[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
Arsenic and phosphorus are chemically similar, so she speculated that a microbe exposed to both might be able to substitute one for the other. "Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where <t>arsenic</t> is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses arsenic in terms of its chemical element properties—its chemical behavior relative to phosphorus, its role in biochemical processes, and its existence in different environments. The passage is examining arsenic as a fundamental chemical element that could potentially substitute for phosphorus in biological systems. This corresponds to sense 2, which defines arsenic as "a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms," rather than sense 1, which refers to a specific arsenic compound (arsenic trioxide).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "arsenic" is being used.

The passage discusses:
1. Arsenic and phosphorus being chemically similar
2. Arsenic's chemical behavior and how organisms struggle to distinguish it from phosphorus
3. Bacteria being exposed to arsenic and adapting to grow
4. The possibility of life forms using arsenic as a substitute for phosphorus
5. Arsenic being more common in certain environments

Looking at the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer" - synonyms include arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, etc.
- This is a specific chemical compound form of arsenic

Sense 2: "a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar" - synonyms include As, atomic number 33
- This is the chemical element itself

In the context provided, the discussion is about:
- The chemical properties and behavior of arsenic as an element
- How organisms confuse it with phosphorus (another element)
- The possibility of it being used in biochemistry
- Life forms being able to substitute it for phosphorus

This is clearly discussing arsenic as a chemical ELEMENT, not a specific compound form. The passage talks about "arsenic" in general terms, discussing its chemical behavior, its role in biochemistry, and its relationship to phosphorus as an element. It's not discussing arsenic trioxide specifically.

Therefore, the correct answer is sense 2 (arsenic%1:27:00::), which is the elemental sense of arsenic.
The sense index is 2.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: idea
Target surface form: idea
Context:
"Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the <t>idea</t> that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=idea%1:09:00:: | definition=the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about | synonyms=thought | examples=it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind
2. sense_key=idea%1:09:01:: | definition=your intention; what you intend to do | synonyms=mind | examples=he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces
3. sense_key=idea%1:09:03:: | definition=a personal view | examples=he has an idea that we don't like him
4. sense_key=idea%1:09:02:: | definition=an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth | synonyms=estimate, estimation, approximation | examples=an estimate of what it would cost; a rough idea how long it would take
5. sense_key=idea%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) melodic subject of a musical composition | synonyms=theme, melodic theme, musical theme | examples=the theme is announced in the first measures; the accompanist picked up the idea and elaborated it

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

finish_reason: stop

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "idea" in this sentence:

"Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work."

The word "idea" here refers to a concept or proposition - specifically the concept/notion that "arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus." It's describing a general concept or notion that has been considered.

Let me examine each sense:

1. Sense 1: "the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about" - synonyms: thought. Examples: "it was not a good idea; the thought never entered my mind"
   - This fits well. The "idea" is something being thought about or considered.

2. Sense 2: "your intention; what you intend to do" - synonyms: mind. Examples: "he had in mind to see his old teacher; the idea of the game is to capture all the pieces"
   - This is about intention or purpose. The context doesn't really suggest an intention here.

3. Sense 3: "a personal view" - Examples: "he has an idea that we don't like him"
   - This is about a belief or perception, which could fit somewhat.

4. Sense 4: "an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth" - This is clearly not the right sense here.

5. Sense 5: "(music) melodic subject of a musical composition" - This is clearly not relevant.

Looking at the context: "the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus" - this is clearly referring to a concept/notion/thought about a scientific possibility. Sense 1 (the content of cognition; the main thing you are thinking about) seems like the best fit. It's describing a thought or concept about something.

Sense 3 (a personal view) is also somewhat plausible, but sense 1 is more general and better captures the meaning of a concept or notion being discussed.
Sense 1 is the most appropriate choice here.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: arsenic
Context:
"Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that <t>arsenic</t> could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses arsenic as a chemical element with properties that allow it to substitute for phosphorus in biochemical processes. The passage addresses arsenic's metallic nature, its chemical behavior relative to other elements, its toxicity as an elemental substance, and its potential role in early life forms. This corresponds to the sense of arsenic as the chemical element itself (As, atomic number 33), rather than the specific compound arsenic trioxide used as a pesticide.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "arsenic" is being used.

