations.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The word "studies" appears in this sentence: "In all three <t>studies</t>, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived."

Looking at the context, the text is discussing clinical research where:
- "Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients..."
- "in one study involving 571 patients..."
- "in a study involving 1,725 patients..."
- "In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived."

So "studies" here refers to clinical/research studies - these are formal research investigations or clinical trials. They are written documents describing the findings of research, or more broadly, they are research projects/investigations.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "a detailed critical inspection" - This could work but seems less specific
2. "applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject" - This is about the act of studying, not a study as a research project
3. "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" - This fits well! The studies being referenced are documented clinical trials with findings
4. "a state of deep mental absorption" - No, this is about a mental state
5. "a room used for reading and writing and studying" - No, this is about a physical room
6. "a branch of knowledge" - No, this doesn't fit
7. "preliminary drawing for later elaboration" - No, art-related
8. "attentive consideration and meditation" - No, about mental state
9. "someone who memorizes quickly and easily" - No, about a person
10. "a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique" - No, music-related

Sense 3 is the best fit: "a written document describing the findings of some individual or group" with the example "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale" - this is exactly how "study" is being used in the medical/clinical research context.
The answer is sense index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: main
Target surface form: main
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the <t>main</t> measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=main%5:00:00:important:00 | definition=most important element | synonyms=chief, primary, principal, master | examples=the chief aim of living; the main doors were of solid glass
2. sense_key=main%3:00:02:: | definition=(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence | synonyms=independent | examples=the main (or independent) clause in a complex sentence has at least a subject and a verb
3. sense_key=main%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=of force; of the greatest possible intensity | examples=by main strength

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "main" in this context means "most important" or "principal" - referring to the primary measure of effectiveness being studied. The phrase "the main measure of effectiveness" clearly indicates the most significant metric being evaluated, which aligns with Sense 1 (most important element, synonymous with chief, primary, principal). Sense 2 is grammatical and doesn't apply here, and Sense 3 refers to force/intensity, which is irrelevant to the medical context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the target word "main" in the sentence:

"In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived."

Here, "main" is used as an adjective describing "measure of effectiveness." It's referring to the most important or primary measure of effectiveness being tested in the studies.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "most important element" with synonyms chief, primary, principal, master. Definition: "the chief aim of living; the main doors were of solid glass". This describes "main" as meaning the most important or primary aspect of something.

2. Sense 2: "(of a clause) capable of standing syntactically alone as a complete sentence" with examples about grammar. This is a grammatical/linguistic sense that doesn't apply here.

3. Sense 3: "of force; of the greatest possible intensity" with examples like "by main strength". This refers to force or intensity, which doesn't fit the context.

In the context, "main measure" clearly means the "principal" or "most important" measure - this is what was primarily being measured to determine effectiveness. This fits perfectly with sense 1, which has synonyms including "chief, primary, principal, master" and examples showing this usage.

The answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: measure
Target surface form: measure
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main <t>measure</t> of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=measure%1:04:01:: | definition=any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal | synonyms=step | examples=the situation called for strong measures; the police took steps to reduce crime
2. sense_key=measure%1:03:00:: | definition=how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify | synonyms=quantity, amount
3. sense_key=measure%1:10:02:: | definition=a statute in draft before it becomes law | synonyms=bill | examples=they held a public hearing on the bill
4. sense_key=measure%1:04:00:: | definition=the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule | synonyms=measurement, measuring, mensuration | examples=the measurements were carefully done; his mental measurings proved remarkably accurate
5. sense_key=measure%1:10:03:: | definition=a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated | synonyms=standard, criterion, touchstone | examples=the schools comply with federal standards; they set the measure for all subsequent work
6. sense_key=measure%1:10:01:: | definition=(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | synonyms=meter, metre, beat, cadence
7. sense_key=measure%1:10:00:: | definition=musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats | synonyms=bar | examples=the orchestra omitted the last twelve bars of the song
8. sense_key=measure%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals; used as a reference in making measurements | synonyms=measuring stick, measuring rod
9. sense_key=measure%1:06:01:: | definition=a container of some standard capacity that is used to obtain fixed amounts of a substance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The phrase "the main measure of effectiveness" in the context refers to a criterion or standard by which to evaluate and compare the treatment results. "How long the patients survived" serves as the reference point against which the treatment success is assessed, which directly aligns with sense 5: "a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated" (synonyms: standard, criterion, touchstone).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "measure" in the sentence:

"In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived."

