[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: class
Target surface form: class
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together | synonyms=form, grade, course | examples=early morning classes are always sleepy
3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status | synonyms=stratum, social class, socio-economic class | examples=the working class; an emerging professional class
4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings | synonyms=course, course of study, course of instruction | examples=he took a course in basket weaving; flirting is not unknown in college classes
5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality | synonyms=division | examples=he played baseball in class D for two years; Princeton is in the NCAA Division 1-AA
6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together | synonyms=year | examples=the class of '97; she was in my year at Hoehandle High
7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior | examples=she has a lot of class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context uses "class" to refer to a group of genes that share a common characteristic—they are all tumor-suppressors or anti-cancer genes. This matches sense 1, which defines "class" as "a collection of things sharing a common attribute." The synonyms (category, family) and the example about "classes of detergents" both parallel the usage here of grouping genes by their shared functional property.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "class" is being used.

The context is:
"Scientists call the new <t>class</t> of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes."

The word "class" is used to refer to a group of genes that share a common characteristic - they are all tumor-suppressors or anti-cancer genes. They are grouped together because they share a common function/attribute.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=class%1:14:00:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=category, family | examples=there are two classes of detergents
   - This fits perfectly. A group of genes that share the common attribute of being tumor-suppressors.

2. sense_key=class%1:14:03:: | definition=a body of students who are taught together
   - Not relevant here, it's about students.

3. sense_key=class%1:14:01:: | definition=people having the same social, economic, or educational status
   - Not relevant, it's about genes, not people.

4. sense_key=class%1:04:00:: | definition=education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings
   - Not relevant.

5. sense_key=class%1:14:05:: | definition=a league ranked by quality
   - Not relevant.

6. sense_key=class%1:14:04:: | definition=a body of students who graduate together
   - Not relevant.

7. sense_key=class%1:14:02:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders
   - This could be relevant since we're in a biology context, but the genes are not forming a taxonomic class in the biological sense. They're being grouped because they share a function.

8. sense_key=class%1:07:00:: | definition=elegance in dress or behavior
   - Not relevant.

The first sense is the correct match—it captures how genes sharing the tumor-suppressor function are grouped together as a category, similar to how different detergents can be classified by type.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: simply
Target surface form: simply
Context:
That is for the future. Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In the context "tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes," the word "simply" means "and nothing more" or "that is to say." It introduces an alternative, more direct term for the same concept. This matches sense 1, which means "and nothing more" with synonyms like "merely" and "just." The usage here is equivalent to "in other words" or "to put it simply"—stating that anti-cancer genes is the simpler name for tumor-suppressors.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "simply" in the sentence:

"Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or <t>simply</t> anti-cancer genes."

In this context, "simply" means "that is to say" or "in other words" - it's introducing an alternative name or definition for the same thing. The author is saying that tumor-suppressors are, in simpler terms, called anti-cancer genes. They're the same thing, just different terminology.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=simply%4:02:00:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, just, only, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
   - "and nothing more" - means just that thing, nothing else
   - synonyms: merely, just, only, but
   - This fits well with the context - tumor-suppressors are anti-cancer genes, and that's all they are. It's saying the simpler/more direct term.

2. sense_key=simply%4:02:03:: | definition=absolutely | synonyms=just | examples=I just can't take it anymore; he was just grand as Romeo
   - "absolutely" - emphasis, intensification
   - This doesn't fit the context

3. sense_key=simply%4:02:02:: | definition=absolutely; altogether; really | examples=we are simply broke
   - "absolutely; altogether; really" - emphasis
   - This doesn't fit the context

4. sense_key=simply%4:02:01:: | definition=in a simple manner; without extravagance or embellishment | synonyms=plainly | examples=she was dressed plainly; they lived very simply
   - "in a simple manner" - describes how something is done
   - This doesn't fit the context

The best fit is sense 1: "and nothing more" which aligns with the usage here.

When the sentence says "tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes," it's reducing the concept to its most basic form—they are anti-cancer genes and nothing more. The answer is 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: functioning
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When <t>functioning</t> normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=work, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
2. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: | definition=serve a purpose, role, or function | synonyms=serve | examples=The tree stump serves as a table; The female students served as a control group
3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: | definition=perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function | synonyms=officiate | examples=His wife officiated as his private secretary

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "functioning normally" in the context refers to the genes working or operating as they should. Sense 1 ("perform as expected when applied") best captures this meaning, where "functioning normally" means the genes are operating properly to produce growth-suppressing proteins. The synonyms "work" and "operate" directly align with this usage in the context of biological systems performing their intended role.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand which sense of "function" best fits the phrase "functioning normally" in the sentence about tumor-suppressor genes.

The sentence is: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."

The context is about genes that are tumor-suppressors. The text is explaining what happens when these genes work as they should - they make proteins that suppress cell growth.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=function%2:35:00:: "perform as expected when applied" - This is about something working/operating as it should. Examples: washing machine, car running. This fits the context of genes "functioning normally" - meaning working/operating as they're supposed to.

2. sense_key=function%2:42:12:: "serve a purpose, role, or function" - This is about serving a particular purpose or role. The genes do serve the purpose of suppressing cancer growth, so this could fit too.

3. sense_key=function%2:33:00:: "perform duties attached to a particular office or place or function" - This is about officiation or performing duties of an office. This doesn't fit the context well - the genes aren't performing duties of an office.

The key phrase is "functioning normally" - this is describing something working as it should, operating properly. The main emphasis is on the genes working/operating as they're supposed to, not just on their role or purpose.

