[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "made" in the phrase:

"the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, <t>made</t> by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja"

This is referring to a discovery that was made by a doctor. The "made" here is in the passive voice and means something like "created" or "discovered/produced" in the sense of bringing something into existence through work or research.

Looking at the context, we have "the initial discovery of the gene... made by a Boston doctor." This is describing who produced or created this discovery.

The key senses to consider:
- Sense 6 (make%2:36:08::): "create or manufacture a man-made product" with examples like "We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries"
- Sense 3 (make%2:36:00::): "make or cause to be or to become" with synonyms like "create"
- Sense 9 (make%2:36:09::): "create by artistic means"

In this context, "made" is used in the passive voice to describe the discovery as something that was produced/created/made by a researcher. It's essentially saying "the discovery... was made (produced/created) by Thaddeus Dryja."

Looking more carefully at the options:
- Sense 5: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" - This could work, as the discovery was something that "happened"
- Sense 6: "create or manufacture a man-made product" - This is about manufacturing physical products
- Sense 9: "create by artistic means" - This is about artistic creation

Actually, sense 5 seems most appropriate: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" with synonyms "cause, do" and examples like "cause a commotion; make a stir". A discovery is indeed something that "happens" or "occurs" due to someone's work.
Reconsidering the phrasing "Thaddeus Dryja made the discovery" - this is about bringing something into existence through research. Sense 5 fits well because the doctor's work caused the discovery to occur, rather than manufacturing a tangible product as sense 6 suggests.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: doctor
Target surface form: doctor
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston <t>doctor</t> named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00:: | definition=a licensed medical practitioner | synonyms=doc, physician, MD, Dr., medico | examples=I felt so bad I went to see my doctor
2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02:: | definition=(Roman Catholic Church) a title conferred on 33 saints who distinguished themselves through the orthodoxy of their theological teaching | synonyms=Doctor of the Church | examples=the Doctors of the Church greatly influenced Christian thought down to the late Middle Ages
3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00:: | definition=children take the roles of physician or patient or nurse and pretend they are at the physician's office | examples=the children explored each other's bodies by playing the game of doctor
4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who holds Ph.D. degree (or the equivalent) from an academic institution | synonyms=Dr. | examples=she is a doctor of philosophy in physics

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes Thaddeus Dryja making "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth" and opening "a field of cancer study." This is clearly a scientific researcher conducting fundamental molecular biology research. While "doctor" can refer to both medical practitioners and Ph.D. holders, in the context of someone making gene discoveries and advancing cancer research at an institutional level, "doctor" refers to someone with a Ph.D. (or equivalent academic doctorate) in a scientific field, not necessarily a practicing physician.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "doctor" in this passage.

The context mentions "made by a Boston <t>doctor</t> named Thaddeus Dryja."

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=doctor%1:18:00:: - a licensed medical practitioner (physician, MD)
2. sense_key=doctor%1:18:02:: - a title conferred on Catholic saints (Doctor of the Church)
3. sense_key=doctor%1:04:00:: - children's game of pretending to be physician or patient
4. sense_key=doctor%1:18:01:: - a person who holds Ph.D. degree (equivalent academic institution)

The passage is talking about Thaddeus Dryja, who made "the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth." This is a significant scientific discovery about a tumor-suppressor gene and cancer research.

Given that:
- Thaddeus Dryja is described as a "Boston doctor" who made a gene discovery
- This is clearly a medical/scientific research context
- The person is from Boston and doing groundbreaking genetic research
- The context is about medical science, specifically cancer research

This could be either:
- Sense 1 (medical practitioner): A doctor who practices medicine
- Sense 4 (Ph.D. degree holder): A researcher with a Ph.D.

Looking at the context more carefully: The passage discusses a "gene discovery" and "cancer study" which has "exploded." This is clearly referring to a scientist/researcher doing molecular biology work, not a practicing physician. Thaddeus Dryja is noted for discovering the retinoblastoma gene, which is a fundamental research discovery.

In medical/scientific contexts, when someone makes gene discoveries and is doing cancer research at an institutional level, they are typically referred to as a doctor if they have a Ph.D. in a scientific field (like molecular biology or genetics) rather than necessarily being an M.D. (medical doctor).
The emphasis on fundamental genetic discoveries and cancer research mechanisms points toward Sense 4. While researchers in medicine can hold either M.D. or Ph.D. credentials, the focus on gene discovery and molecular mechanisms suggests this is an academic researcher rather than a clinical practitioner, making the Ph.D. sense the most fitting interpretation.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: named
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor <t>named</t> Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%2:32:03:: | definition=assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to | synonyms=call | examples=They named their son David; The new school was named after the famous Civil Rights leader
2. sense_key=name%2:32:02:: | definition=give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property | synonyms=identify | examples=Many senators were named in connection with the scandal; The almanac identifies the auspicious months
3. sense_key=name%2:41:01:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=nominate, make | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
4. sense_key=name%2:41:00:: | definition=create and charge with a task or function | synonyms=appoint, nominate, constitute | examples=nominate a committee
5. sense_key=name%2:32:07:: | definition=mention and identify by name | examples=name your accomplices!
6. sense_key=name%2:32:04:: | definition=make reference to | synonyms=mention, advert, bring up, cite, refer | examples=His name was mentioned in connection with the invention
7. sense_key=name%2:31:01:: | definition=identify as in botany or biology, for example | synonyms=identify, discover, key, key out, distinguish, describe
8. sense_key=name%2:32:09:: | definition=give or make a list of; name individually; give the names of | synonyms=list | examples=List the states west of the Mississippi
9. sense_key=name%2:31:00:: | definition=determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnostic analysis | synonyms=diagnose