The passage discusses:
1. Arsenic's chemical behavior being similar to phosphorus
2. It being toxic
3. Organisms having difficulty distinguishing it from phosphorus
4. Bacteria being exposed to increasing concentrations of arsenic
5. The possibility of life forms using arsenic instead of phosphorus
6. Arsenic being more common in early Earth times

Now let me examine the two candidate senses:

Sense 1 (arsenic%1:27:01::): "a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer"
- This is a specific compound (arsenic trioxide)
- Refers to a white powder form used as pesticide

Sense 2 (arsenic%1:27:00::): "a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar"
- This is the chemical element itself
- Refers to the element (As, atomic number 33)
- Mentions it's a metallic element with multiple forms

Given the context, the passage is discussing arsenic as:
- A chemical element that can be substituted for phosphorus
- Something with different chemical behavior from phosphorus
- A property that life forms might have used
- Concentrations and chemical properties

This is clearly referring to arsenic as a chemical element (sense 2), not specifically to arsenic trioxide (sense 1). The discussion is about the element itself and its role in biochemistry and potential in early life forms, not about its use as a pesticide or its trioxide form specifically.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: phosphorus
Target surface form: phosphorus
Context:
"Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for <t>phosphorus</t> isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=phosphorus%1:27:00:: | definition=a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms | synonyms=P, atomic number 15
2. sense_key=phosphorus%1:17:00:: | definition=a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky | synonyms=morning star, daystar, Lucifer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to phosphorus as a chemical element. The passage discusses its biochemical role in organisms, its chemical behavior and reactivity, and its presence in living cells. This matches sense 1 (the nonmetallic element). Sense 2 refers to Venus as an astronomical body, which is irrelevant to this scientific discussion about arsenic toxicity and biochemical substitution.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "phosphorus" is being used.

The target word "phosphorus" appears in this context:
"Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work."

Looking at the broader context:
- The passage discusses arsenic being toxic because its chemical behavior is similar to phosphorus
- It talks about organisms having difficulty distinguishing between these elements
- It discusses how arsenic "doesn't work as well as phosphorus" in biochemical machinery
- The microbe (GFAJ-1) grows better on phosphorus
- The discussion is about arsenic being substituted for phosphorus in life forms
- There's mention of phosphorus and arsenic in relation to early life forms

This is clearly about the chemical element phosphorus, not the astronomical body Venus (which is also called phosphorus/morning star).

Sense 1 describes phosphorus as "a multivalent nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs commonly in inorganic phosphate rocks and as organic phosphates in all living cells; is highly reactive and occurs in several allotropic forms"

Sense 2 describes phosphorus as "a planet (usually Venus) seen just before sunrise in the eastern sky"

Given the scientific/biochemical context discussing the chemical properties and role in living organisms, the target word clearly refers to the chemical element (Sense 1), not the planet Venus (Sense 2).

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: example
Target surface form: example
Context:
"Arsenic is toxic mainly because its chemical behavior is so similar to that of phosphorus." "As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been <t>example</t> where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=example%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=illustration, instance, representative | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10
2. sense_key=example%1:09:02:: | definition=a representative form or pattern | synonyms=model | examples=I profited from his example
3. sense_key=example%1:09:01:: | definition=something to be imitated | synonyms=exemplar, model, good example | examples=an exemplar of success; a model of clarity
4. sense_key=example%1:10:00:: | definition=punishment intended as a warning to others | synonyms=deterrent example, lesson, object lesson | examples=they decided to make an example of him
5. sense_key=example%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=case, instance | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday
6. sense_key=example%1:04:00:: | definition=a task performed or problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding | synonyms=exercise | examples=you must work the examples at the end of each chapter in the textbook

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The context states "there has never been [example] where it was shown to work," referring to a case or instance where arsenic could substitute for phosphorus in living organisms. This usage means "an occurrence of something" or "a particular case/instance," which matches sense 5 exactly.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "example."

The sentence is: "but there has never been <t>example</t> where it was shown to work."

This seems to be saying "there has never been an example where it was shown to work" - meaning there has never been a case/instance/occurrence where arsenic was shown to work as a substitute for phosphorus in biology.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=example%1:09:00:: | definition=an item of information that is typical of a class or group | synonyms=illustration, instance, representative | examples=this patient provides a typical example of the syndrome; there is an example on page 10

2. sense_key=example%1:09:02:: | definition=a representative form or pattern | synonyms=model | examples=I profited from his example

3. sense_key=example%1:09:01:: | definition=something to be imitated | synonyms=exemplar, model, good example | examples=an exemplar of success; a model of clarity

4. sense_key=example%1:10:00:: | definition=punishment intended as a warning to others | synonyms=deterrent example, lesson, object lesson | examples=they decided to make an example of him

5. sense_key=example%1:11:00:: | definition=an occurrence of something | synonyms=case, instance | examples=it was a case of bad judgment; another instance occurred yesterday

6. sense_key=example%1:04:00:: | definition=a task performed or problem solved in order to develop skill or understanding | synonyms=exercise | examples=you must work the examples at the end of each chapter in the textbook