Sense 1 is the best fit because:
- It emphasizes "perform as expected when applied"
- "functioning normally" means working as expected
- The synonyms "work, operate, go, run" all suggest the basic operation/functionality
- This is the most natural interpretation of "functioning normally"

Sense 2 is also reasonable but it's more about serving a purpose/role rather than the basic functioning/operation.

Sense 3 doesn't fit at all.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hold
Target surface form: hold
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that <t>hold</t> a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hold%2:42:00:: | definition=keep in a certain state, position, or activity; e.g., | synonyms=keep, maintain | examples=keep clean; hold in place
2. sense_key=hold%2:35:00:: | definition=have or hold in one's hands or grip | synonyms=take hold | examples=Hold this bowl for a moment, please; A crazy idea took hold of him
3. sense_key=hold%2:36:00:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=throw, have, make, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
4. sense_key=hold%2:40:00:: | definition=have or possess, either in a concrete or an abstract sense | synonyms=have, have got | examples=She has $1,000 in the bank; He has got two beautiful daughters
5. sense_key=hold%2:31:01:: | definition=keep in mind or convey as a conviction or view | synonyms=deem, view as, take for | examples=take for granted; view as important
6. sense_key=hold%2:37:00:: | definition=maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings) | synonyms=harbor, harbour, entertain, nurse | examples=bear a grudge; entertain interesting notions
7. sense_key=hold%2:35:03:: | definition=to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement | synonyms=restrain, confine | examples=This holds the local until the express passengers change trains; About a dozen animals were held inside the stockade
8. sense_key=hold%2:40:02:: | definition=secure and keep for possible future use or application | synonyms=retain, keep back, hold back | examples=The landlord retained the security deposit; I reserve the right to disagree
9. sense_key=hold%2:40:04:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=bear | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
10. sense_key=hold%2:35:01:: | definition=be the physical support of; carry the weight of | synonyms=support, sustain, hold up | examples=The beam holds up the roof; He supported me with one hand while I balanced on the beam
11. sense_key=hold%2:42:13:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=bear, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
12. sense_key=hold%2:42:05:: | definition=have room for; hold without crowding | synonyms=accommodate, admit | examples=This hotel can accommodate 250 guests; The theater admits 300 people
13. sense_key=hold%2:42:01:: | definition=remain in a certain state, position, or condition | examples=The weather held; They held on the road and kept marching
14. sense_key=hold%2:35:02:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=carry, bear | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
15. sense_key=hold%2:42:02:: | definition=be valid, applicable, or true | synonyms=prevail, obtain | examples=This theory still holds
16. sense_key=hold%2:31:08:: | definition=assert or affirm | examples=Rousseau's philosophy holds that people are inherently good
17. sense_key=hold%2:42:07:: | definition=have as a major characteristic | examples=The novel holds many surprises; The book holds in store much valuable advise
18. sense_key=hold%2:42:14:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, take | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
19. sense_key=hold%2:41:00:: | definition=arrange for and reserve (something for someone else) in advance | synonyms=reserve, book | examples=reserve me a seat on a flight; The agent booked tickets to the show for the whole family
20. sense_key=hold%2:33:05:: | definition=protect against a challenge or attack | synonyms=defend, guard | examples=Hold that position behind the trees!; Hold the bridge against the enemy's attacks
21. sense_key=hold%2:32:13:: | definition=bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted | synonyms=oblige, bind, obligate | examples=He's held by a contract; I'll hold you by your promise
22. sense_key=hold%2:31:04:: | definition=hold the attention of | examples=The soprano held the audience; This story held our interest
23. sense_key=hold%2:31:10:: | definition=remain committed to | examples=I hold to these ideas
24. sense_key=hold%2:42:08:: | definition=resist or confront with resistance | synonyms=defy, withstand, hold up | examples=The politician defied public opinion; The new material withstands even the greatest wear and tear
25. sense_key=hold%2:42:04:: | definition=be pertinent or relevant or applicable | synonyms=apply, go for | examples=The same laws apply to you!; This theory holds for all irrational numbers
26. sense_key=hold%2:42:12:: | definition=stop dealing with | examples=hold all calls to the President's office while he is in a meeting
27. sense_key=hold%2:41:15:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=control, hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
28. sense_key=hold%2:41:13:: | definition=keep from departing | examples=Hold the taxi; Hold the horse
29. sense_key=hold%2:41:14:: | definition=take and maintain control over, often by violent means | examples=The dissatisfied students held the President's office for almost a week
30. sense_key=hold%2:38:05:: | definition=cause to stop | synonyms=halt, arrest | examples=Halt the engines; Arrest the progress
31. sense_key=hold%2:35:09:: | definition=cover as for protection against noise or smell | examples=She held her ears when the jackhammer started to operate; hold one's nose
32. sense_key=hold%2:34:00:: | definition=drink alcohol without showing ill effects | synonyms=carry | examples=He can hold his liquor; he had drunk more than he could carry
33. sense_key=hold%2:33:00:: | definition=aim, point, or direct | examples=Hold the fire extinguisher directly on the flames
34. sense_key=hold%2:32:11:: | definition=declare to be | synonyms=declare, adjudge | examples=She was declared incompetent; judge held that the defendant was innocent
35. sense_key=hold%2:32:15:: | definition=be in accord; be in agreement | synonyms=agree, concur, concord | examples=We agreed on the terms of the settlement; I can't agree with you!
36. sense_key=hold%2:29:04:: | definition=keep from exhaling or expelling | examples=hold your breath

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The verb "hold" in this context means "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - the proteins keep the cell's growth in check (maintained in a controlled state). This matches the definition and synonyms (keep, maintain) perfectly. The phrase "hold in check" is synonymous with "keep under control," making sense 1 the best fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "hold" is used:

"When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."