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "named" in the phrase "a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja" is used to identify the doctor by his name. This corresponds to sense 2, which means "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name" - the doctor is being identified/referred to as Thaddeus Dryja.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "named" appears:

"the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor <t>named</t> Thaddeus Dryja"

In this context, "named" means that the doctor is identified as/called Thaddeus Dryja. It's describing that the doctor's name is Thaddeus Dryja - i.e., he is known as or goes by that name.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "assign a specified (usually proper) proper name to" - This would be like "they named their son David" - assigning a name. Not quite right here.

2. "give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property" - This is about identifying someone by name or characteristic. The example "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal" suggests mentioning someone by name to identify them.

3. "charge with a function; charge to be" - This is about assigning a role/position. Not relevant.

4. "create and charge with a task or function" - Similar to 3, about appointments. Not relevant.

5. "mention and identify by name" - This is about mentioning and identifying someone by their name.

6. "make reference to" - About mentioning or referring to something.

7. "identify as in botany or biology, for example" - About taxonomic identification.

8. "give or make a list of; name individually" - About listing.

9. "determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness" - About diagnosis.

The context "a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja" is using "named" to identify who the doctor is. This is identifying someone by their name.
Sense 2 best captures this—it refers to identifying someone by their name, similar to how "Many senators were named in connection with the scandal" identifies people by mentioning them. The phrase functions as a reduced relative clause meaning "who is named" or "who is called," emphasizing the identification of the doctor through his name.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: open
Target surface form: opened
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has <t>opened</t> a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=open%2:35:00:: | definition=cause to open or to become open | synonyms=open up | examples=Mary opened the car door
2. sense_key=open%2:41:00:: | definition=start to operate or function or cause to start operating or functioning | synonyms=open up | examples=open a business
3. sense_key=open%2:35:06:: | definition=become open | synonyms=open up | examples=The door opened
4. sense_key=open%2:41:01:: | definition=begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, recitals, etc. | examples=He opened the meeting with a long speech
5. sense_key=open%2:35:08:: | definition=spread out or open from a closed or folded state | synonyms=unfold, spread, spread out | examples=open the map; spread your arms
6. sense_key=open%2:30:00:: | definition=make available | synonyms=open up | examples=This opens up new possibilities
7. sense_key=open%2:30:01:: | definition=become available | synonyms=open up | examples=an opportunity opened up
8. sense_key=open%2:42:00:: | definition=have an opening or passage or outlet | examples=The bedrooms open into the hall
9. sense_key=open%2:33:00:: | definition=make the opening move | examples=Kasparov opened with a standard opening
10. sense_key=open%2:40:04:: | definition=afford access to | synonyms=afford, give | examples=the door opens to the patio; The French doors give onto a terrace
11. sense_key=open%2:39:10:: | definition=display the contents of a file or start an application as on a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "opened" in this sentence:

"the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

The key phrase is "has opened a field of cancer study". This is talking about how the discovery of this gene has made a new field of study possible or accessible.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. cause to open or to become open (Mary opened the car door) - physical opening
2. start to operate or function (open a business) - starting something to operate
3. become open - intransitive, something becomes open
4. begin or set in action, of meetings, speeches, etc. - beginning formal events
5. spread out or open from a closed or folded state (open the map) - unfolding
6. make available (opens up new possibilities) - making something available
7. become available (an opportunity opened up) - something becomes available
8. have an opening or passage or outlet - spatial passage
9. make the opening move - chess/games
10. afford access to - providing access
11. display contents of a file or start application - computer use

The sentence is saying that the discovery of this gene made a new field of cancer study possible. This is about making something available or accessible - not just starting it literally, but opening it up as a possibility.

Sense 6 "make available" with the example "This opens up new possibilities" seems like the best fit. The discovery "opened" (made available/possible) a field of cancer study.

Sense 2 (start to operate) could also work if we think of it as "opening" a field of study like opening a business, but sense 6 seems more precise because it's specifically about making something available or accessible, which is the core meaning here.
Sense 6 is the right choice here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of <t>cancer</t> study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cancer" is being used.

The passage is discussing:
- A person who lost an eye to a "rare tumor" (retinoblastoma)
- Genetic testing to determine risk of developing "the rare cancer"
- Discussion of retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene
- A field of "cancer study" that has exploded
- References to studying tumors and their relationship to cancer

The context makes it clear that "cancer" refers to the medical condition - a malignant disease characterized by abnormal cell growth, not:
- A person born under the zodiac sign Cancer (sense 2)
- The zodiacal constellation Cancer (sense 3)
- The zodiacal sign Cancer (sense 4)
- A genus of crabs (sense 5)

Sense 1 is the medical definition: "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream"

This perfectly fits the context of the passage, which discusses:
- Retinoblastoma (a malignant tumor)
- Tumor-suppressor genes
- Risk of developing cancer
- Cancer research and insights about cancer

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in <t>recent</t> months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "recent" in this passage.