In the context, "there has never been an example where it was shown to work" means there has never been a case/instance where this was demonstrated. This is closest to sense 1 (an item of information that is typical of a class or group, with synonyms including "instance") or sense 5 (an occurrence of something, with synonyms "case, instance").
Sense 5 fits better here—the definition "an occurrence of something" with examples like "it was a case of bad judgment" directly parallels the meaning of a specific instance where the substitution worked. Sense 1 emphasizes typicality and representation, which doesn't match as well. I'm going with sense 5.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arsenic
Target surface form: Arsenic
Context:
"As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. <t>Arsenic</t> was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it. "It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth," said Foster, who was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research team.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01:: | definition=a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide (rat poison) and weed killer | synonyms=arsenic trioxide, arsenous anhydride, arsenous oxide, white arsenic, ratsbane
2. sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00:: | definition=a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides and various alloys; found in arsenopyrite and orpiment and realgar | synonyms=As, atomic number 33

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses arsenic as a chemical element that could substitute for phosphorus in biochemical processes and biological systems. The passage refers to arsenic's role in living organisms and its prevalence in early Earth, clearly indicating the elemental form of arsenic (As, atomic number 33) rather than a specific compound like arsenic trioxide. This aligns with sense 2, which describes arsenic as "a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "arsenic" is intended.

The context discusses:
1. Organisms having difficulty distinguishing between elements (likely phosphorus and arsenic)
2. Arsenic being used as a substitute for phosphorus in biochemical processes
3. Bacteria (GFAJ-1) being exposed to increasing concentrations of arsenic
4. The possibility of life forms using arsenic instead of phosphorus
5. Arsenic being more common in early Earth times
6. Speculation that early life forms might have used arsenic

The two candidate senses are:
1. Arsenic trioxide (sense_key=arsenic%1:27:01::) - "a white powdered poisonous trioxide of arsenic; used in manufacturing glass and as a pesticide"
2. Arsenic as a chemical element (sense_key=arsenic%1:27:00::) - "a very poisonous metallic element that has three allotropic forms; arsenic and arsenic compounds are used as herbicides and insecticides"

In this context, the passage is discussing arsenic as an element that could potentially substitute for phosphorus in biological systems. This is about the chemical element itself, not a specific compound like arsenic trioxide. The discussion is about arsenic as an elemental substance that organisms can use in their biochemistry.

Therefore, the correct sense is the second one - arsenic as a chemical element (sense 2, or sense_index=2).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: times
Target surface form: times
Context:
"As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early <t>times</t> on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it. "It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth," said Foster, who was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research team.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=times%1:28:01:: | definition=a more or less definite period of time now or previously present | examples=it was a sign of the times
2. sense_key=times%1:04:00:: | definition=an arithmetic operation that is the inverse of division; the product of two numbers is computed | synonyms=multiplication | examples=the multiplication of four by three gives twelve; four times three equals twelve
3. sense_key=time%1:11:00:: | definition=an instance or single occasion for some event | synonyms=time, clip | examples=this time he succeeded; he called four times
4. sense_key=time%1:28:05:: | definition=a period of time considered as a resource under your control and sufficient to accomplish something | synonyms=time | examples=take time to smell the roses; I didn't have time to finish
5. sense_key=time%1:28:00:: | definition=an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities) | synonyms=time | examples=he waited a long time; the time of year for planting
6. sense_key=time%1:28:06:: | definition=a suitable moment | synonyms=time | examples=it is time to go
7. sense_key=time%1:03:00:: | definition=the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the present to the past | synonyms=time
8. sense_key=time%1:11:01:: | definition=a person's experience on a particular occasion | synonyms=time | examples=he had a time holding back the tears; they had a good time together
9. sense_key=clock_time%1:28:00:: | definition=a reading of a point in time as given by a clock | synonyms=clock time, time | examples=do you know what time it is?; the time is 10 o'clock
10. sense_key=fourth_dimension%1:28:00:: | definition=the fourth coordinate that is required (along with three spatial dimensions) to specify a physical event | synonyms=fourth dimension, time
11. sense_key=meter%1:07:00:: | definition=rhythm as given by division into parts of equal duration | synonyms=meter, metre, time
12. sense_key=prison_term%1:28:00:: | definition=the period of time a prisoner is imprisoned | synonyms=prison term, sentence, time | examples=he served a prison term of 15 months; his sentence was 5 to 10 years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "early times on Earth" refers to a specific historical period in the past. This matches sense 1, which defines "times" as "a more or less definite period of time now or previously present," with the example "it was a sign of the times." The target usage is parallel to this example—both refer to particular periods of time in history rather than mathematical operations, individual occasions, or other senses of "time."

reasoning_content:
The target word is "times" in the context: "Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth"

I need to determine which sense of "times" is being used here.

