[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: establishment
Target surface form: establishment
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational <t>establishment</t>, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of forming or establishing something | synonyms=constitution, formation, organization, organisation | examples=the constitution of a PTA group last year; it was the establishment of his reputation
2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: | definition=an organization founded and united for a specific purpose | synonyms=institution
3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: | definition=the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something | synonyms=administration, governance, governing body, brass, organization, organisation | examples=he claims that the present administration is corrupt; the governance of an association is responsible to its members
4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: | definition=a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment for business or residence
5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: | definition=any large organization
6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: | definition=(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat | synonyms=ecesis
7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: | definition=the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof | synonyms=validation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The target word refers to "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something." In context, "our educational establishment" refers to the collective group of administrators, institutions, and decision-makers who control the educational system. This sense captures the meaning of a power structure or administrative body, which fits the passage's critique of those controlling educational practices.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "establishment" here.

The passage discusses "our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents."

The context is talking about groups of people and institutions that have power and influence over educational practices. The speaker is referring to the people and systems that control education.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=establishment%1:04:00:: - "the act of forming or establishing something" - This is about the process of creating something, not what we see in the context.

2. sense_key=establishment%1:14:00:: - "an organization founded and united for a specific purpose" - This could work, as educational institutions are organizations.

3. sense_key=establishment%1:14:02:: - "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something" - This refers to the people who administer things. Given that the passage mentions "our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents" - it seems to be talking about the group of people and institutions that control education.

4. sense_key=establishment%1:06:00:: - "a public or private structure (business or governmental or educational) including buildings and equipment" - This is about physical structures/buildings, which doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=establishment%1:14:01:: - "any large organization" - This is very general.

6. sense_key=establishment%1:22:00:: - "(ecology) the process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat" - This is ecological, doesn't fit.

7. sense_key=establishment%1:09:00:: - "the cognitive process of establishing a valid proof" - This is about logical proof, doesn't fit.

In the context of "educational establishment," the speaker is referring to the institutions and people who control/manage education. Sense 3 seems most appropriate as it refers to "the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something." This captures the meaning of the dominant power structure in education.
While sense 2 and sense 5 could technically apply, sense 3 is more precise—it specifically emphasizes the administrative bodies and people running these institutions, which better reflects how "establishment" functions here as a reference to the controlling power structure.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: politician
Target surface form: politicians
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our <t>politicians</t>, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=politician%1:18:01:: | definition=a leader engaged in civil administration
2. sense_key=politician%1:18:00:: | definition=a person active in party politics | synonyms=politico, pol, political leader
3. sense_key=politician%1:18:02:: | definition=a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes politicians as one of several institutional/organizational groups (alongside educational establishment, media, and parents) that are dominated by certain beliefs and vested interests. The word is used in its standard sense of people active in political leadership and governance, without the derogatory or scheming connotation of sense 3. Sense 2 ("a person active in party politics") is the most appropriate general reference to politicians as political leaders.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "politician" is being used here.

The sentence states: "These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents..."

The context is discussing how certain cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature dominate various institutions and groups, including politicians. The passage is critiquing why effective education is not being implemented, suggesting that those in power (including politicians) are reluctant to change the educational system because it would require relinquishing certain beliefs and violating vested interests.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "a leader engaged in civil administration" - This is a fairly neutral, administrative definition. Politicians would be civil administrators in government.

2. "a person active in party politics" | synonyms=politico, pol, political leader - This defines politicians as people actively engaged in political parties and political leadership. This is a standard, neutral definition.

3. "a schemer who tries to gain advantage in an organization in sly or underhanded ways" - This has a negative connotation, suggesting someone who uses underhanded tactics for personal gain.

Looking at the context again: The author is saying that these beliefs dominate "our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents." The passage is somewhat critical of why education hasn't improved - suggesting people don't want to change because it would violate vested interests. This does have a somewhat critical tone.

However, the context doesn't strongly suggest that politicians are being portrayed as "schemers who try to gain advantage in sly or underhanded ways." Rather, they're being grouped with other institutions/groups (educational establishment, media, parents) as entities dominated by these beliefs.

The most natural reading seems to be sense 2: "a person active in party politics" or sense 1: "a leader engaged in civil administration." These are the standard, neutral definitions of politicians. Sense 2 with the synonym "political leader" seems most appropriate for this context where we're talking about politicians as a group of people in positions of political authority.
Sense 2 appears to be the intended meaning—politicians as those actively engaged in political leadership and party politics.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and <t>even</t> our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In this context, "even" is used as an intensive marker to emphasize and highlight something potentially surprising or noteworthy—that not only the educational establishment, media, and politicians hold these beliefs, but also our parents do. This matches the first sense: "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand how "even" is being used:

"These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them."

Looking at the sentence structure, "even" is being used here to emphasize or intensify the inclusion of "our parents" as part of the list. It's suggesting that not just the establishment, media, and politicians hold these beliefs, but also—surprisingly or notably—our parents do too.

Let me check each candidate sense:

1. "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected" - This fits! The word "even" here is used to emphasize that parents (which might be somewhat unexpected or notable in this list) also hold these beliefs.

2. "in spite of; notwithstanding" - This doesn't fit the context. The sentence doesn't indicate a contrast like "despite something" or "although."

3. "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" - This doesn't fit. There's no comparison being made here.

4. "to the full extent" - This doesn't fit the context either.