The sentence is: "...has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

The two candidate senses are:
1. "new" (with examples: recent graduates; a recent addition to the house)
2. "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time" (synonyms: late; examples: a late development; their late quarrel)

In the context "in recent months has exploded," the word "recent" refers to months that are close to the present time - the immediate past. The field of cancer study has exploded in the months immediately preceding the time of writing.

This is clearly sense 2, which means "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time." The example "a late development" from sense 2 is very similar in meaning - both "recent months" and "late development" refer to something happening not long ago, in the immediate past.

While sense 1 (new) could theoretically apply, the word "recent" in this context specifically emphasizes the temporal proximity to the present (months just before now), not the quality of being "new."

The answer should be sense 2, which would be index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent <t>months</t> has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "in recent months" refers to the calendar months that have recently passed. The context discusses events unfolding after January in the recent period before the article was written, and "in recent months has exploded" specifically indicates recent calendar divisions of the year, not just an abstract time unit. This fits the definition of "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "months" in the sentence "which in recent months has exploded."

The two candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: - "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" (calendar month)
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: - "a time unit of approximately 30 days"

In the context, the sentence reads: "which in recent months has exploded" - referring to the field of cancer study.

The phrase "in recent months" is talking about a period of time that is somewhat vague - it's referring to recent times, but not necessarily specific calendar months. The context talks about events that occurred after January (when they discovered the gene), and then mentions that "in recent months" the field has exploded.

Let me think about this:
- Sense 1 (month%1:28:01::) refers to "one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year" - this is a specific calendar month like January, February, etc.
- Sense 2 (month%1:28:00::) refers to "a time unit of approximately 30 days" - this is a more general time period.

In "in recent months," the speaker is referring to a general period of time (roughly the last few months), not necessarily specific calendar months. The phrase "recent months" could mean "the past few months" without specifying which calendar months exactly.

However, "months" could also mean calendar months in this context - the past few calendar months leading up to the writing of this article.

Actually, thinking about it more carefully:
- "Calendar month" (sense 1) is specifically one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year
- "A time unit of approximately 30 days" (sense 2) is more general