Let me analyze the context:
- "early times on Earth" - this is referring to a period in history, specifically the early period of Earth's existence
- This is not about multiplication (sense 2)
- This is not about an instance or single occasion (sense 3)
- This is not about time as a resource (sense 4)
- This could be sense 5: "an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities)" - "early times" fits this well
- This could also be sense 1: "a more or less definite period of time now or previously present" - the example given is "it was a sign of the times"

Looking at the candidate senses more carefully:

Sense 1: "a more or less definite period of time now or previously present" with example "it was a sign of the times"
Sense 5: "an indefinite period (usually marked by specific attributes or activities)" with example "he waited a long time; the time of year for planting"

The phrase "early times" in the context of "Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth" seems to refer to a historical period. This is very similar to the example "it was a sign of the times" where "times" refers to a particular period of time.

Sense 1 seems more appropriate because:
- It explicitly mentions "a period of time"
- The example "it was a sign of the times" shows how "times" can refer to a specific historical period
- "Early times on Earth" is parallel to "the times" in the example

I believe sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earth
Target surface form: Earth
Context:
"As a result, organisms have a hard time telling these elements apart." "But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on <t>Earth</t>, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it. "It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth," said Foster, who was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research team.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earth%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=world, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
2. sense_key=earth%1:27:00:: | definition=the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface | synonyms=ground | examples=they dug into the earth outside the church
3. sense_key=earth%1:17:01:: | definition=the solid part of the earth's surface | synonyms=land, dry land, ground, solid ground, terra firma | examples=the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land; the earth shook for several minutes
4. sense_key=earth%1:15:00:: | definition=the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell) | examples=it was hell on earth
5. sense_key=earth%1:27:01:: | definition=once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
6. sense_key=earth%1:09:00:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, world | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
7. sense_key=earth%1:06:00:: | definition=a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage) | synonyms=ground

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses Earth as a celestial body where life could potentially develop, explicitly contrasting it with "another planet or moon where arsenic is more common." This clearly refers to Earth as the third planet from the sun, not soil, landmass, or any other meaning. The passage is discussing early life forms and conditions on the planet itself.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "Earth" is being used.

The passage discusses:
1. Bacteria adapted to arsenic
2. The possibility of life forms using arsenic instead of phosphorus
3. Mentions "either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common"
4. "Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth"
5. "how life formed on early Earth"

The context is clearly referring to Earth as the planet we live on. Let me check the candidate senses:

1. sense 1: "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on" - synonyms: world, globe - This matches perfectly with the context where Earth is being discussed as a planet, contrasted with "another planet or moon"

2. sense 2: "the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface" - This is soil/dirt, not relevant here

3. sense 3: "the solid part of the earth's surface" - This could work, but it's more about the surface/land rather than the planet itself

4. sense 4: "the abode of mortals" - Not really applicable here

5. sense 5: "one of four elements" - Not the context here

6. sense 6: "the concerns of this life" - Not relevant

7. sense 7: "electrical connection" - Not relevant

The context clearly indicates Earth as a celestial body/planet, especially when comparing it to "another planet or moon." This is sense 1.

The sense index would be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: way
Target surface form: ways
Context:
"But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it. "It does suggest that that there could be other <t>ways</t> to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth," said Foster, who was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research team. The research was supported by NASA, the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=way%1:07:01:: | definition=how something is done or how it happens | synonyms=manner, mode, style, fashion | examples=her dignified manner; his rapid manner of talking
2. sense_key=way%1:04:01:: | definition=how a result is obtained or an end is achieved | synonyms=means, agency | examples=a means of control; an example is the best agency of instruction
3. sense_key=way%1:15:00:: | definition=a line leading to a place or point | synonyms=direction | examples=he looked the other direction; didn't know the way home
4. sense_key=way%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of things generally | examples=that's the way it is; I felt the same way
5. sense_key=way%1:04:00:: | definition=a course of conduct | synonyms=path, way of life | examples=the path of virtue; we went our separate ways
6. sense_key=way%1:06:00:: | definition=any artifact consisting of a road or path affording passage from one place to another | examples=he said he was looking for the way out
7. sense_key=way%1:04:02:: | definition=a journey or passage | examples=they are on the way
8. sense_key=way%1:23:00:: | definition=space for movement | synonyms=room, elbow room | examples=room to pass; make way for
9. sense_key=way%1:07:02:: | definition=the property of distance in general | examples=it's a long way to Moscow; he went a long ways
10. sense_key=way%1:09:00:: | definition=doing as one pleases or chooses | examples=if I had my way
11. sense_key=way%1:09:01:: | definition=a general category of things; used in the expression `in the way of' | examples=they didn't have much in the way of clothing
12. sense_key=way%1:21:00:: | definition=a portion of something divided into shares | examples=they split the loot three ways