The best fit is sense 1, which describes "even" as an intensive marker used to indicate something unexpected or noteworthy. In this context, it's emphasizing that "even our parents" (which might be considered an unexpected or significant part of the group) hold these beliefs.

The answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parents
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our <t>parents</t> that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to human mothers and fathers in the context of education and child-rearing. The passage discusses beliefs that dominate "our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents" - referring to people responsible for raising and educating children. This matches sense 1 (a father or mother; one who nurtures and raises a child), not sense 2 (a biological organism producing offspring).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "parents" is being used.

The sentence reads: "These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them."

The context is discussing education, teaching children to read, write, and reckon. The passage mentions educational establishment, media, politicians, and parents as groups that are dominated by certain beliefs about human nature and young people.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian

2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

In this context, "parents" clearly refers to human mothers and fathers who are responsible for raising children. The passage is discussing education and teaching young people, and mentions parents as a group of people who influence or are influenced by certain beliefs about education and child development.

Sense 1 is clearly the correct interpretation. It refers to human parents (fathers or mothers) who nurture and raise children.

Sense 2 refers to organisms in general (plants or animals) from which offspring are obtained - this is a biological sense that wouldn't fit the human educational context here.

The answer should be sense_index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: seem
Target surface form: seems
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it <t>seems</t> almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The sentence "it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them" expresses that something appears to be true or probable (that challenging these beliefs is blasphemous). This matches sense 2, which defines "seem" as "seem to be true, probable, or apparent," with the similar example "It seems that he is very gifted."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the sentence to determine which sense of "seems" is being used.

The sentence is: "These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=seem%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, appear | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
   - This is about giving an outward impression or appearance
   - Example: "She seems to be sleeping" - she gives the appearance of sleeping

2. sense_key=seem%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=appear | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
   - This is about something appearing to be true or probable
   - Example: "It seems that he is very gifted" - it appears probable that he is gifted

3. sense_key=seem%2:42:00:: | definition=appear to exist | examples=There seems no reason to go ahead with the project now
   - This is about something appearing to exist or not exist

4. sense_key=seem%2:39:02:: | definition=appear to one's own mind or opinion | examples=I seem to be misunderstood by everyone; I can't seem to learn these Chinese characters
   - This is about something appearing to oneself, one's own perspective

In the sentence "it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them," the structure is "it seems [adjective] to [infinitive]". This is expressing something that appears to be true or probable - that challenging these beliefs appears/seems blasphemous.

This matches sense 2: "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" - the sentence is saying that challenging these beliefs appears to be blasphemous (seems probable or apparent).
The correct answer is sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: blasphemous
Target surface form: blasphemous
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost <t>blasphemous</t> to challenge them. Here is an example.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=blasphemous%5:00:00:irreverent:00 | definition=grossly irreverent toward what is held to be sacred | synonyms=profane, sacrilegious | examples=blasphemous rites of a witches' Sabbath; profane utterances against the Church
2. sense_key=blasphemous%5:00:00:dirty:02 | definition=characterized by profanity or cursing | synonyms=blue, profane | examples=foul-mouthed and blasphemous; blue language

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows "blasphemous" used metaphorically to describe challenging deeply held societal beliefs that are treated as sacred or inviolable. The author is saying it seems irreverent or sacrilegious to question these cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature. This matches sense 1, which defines blasphemous as "grossly irreverent toward what is held to be sacred." Sense 2, concerning profanity or cursing, is not applicable here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense for "blasphemous."

In the sentence: "These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them."

The author is saying that challenging these beliefs would seem "blasphemous" - meaning it would violate deeply held values or principles that the society treats as sacred or inviolable.

Let me look at the two senses:

Sense 1: "grossly irreverent toward what is held to be sacred" with synonyms profane, sacrilegious and examples about witches' Sabbath and utterances against the Church.

Sense 2: "characterized by profanity or cursing" with synonyms blue, profane and examples about foul-mouthed language.

In the context provided, "blasphemous" is being used metaphorically to mean that challenging these educational beliefs would be irreverent or disrespectful toward something held sacred (the cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature). The text is about societal values and beliefs being treated with such reverence that questioning them seems "blasphemous."

Sense 2 is about actual profanity or cursing, which doesn't fit this context at all. The author is not talking about vulgar language.

Sense 1 is about being irreverent toward what is sacred, which matches the metaphorical usage here - the cherished beliefs are treated as sacred, and challenging them would be irreverent/blasphemous.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: challenge
Target surface form: challenge
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to <t>challenge</t> them. Here is an example.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=challenge%2:32:01:: | definition=take exception to | synonyms=dispute, gainsay | examples=She challenged his claims
2. sense_key=challenge%2:32:00:: | definition=issue a challenge to | examples=Fischer challenged Spassky to a match
3. sense_key=challenge%2:32:03:: | definition=ask for identification | examples=The illegal immigrant was challenged by the border guard
4. sense_key=challenge%2:32:02:: | definition=raise a formal objection in a court of law | synonyms=take exception

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "challenge".

In the context provided, the speaker is saying: "These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them."

The speaker is talking about challenging deeply held beliefs - specifically metaphysical beliefs about human nature. This is about questioning, disputing, or taking exception to these beliefs.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "take exception to" with synonyms "dispute, gainsay" and example "She challenged his claims" - This fits the context very well. The speaker is asking to question/dispute/take exception to cherished beliefs.