The phrase "in recent months" is commonly used to mean "in the past several months" where the exact calendar months may not be specified. This fits better with sense 2 (a general time unit of approximately 30 days) rather than sense 1 (specific calendar divisions).
The phrase "in recent months" typically refers to calendar months that have recently passed, which suggests sense 1 is the more natural interpretation. Though both senses could technically apply here, the idiomatic usage of "in recent months" points toward specific calendar months rather than abstract time units.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: explode
Target surface form: exploded
Context:
Mr. Quinlan, 30 years old, knew he carried a damaged gene, having lost an eye to the rare tumor when he was only two months old -- after his mother had suffered the same fate when she was a baby. Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has <t>exploded</t>. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=explode%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to burst with a violent release of energy | synonyms=detonate, blow up, set off | examples=We exploded the nuclear bomb
2. sense_key=explode%2:30:00:: | definition=burst outward, usually with noise | synonyms=burst | examples=The champagne bottle exploded
3. sense_key=explode%2:31:00:: | definition=show a violent emotional reaction | examples=The boss exploded when he heard of the resignation of the secretary
4. sense_key=explode%2:30:03:: | definition=be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise | synonyms=burst forth, break loose | examples=His anger exploded
5. sense_key=explode%2:35:00:: | definition=destroy by exploding | examples=The enemy exploded the bridge
6. sense_key=explode%2:32:02:: | definition=cause to burst as a result of air pressure; of stop consonants like /p/, /t/, and /k/
7. sense_key=explode%2:32:00:: | definition=drive from the stage by noisy disapproval
8. sense_key=explode%2:31:01:: | definition=show (a theory or claim) to be baseless, or refute and make obsolete
9. sense_key=explode%2:30:04:: | definition=burst and release energy as through a violent chemical or physical reaction | synonyms=detonate, blow up | examples=the bomb detonated at noon; The Molotov cocktail exploded
10. sense_key=explode%2:30:02:: | definition=increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner | synonyms=irrupt | examples=The population of India is exploding; The island's rodent population irrupted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 10}
```

The phrase "a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded" uses "exploded" to mean that the field has grown rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner. This matches sense 10 perfectly: "increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner" with the example "The population of India is exploding." The context describes how the discovery of the retinoblastoma gene has led to explosive growth in cancer research activity.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "exploded" is used:

"...has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded."

The context is talking about a field of cancer study that has grown very quickly and dramatically in recent months. This is clearly a metaphorical use of "exploded" to mean "increased rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner."

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. cause to burst with violent release of energy - No
2. burst outward, usually with noise - No
3. show a violent emotional reaction - No
4. be unleashed; emerge with violence or noise - No
5. destroy by exploding - No
6. cause to burst as a result of air pressure - No
7. drive from the stage by noisy disapproval - No
8. show (a theory or claim) to be baseless - No
9. burst and release energy as through a violent chemical or physical reaction - No
10. increase rapidly and in an uncontrolled manner - YES

Sense 10 with the synonyms "irrupt" and examples like "The population of India is exploding; The island's rodent population irrupted" is clearly the right match.

The answer is sense 10.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turns out
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It <t>turns out</t> that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target phrase "turns out."

In the sentence: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer,"

The speaker is saying that the result/finding is that studying this tumor led to fundamental insights. This is an expression meaning "it is discovered/revealed/found that" or "it proves to be the case that."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "be shown or be found to be" - examples: "She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life" - This means something is revealed to be a certain way.

2. "prove to be in the result or end" - examples: "It turns out that he was right" - This is very similar and the example is almost identical to our context.

3. "produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery" - This doesn't fit.

4. "result or end" - This is about the outcome of something, but less specific.

5. "come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons" - This doesn't fit.

6. "bring forth" - This doesn't fit.

7. "put out or expel from a place" - This doesn't fit.

8. "come and gather for a public event" - This doesn't fit.

9. "outfit or equip" - This doesn't fit.

10. "turn outward" - This doesn't fit.

11. "cause to stop operating" - This doesn't fit.

12. "get up and out of bed" - This doesn't fit.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1: "be shown or be found to be" with examples showing the subject is revealed to be something
- Sense 2: "prove to be in the result or end" with the example "It turns out that he was right"

The example in sense 2 is nearly identical to our usage. Both senses are about revelation/discovery, but sense 2 explicitly mentions "in the result or end" which captures the temporal aspect better.
Sense 2 is the best fit here since it directly parallels the example given and emphasizes how the discovery emerges as a final outcome.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: study
Target surface form: studying
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that <t>studying</t> a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=study%2:31:02:: | definition=consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning | synonyms=analyze, analyse, examine, canvass, canvas | examples=analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare; analyze the evidence in a criminal trial
2. sense_key=study%2:31:03:: | definition=be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning
3. sense_key=study%2:39:00:: | definition=give careful consideration to | synonyms=consider | examples=consider the possibility of moving
4. sense_key=study%2:31:00:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, read, take | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
5. sense_key=study%2:31:01:: | definition=learn by reading books | synonyms=hit the books | examples=He is studying geology in his room; I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now
6. sense_key=study%2:31:04:: | definition=think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes | synonyms=meditate, contemplate | examples=He is meditating in his study

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes scientific research into a tumor ("studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights"), which aligns with sense 1's definition of "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning." The synonyms "analyze" and "examine" are particularly apt for describing the investigative work of cancer research being discussed by the National Cancer Institute director.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "studying" in this passage.