The word "measure" here is being used as a noun, and we need to determine what sense of "measure" fits best.

Looking at the context:
- "the main measure of effectiveness"
- This is followed by an explanation: "how long the patients survived"
- A "measure of effectiveness" is essentially a way to gauge or evaluate how well something works
- This is a metric or criterion that is used to evaluate effectiveness

Let me examine each sense:

1. "any maneuver made as part of progress toward a goal" - This would be like "step" - doesn't fit
2. "how much there is or how many there are of something that you can quantify" - This is quantity/amount - not quite right
3. "a statute in draft before it becomes law" - This is about bills/legislation - doesn't fit
4. "the act or process of assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule" - This is measurement - could fit somewhat
5. "a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated" - This is a standard/criterion - THIS FITS PERFECTLY
6. "the accent in a metrical foot of verse" - This is prosody - doesn't fit
7. "musical notation for a repeating pattern of musical beats" - This is about music - doesn't fit
8. "measuring instrument having a sequence of marks at regular intervals" - This is a measuring stick - doesn't fit
9. "a container of some standard capacity" - This is a measuring cup type thing - doesn't fit

The context shows that "measure of effectiveness" is being used as a criterion or standard by which to evaluate the treatment. The example for sense 5 even includes "standards" and "measure for all subsequent work" which is very similar to this usage.

Sense 5 is definitely the best fit: "a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be evaluated" with synonyms including "standard, criterion, touchstone"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: long
Target surface form: long
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how <t>long</t> the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=long%4:02:00:: | definition=for an extended time or at a distant time | examples=a promotion long overdue; something long hoped for
2. sense_key=long%4:02:03:: | definition=for an extended distance

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "long" in the phrase "how long the patients survived" is asking about the duration or extent of time that patients lived. This clearly corresponds to sense 1, which defines "long" as "for an extended time." The context discusses measuring survival duration in clinical studies, making the temporal interpretation appropriate rather than a spatial/distance interpretation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "long" in this medical/pharmaceutical text.

The sentence is: "In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived."

The target word "long" is asking about duration - how much time/duration the patients survived. This is asking about an extended period of time, not about physical distance.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=long%4:02:00:: | definition=for an extended time or at a distant time | examples=a promotion long overdue; something long hoped for

2. sense_key=long%4:02:03:: | definition=for an extended distance

In the context "how long the patients survived," we're asking about duration/time - how much time/period the patients lived. This clearly relates to "extended time" rather than distance.

Sense 1 covers "for an extended time or at a distant time" which matches the usage here - we're talking about extended time (survival duration).

Sense 2 is about extended distance, which doesn't apply here.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: patient
Target surface form: patients
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the <t>patients</t> survived. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "patients" in this text.

The text is about a medical study discussing Alimta treatment. The phrase in question is: "In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the <t>patients</t> survived."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=patient%1:18:00:: | definition=a person who requires medical care | examples=the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly
   - This is the most common usage of "patient" - referring to people receiving medical treatment or care
   - The examples match this: "the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly"

2. sense_key=patient%1:10:00:: | definition=the semantic role of an entity that is not the agent but is directly involved in or affected by the happening denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=affected role, patient role
   - This is a linguistic/grammatical sense - referring to the semantic role in a sentence
   - This is about the grammatical function of a noun phrase in a clause

In the context of the sentence, "patients" refers to the people who are participating in the medical study and receiving treatment (Alimta). They are the people requiring medical care. The word is NOT being used in a linguistic/grammatical sense here - it's not being discussed as a grammatical concept.