2. "issue a challenge to" with example "Fischer challenged Spassky to a match" - This is about issuing a competitive challenge, which doesn't fit the context.

3. "ask for identification" with example "The illegal immigrant was challenged by the border guard" - This is about demanding someone prove their identity, which doesn't fit.

4. "raise a formal objection in a court of law" - This is too specific to legal contexts and doesn't fit.

The best match is clearly sense 1, "take exception to" (dispute, gainsay). The context is about disputing/questioning cherished beliefs about human nature, which perfectly matches this sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: here
Target surface form: Here
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. <t>Here</t> is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=here%4:02:00:: | definition=in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is | examples=I work here; turn here
2. sense_key=here%4:02:02:: | definition=in this circumstance or respect or on this point or detail | examples=what do we have here?; here I must disagree
3. sense_key=here%4:02:01:: | definition=to this place (especially toward the speaker) | synonyms=hither | examples=come here, please
4. sense_key=here%4:02:04:: | definition=at this time; now | examples=we'll adjourn here for lunch and discuss the remaining issues this afternoon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The phrase "Here is an example" uses "here" to introduce something within the current circumstance or discussion context. The speaker is using it to point to a specific moment in their argument where they will provide an illustration. This matches sense 2, which covers the use of "here" in this circumstance/respect/point of detail, similar to the example "here I must disagree."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "here" is being used.

The target sentence is: "Here is an example."

Let me look at each sense:

1. Sense 1: "in or at this place; where the speaker or writer is" - Examples: "I work here; turn here"
   - This refers to physical location/place

2. Sense 2: "in this circumstance or respect or on this point or detail" - Examples: "what do we have here?; here I must disagree"
   - This is more abstract/contextual, referring to the current discussion or situation

3. Sense 3: "to this place (especially toward the speaker)" - Synonyms: hither
   - This refers to direction/movement toward the speaker

4. Sense 4: "at this time; now" - Examples: "we'll adjourn here for lunch..."
   - This is temporal, referring to the present moment

In the sentence "Here is an example," the word "here" is introducing something that will follow. The speaker is saying "at this point in our discussion" or "in this context" - they're about to provide an example to illustrate their point.

Looking at the examples and definitions more carefully:
- "What do we have here?" in sense 2 is similar to "Here is an example" - both are introducing something in the current context
- "Here I must disagree" in sense 2 also shows the abstract/contextual use

The use of "Here is an example" is pointing to a specific part of the discourse - it's like saying "In this context/at this point in my argument, here is an example." This fits sense 2 better than the others.

Sense 1 would be more like "Here, in this room, is an example" (physical location).
Sense 3 is about movement/direction.
Sense 4 is about time.

Sense 2 seems to be the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: example
Target surface form: example
Context:
Why ca not we teach our children to read, write and reckon? It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an <t>example</t>. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=example%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=illustration, instance, representative | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10
2. sense_key=example%1:09:02:: | definition=a representative form or pattern | synonyms=model | examples=I profited from his example
3. sense_key=example%1:09:01:: | definition=something to be imitated | synonyms=exemplar, model, good example | examples=an exemplar of success; a model of clarity
4. sense_key=example%1:10:00:: | definition=punishment intended as a warning to others | synonyms=deterrent example, lesson, object lesson | examples=they decided to make an example of him
5. sense_key=example%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=case, instance | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
6. sense_key=example%1:04:00:: | definition=a task performed or problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding | synonyms=exercise | examples=you must work the examples at the end of each chapter in the textbook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "example" in the passage.

Context: The author is saying "Here is an example" and then goes on to describe a scenario about asking American parents about encouraging creativity in children. The author is using this as an illustration or case to demonstrate a point about the beliefs that dominate educational establishment.

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=example%1:09:00:: - "an item of information that is typical of a class or group" with synonyms: illustration, instance, representative. Examples: "this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10"
   - This fits well. The author is providing an illustration/instance to show how these beliefs manifest in practice.

2. sense_key=example%1:09:02:: - "a representative form or pattern" with synonyms: model. Examples: "I profited from his example"
   - This seems to be about following someone's model or pattern, not quite fitting here.

3. sense_key=example%1:09:01:: - "something to be imitated" with synonyms: exemplar, model, good example. Examples: "an exemplar of success; a model of clarity"
   - The author isn't saying this is something to be imitated; it's just an illustration.

4. sense_key=example%1:10:00:: - "punishment intended as a warning to others"
   - Not applicable here.

5. sense_key=example%1:11:00:: - "an occurrence of something" with synonyms: case, instance
   - This could work, but it's more general.

6. sense_key=example%1:04:00:: - "a task performed or problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding"
   - Not applicable here.

The best fit is sense 1 - the author is providing an illustration/instance to demonstrate a point about the beliefs that dominate educational practices. The synonyms "illustration" and "instance" directly apply here.
Based on this analysis, the answer is {"sense_index": 1}.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ask
Target surface form: ask
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to <t>ask</t> a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ask%2:32:00:: | definition=inquire about | synonyms=inquire, enquire | examples=I asked about their special today; He had to ask directions several times
2. sense_key=ask%2:32:01:: | definition=make a request or demand for something to somebody | examples=She asked him for a loan
3. sense_key=ask%2:32:02:: | definition=direct or put; seek an answer to | examples=ask a question
4. sense_key=ask%2:32:05:: | definition=consider obligatory; request and expect | synonyms=require, expect | examples=We require our secretary to be on time; Aren't we asking too much of these children?
5. sense_key=ask%2:32:04:: | definition=address a question to and expect an answer from | examples=Ask your teacher about trigonometry; The children asked me about their dead grandmother
6. sense_key=ask%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, postulate, need, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
7. sense_key=ask%2:32:09:: | definition=require or ask for as a price or condition | examples=He is asking $200 for the table; The kidnappers are asking a million dollars in return for the release of their hostage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "ask".