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "ways" in the phrase "other ways to form life" refers to different methods or manners of how life could form. This directly matches sense 1's definition "how something is done or how it happens" with synonyms like manner, mode, and style—all fitting the context of discussing alternative methods of life formation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "ways" in this sentence:

"It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth"

The sentence is discussing different methods or manners in which life could form. The phrase "ways to form life" clearly refers to different methods or approaches to the formation of life.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "how something is done or how it happens" (manner, mode, style, fashion) - This fits! The sentence is talking about different manners/methods of forming life.

2. "how a result is obtained or an end is achieved" (means, agency) - This could also work, as it refers to the means by which life could form.

3. "a line leading to a place or point" (direction) - Doesn't fit the context.

4. "the condition of things generally" - Doesn't fit.

5. "a course of conduct" (path, way of life) - Could work, but less specific.

6. "any artifact consisting of a road or path" - Doesn't fit.

7. "a journey or passage" - Doesn't fit.

8. "space for movement" - Doesn't fit.

9. "the property of distance in general" - Doesn't fit.

10. "doing as one pleases or chooses" - Doesn't fit.

11. "a general category of things; used in the expression 'in the way of'" - Doesn't fit.

12. "a portion of something divided into shares" - Doesn't fit.

The best match is sense 1: "how something is done or how it happens" - referring to different manners or methods of forming life. The synonyms (manner, mode, style, fashion) all align with the meaning in context.

Between sense 1 and sense 2, sense 1 is more directly about "how something is done" which perfectly matches "ways to form life."


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
"But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it. "It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form <t>life</t>, not just how life formed on early Earth," said Foster, who was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research team. The research was supported by NASA, the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

The target word "life" in "there could be other ways to form life" refers to the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones. The passage discusses whether arsenic-based biochemistry could create life as an alternative to phosphorus-based life on Earth. This usage aligns with sense 11, which defines life as "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones," exemplified by "there is no life on the moon."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word "life" appears in this sentence:

"It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth"

The context is about the possibility of life forms using arsenic instead of phosphorus. Throughout the passage, there's discussion of:
- bacteria and microbes (which are living organisms)
- the possibility of "a life form using arsenic"
- "early life forms might have used it"
- "how life formed on early Earth"

In this specific instance, "life" is being used to refer to:
1. The organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones
2. Living things collectively
3. The condition of being alive

Let me check which sense best fits:

Sense 10 (life%1:03:00::): "living things collectively" with example "the oceans are teeming with life"
Sense 11 (life%1:19:00::): "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones" with example "there is no life on the moon"
Sense 4 (life%1:26:00::): "the condition of living or the state of being alive" with example "while there's life there's hope"

In the context "there could be other ways to form life," we're talking about the phenomenon of life itself - the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living from nonliving. This seems most aligned with sense 11, which talks about the "organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones."

Sense 10 refers to "living things collectively" which is also reasonable, but sense 11 seems more precise since it emphasizes the phenomenon/characteristic itself rather than the collective things.