The correct answer is sense 1, which refers to "a person who requires medical care" - this is clearly what "patients" means in this medical context where we're talking about people who were treated with Alimta in a clinical trial.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: survive
Target surface form: survived
Context:
How has Alimta been studied? For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients <t>survived</t>. What benefit has Alimta shown during the studies?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=survive%2:42:01:: | definition=continue to live through hardship or adversity | synonyms=last, live, live on, go, endure, hold up | examples=We went without water and food for 3 days; These superstitions survive in the backwaters of America
2. sense_key=survive%2:42:02:: | definition=continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.) | synonyms=pull through, pull round, come through, make it | examples=He survived the cancer against all odds
3. sense_key=survive%2:42:00:: | definition=support oneself | synonyms=exist, live, subsist | examples=he could barely exist on such a low wage; Can you live on $2000 a month in New York City?
4. sense_key=survive%2:42:03:: | definition=live longer than | synonyms=outlive, outlast | examples=She outlived her husband by many years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes cancer treatment studies where survival duration is the measure of effectiveness. Sense 2 ("continue in existence after an adversity") best fits this medical context, as it specifically refers to surviving an adverse condition (cancer). The example "He survived the cancer against all odds" directly parallels the usage in the clinical trial context where patient survival following cancer treatment is being measured.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived."

This is in the context of cancer treatment studies - Alimta with various drugs being studied. The question is asking about the effectiveness of the treatment, and "how long the patients survived" is the main measure being used.

Let me consider each sense:

1. sense_key=survive%2:42:01:: - "continue to live through hardship or adversity" - This is about persisting through difficult circumstances. The examples are "We went without water and food for 3 days" and superstitions surviving. This seems too general.

2. sense_key=survive%2:42:02:: - "continue in existence after (an adversity, etc.)" - This is about continuing to exist after something adverse happens. The example is "He survived the cancer against all odds." This is directly relevant to the cancer treatment context. This means to get through/past an adverse event.

3. sense_key=survive%2:42:00:: - "support oneself" - This is about sustaining one's life economically. Examples are about living on wages. This doesn't fit the medical context.

4. sense_key=survive%2:42:03:: - "live longer than" - This is about outliving someone. The example is "She outlived her husband by many years." This is about duration relative to someone else, which isn't quite what's being measured here.

In the medical context of cancer treatment studies, "how long the patients survived" is measuring how long they stayed alive after treatment - essentially their survival time/duration. The sense that best fits is sense 2, which is about continuing in existence after an adversity (in this case, cancer and its treatment).

Sense 2 is the best match because it's specifically about surviving an adverse event (cancer), and the example directly mentions cancer: "He survived the cancer against all odds."

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: benefit
Target surface form: benefit
Context:
For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What <t>benefit</t> has Alimta shown during the studies? Alimta increased the survival time of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "benefit" in this context refers to an advantage or positive outcome that aids or promotes well-being. The question asks what advantage Alimta has demonstrated in clinical studies, and the answer—increased survival time—exemplifies something that promotes the well-being of patients. This matches sense 2: "something that aids or promotes well-being." The financial assistance sense (1) and charitable performance sense (3) are clearly inapplicable in this medical context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "benefit" in this medical/clinical trial text.

The sentence is: "What <t>benefit</t> has Alimta shown during the studies?"

In this context, the word "benefit" is asking what advantage, positive effect, or improvement did Alimta demonstrate. The answer given is: "Alimta increased the survival time of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma."

So "benefit" here refers to an advantage or positive effect that aids or promotes well-being (in this case, improved survival for patients).

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=benefit%1:21:00:: | definition=financial assistance in time of need
   - This is about money/financial help. The context is not about financial assistance.

2. sense_key=benefit%1:07:00:: | definition=something that aids or promotes well-being | synonyms=welfare | examples=for the benefit of all
   - This is about something that aids or promotes well-being. The Alimta treatment increases survival time, which promotes the well-being of patients. This fits perfectly.

3. sense_key=benefit%1:10:00:: | definition=a performance to raise money for a charitable cause
   - This is about a charity event/performance. The context is not about a charity event.