The sentence is: "If I were to <t>ask</t> a sample of American parents, 'Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?' the near-unanimous answer would be, 'Yes, of course.'"

In this context, the speaker is saying they would pose a question to American parents. They're asking parents a specific question about whether they wish schools to encourage creativity.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. "inquire about" - This is asking for information about something. Example: "I asked about their special today"
2. "make a request or demand for something to somebody" - This is asking for something as a favor or demand. Example: "She asked him for a loan"
3. "direct or put; seek an answer to" - This is asking a question. Example: "ask a question"
4. "consider obligatory; request and expect" - This is asking as in requiring/expecting. Example: "We require our secretary to be on time"
5. "address a question to and expect an answer from" - This is asking someone a question expecting a response. Example: "Ask your teacher about trigonometry"
6. "require as useful, just, or proper" - This is about requiring in general. Example: "It takes nerve..."
7. "require or ask for as a price or condition" - This is asking/demanding in terms of price. Example: "He is asking $200 for the table"

In the context, the speaker would ask a sample of American parents a question. They're essentially posing a question to parents.

This seems most aligned with sense 3 "direct or put; seek an answer to" or sense 5 "address a question to and expect an answer from".

Sense 5 seems more specific and accurate - the speaker is addressing a question to the parents (the sample) and expecting/seeking an answer from them.

Let me verify: sense 5 has examples "Ask your teacher about trigonometry; The children asked me about their dead grandmother" - this fits the pattern of asking someone a question.
Sense 5 is the correct match here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sample
Target surface form: sample
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a <t>sample</t> of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sample%1:09:00:: | definition=a small part of something intended as representative of the whole
2. sense_key=sample%1:09:01:: | definition=items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population | synonyms=sample distribution, sampling
3. sense_key=sample%1:17:00:: | definition=all or part of a natural object that is collected and preserved as an example of its class

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "a sample of American parents" refers to a representative group selected from the entire population of American parents. This directly aligns with sense 1: "a small part of something intended as representative of the whole." The author is describing asking a representative subset of parents about their views on creativity in schools, without emphasizing the statistical/hypothesis-testing aspect that sense 2 entails.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "sample" is being used.

The sentence reads: "If I were to ask a sample of American parents, 'Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?'"

The context indicates that the author is referring to a group of parents selected to represent the broader population of American parents. They want to ask this representative group a question.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "a small part of something intended as representative of the whole" - This is a general definition that fits the context. A sample of American parents is a small part of all American parents that is intended to be representative.

2. Sense 2: "items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population" - This is more technical/statistical. It emphasizes the random selection and hypothesis testing aspect. While this could apply, the author doesn't explicitly mention random selection or hypothesis testing.

3. Sense 3: "all or part of a natural object that is collected and preserved as an example of its class" - This relates to collecting physical specimens, which doesn't fit the context at all. We're talking about people, not physical objects being preserved.

The context is clearly about selecting a representative group of parents to ask a question. Sense 1 is the most straightforward interpretation - a sample is a small part intended to be representative of the whole.

While Sense 2 could theoretically apply (random sampling is often used in surveys), the author doesn't emphasize the statistical/random aspect or hypothesis testing. Sense 1 is the more general and appropriate choice here.

The answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: american
Target surface form: American
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of <t>American</t> parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=american%3:01:01:: | definition=of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture | examples=American citizens; American English
2. sense_key=american%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas | examples=the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "American" in the context of discussing education and educational beliefs in what appears to be the United States.

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage discusses "our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents"
- It asks about "American parents" and "elementary schools"
- The passage discusses educational and cultural values that "dominate our educational establishment"

The two candidate senses are:
1. Of or relating to the United States of America or its people or language or culture (examples: American citizens; American English)
2. Of or relating to or characteristic of the continents and islands of the Americas (examples: the American hemisphere; American flora and fauna)

Given the context about parents, schools, educational establishment, media, and politicians, this is clearly referring to the United States of America specifically, not the broader Americas. The passage is discussing American (U.S.) culture, values, and educational system.

Sense 1 is the correct one - it refers specifically to the United States of America and its people/culture.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parents
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American <t>parents</t>, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to human mothers and fathers in an educational setting - specifically American parents being asked about their wishes for their children's education. This matches sense 1, which defines parents as "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian." Sense 2 refers to biological organisms producing offspring, which is not relevant to this human, social/educational context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "parents" is being used.

The context is about education and how American parents feel about creativity in their children. The passage discusses:
- "our parents" - referring to people who have children
- The question directed at "American parents" about whether they wish schools to encourage creativity in "your children"

This is clearly referring to human mothers and fathers - the guardians and caregivers of children. This matches sense 1: "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian"

Sense 2 is about organisms (plants or animals) producing offspring biologically - this is more about reproduction in a general biological sense, not about human parenting or guardianship.

Given the context of human education, elementary schools, and children in a human social/educational context, sense 1 is clearly the correct answer.