The context is: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer..."

The word "studying" here refers to conducting scientific research/investigation of a tumor to understand how cancer works. The speaker Samuel Broder is talking about research into cancer.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning" - This could fit. It involves analysis and examination of something to discover its essential features.

2. "be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning" - This doesn't fit. It's not about being a student or enrolling.

3. "give careful consideration to" - This is too general and vague.

4. "be a student of a certain subject" - This doesn't fit the context of research.

5. "learn by reading books" - This doesn't fit. The context is about research/investigation, not learning from books.

6. "think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes" - This doesn't fit. It's too specific to spiritual purposes.

The best fit is sense 1: "consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning." This captures the idea of investigating and analyzing a tumor in detail to discover fundamental insights about cancer. The synonyms "analyze, examine" also fit well with the context of scientific research.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: tragic
Target surface form: tragic
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a <t>tragic</t> but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=tragic%5:00:00:sad:00 | definition=very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction | synonyms=tragical | examples=a tragic face; a tragic plight
2. sense_key=tragic%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy | examples=tragic hero

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "tragic" describes a "tragic but uncommon tumor" (retinoblastoma) in a medical/scientific context. The sense being used emphasizes the sad and devastating nature of the disease—involving death and destruction—rather than literary or dramatic characteristics. This aligns with Sense 1, which defines tragic as "very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction." The tumor is described as tragic because it is a serious, life-threatening condition affecting children.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for the word "tragic" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer,"

Let me examine the two senses:

1. Sense 1 (sense_key=tragic%5:00:00:sad:00): "very sad; especially involving grief or death or destruction" with synonyms "tragical" and examples like "a tragic face; a tragic plight"

2. Sense 2 (sense_key=tragic%3:01:00::): "of or relating to or characteristic of tragedy"

In the context, the word "tragic" is used to describe a tumor. The passage is discussing how studying this tumor has led to fundamental insights about cancer. The term "tragic but uncommon tumor" is referring to retinoblastoma, which is indeed a serious and deadly disease affecting children.

The usage here seems to be describing the tumor as something sad, sorrowful, or involving death and destruction - retinoblastoma is a devastating disease. This aligns more with Sense 1, which emphasizes the emotional dimension of sadness, grief, or destruction.

Sense 2, which refers to "of or relating to characteristic of tragedy" in a more literary/dramatic sense, seems less appropriate here. The passage is not discussing the tumor in terms of its literary or dramatic characteristics, but rather as a serious and devastating medical condition.

Therefore, Sense 1 is the best fit.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: uncommon
Target surface form: uncommon
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but <t>uncommon</t> tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=uncommon%3:00:00:: | definition=not common or ordinarily encountered; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind | examples=uncommon birds; frost and floods are uncommon during these months
2. sense_key=uncommon%5:00:00:extraordinary:00 | definition=marked by an uncommon quality; especially superlative or extreme of its kind; -J.R.Lowell | synonyms=rare | examples=what is so rare as a day in June; a rare skill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "uncommon" in this passage.

The target word appears in this sentence: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer..."

The context is about retinoblastoma, which is explicitly described as a "rare cancer" earlier in the passage. The sentence is saying that studying this uncommon (rare) tumor led to important discoveries.

Let me examine the two senses:

1. sense_key=uncommon%3:00:00:: | definition=not common or ordinarily encountered; unusually great in amount or remarkable in character or kind | examples=uncommon birds; frost and floods are uncommon during these months

This is a basic adjectival sense meaning "not common" or "not ordinarily encountered."

2. sense_key=uncommon%5:00:00:extraordinary:00 | definition=marked by an uncommon quality; especially superlative or extreme of its kind; -J.R.Lowell | synonyms=rare | examples=what is so rare as a day in June; a rare skill

This sense emphasizes something as extraordinary, extreme of its kind, and uses "rare" as a synonym.

In context, the tumor is described as "tragic but uncommon" and the passage has already mentioned it's a "rare cancer." The word is being used to indicate that the cancer is not common/not frequently encountered.

Both senses seem to fit, but let me look more carefully:

Sense 1 is the straightforward meaning: "not ordinarily encountered"
Sense 2 is more about being "extraordinary" or "extreme of its kind"

The passage context suggests the tumor is uncommon in the sense that it's rare/not ordinarily encountered, rather than necessarily being "extraordinary" or "extreme." While retinoblastoma might be extraordinary in character, the primary meaning intended here appears to be "not commonly occurring."

Actually, looking at this more carefully, both could work, but sense 1 seems more directly applicable since it's using "uncommon" in the basic sense of "rare" or "not common." The passage is emphasizing that despite being a rare disease, studying it led to important insights.
Sense 1 is the better fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: make
Target surface form: made
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor <t>made</t> possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=make%2:41:00:: | definition=engage in | synonyms=do | examples=make love, not war; make an effort
2. sense_key=make%2:30:00:: | definition=give certain properties to something | synonyms=get | examples=get someone mad; She made us look silly
3. sense_key=make%2:36:00:: | definition=make or cause to be or to become | synonyms=create | examples=make a mess in one's office; create a furor
4. sense_key=make%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, cause, have, get | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer
5. sense_key=make%2:36:08:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=cause, do | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
6. sense_key=make%2:36:01:: | definition=create or manufacture a man-made product | synonyms=produce, create | examples=We produce more cars than we can sell; The company has been making toys for two centuries
7. sense_key=make%2:31:00:: | definition=make, formulate, or derive in the mind | synonyms=draw | examples=I draw a line here; draw a conclusion