This means the proteins keep or maintain the cell's growth under control - they restrict or restrain the growth.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" - This fits! "keep in check" means to maintain in a controlled state.

2. "have or hold in one's hands or grip" - Not applicable, this is about cellular proteins and growth, not physical holding.

3. "organize or be responsible for" - Not applicable.

4. "have or possess" - Not applicable.

5. "keep in mind or convey as a conviction" - Not applicable.

6. "maintain (a theory, thoughts, or feelings)" - Not quite right, though "maintain" is similar to the meaning we need.

7. "to close within bounds, limit or hold back from movement" - This could fit, as it's about restraining/limiting growth.

27. "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" - This also fits very well! It's about keeping growth within limits.

The best fit seems to be sense 1: "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" with the example "hold in place" - the proteins keep the cell's growth in check (in a controlled state).

Actually, sense 27 is also a strong candidate because it explicitly mentions "hold or keep within limits" which directly applies to keeping growth "in check."

Let me reconsider. "In check" is a common phrase meaning "under control/restraint". Sense 1 is "keep in a certain state, position, or activity" with synonym "maintain" - this captures the idea of keeping something in a particular condition.
Sense 27 explicitly addresses restraint and limits, which aligns well with the notion of keeping growth constrained. However, sense 1 provides a more straightforward interpretation—the proteins maintain the cell's growth in a controlled state, similar to how something is held in place. This directness makes it the stronger choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a <t>cell</t>'s growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense for "cell" in this passage.

The context is about cancer, genes, and molecular biology. The passage discusses:
- How tumor-suppressor genes work
- Proteins that "hold a cell's growth in check"
- "altered genes" that affect cells
- "cells normally under control turn malignant"
- "cell division"

The passage is clearly discussing biological cells - the fundamental units of life. The context mentions:
1. "the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms" - this is the definition of a biological cell
2. "cell's growth" - referring to the growth of a biological cell
3. "cell division" - a biological process
4. "cells normally under control turn malignant" - cancer cells, which are biological cells

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. Small compartment (like honeycomb cells) - not relevant here
2. The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms - THIS MATCHES
3. Device that delivers electric current - not relevant
4. Small unit of a political movement - not relevant
5. Mobile phone - not relevant
6. Small room in monastery - not relevant
7. Prison cell - not relevant

Sense 2 is clearly the correct answer. The passage is discussing biological cells in the context of cancer development and gene function.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
Already, scientists are developing tests based on the newly identified genes that, for the first time, can predict whether an otherwise healthy individual is likely to get cancer. "It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's <t>growth</t> in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes proteins that "hold a cell's growth in check," referring to the process of cells becoming larger or more numerous. This is a biological process of increase and expansion at the cellular level. Sense 3 ("a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important") best captures this meaning of cellular proliferation and enlargement, particularly through the synonym "increase" and the example of population growth, which involves similar mechanisms of multiplication and expansion.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine the best sense of "growth" here.

The sentence states: "When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check."

The context is about cell biology and cancer. The passage discusses:
- How genes control cell behavior
- The process of cancer development
- How normal genes make proteins that suppress/control cell growth
- When genes are damaged, cells turn malignant

In this context, "growth" refers to the process of cells becoming larger, multiplying, or increasing in number - essentially the expansion of cells. This is a biological process happening at the cellular level.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: - "the process of an individual organism growing organically" - This is about organism-level development. Not quite right because we're talking about cell-level growth, not organism-level.

2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: - "a progression from simpler to more complex forms" - This doesn't fit the context. We're not talking about complexity progression.

3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: - "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important; increase" - This fits well. Cell growth means cells becoming larger or more numerous. This seems like the best fit.

4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: - "vegetation that has grown" - Not relevant here.

5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: - "the gradual beginning or coming forth" - Not relevant.

6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: - "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" - While the passage mentions cancer/tumor, in this specific context "growth" is being used to describe normal cell growth that is controlled, not an abnormal tissue growth.

7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: - "something grown or growing" - Too vague and not specific enough.
Sense 3 is the strongest match since it directly captures what happens at the cellular level—cells becoming larger or multiplying—which aligns with how growth-suppressing proteins regulate this process. While sense 1 could theoretically apply to cellular processes, sense 3 more explicitly addresses the multiplication aspect central to cell division.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are <t>damaged</t> -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows genes being harmed or injured by external agents (radiation, chemicals, cellular accidents). The passive construction "genes are damaged" represents the infliction of damage upon the genes by these agents, which corresponds to sense 1 ("inflict damage upon"). This is distinguished from sense 2, which refers to susceptibility or propensity to damage (as in "china cups damage easily").

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "damaged" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

The key context here is that we're talking about genes being damaged by external agents (radiation, chemical) or internal accident. The genes themselves undergo damage - they are subjected to harm or injury.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. "inflict damage upon" - This is a transitive verb meaning to cause damage to something. Examples: "The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree". This sense is about one thing causing damage to another thing.

2. "suffer or be susceptible to damage" - This is about something being damaged, being subject to damage. This is the passive perspective.

In the target sentence, "the genes are damaged" uses the passive voice construction. The genes are the ones experiencing the damage, not causing it. The damage is being inflicted upon them by external agents (radiation, chemical, etc.).

Wait, let me reconsider. The first sense "inflict damage upon" could still apply in passive voice - "the genes are damaged (by radiation)" still means damage is inflicted on them, just expressed in passive voice.