The candidate sense numbers appear to be:
1. parent%1:18:00:: (father or mother)
2. parent%1:03:00:: (organism)

So the answer should be sense_index: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: encourage
Target surface form: encourage
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to <t>encourage</t> creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=encourage%2:41:00:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=encourage%2:37:00:: | definition=inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. sense_key=encourage%2:32:00:: | definition=spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "encourage" is being used.

Context: Parents are asked "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?"

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=encourage%2:41:00:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom

This sense means to help something develop or advance. "Encourage creativity" would mean to help creativity develop/grow in children. This fits well with the context of schools fostering creativity.

2. sense_key=encourage%2:37:00:: | definition=inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to

This sense is about giving emotional support or confidence. While this could apply, it's more about emotional support rather than promoting/developing something.

3. sense_key=encourage%2:32:00:: | definition=spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

This sense means to stimulate or incite action. It's about spurring someone to action based on inspiration.

In the context "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?" - the parents are being asked whether they want schools to promote, foster, or advance creativity. This is about contributing to the progress/growth of creativity.

Sense 1 (contribute to the progress or growth of) is the best fit because:
- It matches "promote" which is used as a synonym
- The context is about schools helping creativity develop/grow in children
- The example "promoting the use of computers in the classroom" is analogous - it's about advancing/fostering something in an educational context

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: child
Target surface form: children
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your <t>children</t>? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=child%1:18:00:: | definition=a young person of either sex | synonyms=kid, youngster, minor, shaver, nipper, small fry | examples=she writes books for children; they're just kids
2. sense_key=child%1:18:01:: | definition=a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age | synonyms=kid | examples=they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college
3. sense_key=child%1:18:06:: | definition=an immature childish person | synonyms=baby | examples=he remained a child in practical matters as long as he lived; stop being a baby!
4. sense_key=child%1:18:07:: | definition=a member of a clan or tribe | examples=the children of Israel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context indicates that "children" refers to young students in elementary schools. The passage discusses "American parents" in relation to "elementary schools," which makes clear that this refers to young people of school age, not offspring of any age. Sense 1 ("a young person of either sex") is the most appropriate fit for this educational context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "child" is being used.

The sentence is: "If I were to ask a sample of American parents, 'Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?'"

Key context clues:
1. The passage discusses education and young people
2. It explicitly mentions "elementary schools" - these are schools for young people
3. The question is directed at "American parents" asking about their children
4. The context is about education and the development of young people

Let me examine each sense:

1. **sense_key=child%1:18:00::** - "a young person of either sex" - synonyms include kid, youngster, minor, etc. Examples: "she writes books for children; they're just kids"
   - This refers to young people

2. **sense_key=child%1:18:01::** - "a human offspring (son or daughter) of any age" - This is broader, can include adult offspring. Examples: "they had three children; they were able to send their kids to college"
   - This could refer to any age offspring

3. **sense_key=child%1:18:06::** - "an immature childish person" - refers to someone acting immaturely
   - This is about maturity level, not age

4. **sense_key=child%1:18:07::** - "a member of a clan or tribe" - cultural reference
   - This doesn't fit

In the context of "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?" - the word "children" clearly refers to the young students in elementary schools. While parents could have adult children, in this educational context specifically about elementary schools, it's referring to young people.

Sense 1 (young person of either sex) seems most appropriate, as it emphasizes the age aspect and fits with the educational context about young people in elementary schools.

However, sense 2 could also work since parents do have children of any age. But the context of "elementary schools" strongly suggests we're talking about young people, not adult offspring.
The reference to elementary schools makes sense 1 the clearest choice here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: answer
Target surface form: answer
Context:
It's not that we do not know how to, because we do. It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous <t>answer</t> would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "?

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=answer%1:10:01:: | definition=a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation | synonyms=reply, response | examples=I waited several days for his answer; he wrote replies to several of his critics
2. sense_key=answer%1:10:02:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, result, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=answer%1:10:00:: | definition=the speech act of replying to a question
4. sense_key=answer%1:10:03:: | definition=the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint; in criminal law it consists of the defendant's plea of `guilty' or `not guilty' (or nolo contendere); in civil law it must contain denials of all allegations in the plaintiff's complaint that the defendant hopes to controvert and it can contain affirmative defenses or counterclaims
5. sense_key=answer%1:04:00:: | definition=a nonverbal reaction | examples=his answer to any problem was to get drunk; their answer was to sue me

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes parents being asked a direct question about whether they wish schools to encourage creativity. The "answer" refers to their spoken response ("Yes, of course") to this question. This matches sense 1, which defines "answer" as "a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation." The example of waiting for someone's answer to a (presumably asked) question directly parallels this usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "answer" is being used.

The context is: A person is asking American parents "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children?" and the near-unanimous "answer" would be "Yes, of course."

This is clearly a response to a question. The parents are being asked a direct question and the "answer" refers to their spoken response to that question.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=answer%1:10:01:: - "a statement (either spoken or written) that is made to reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation" with examples like "I waited several days for his answer"
   - This fits well - it's a reply to a question, and the example is about someone waiting for a reply to what was presumably a question

2. sense_key=answer%1:10:02:: - "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem"
   - This could apply but the focus is more on solving/explaining a problem

3. sense_key=answer%1:10:00:: - "the speech act of replying to a question"
   - This is also a good fit - it's a reply to a question about creativity

4. sense_key=answer%1:10:03:: - "the principal pleading by the defendant in response to plaintiff's complaint"
   - This is legal jargon, doesn't apply here

5. sense_key=answer%1:04:00:: - "a nonverbal reaction"
   - The answer is spoken ("Yes, of course"), so this doesn't apply

Between senses 1 and 3:
- Sense 1 emphasizes it's "a statement (either spoken or written)" that replies to a question
- Sense 3 emphasizes "the speech act of replying to a question"
- Sense 1 is more concrete, referring to the actual statement itself, while sense 3 is more abstract, focusing on the act of replying. Since the context gives us a specific statement—"Yes, of course"—sense 1 is the better match.