8. sense_key=make%2:36:15:: | definition=compel or make somebody or something to act in a certain way | examples=People cannot be made to integrate just by passing a law!; Heat makes you sweat
9. sense_key=make%2:36:09:: | definition=create by artistic means | synonyms=create | examples=create a poem; Schoenberg created twelve-tone music
10. sense_key=make%2:40:01:: | definition=earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages | synonyms=gain, take in, clear, earn, realize, realise | examples=How much do you make a month in your new job?; She earns a lot in her new job
11. sense_key=make%2:36:05:: | definition=create or design, often in a certain way | synonyms=do | examples=Do my room in blue; I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest
12. sense_key=make%2:42:05:: | definition=to compose or represent: | synonyms=form, constitute | examples=This wall forms the background of the stage setting; The branches made a roof
13. sense_key=make%2:38:02:: | definition=reach a goal, e.g., | synonyms=reach, get to, progress to | examples=make the first team; We made it!
14. sense_key=make%2:42:00:: | definition=be or be capable of being changed or made into | examples=He makes a great host; He will make a fine father
15. sense_key=make%2:36:11:: | definition=make by shaping or bringing together constituents | examples=make a dress; make a cake
16. sense_key=make%2:36:12:: | definition=perform or carry out | examples=make a decision; make a move
17. sense_key=make%2:36:13:: | definition=make by combining materials and parts | synonyms=construct, build | examples=this little pig made his house out of straw; Some eccentric constructed an electric brassiere warmer
18. sense_key=make%2:30:15:: | definition=change from one form into another | examples=make water into wine; make lead into gold
19. sense_key=make%2:29:08:: | definition=act in a certain way so as to acquire | examples=make friends; make enemies
20. sense_key=make%2:41:03:: | definition=charge with a function; charge to be | synonyms=name, nominate | examples=She was named Head of the Committee; She was made president of the club
21. sense_key=make%2:40:02:: | definition=achieve a point or goal | synonyms=have, get | examples=Nicklaus had a 70; The Brazilian team got 4 goals
22. sense_key=make%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, attain, hit, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
23. sense_key=make%2:31:13:: | definition=institute, enact, or establish | synonyms=lay down, establish | examples=make laws
24. sense_key=make%2:41:13:: | definition=carry out or commit | examples=make a mistake; commit a faux-pas
25. sense_key=make%2:41:01:: | definition=form by assembling individuals or constituents | examples=Make a quorum
26. sense_key=make%2:36:04:: | definition=organize or be responsible for | synonyms=hold, throw, have, give | examples=hold a reception; have, throw, or make a party
27. sense_key=make%2:30:02:: | definition=put in order or neaten | synonyms=make up | examples=make the bed; make up a room
28. sense_key=make%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=take | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
29. sense_key=make%2:29:00:: | definition=have a bowel movement | synonyms=stool, defecate, shit, take a shit, take a crap, ca-ca | examples=The dog had made in the flower beds
30. sense_key=make%2:42:09:: | definition=undergo fabrication or creation | examples=This wool makes into a nice sweater
31. sense_key=make%2:42:13:: | definition=be suitable for | examples=Wood makes good furniture
32. sense_key=make%2:42:12:: | definition=add up to | examples=four and four make eight
33. sense_key=make%2:42:11:: | definition=amount to | examples=This salary increase makes no difference to my standard of living
34. sense_key=make%2:42:15:: | definition=constitute the essence of | examples=Clothes make the man
35. sense_key=make%2:39:12:: | definition=appear to begin an activity | examples=He made to speak but said nothing in the end; She made as if to say hello to us
36. sense_key=make%2:38:10:: | definition=proceed along a path | synonyms=work | examples=work one's way through the crowd; make one's way into the forest
37. sense_key=make%2:38:15:: | definition=reach in time | examples=We barely made the plane
38. sense_key=make%2:36:10:: | definition=gather and light the materials for | examples=make a fire
39. sense_key=make%2:36:07:: | definition=prepare for eating by applying heat | synonyms=cook, fix, ready, prepare | examples=Cook me dinner, please; can you make me an omelette?
40. sense_key=make%2:35:13:: | definition=induce to have sex | synonyms=seduce, score | examples=Harry finally seduced Sally; Did you score last night?
41. sense_key=make%2:32:14:: | definition=assure the success of | examples=A good review by this critic will make your play!
42. sense_key=make%2:32:09:: | definition=represent fictitiously, as in a play, or pretend to be or act like | synonyms=pretend, make believe | examples=She makes like an actress
43. sense_key=make%2:31:10:: | definition=consider as being | examples=It wasn't the problem some people made it
44. sense_key=make%2:31:12:: | definition=calculate as being | examples=I make the height about 100 feet
45. sense_key=make%2:30:10:: | definition=cause to be enjoyable or pleasurable | examples=make my day
46. sense_key=make%2:30:14:: | definition=favor the development of | examples=Practice makes the winner
47. sense_key=make%2:30:12:: | definition=develop into | examples=He will make a splendid father!
48. sense_key=make%2:29:06:: | definition=behave in a certain way | examples=make merry
49. sense_key=make%2:29:01:: | definition=eliminate urine | synonyms=urinate, piddle, puddle, micturate, piss, pee | examples=Again, the cat had made on the expensive rug

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "made possible some fundamental insights" follows the pattern of giving a property to something (making the insights have the property of being possible). This matches sense 2: "give certain properties to something" with the example "She made us look silly," where the structure is "[subject] made [object] [adjective/property]."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the sentence with "made" in context:

"It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer"

The structure here is: "[noun] made [adjective] [noun]" - the tumor "made" something (insights) "possible"

This means "caused" the insights to become possible. It's a causative construction where "made" means to cause something to become a certain way or to cause something to happen.

Looking at the relevant senses:

- Sense 2 (make%2:30:00): "give certain properties to something" - e.g., "She made us look silly" - This matches the pattern of making something have a property
- Sense 3 (make%2:36:00): "make or cause to be or to become" - e.g., "make a mess"
- Sense 4 (make%2:32:00): "cause to do; cause to act" - This is about causing action
- Sense 5 (make%2:36:08): "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" - This is about causing something to happen
- Sense 8 (make%2:36:15): "compel or make somebody or something to act" - similar to sense 4

The key phrase is "made possible" - which means "caused to be possible" or "enabled." This is about giving a property (the property of being possible) to something.

Sense 2 "give certain properties to something" with examples like "She made us look silly" seems most appropriate. The tumor study "made" the insights "possible" - i.e., gave them the property of being possible.

Sense 5 is also very close: "give rise to; cause to happen" could work with "made possible some fundamental insights."