Actually, looking more carefully at the context "there could be other ways to form life" - this is talking about the formation of the life phenomenon itself, the organic process that creates living things. Sense 11 seems most appropriate.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
"But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it. "It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how <t>life</t> formed on early Earth," said Foster, who was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research team. The research was supported by NASA, the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 11}
```

The context discusses whether alternative biochemistry (using arsenic instead of phosphorus) could form life itself. The phrase "other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth" refers to the fundamental organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving matter, which is sense 11: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "life" in the phrase "other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth."

Looking at the context:
- The passage is discussing whether arsenic could be used instead of phosphorus in biology
- It talks about the possibility of "a life form using arsenic"
- Foster says "It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth"

In this context, "life" refers to the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones - the biological property of being alive. The sentence is discussing how life could have formed using different chemical bases.

Let me check the candidate senses:

1. A characteristic state or mode of living (social, city life) - Not relevant
2. The experience of being alive; the course of human events - Not quite right
3. The course of existence of an individual - Not the right sense
4. The condition of living or the state of being alive - Possible, but not quite what's meant
5. The period during which something is functional - Not relevant
6. The period between birth and the present - Not relevant
7. The period from the present until death - Not relevant
8. A living person - Not relevant
9. Animation and energy in action or expression - Not relevant
10. Living things collectively - Possible
11. The organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones - This seems most accurate
12. An account of the series of events - Not relevant
13. A motive for living - Not relevant
14. A prison term - Not relevant

The key phrase is "other ways to form life" - this is talking about the fundamental biological phenomenon of life itself, not individual lives or ways of living. This most directly aligns with sense 11: "the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones."

The answer should be sense 11.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: earth
Target surface form: Earth
Context:
"But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it. "It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early <t>Earth</t>," said Foster, who was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research team. The research was supported by NASA, the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=earth%1:17:00:: | definition=the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on | synonyms=world, globe | examples=the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world
2. sense_key=earth%1:27:00:: | definition=the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface | synonyms=ground | examples=they dug into the earth outside the church
3. sense_key=earth%1:17:01:: | definition=the solid part of the earth's surface | synonyms=land, dry land, ground, solid ground, terra firma | examples=the plane turned away from the sea and moved back over land; the earth shook for several minutes
4. sense_key=earth%1:15:00:: | definition=the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell) | examples=it was hell on earth
5. sense_key=earth%1:27:01:: | definition=once thought to be one of four elements composing the universe (Empedocles)
6. sense_key=earth%1:09:00:: | definition=the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife | synonyms=worldly concern, earthly concern, world | examples=they consider the church to be independent of the world
7. sense_key=earth%1:06:00:: | definition=a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage) | synonyms=ground

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to Earth as the planet we inhabit. The passage discusses life forms that could exist "either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon," explicitly contrasting Earth with other celestial bodies. This usage directly corresponds to the first sense: "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "Earth" is being used.

The context is about a discussion of potential life forms that could exist using arsenic instead of phosphorus. The key sentence is:

"It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth," said Foster, who was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research team.

And earlier in the text: "The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common."

In this context, "Earth" is clearly referring to our planet. The text compares life forms on Earth with potential life forms on other planets or moons. It's discussing the early Earth as a place where life formed, and contrasting it with "another planet or moon."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on" - This fits perfectly. Examples include "the Earth moves around the sun; he sailed around the world"

2. "the loose soft material that makes up a large part of the land surface" - This is clearly not it, referring to soil/dirt

3. "the solid part of the earth's surface" - This could work, but it's more about land vs. sea

4. "the abode of mortals (as contrasted with Heaven or Hell)" - This is a more philosophical/religious sense

5. One of four elements - This is archaic

6. "the concerns of this life as distinguished from heaven and the afterlife" - Not applicable

7. Electrical connection - Not applicable

The correct sense is clearly sense 1: "the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on" because the context is discussing Earth as a planet where life could form, and contrasting it with other planets and moons.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: part
Target surface form: part
Context:
"But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it. "It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth," said Foster, who was not <t>part</t> of Wolfe-Simon's research team. The research was supported by NASA, the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=part%1:24:00:: | definition=something determined in relation to something that includes it | synonyms=portion, component part, component, constituent | examples=he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself; I read a portion of the manuscript
2. sense_key=part%1:06:00:: | definition=something less than the whole of a human artifact | synonyms=portion | examples=the rear part of the house; glue the two parts together
3. sense_key=part%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object | synonyms=piece | examples=they analyzed the river into three parts; he needed a piece of granite
4. sense_key=part%1:09:02:: | definition=that which concerns a person with regard to a particular role or situation | examples=it requires vigilance on our part; they resisted every effort on his part