Sense index 1 is the answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: mean
Target surface form: mean
Context:
It's that we do not want to. And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we <t>mean</t>, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=mean%2:32:01:: | definition=mean or intend to express or convey | synonyms=intend | examples=You never understand what I mean!; what do his words intend?
2. sense_key=mean%2:42:00:: | definition=have as a logical consequence | synonyms=entail, imply | examples=The water shortage means that we have to stop taking long showers
3. sense_key=mean%2:32:03:: | definition=denote or connote | synonyms=intend, signify, stand for | examples=`maison' means `house' in French; An example sentence would show what this word means
4. sense_key=mean%2:31:00:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, think | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
5. sense_key=mean%2:42:03:: | definition=have a specified degree of importance | examples=My ex-husband means nothing to me; Happiness means everything
6. sense_key=mean%2:31:01:: | definition=intend to refer to | synonyms=think of, have in mind | examples=I'm thinking of good food when I talk about France; Yes, I meant you when I complained about people who gossip!
7. sense_key=mean%2:31:05:: | definition=destine or designate for a certain purpose | examples=These flowers were meant for you

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context shows the speaker asking "what do we mean, specifically, by 'creativity'?" This is asking about the definition or semantic meaning that the word "creativity" denotes or stands for. Sense 3 ("denote or connote") is the best fit, as it directly addresses what a word means in a definitional sense, which aligns perfectly with the example "'maison' means 'house' in French."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"But what do we <t>mean</t>, specifically, by "creativity"? No one can say."

The speaker is asking what they (the group, American parents and educators) mean by the word "creativity." This is asking about the definition or meaning of a word/term.

Let me consider each sense:

1. "mean or intend to express or convey" - This is about expressing or conveying something. Examples: "You never understand what I mean!" This could fit.

2. "have as a logical consequence" - This is about entailment/implication. Example: "The water shortage means that we have to..." This doesn't fit the context.

3. "denote or connote" - This is about what a word stands for or signifies. Examples: "'maison' means 'house' in French; An example sentence would show what this word means." This seems like a perfect fit! The question is asking what the term "creativity" denotes or means.

4. "have in mind as a purpose" - This is about intentions. This doesn't fit.

5. "have a specified degree of importance" - This is about importance. This doesn't fit.

6. "intend to refer to" - This is about what someone is referring to. Could fit but seems less direct.

7. "destine or designate for a certain purpose" - This doesn't fit.

The context is clearly asking for the definition or meaning of the word "creativity." Sense 3 is the most appropriate because it explicitly talks about what a word denotes or means, with examples like "'maison' means 'house' in French" which is very similar to asking what "creativity" means.

Sense 1 could also work, but sense 3 is more specific to the linguistic/semantic meaning of words, which is what's being asked here.
Sense 3 is the right choice here—it captures the semantic dimension of what "creativity" signifies or stands for.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: one
Target surface form: one
Context:
And the reason we do not want to is that effective education would require us to relinquish some cherished metaphysical beliefs about human nature in general and the human nature of young people in particular, well as to violate some cherished vested interests. These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No <t>one</t> can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one
2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "one" in "No one can say" is a pronoun referring to a person or persons, not the number. The phrase means "no person can say," which aligns with sense 2: "a single person or thing."

reasoning_content:
The target word is "one" in the sentence: "No one can say."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=one%1:23:00:: | definition=the smallest whole number or a numeral representing this number | synonyms=1, I, ace, single, unity | examples=he has the one but will need a two and three to go with it; they had lunch at one

This sense refers to the number/numeral one.

2. sense_key=one%1:09:00:: | definition=a single person or thing | examples=he is the best one; this is the one I ordered

This sense refers to "a single person or thing" - a pronoun referring to someone or something singular.

In the context "No one can say," the word "one" is being used as a pronoun meaning "any person" or "a person." This is clearly the second sense - "a single person or thing." The phrase "No one can say" means "No person can say" or "Nobody can say."

This is NOT referring to the number 1 at all. It's a pronoun referring to people/persons.

Therefore, the best sense is sense 2: sense_key=one%1:09:00::


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: equate
Target surface form: equated
Context:
These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being <t>equated</t> with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=equate%2:31:00:: | definition=consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous | synonyms=compare, liken | examples=We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed
2. sense_key=equate%2:42:00:: | definition=be equivalent or parallel, in mathematics | synonyms=correspond
3. sense_key=equate%2:30:00:: | definition=make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching | synonyms=equal, match, equalize, equalise | examples=let's equalize the duties among all employees in this office; The company matched the discount policy of its competitors

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows that "creativity" is being described or treated as equivalent to "self-expression." This matches sense 1: "consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous." The sentence structure "it ends up being equated with" indicates that one concept is being presented as the same as another, which aligns with the "compare, liken" synonyms and the provided example "You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand which sense of "equated" is being used.