The second sense "suffer or be susceptible to damage" is more about the capacity to be damaged or being easily damageable.

In context, "genes are damaged by radiation, a chemical, or through accident in cell division" - this shows that damage is being inflicted on the genes. This fits sense 1, which is about inflicting damage, even though it's expressed in passive voice.

Sense 2 is more about being susceptible or prone to damage (like "these fine china cups damage easily" - meaning they are easily damageable).

The context here is more about the genes actually being damaged (harmed, injured) by specific agents, not about them being susceptible or prone to damage.
The answer is sense 1 - the passage describes actual harm inflicted on genes by identifiable causes, not a general susceptibility to damage.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: radiation
Target surface form: radiation
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by <t>radiation</t>, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=radiation%1:19:00:: | definition=energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
2. sense_key=radiation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of spreading outward from a central source
3. sense_key=radiation%1:26:00:: | definition=syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation (e.g., exposure to radioactive chemicals or to nuclear explosions); low doses cause diarrhea and nausea and vomiting and sometimes loss of hair; greater exposure can cause sterility and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours | synonyms=radiation sickness, radiation syndrome | examples=he was suffering from radiation
4. sense_key=radiation%1:22:00:: | definition=the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay | synonyms=radioactivity
5. sense_key=radiation%1:11:00:: | definition=the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats
6. sense_key=radiation%1:08:00:: | definition=a radial arrangement of nerve fibers connecting different parts of the brain
7. sense_key=radiation%1:04:01:: | definition=(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance | synonyms=radiotherapy, radiation therapy, actinotherapy, irradiation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes radiation as a causative agent that can damage genes and lead to cancer development. The passage lists radiation alongside chemical damage and cellular accidents as mechanisms that can harm genes. This usage refers to radiation as physical energy in the form of rays or waves/particles that can mutate or damage genetic material, which corresponds to the general physical definition of radiation as energy transmitted in various forms.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "radiation" is being used.

In the passage, the text states: "But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division"

The context is discussing how genes can be damaged, which can lead to cancer development. The passage mentions that genes can be damaged by:
1. radiation
2. a chemical
3. a chance accident in cell division

This is clearly referring to radiation as a damaging agent - something that can cause mutations or damage to genetic material. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. radiation as "energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles" - This is a general definition, but it fits the context of radiation as something that can damage genes.

2. radiation as "the act of spreading outward from a central source" - Not relevant here.

3. radiation as "syndrome resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation" - This is about the disease/syndrome caused by exposure, not the radiation itself as a damaging agent.

4. radiation as "the spontaneous emission of a stream of particles or electromagnetic rays in nuclear decay" - This is about radioactivity, which could fit but seems more specific.

5. radiation as "the spread of a group of organisms into new habitats" - Not relevant.

6. radiation as "a radial arrangement of nerve fibers" - Not relevant.

7. radiation as "(medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance" - This is about medical treatment, not damage to genes.

The context is about radiation as a causative agent of genetic damage - something that can mutate or damage genes. This best fits sense 1, which describes radiation as "energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles" - this is the fundamental understanding of what radiation is when discussing its ability to damage genetic material.
While sense 4 describes the underlying nuclear process that produces radiation, sense 1 more accurately captures how radiation functions as a general damaging force in this context. The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: work
Target surface form: work
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer <t>work</t>, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=work%2:41:02:: | definition=exert oneself by doing mental or physical work for a purpose or out of necessity | examples=I will work hard to improve my grades; she worked hard for better living conditions for the poor
2. sense_key=work%2:41:00:: | definition=be employed | synonyms=do work | examples=Is your husband working again?; My wife never worked
3. sense_key=work%2:41:03:: | definition=have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected | synonyms=act | examples=The voting process doesn't work as well as people thought; How does your idea work in practice?
4. sense_key=work%2:35:02:: | definition=perform as expected when applied | synonyms=function, operate, go, run | examples=The washing machine won't go unless it's plugged in; Does this old car still run well?
5. sense_key=work%2:36:00:: | definition=shape, form, or improve a material | synonyms=work on, process | examples=work stone into tools; process iron
6. sense_key=work%2:29:00:: | definition=give a workout to | synonyms=exercise, work out | examples=Some parents exercise their infants; My personal trainer works me hard
7. sense_key=work%2:38:00:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=make | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
8. sense_key=work%2:41:04:: | definition=operate in a certain place, area, or specialty | examples=She works the night clubs; The salesman works the Midwest
9. sense_key=work%2:41:05:: | definition=proceed towards a goal or along a path or through an activity | examples=work your way through every problem or task; She was working on her second martini when the guests arrived
10. sense_key=work%2:38:02:: | definition=move in an agitated manner | examples=His fingers worked with tension
11. sense_key=work%2:36:01:: | definition=cause to happen or to occur as a consequence | synonyms=bring, play, wreak, make for | examples=I cannot work a miracle; wreak havoc
12. sense_key=work%2:41:01:: | definition=cause to work | synonyms=put to work | examples=he is working his servants hard
13. sense_key=work%2:36:09:: | definition=prepare for crops | synonyms=cultivate, crop | examples=Work the soil; cultivate the land
14. sense_key=work%2:42:10:: | definition=behave in a certain way when handled | examples=This dough does not work easily; The soft metal works well
15. sense_key=work%2:41:10:: | definition=have and exert influence or effect | synonyms=influence, act upon | examples=The artist's work influenced the young painter; She worked on her friends to support the political candidate
16. sense_key=work%2:41:11:: | definition=operate in or through | examples=Work the phones
17. sense_key=work%2:41:12:: | definition=cause to operate or function | examples=This pilot works the controls; Can you work an electric drill?
18. sense_key=work%2:39:10:: | definition=provoke or excite | examples=The rock musician worked the crowd of young girls into a frenzy
19. sense_key=work%2:37:10:: | definition=gratify and charm, usually in order to influence | examples=the political candidate worked the crowds
20. sense_key=work%2:36:12:: | definition=make something, usually for a specific function | synonyms=shape, form, mold, mould, forge | examples=She molded the rice balls carefully; Form cylinders from the dough
21. sense_key=work%2:35:14:: | definition=move into or onto | examples=work the raisins into the dough; the student worked a few jokes into his presentation
22. sense_key=work%2:35:00:: | definition=make uniform | synonyms=knead | examples=knead dough; work the clay until it is soft
23. sense_key=work%2:34:10:: | definition=use or manipulate to one's advantage | synonyms=exploit | examples=He exploit the new taxation system; She knows how to work the system
24. sense_key=work%2:31:13:: | definition=find the solution to (a problem or question) or understand the meaning of | synonyms=solve, work out, figure out, puzzle out, lick | examples=did you solve the problem?; Work out your problems with the boss
25. sense_key=work%2:30:14:: | definition=cause to undergo fermentation | synonyms=ferment | examples=We ferment the grapes for a very long time to achieve high alcohol content; The vintner worked the wine in big oak vats
26. sense_key=work%2:30:13:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, turn, ferment | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
27. sense_key=work%2:30:10:: | definition=arrive at a certain condition through repeated motion | examples=The stitches of the hem worked loose after she wore the skirt many times