5. sense_key=part%1:15:00:: | definition=the extended spatial location of something | synonyms=region | examples=the farming regions of France; religions in all parts of the world
6. sense_key=part%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=function, office, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
7. sense_key=part%1:09:01:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play | synonyms=character, role, theatrical role, persona | examples=she played the part of Desdemona
8. sense_key=part%1:21:00:: | definition=assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group | synonyms=share, portion, percentage | examples=he wanted his share in cash
9. sense_key=part%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole | synonyms=section, division | examples=the written part of the exam; the finance section of the company
10. sense_key=part%1:08:01:: | definition=a line of scalp that can be seen when sections of hair are combed in opposite directions | synonyms=parting | examples=his part was right in the middle
11. sense_key=part%1:10:00:: | definition=the melody carried by a particular voice or instrument in polyphonic music | synonyms=voice | examples=he tried to sing the tenor part
12. sense_key=part%1:04:03:: | definition=the part played by a person in bringing about a result | synonyms=contribution, share | examples=I am proud of my contribution in advancing the project; they all did their share of the work

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research team" uses "part" to mean a constituent or component member of a group. Sense 1 with its synonyms "component part, component, constituent" and example "he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself" directly matches this usage, where Foster is not a member/component of the larger research team.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth," said Foster, who was not <t>part</t> of Wolfe-Simon's research team.

The phrase is "was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research team."

This means Foster was not a member/component of the research team. Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=part%1:24:00:: | definition=something determined in relation to something that includes it | synonyms=portion, component part, component, constituent | examples=he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself; I read a portion of the manuscript

This fits well. Foster was not part of (was not a component/constituent member of) the research team. This is about being a component of a larger group.

2. sense_key=part%1:06:00:: | definition=something less than the whole of a human artifact | examples=the rear part of the house; glue the two parts together

This is about physical parts of objects - doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=part%1:17:00:: | definition=a portion of a natural object

Doesn't fit.

4. sense_key=part%1:09:02:: | definition=that which concerns a person with regard to a particular role or situation | examples=it requires vigilance on our part

This could work but is about personal concern/responsibility.

5. sense_key=part%1:15:00:: | definition=the extended spatial location of something

Doesn't fit.

6. sense_key=part%1:04:01:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group

Doesn't fit perfectly.

7. sense_key=part%1:09:01:: | definition=an actor's portrayal of someone in a play

Doesn't fit.

8. sense_key=part%1:21:00:: | definition=assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group
Doesn't fit.

9. sense_key=part%1:09:00:: | definition=one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole

This could also work as a way of dividing something into portions. However, sense 1 is stronger because it directly emphasizes being a constituent member of a group, which matches the example "he wanted to feel a part of something bigger than himself" - structurally parallel to Foster not being part of the team.

The answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: team
Target surface form: team
Context:
"But arsenic is different enough that it doesn't work as well as phosphorus, so it gets in there and sort of gums up the works of our biochemical machinery," explained Anbar. The researchers collected the bacteria known as GFAJ-1 and exposed it to increasing concentrations of arsenic, which it was able to adapt to and grow. The microbe does grow better on phosphorus, but showing that it can live with arsenic instead raises the possibility that a life form using arsenic could occur naturally, either elsewhere on Earth or on another planet or moon where arsenic is more common. Jamie S. Foster, an assistant professor of microbiology at the University of Florida, said the idea that arsenic could be substituted for phosphorus isn't new, but there has never been example where it was shown to work. Arsenic was more common in the early times on Earth, she said, so researchers have speculated that early life forms might have used it. "It does suggest that that there could be other ways to form life, not just how life formed on early Earth," said Foster, who was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research <t>team</t>. The research was supported by NASA, the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "team" in this context refers to "Wolfe-Simon's research team" - a group of people collaborating on a scientific research project. This corresponds to sense 1, which defines team as "a cooperative unit (especially in sports)" with the synonym "squad." The gloss generalizes to any cooperative human unit, not just sports teams. Sense 2, referring to draft animals pulling something, is clearly inapplicable in this scientific research context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "team" in this passage.

The sentence is: "said Foster, who was not part of Wolfe-Simon's research <t>team</t>."

In this context, "team" refers to a group of people working together on a research project. This is a group of humans collaborating on research work.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=team%1:14:00:: | definition=a cooperative unit (especially in sports) | synonyms=squad
   - This refers to a cooperative unit of people working together. While the gloss mentions "especially in sports," it's about a cooperative unit in general. "Squad" is a synonym, which suggests a group of people working together.

2. sense_key=team%1:14:01:: | definition=two or more draft animals that work together to pull something
   - This is specifically about animals (like horses) working together to pull something. This doesn't apply here since we're talking about a research team of people.

The context clearly shows "research team" - a group of researchers working together on a project. This is definitively a human cooperative unit, not draft animals.

Sense 1 is the correct answer. Even though the gloss says "especially in sports," the definition is broader and applies to any cooperative unit of people. A research team fits this definition perfectly.

The sense index for sense 1 would be: 1


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: routine
Target surface form: routine
Context:
The democratic <t>routine</t> Support for democracy in Latin America continues to edge up, as does backing for private enterprise.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=routine%1:04:00:: | definition=an unvarying or habitual method or procedure | synonyms=modus operandi