Context: "In practice, it ends up being equated with a 'self-expression' that encourages the youngsters' 'self-esteem.'"

The sentence is saying that the word "creativity" is being identified or treated as the same as or equivalent to "self-expression."

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1 (equate%2:31:00): "consider or describe as similar, equal, or analogous" with synonyms "compare, liken" and examples like "We can compare the Han dynasty to the Romans; You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed"
   - This sense means to treat two things as being similar or equal in some way
   - The example "You cannot equate success in financial matters with greed" is very similar to our context
   - This fits the sentence perfectly - creativity is being treated/described as being the same as self-expression

2. Sense 2 (equate%2:42:00): "be equivalent or parallel, in mathematics"
   - This is specifically about mathematics
   - Not applicable here

3. Sense 3 (equate%2:30:00): "make equal, uniform, corresponding, or matching"
   - This would imply actively making something equal
   - The examples talk about equalizing duties, matching policies
   - This doesn't fit as well because it's more about actively making things equal, while the context is about describing/treating something as equal

The best fit is sense 1, which is about describing or considering something as similar/equal/analogous. This matches the context where "creativity" is being described/equated with "self-expression."

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: encourage
Target surface form: encourages
Context:
These beliefs so dominate our educational establishment, our media, our politicians, and even our parents that it seems almost blasphemous to challenge them. Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that <t>encourages</t> the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=encourage%2:41:00:: | definition=contribute to the progress or growth of | synonyms=promote, advance, boost, further | examples=I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom
2. sense_key=encourage%2:37:00:: | definition=inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to
3. sense_key=encourage%2:32:00:: | definition=spur on | examples=His financial success encouraged him to look for a wife

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context indicates that the self-expression "encourages" (fosters/promotes) the youngsters' self-esteem. This aligns with sense 1's definition of "contribute to the progress or growth of," with synonyms like "promote," "advance," and "boost" all fitting naturally in this context. The sentence is describing how self-expression acts to develop or enhance self-esteem, rather than simply inspiring confidence (sense 2) or spurring action (sense 3).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "encourages" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression" that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem.""

Let me consider each sense:

1. Sense 1: "contribute to the progress or growth of" | synonyms: promote, advance, boost, further
   - This sense means to foster or promote the development of something
   - In the context, "encourages the youngsters' self-esteem" means it promotes/fosters/develops their self-esteem
   - This makes sense: the self-expression contributes to the growth of their self-esteem

2. Sense 2: "inspire with confidence; give hope or courage to"
   - This would mean to give someone confidence or courage
   - "encourages the youngsters' self-esteem" - this could work, but it's more about inspiring confidence in people rather than fostering growth of something

3. Sense 3: "spur on" | example about financial success encouraging someone to look for a wife
   - This is about motivating someone to take action
   - "encourages the youngsters' self-esteem" - this doesn't quite fit as well

Looking at the sentence more carefully: "self-expression that encourages the youngsters' 'self-esteem'"

The most natural reading is that the self-expression promotes or fosters/contributes to the development of self-esteem. This aligns with Sense 1: "contribute to the progress or growth of."

Sense 1 with synonyms like "promote," "advance," "boost," "further" all fit naturally with how "encourages" is being used here - it's about fostering or promoting the development of self-esteem.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: result
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The <t>result</t> is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "result" functions as a noun describing a phenomenon (a generation of young people with certain characteristics) that follows and is caused by the previous educational practices described. The sentence structure "The result is..." clearly indicates a consequence or effect relationship, making sense 1 the best match with its definition of "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "result" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

Looking at the context:
- The passage discusses what happens when schools equate "creativity" with "self-expression" that encourages "self-esteem"
- "The result is..." indicates a consequence or outcome of the previous action/phenomenon
- The sentence explains what comes about/follows from the practices described earlier

Now let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot
   - This fits perfectly. The "result" is what follows from the educational practice of encouraging self-expression without discipline.

2. Sense 2: "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem" - solution, answer, resolution, solvent
   - This doesn't fit. The text isn't presenting a solution or answer.

3. Sense 3: "something that results" - resultant, final result, outcome, termination
   - This is similar to Sense 1, but more general. It could work but is less specific.

4. Sense 4: "the semantic role of the noun phrase..." - This is a linguistic/grammatical sense
   - This is clearly not the right sense for this context.

Between Senses 1 and 3:
- Sense 1 specifically emphasizes that it's "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" - which is exactly what "the result" represents here. The generation of young people is the consequence/outcome of the educational practices described.
- Sense 3 is more general ("something that results")

The best fit is Sense 1, which emphasizes the causal relationship and consequence aspect that is clearly present in the context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: generation
Target surface form: generation
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a <t>generation</t> of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=generation%1:14:01:: | definition=all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age | synonyms=coevals, contemporaries
2. sense_key=generation%1:14:00:: | definition=group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent
3. sense_key=generation%1:28:00:: | definition=the normal time between successive generations | examples=they had to wait a generation for that prejudice to fade
4. sense_key=generation%1:28:01:: | definition=a stage of technological development or innovation | examples=the third generation of computers
5. sense_key=generation%1:11:00:: | definition=a coming into being | synonyms=genesis
6. sense_key=generation%1:04:01:: | definition=the production of heat or electricity | examples=dams were built for the generation of electricity
7. sense_key=generation%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production | synonyms=multiplication, propagation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word refers to "a generation of young people," which describes a cohort of people living at approximately the same time and of similar age who share common characteristics shaped by the educational practices described. This matches sense 1: "all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "generation" is being used.