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "work" appears:

"But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

In this sentence, "work" means that the growth-suppressing proteins don't function or operate as they should. The proteins are supposed to suppress cell growth, but when the genes are damaged, these proteins no longer function properly.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "exert oneself by doing mental or physical work" - not applicable here
2. "be employed" - not applicable
3. "have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected" - this could fit, as the proteins are supposed to have an effect
4. "perform as expected when applied; function, operate, go, run" - this seems to fit perfectly. The proteins are supposed to function/operate, and when damaged, they no longer work
5. "shape, form, or improve a material" - not applicable
6. "give a workout to" - not applicable
7. "proceed along a path" - not applicable
8. "operate in a certain place" - not applicable
9. "proceed towards a goal" - not applicable
10. "move in an agitated manner" - not applicable
11. "cause to happen or occur" - not applicable
12. "cause to work" - not applicable
13. "prepare for crops" - not applicable
14. "behave in a certain way when handled" - could fit but less specific
15. "have and exert influence or effect" - could also apply
16-27. Various other senses that don't fit the context

The most precise match is sense 4: "perform as expected when applied; function, operate, go, run." The proteins are meant to function properly in suppressing cell growth, and when genes are damaged, they fail to do so.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and <t>cells</t> normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context is clearly biological and discusses cells at the molecular level in relation to cancer, genes, protein production, cell growth, and cell division. The passage refers to "the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms" that can experience growth and become malignant when gene regulation fails. This is the standard biological definition of a cell.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "cells" in this passage.

The passage is about cancer and genetics. It discusses:
- Cancer being triggered by altered genes
- How genes normally make proteins that "hold a cell's growth in check"
- How if genes are damaged, "cells normally under control turn malignant"

The context is clearly biological - we're talking about:
1. Molecular level of cancer
2. Genes and proteins
3. Cell growth and cell division
4. Cancer cells becoming malignant

This is clearly referring to biological cells - the basic structural and functional units of organisms.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. "any small compartment" (like honeycomb cells) - too general
2. "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms" - This is clearly the right one. The passage is about biological cells, cell growth, cell division, and how cancer involves cells becoming malignant.
3. "a device that delivers an electric current" - Not relevant to the cancer context
4. "a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement" - Not relevant
5. "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone" - Not relevant
6. "small room in which a monk or nun lives" - Not relevant
7. "a room where a prisoner is kept" - Not relevant

The answer is clearly sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals"