But sense 2 is more specifically about giving properties, while sense 5 is more general about causation. The phrase "made possible" is specifically about making something have the property of being possible.
Sense 2 best captures this usage—it's the most precise fit for how "made" functions to assign the property of possibility to the insights.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: possible
Target surface form: possible
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made <t>possible</t> some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=possible%3:00:00:: | definition=capable of happening or existing | examples=a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible
2. sense_key=possible%3:00:04:: | definition=existing in possibility | synonyms=potential | examples=a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "made possible some fundamental insights" uses "possible" in the sense of "capable of happening or existing." The context indicates that the discovery enabled or made it able for fundamental insights to occur, rather than simply describing them as potentially existing. This aligns with sense 1's definition of capability for something to happen or exist.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "possible" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer"

This is saying that studying the tumor made something possible - it made "fundamental insights" possible or able to happen/exist.

Let me look at the two senses:

Sense 1: "capable of happening or existing" with examples "a breakthrough may be possible next year; anything is possible"
- This sense emphasizes something being able to occur or exist
- The examples show potentiality for something to occur in the future

Sense 2: "existing in possibility" with synonyms "potential" and examples "a potential problem; possible uses of nuclear power"
- This sense emphasizes something that exists as a possibility rather than an actuality
- It's more about potential status

In the context: "studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights"

This is saying that the study made it possible (able to happen/exist) to gain these insights. The researchers were unable to gain these insights before, but now they can - they can exist/happen.

This seems more aligned with sense 1 - "capable of happening or existing" - because it's about making something able to occur.

Sense 2 would more be about "these insights exist as a possibility" which is a different nuance.

Actually, thinking about this more carefully: both could work, but in context, "made possible" means "enabled" or "allowed to happen/exist" which is more sense 1.

I'll go with sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: insight
Target surface form: insights
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental <t>insights</t> about the most basic workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=insight%1:09:02:: | definition=clear or deep perception of a situation | synonyms=penetration
2. sense_key=insight%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of understanding | synonyms=perceptiveness, perceptivity
3. sense_key=insight%1:09:01:: | definition=the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation | synonyms=brainstorm, brainwave
4. sense_key=insight%1:09:00:: | definition=grasping the inner nature of things intuitively | synonyms=sixth sense

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows that "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer" refers to clear, deep understandings of cancer's mechanisms that emerged from studying the retinoblastoma gene. This matches sense 1, which defines insight as "clear or deep perception of a situation," emphasizing the depth and clarity of understanding achieved through research. The other senses are less appropriate: sense 2 emphasizes feeling rather than substantive understanding; sense 3 suggests sudden, dramatic realization (not characteristic of methodical scientific research); and sense 4 suggests intuitive grasp rather than the systematic understanding described in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "insights" is used.

The sentence is: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer,"

The speaker (Samuel Broder) is saying that studying this rare tumor allowed scientists to gain "fundamental insights" about how cancer works at its most basic level.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=insight%1:09:02:: | definition=clear or deep perception of a situation | synonyms=penetration
   - This refers to a clear, deep perception

2. sense_key=insight%1:12:00:: | definition=a feeling of understanding | synonyms=perceptiveness, perceptivity
   - This is about a feeling or quality of understanding

3. sense_key=insight%1:09:01:: | definition=the clear (and often sudden) understanding of a complex situation | synonyms=brainstorm, brainwave
   - This is about sudden understanding of something complex

4. sense_key=insight%1:09:00:: | definition=grasping the inner nature of things intuitively | synonyms=sixth sense
   - This is about grasping inner nature intuitively

In the context, the scientists gained "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer" - they gained understandings about how cancer fundamentally works. This isn't just intuitive grasping (sense 4), and it's not really about a sudden realization or brainstorm (sense 3).

It seems closest to sense 1 - "clear or deep perception of a situation" - because the scientists developed clear, deep understanding of cancer's workings through research.

Sense 2 is about a "feeling of understanding" which seems more subjective and emotional.

I think sense 1 is the best fit - they gained clear, deep perceptions of cancer's mechanisms.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: basic
Target surface form: basic
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most <t>basic</t> workings of cancer, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
4. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "basic" in this context means "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis." The phrase "the most basic workings of cancer" refers to the fundamental, essential mechanisms of cancer. This is reinforced by the immediately preceding word "fundamental" in the same phrase, and the examples provided (basic fact, basic ingredients) show analogous usage where "basic" refers to essential, foundational elements.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "basic" in this sentence.

The context says: "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer"

The word "basic" is used to describe the "workings of cancer" - meaning the fundamental, underlying mechanisms or processes of cancer.

Let me look at each sense:

1. sense_key=basic%3:00:00:: | definition=pertaining to or constituting a base or basis | examples=a basic fact; the basic ingredients
   - This means "serving as a foundation" or "essential" - this could fit.

2. sense_key=basic%5:00:00:standard:01 | definition=reduced to the simplest and most significant form possible without loss of generality | synonyms=canonic, canonical | examples=a basic story line; a canonical syllable pattern
   - This is about reduction to simple but significant form - this seems less fitting.

3. sense_key=basic%5:00:02:first:00 | definition=serving as a base or starting point | synonyms=introductory | examples=a basic course in Russian; basic training for raw recruits
   - This means "introductory" or "foundational starting point" - the context doesn't suggest this is about introductory level.

4. sense_key=basic%4:00:00:alkaline:00 | definition=of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base