The sentence is: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

The context is discussing a group of young people who have been educated in a particular way. The speaker is referring to all the young people currently living and growing up under this educational philosophy as "a generation."

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age" - This seems to fit well. The text refers to "a generation of young people" meaning a group of people of a particular age who grew up during this time period.

2. "group of genetically related organisms constituting a single step in the line of descent" - This is biological/genealogical, doesn't fit the context.

3. "the normal time between successive generations" - This would be about the time period between generations, not a group of people.

4. "a stage of technological development or innovation" - Not relevant here.

5. "a coming into being" - Not relevant.

6. "the production of heat or electricity" - Not relevant.

7. "the act of producing offspring or multiplying by such production" - Not relevant.

The best fit is clearly sense 1: "all the people living at the same time or of approximately the same age" - because the text is referring to a cohort of young people who grew up and were educated during a particular time period and share similar characteristics as a result.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: young
Target surface form: young
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of <t>young</t> people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: | definition=(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people
2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 | definition=(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn
3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 | definition=suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age
4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young
5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 | definition=not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context refers to "a generation of young people," clearly indicating people in an early period of life or development. This matches sense 1 precisely, which defines "young" as "used of living things especially persons in an early period of life or development or growth" and even provides the exact example "young people."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "young" is most appropriate.

The sentence is: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

The context discusses:
- A generation of young people
- They have ignorance and intellectual incompetence
- They have a high opinion of themselves
- This is contrasted with the notion of "creativity in education" and lack of disciplined instruction

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=young%3:00:00:: - "(used of living things especially persons) in an early period of life or development or growth | synonyms=immature | examples=young people"
   - This refers to being in an early period of life. The context talks about "a generation of young people" - people who are young in age. This fits perfectly with the example "young people" given in the definition.

2. sense_key=young%5:00:00:early:02 - "(of crops) harvested at an early stage of development; before complete maturity | synonyms=new | examples=new potatoes; young corn"
   - This is about crops, not applicable here.

3. sense_key=young%5:00:01:young:00 - "suggestive of youth; vigorous and fresh | synonyms=youthful, vernal | examples=he is young for his age"
   - This is about appearing young or vigorous, not directly about age.

4. sense_key=young%5:00:00:new:00 - "being in its early stage | examples=a young industry; the day is still young"
   - This is about something being in its early stage (like an industry or a day), not about people's age.

5. sense_key=young%5:00:00:inexperienced:00 - "not tried or tested by experience | synonyms=unseasoned, untested, untried | examples=unseasoned artillery volunteers; still untested in battle"
   - While inexperience relates to the incompetence mentioned in the passage, the phrase "young people" primarily denotes age rather than lack of experience.

The first sense is the clear match—it directly describes people in an early stage of life and includes the exact phrase used in the text.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: people
Target surface form: people
Context:
Here is an example. If I were to ask a sample of American parents, "Do you wish the elementary schools to encourage creativity in your children? "the near-unanimous answer would be, "Yes, of course. "But what do we mean, specifically, by "creativity "? No one can say. In practice, it ends up being equated with a "self-expression "that encourages the youngsters' "self-esteem. "The result is a generation of young <t>people</t> whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves. The whole notion of "creativity "in education was (and is) part and parcel of a romantic rebellion against disciplined instruction, which was (and is) regarded as "authoritarian, "a repression and frustration of the latent talents and the wonderful, if as yet undefined, potentialities inherent in the souls of all our children.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=people%1:14:00:: | definition=(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively | examples=old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience
2. sense_key=people%1:14:01:: | definition=the body of citizens of a state or country | synonyms=citizenry | examples=the Spanish people
3. sense_key=people%1:14:02:: | definition=members of a family line | examples=his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?
4. sense_key=people%1:14:03:: | definition=the common people generally | synonyms=multitude, masses, mass, hoi polloi, the great unwashed | examples=separate the warriors from the mass; power to the people

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "people" in the phrase "a generation of young people" refers to a general group of human beings (in this case, young individuals/children). This matches sense 1, which defines "people" as "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively." The context does not suggest family members (sense 3), citizens of a state (sense 2), or masses in contrast to elites (sense 4), but rather a straightforward reference to a collective group of young humans.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "people" is being used.

The sentence is: "The result is a generation of young people whose ignorance and intellectual incompetence is matched only by their good opinion of themselves."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense 1: "(plural) any group of human beings (men or women or children) collectively" - This is a general sense referring to any group of humans collectively. The examples are "old people; there were at least 200 people in the audience"

2. sense 2: "the body of citizens of a state or country" - This refers to the citizenry or national population. Example: "the Spanish people"

3. sense 3: "members of a family line" - This refers to relatives/family members. Examples: "his people have been farmers for generations; are your people still alive?"

4. sense 4: "the common people generally" - This refers to the masses/ordinary people, with synonyms like "multitude, masses, hoi polloi, the great unwashed"

In the context, "a generation of young people" refers to a group of young human beings - essentially a demographic group. The word is being used to describe youngsters/children in a general sense, not specifically talking about family members, citizens of a specific country, or the masses/common people in contrast to the elite.

This is clearly sense 1 - it's a straightforward reference to "any group of human beings" - in this case, a generation of young humans. The context is talking about young people/children collectively, which matches the definition of sense 1 perfectly.