This is the biological sense of cell, which is the context of the entire passage about cancer, genes, proteins, and cell growth.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
"It's a super-exciting set of discoveries, "says Bert Vogelstein, a Johns Hopkins University researcher who has just found a gene pivotal to the triggering of colon cancer. "Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control <t>turn</t> malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 7}
```

**Reasoning:** In the context "cells normally under control turn malignant," the word "turn" describes cells undergoing a change of state and taking on a new property or condition (malignancy). This matches sense 7's definition: "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become," which has parallel examples like "The weather turned nasty." The cells are transitioning into a malignant state, which is fundamentally a condition or property acquisition rather than a physical rotation or direction change.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "turn" is used:

"...their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant."

In this sentence, "turn" is describing a change of state - cells that are normally under control become malignant. This is about a transformation or change in condition.

Let me examine the relevant senses:

1. Sense 1 (turn%2:38:00): "change orientation or direction" - about physical direction, not applicable
2. Sense 2 (turn%2:30:04): "undergo a transformation or a change of position or action" - this could work, examples include "We turned from Socialism to Capitalism"
3. Sense 3 (turn%2:42:00): "undergo a change or development; become" - this fits very well. Examples: "The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy"
4. Sense 7 (turn%2:30:03): "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become" - also fits. Examples: "The weather turned nasty; She grew angry"

The sentence is: "cells normally under control turn malignant"

This is about cells becoming malignant - a state change.

Sense 3 has definition "undergo a change or development" with examples like "The water turned into ice" - which is very similar to our case.

Sense 7 has definition "pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become" with examples like "The weather turned nasty" - which is also very similar.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 3: "The water turned into ice" (direct state change)
- Sense 7: "The weather turned nasty" (becoming an attribute/condition)

In our context, "cells turn malignant" is most similar to "The weather turned nasty" - taking on a property/attribute. So sense 7 seems most appropriate.
Both senses could apply here, but sense 7 more precisely captures the gradual acquisition of a property—malignancy as a condition the cells take on—rather than a complete transformation. The phrasing "turn malignant" aligns with examples like "The weather turned nasty," where an attribute develops over time. I'll select sense 7.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: identify
Target surface form: identified
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly <t>identified</t> genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: | definition=recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something | synonyms=place | examples=She identified the man on the 'wanted' poster
2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=name | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: | definition=consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else | examples=He identified with the refugees
4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: | definition=conceive of as united or associated | examples=Sex activity is closely identified with the hypothalamus
5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name
6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: | definition=consider to be equal or the same | examples=He identified his brother as one of the fugitives

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context describes scientists identifying (discovering and characterizing) cancer-related genes in a biological/molecular context. Sense 5, which specifically pertains to technical identification in biology with synonyms like "discover," "distinguish," and "describe," best fits this scientific usage. The genes have been scientifically identified and classified as a distinct class (tumor-suppressors).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for "identified" in this scientific passage about cancer genes.

The sentence reads: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

The word "identified" here is describing the genes that were newly found or distinguished/recognized. The scientists have recognized these genes and can now refer to them or characterize them.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=identify%2:31:00:: - "recognize as being; establish the identity of someone or something" - This is about recognizing or establishing who/what something is. This could work - the genes have been identified/recognized.

2. sense_key=identify%2:32:00:: - "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property" - This is about naming or giving characteristics. The context doesn't emphasize naming particularly.

3. sense_key=identify%2:31:04:: - "consider (oneself) as similar to somebody else" - This is about personal identification, not applicable here.

4. sense_key=identify%2:31:03:: - "conceive of as united or associated" - Not the right meaning here.

5. sense_key=identify%2:31:01:: - "identify as in botany or biology, for example" - This is about identifying in a technical/scientific context (classify or describe). Given this is a scientific text about genes, this could be relevant.

6. sense_key=identify%2:31:02:: - "consider to be equal or the same" - Not applicable here.

The key meaning in the context is that scientists have recognized and characterized these genes scientifically. They've discovered or distinguished them.

Sense 5 seems most appropriate because it specifically mentions "identify as in botany or biology" and includes synonyms like "discover, distinguish, describe" which fit perfectly with the scientific context of identifying genes. This is technical/scientific identification.
Sense 1 could also apply with its meaning of establishing identity, but sense 5's explicit reference to biological identification with synonyms like discover and distinguish makes it the most precise fit for this scientific context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: differ
Target surface form: differ
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes <t>differ</t> from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=differ%2:42:00:: | definition=be different | examples=These two tests differ in only one respect
2. sense_key=differ%2:32:00:: | definition=be of different opinions | synonyms=disagree, dissent, take issue | examples=I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes newly identified tumor-suppressor genes as differing from oncogenes in their properties and function. This is a straightforward comparison of characteristics between two types of genes, not a disagreement of opinions. Sense 1 ("be different") is the appropriate choice, as evidenced by the similar structure in the provided example "These two tests differ in only one respect."

reasoning_content:
The target word is "differ" and I need to choose between two senses:

1. Sense 1: "be different" with example "These two tests differ in only one respect"
2. Sense 2: "be of different opinions" with synonyms "disagree, dissent, take issue" and examples "I beg to differ!; She disagrees with her husband on many questions"

Let me look at the context where "differ" appears:
"The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

This sentence is comparing genes - the newly identified tumor-suppressor genes differ from oncogenes. It's describing how these two types of genes are different from each other. This is not about opinions or disagreement, but rather about the genes being different in their characteristics.

Sense 1 fits perfectly here: the genes "differ" (are different) from a family of genes. The example "These two tests differ in only one respect" is very similar in structure and meaning.

Sense 2 is about having different opinions, which doesn't apply here at all.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: family
Target surface form: family