The answer is clearly sense 2, which talks about "something that aids or promotes well-being." In the medical context, increased survival time is a benefit because it promotes the well-being of the patients.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: show
Target surface form: shown
Context:
For the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, Alimta has been studied in one main study in 456 patients who had not received chemotherapy for their disease before. The effects of Alimta in combination with cisplatin were compared with those of cisplatin alone. For the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, the effects of Alimta were compared with those of docetaxel (another anticancer medicine) in one study involving 571 patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease who had received chemotherapy in the past. Alimta was also compared with gemcitabine (another anticancer medicine), both in combination with cisplatin, in a study involving 1,725 patients who had not received chemotherapy for lung cancer in the past. In all three studies, the main measure of effectiveness was how long the patients survived. What benefit has Alimta <t>shown</t> during the studies? Alimta increased the survival time of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=show%2:39:02:: | definition=give an exhibition of to an interested audience | synonyms=demo, exhibit, present, demonstrate | examples=She shows her dogs frequently; We will demo the new software in Washington
2. sense_key=show%2:31:00:: | definition=establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment | synonyms=prove, demonstrate, establish, shew | examples=The experiment demonstrated the instability of the compound; The mathematician showed the validity of the conjecture
3. sense_key=show%2:32:00:: | definition=provide evidence for | synonyms=testify, bear witness, prove, evidence | examples=The blood test showed that he was the father; Her behavior testified to her incompetence
4. sense_key=show%2:39:00:: | definition=make visible or noticeable | examples=She showed her talent for cooking; Show me your etchings, please
5. sense_key=show%2:36:00:: | definition=show in, or as in, a picture | synonyms=picture, depict, render | examples=This scene depicts country life; the face of the child is rendered with much tenderness in this painting
6. sense_key=show%2:32:02:: | definition=give expression to | synonyms=express, evince | examples=She showed her disappointment
7. sense_key=show%2:32:01:: | definition=indicate a place, direction, person, or thing; either spatially or figuratively | synonyms=indicate, point, designate | examples=I showed the customer the glove section; He pointed to the empty parking space
8. sense_key=show%2:39:01:: | definition=be or become visible or noticeable | synonyms=show up | examples=His good upbringing really shows; The dirty side will show
9. sense_key=show%2:32:04:: | definition=indicate a certain reading; of gauges and instruments | synonyms=read, register, record | examples=The thermometer showed thirteen degrees below zero; The gauge read `empty'
10. sense_key=show%2:32:03:: | definition=give evidence of, as of records | examples=The diary shows his distress that evening
11. sense_key=show%2:38:00:: | definition=take (someone) to their seats, as in theaters or auditoriums | synonyms=usher | examples=The usher showed us to our seats
12. sense_key=show%2:33:00:: | definition=finish third or better in a horse or dog race | examples=he bet $2 on number six to show

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 3}

**Reasoning:** In this context, "shown" means "provided evidence for" - the studies demonstrate through empirical evidence what benefit Alimta has in treating the diseases. The question asks what evidence the clinical studies have provided about Alimta's effectiveness. This directly parallels the example "The blood test showed that he was the father," where evidence is presented to support a conclusion. The other senses (like "demonstrate" or "establish validity") could work, but sense 3 most precisely captures the idea of the studies providing evidence of benefit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand which sense of "show" is being used.

The sentence is: "What benefit has Alimta <t>shown</t> during the studies?"

The context discusses:
- Studies comparing Alimta with other drugs
- The main measure of effectiveness was survival time
- The question asks what benefit Alimta has demonstrated/proven

The question is asking: What benefit has Alimta demonstrated/proven/displayed through these studies?

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. "give an exhibition of" - Not quite right, this is more about displaying to an audience
2. "establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment" - This could work. The studies establish that Alimta has a benefit.
3. "provide evidence for" - This seems very appropriate. The studies provide evidence that Alimta has benefits. "The blood test showed that he was the father" is similar - the evidence shows/demonstrates something.
4. "make visible or noticeable" - Could work in a general sense
5. "show in, or as in, a picture" - Not relevant
6. "give expression to" - Not relevant
7. "indicate a place, direction, person, or thing" - Not relevant
8. "be or become visible or noticeable" - Could work
9. "indicate a certain reading" - Not relevant
10. "give evidence of, as of records" - This could work! Similar to sense 3
11. "take someone to their seats" - Not relevant
12. "finish third or better in a horse or dog race" - Not relevant

The key context is that the studies provide evidence that Alimta has benefits. The question is asking what evidence/proof has emerged from these studies.

Sense 2 "establish the validity of something" and sense 3 "provide evidence for" seem most appropriate.
Comparing the two, sense 3 fits better because the studies function as evidence—like how a blood test provides evidence of paternity. The experimental results directly demonstrate what benefit Alimta offers, making this the most precise match.