   - This is the chemistry sense - not relevant here.

Looking at the context again: "fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer"

The word "fundamental" is used just before "basic," which suggests they're being used similarly. "Basic workings" means the fundamental, essential, underlying mechanisms.

Sense 1 fits best: "pertaining to or constituting a base or basis" - the basic workings are the foundational/essential workings of cancer. The examples "a basic fact; the basic ingredients" also support this usage.
The answer is sense_index: 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of <t>cancer</t>, "says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly discusses cancer as a medical disease—specifically mentioning "malignant growth," tumor-suppressor genes, retinoblastoma, abnormal cell division, and the National Cancer Institute. This unambiguously refers to sense 1: malignant tumors caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. All other senses (astrological, astronomical, and zoological) are completely irrelevant to this medical/scientific discussion.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cancer" is being used.

The context is about:
- Retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene
- A test to determine risk of developing "cancer"
- The "rare cancer" (referring to retinoblastoma)
- A field of "cancer study"
- The passage mentions "malignant growth or tumor"
- Samuel Broder is the director of the National Cancer Institute
- The discussion is about fundamental insights about "cancer" in general

All of these contextual clues point to cancer as a medical/biological disease - specifically a malignant tumor caused by abnormal cell division.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This is the medical definition, clearly what's being discussed.
2. "a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - Astrological sense, not relevant
3. "a small zodiacal constellation" - Astronomical sense, not relevant
4. "the fourth sign of the zodiac" - Zodiacal sign, not relevant
5. "type genus of the family Cancridae" - Zoological sense (referring to crabs), not relevant

The target word "cancer" in this context is clearly referring to the disease, so sense 1 is the best choice.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: say
Target surface form: says
Context:
Because of the isolation of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene, it became possible last January to find out what threat the Quinlan baby faced. A test using new "genetic probes "showed that little Will Quinlan had not inherited a damaged retinoblastoma supressor gene and, therefore, faced no more risk than other children of developing the rare cancer. "It made our New Year, "says Mr. Quinlan. This test was the first to predict reliably whether an individual could expect to develop cancer. Equally important, the initial discovery of the gene that controls retinal cell growth, made by a Boston doctor named Thaddeus Dryja, has opened a field of cancer study, which in recent months has exploded. "It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, "<t>says</t> Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute. "All this may not be obvious to the public, which is concerned about advances in treatment, but I am convinced this basic research will begin showing results there soon. "

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=say%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=state, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=say%2:32:01:: | definition=report or maintain | synonyms=allege, aver | examples=He alleged that he was the victim of a crime; He said it was too late to intervene in the war
3. sense_key=say%2:32:03:: | definition=express a supposition | synonyms=suppose | examples=Let us say that he did not tell the truth; Let's say you had a lot of money--what would you do?
4. sense_key=say%2:42:00:: | definition=have or contain a certain wording or form | synonyms=read | examples=The passage reads as follows; What does the law say?
5. sense_key=say%2:32:04:: | definition=give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority | synonyms=order, tell, enjoin | examples=I said to him to go home; She ordered him to do the shopping
6. sense_key=say%2:32:02:: | definition=speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | synonyms=pronounce, articulate, enounce, sound out, enunciate | examples=She pronounces French words in a funny way; I cannot say `zip wire'
7. sense_key=say%2:32:07:: | definition=communicate or express nonverbally | examples=What does this painting say?; Did his face say anything about how he felt?
8. sense_key=say%2:32:15:: | definition=utter aloud | examples=She said `Hello' to everyone in the office
9. sense_key=say%2:32:13:: | definition=state as one's opinion or judgement; declare | examples=I say let's forget this whole business
10. sense_key=say%2:32:08:: | definition=recite or repeat a fixed text | examples=Say grace; She said her `Hail Mary'
11. sense_key=say%2:32:09:: | definition=indicate | examples=The clock says noon

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "says" here is used as a reporting verb to introduce a direct quotation from Samuel Broder. This is the most basic and general sense of "say" - expressing words/thoughts. While Broder is indeed stating an opinion, sense 1 (express in words) is the primary function here, matching the pattern "says Samuel Broder" as a reporting structure, similar to the example "He said that he wanted to marry her."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "says" appears:

"It turns out that studying a tragic but uncommon tumor made possible some fundamental insights about the most basic workings of cancer, " says Samuel Broder, director of the National Cancer Institute.

In this context, Samuel Broder is expressing/stating a quote. The sentence structure is a reporting verb construction - someone (Samuel Broder) is saying something.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. express in words | state, tell - This is about expressing something in words
2. report or maintain | allege, aver - This is about asserting or claiming something
3. express a supposition | suppose - This is about hypothetical statements
4. have or contain a certain wording or form | read - This is about what text says
5. give instructions to or direct somebody - This is about ordering
6. speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way | pronounce, articulate - This is about pronunciation
7. communicate or express nonverbally - This is about non-verbal communication
8. utter aloud - This is about saying words aloud
9. state as one's opinion or judgement; declare - This is about declaring an opinion
10. recite or repeat a fixed text - This is about reciting
11. indicate - This is about indicating/showing

In the context, Samuel Broder is expressing his opinion/assertion. The quote that follows is his stated opinion about the importance of studying this tumor. This seems to fit best with sense 1 (express in words), which is the most basic and general meaning of "say" when used as a reporting verb.

Looking more carefully:
- Sense 1: "express in words" with examples like "He said that he wanted to marry her" - this fits the pattern perfectly
- Sense 2: "report or maintain" with examples like "He said it was too late to intervene in the war" - this could also work, but sense 2 carries more weight of assertion or claim, whereas here Broder is simply conveying his perspective without necessarily contesting anything. Sense 1 captures the straightforward reporting function better.