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a <t>family</t> of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=family%1:14:02:: | definition=a social unit living together | synonyms=household, house, home, menage | examples=he moved his family to Virginia; It was a good Christian household
2. sense_key=family%1:14:00:: | definition=primary social group; parents and children | synonyms=family unit | examples=he wanted to have a good job before starting a family
3. sense_key=family%1:14:04:: | definition=a collection of things sharing a common attribute | synonyms=class, category | examples=there are two classes of detergents
4. sense_key=family%1:14:01:: | definition=people descended from a common ancestor | synonyms=family line, folk, kinfolk, kinsfolk, sept, phratry | examples=his family has lived in Massachusetts since the Mayflower
5. sense_key=family%1:18:00:: | definition=a person having kinship with another or others | synonyms=kin, kinsperson | examples=he's kin; he's family
6. sense_key=family%1:14:03:: | definition=(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera | examples=sharks belong to the fish family
7. sense_key=family%1:14:06:: | definition=a loose affiliation of gangsters in charge of organized criminal activities | synonyms=syndicate, crime syndicate, mob
8. sense_key=family%1:14:05:: | definition=an association of people who share common beliefs or activities | synonyms=fellowship | examples=the message was addressed not just to employees but to every member of the company family; the church welcomed new members into its fellowship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word "family" in this context refers to a group of genes that share common characteristics. The phrase "a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes" uses "family" to mean a collection or class of related genetic entities sharing a common attribute, rather than a biological taxonomic classification or any social sense of family.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "family" in this text about genes.

The relevant sentence is: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

In this context, "family" is being used to refer to a group of genes that share common characteristics. This is a classification/taxonomic usage.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. A social unit living together - clearly not applicable here
2. Primary social group; parents and children - not applicable
3. A collection of things sharing a common attribute (class, category) - this could work - genes that share characteristics
4. People descended from a common ancestor - not applicable (these are genes, not people)
5. A person having kinship with another - not applicable
6. (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera - this is about biological taxonomy
7. A loose affiliation of gangsters - not applicable
8. An association of people who share common beliefs or activities - not applicable

The key question is between sense 3 and sense 6.

Sense 3: "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" with synonyms "class, category"
Sense 6: "(biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera"

Since the context is explicitly about biology (genes, cells, cancer research), and the usage is about classifying genes in a biological system, sense 6 seems most appropriate. It's a biological/taxonomic sense where "family" refers to a group of genes that are related.

However, looking more carefully, sense 6 specifically mentions "containing one or more genera" which is about taxonomy of living organisms. The genes here aren't being classified in that formal Linnaean taxonomy way - they're just being called "a family of genes" as a general grouping of similar genes.

Sense 3 seems more appropriate - "a collection of things sharing a common attribute" which would include genes that share common characteristics/functions.

The passage treats these genes as grouped together because they share common features, not because they fit into formal biological taxonomy. This points to sense 3 as the intended meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: discover
Target surface form: discovered
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes <t>discovered</t> in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=discover%2:39:03:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, find, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
2. sense_key=discover%2:31:01:: | definition=get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally | synonyms=learn, hear, get word, get wind, pick up, find out | examples=I learned that she has two grown-up children; I see that you have been promoted
3. sense_key=discover%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=find | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
4. sense_key=discover%2:31:00:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=find | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
5. sense_key=discover%2:40:00:: | definition=find unexpectedly | synonyms=fall upon, strike, come upon, light upon, chance upon, come across | examples=the archeologists chanced upon an old tomb; she struck a goldmine
6. sense_key=discover%2:32:04:: | definition=make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret | synonyms=unwrap, disclose, let on, bring out, reveal, expose | examples=The auction house would not disclose the price at which the van Gogh had sold; The actress won't reveal how old she is
7. sense_key=discover%2:39:00:: | definition=see for the first time; make a discovery | examples=Who discovered the North Pole?
8. sense_key=discover%2:31:03:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, key, key out, distinguish, describe, name

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "discovered" in this passage about cancer genes.

The sentence in question is: "The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

The context is about scientists finding/identifying a family of genes called oncogenes in the early 1980s. This is a scientific discovery - they made a new finding about the existence and nature of these genes.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - synonyms: detect, observe, find, notice. This fits well - the scientists detected/found the presence of oncogenes.

2. "get to know or become aware of, usually accidentally" - This emphasizes accidental learning, which doesn't fit well here. This is a scientific discovery, not necessarily accidental.

3. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - synonyms: find. Examples include "Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle". This is very similar to the context - scientists made a discovery about genes.

4. "make a discovery" - Similar to 3, but examples like "She found that he had lied to her" suggest a more general meaning.

5. "find unexpectedly" - This emphasizes the unexpected nature, which isn't necessarily the case here.

6. "make known to the public information..." - This is about disclosure/revelation, which doesn't fit.

7. "see for the first time; make a discovery" - Examples like "Who discovered the North Pole?" This is about being the first to find something.

8. "identify as in botany or biology" - This is about scientific identification/classification.

The best fit seems to be sense 1, 3, or 7. In the context of "discovered in the early 1980s," this is about scientists making a discovery about genes. Sense 3 specifically mentions "make a discovery, make a new finding" with examples about discovering X-rays, which is very similar to discovering genes.

Sense 7 also works well with its emphasis on being first to encounter something, though it's more commonly used for geographical discoveries. Given that this is a biological science context involving a new class of genes, sense 3 appears most fitting—it directly parallels the example of discovering X-rays and captures the essence of making a novel scientific finding.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the <t>early</t> 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script is that used mainly from the 11th to the 6th centuries B.C.; Early Modern English is represented in documents printed from 1476 to 1700
6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The phrase "early 1980s" refers to the first part of that decade, which directly corresponds to sense 1: "at or near the beginning of a period of time." This sense is exemplified by similar temporal expressions like "early morning," and captures the meaning of the target word in context—indicating the beginning portion of a specific time period.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "early" appears:

"The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes."

The word "early" is modifying "1980s", referring to the first part of that decade. Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=early%3:00:00:: | definition=at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time | examples=early morning; an early warning
   - This fits well. "Early 1980s" means at or near the beginning of that decade/period.

2. sense_key=early%3:00:02:: | definition=being or occurring at an early stage of development | examples=in an early stage; early forms of life
   - This is about developmental stages, not about time periods. Doesn't fit as well.

3. sense_key=early%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=belonging to the distant past | synonyms=former, other | examples=the early inhabitants of Europe; former generations
   - This is about the distant past, but 1980s isn't really "distant past" in this context (the passage is from around the 1990s probably).

4. sense_key=early%5:00:00:young:00 | definition=very young | examples=at an early age
   - This is about age/youth, not about a time period.

5. sense_key=early%3:00:01:: | definition=of an early stage in the development of a language or literature | examples=the Early Hebrew alphabetical script...
   - This is very specific to language/literature development. Doesn't apply here.

6. sense_key=early%5:00:01:future:00 | definition=expected in the near future | examples=look for an early end to the negotiations
   - This refers to future expectations, but "early 1980s" is clearly past tense.

The first sense is the clear match—it directly describes the beginning of a time period, which is exactly what "early 1980s" conveys. The answer is sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: call
Target surface form: called
Context:
"Only a decade ago cancer was a black box about which we knew nothing at the molecular level. Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=call%2:32:02:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=name | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=call%2:32:00:: | definition=ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality | examples=He called me a bastard; She called her children lazy and ungrateful
3. sense_key=call%2:32:01:: | definition=get or try to get into communication (with someone) by telephone | synonyms=telephone, call up, phone, ring | examples=I tried to call you all night; Take two aspirin and call me in the morning
4. sense_key=call%2:32:09:: | definition=utter a sudden loud cry | synonyms=shout, shout out, cry, yell, scream, holler | examples=she cried with pain when the doctor inserted the needle; I yelled to her from the window but she couldn't hear me
5. sense_key=call%2:32:05:: | definition=order, request, or command to come | synonyms=send for | examples=She was called into the director's office; Call the police!
6. sense_key=call%2:41:00:: | definition=pay a brief visit | synonyms=visit, call in | examples=The mayor likes to call on some of the prominent citizens
7. sense_key=call%2:41:04:: | definition=call a meeting; invite or command to meet | examples=The Wannsee Conference was called to discuss the `Final Solution'; The new dean calls meetings every week
8. sense_key=call%2:32:13:: | definition=read aloud to check for omissions or absentees | examples=Call roll
9. sense_key=call%2:32:04:: | definition=send a message or attempt to reach someone by radio, phone, etc.; make a signal to in order to transmit a message | examples=Hawaii is calling!; A transmitter in Samoa was heard calling
10. sense_key=call%2:32:03:: | definition=utter a characteristic note or cry | examples=bluejays called to one another
11. sense_key=call%2:42:09:: | definition=stop or postpone because of adverse conditions, such as bad weather | examples=call a football game
12. sense_key=call%2:41:14:: | definition=greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name | synonyms=address | examples=He always addresses me with `Sir'; Call me Mister
13. sense_key=call%2:41:12:: | definition=make a stop in a harbour | examples=The ship will call in Honolulu tomorrow
14. sense_key=call%2:40:09:: | definition=demand payment of (a loan) | synonyms=call in | examples=Call a loan
15. sense_key=call%2:40:05:: | definition=make a demand, as for a card or a suit or a show of hands | synonyms=bid | examples=He called his trump
16. sense_key=call%2:38:00:: | definition=give the calls (to the dancers) for a square dance | synonyms=call off
17. sense_key=call%2:32:06:: | definition=indicate a decision in regard to | examples=call balls and strikes behind the plate
18. sense_key=call%2:32:10:: | definition=make a prediction about; tell in advance | synonyms=predict, foretell, prognosticate, forebode, anticipate, promise | examples=Call the outcome of an election
19. sense_key=call%2:32:12:: | definition=require the presentation of for redemption before maturation | examples=Call a bond
20. sense_key=call%2:32:07:: | definition=challenge (somebody) to make good on a statement; charge with or censure for an offense | examples=He deserves to be called on that
21. sense_key=call%2:32:08:: | definition=declare in the capacity of an umpire or referee | examples=call a runner out
22. sense_key=call%2:32:11:: | definition=lure by imitating the characteristic call of an animal | examples=Call ducks
23. sense_key=call%2:32:15:: | definition=order or request or give a command for | examples=The unions called a general strike for Sunday
24. sense_key=call%2:32:14:: | definition=order, summon, or request for a specific duty or activity, work, role | examples=He was already called 4 times for jury duty; They called him to active military duty
25. sense_key=call%2:31:13:: | definition=utter in a loud voice or announce | examples=He called my name; The auctioneer called the bids
26. sense_key=call%2:31:00:: | definition=challenge the sincerity or truthfulness of | examples=call the speaker on a question of fact
27. sense_key=call%2:31:05:: | definition=consider or regard as being | examples=I would not call her beautiful
28. sense_key=call%2:29:05:: | definition=rouse somebody from sleep with a call | examples=I was called at 5 A.M. this morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "called" appears in the passive construction "genes...called oncogenes," where it assigns a name/label to the genes. Sense 2 ("ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality") is the best fit, as the genes are being referred to by the common noun term "oncogenes" that describes what they are—genes involved in cell malignancy. This matches the example pattern "He called me a bastard" where a name/label is assigned to categorize something.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "called" is used:

"The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s <t>called</t> oncogenes."

In this sentence, "called" is used in a passive voice construction. The structure is "[noun] called [name]" which means the genes are referred to as or named "oncogenes."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - This is about naming something with a proper name. "Called" here means the genes were named/referred to as "oncogenes."

2. "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" - This is about calling someone something that describes a quality.

3-10, 13-28: These don't fit the context.

12. "greet, as with a prescribed form, title, or name" - This could fit, as it mentions names.

Wait, let me reconsider. The sentence structure is "genes called oncogenes" - this is essentially saying "genes that are called oncogenes" or "genes named oncogenes."

Sense 1: "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - Example: "They named their son David"
Sense 2: "ascribe a quality to or give a name of a common noun that reflects a quality" - Example: "He called me a bastard"

The word "oncogenes" is being used as a common noun (a type of gene), not a proper name. So sense 2 seems more appropriate than sense 1. The genes are being called (referred to as) oncogenes, which describes what they are (a type of gene that must be present for a cell to become malignant).

Actually, sense 2 seems like the best fit because it involves ascribing a name/label to something, where the name reflects a quality or categorization.