2. sense_key=routine%1:10:01:: | definition=a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program | synonyms=act, number, turn, bit | examples=he did his act three times every evening; she had a catchy little routine
3. sense_key=routine%1:10:00:: | definition=a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program | synonyms=subroutine, subprogram, procedure, function

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context refers to "democratic routine" as the habitual procedures and established practices of democracy in Latin America. This aligns with sense 1, which defines routine as "an unvarying or habitual method or procedure" (modus operandi). Senses 2 and 3 refer to theatrical performances and computer programs, respectively, which are irrelevant to the political/institutional context here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "routine" in this sentence:

"The democratic <t>routine</t> Support for democracy in Latin America continues to edge up, as does backing for private enterprise."

This sentence appears to be talking about support for democracy continuing to increase, along with support for private enterprise. The word "routine" is being used as an adjective here modifying "support" implicitly, or it could be part of a phrase "democratic routine."

Actually, looking at the context more carefully, it seems like "routine" might be describing something that is habitual or normal. In the context of "democratic routine," this would refer to the normal, habitual procedures and practices of democracy.

Let me check the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=routine%1:04:00:: - "an unvarying or habitual method or procedure" with synonyms "modus operandi"
2. sense_key=routine%1:10:01:: - "a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program"
3. sense_key=routine%1:10:00:: - "a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program"

The context is about democracy and private enterprise in Latin America. This is clearly not about theatrical performances (sense 2) or computer programs (sense 3). The phrase "democratic routine" refers to the habitual, normal procedures and practices of democracy - which aligns perfectly with sense 1: "an unvarying or habitual method or procedure."

So the answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: support
Target surface form: Support
Context:
The democratic routine <t>Support</t> for democracy in Latin America continues to edge up, as does backing for private enterprise. Crime has become a bigger worry than unemployment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=support%1:04:04:: | definition=the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities | examples=his support kept the family together; they gave him emotional support during difficult times
2. sense_key=support%1:04:00:: | definition=aiding the cause or policy or interests of | examples=the president no longer has the support of his own party; they developed a scheme of mutual support
3. sense_key=support%1:09:00:: | definition=something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest | examples=the policy found little public support; his faith was all the support he needed
4. sense_key=support%1:04:03:: | definition=a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission | synonyms=reinforcement, reenforcement | examples=they called for artillery support
5. sense_key=support%1:04:02:: | definition=documentary validation | synonyms=documentation | examples=his documentation of the results was excellent; the strongest support for this view is the work of Jones
6. sense_key=support%1:21:00:: | definition=the financial means whereby one lives | synonyms=keep, livelihood, living, bread and butter, sustenance | examples=each child was expected to pay for their keep; he applied to the state for support
7. sense_key=support%1:06:01:: | definition=supporting structure that holds up or provides a foundation | examples=the statue stood on a marble support
8. sense_key=support%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening | synonyms=supporting | examples=he leaned against the wall for support
9. sense_key=support%1:10:01:: | definition=a musical part (vocal or instrumental) that supports or provides background for other musical parts | synonyms=accompaniment, musical accompaniment, backup
10. sense_key=support%1:06:00:: | definition=any device that bears the weight of another thing | examples=there was no place to attach supports for a shelf
11. sense_key=support%1:21:01:: | definition=financial resources provided to make some project possible | synonyms=financial support, funding, backing, financial backing | examples=the foundation provided support for the experiment

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context discusses "Support for democracy in Latin America" as something that "continues to edge up" (increases over time). This refers to public backing or favor for a political cause/policy, which is immaterial in nature. Sense 3 ("something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest") fits perfectly, especially given the example "the policy found little public support," which parallels the usage in the target sentence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context: "The democratic routine Support for democracy in Latin America continues to edge up, as does backing for private enterprise."

The sentence is talking about "Support for democracy" - this is about public opinion/attitudes towards democracy. It's measured as something that "continues to edge up" (increases).

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. support%1:04:04:: - "the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities" - this is about financial/material support for a person or family. Not the right sense.

2. support%1:04:00:: - "aiding the cause or policy or interests of" - examples include "the president no longer has the support of his own party; they developed a scheme of mutual support". This is about backing a cause or policy.

3. support%1:09:00:: - "something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest" - examples: "the policy found little public support; his faith was all the support he needed". This is about non-material support for a cause.

4. support%1:04:03:: - military operation - not relevant

5. support%1:04:02:: - documentary validation - not relevant

6. support%1:21:00:: - financial means - not relevant

7. support%1:06:01:: - supporting structure - not relevant

8. support%1:04:01:: - act of bearing weight - not relevant

9. support%1:10:01:: - musical part - not relevant

10. support%1:06:00:: - device bearing weight - not relevant

11. support%1:21:01:: - financial resources for a project - not relevant

Now, between senses 2 and 3:
- Sense 2: "aiding the cause or policy or interests of" - this is about actively supporting
- Sense 3: "something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest" - this is about the state of support/backing

The context treats "Support for democracy" as a measurable quantity that "continues to edge up" - it's a phenomenon being tracked. The example "the policy found little public support" parallels this usage perfectly. Sense 3 captures this better since it frames support as a tangible condition rather than an action.

I would choose sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: backing
Target surface form: backing
Context:
The democratic routine Support for democracy in Latin America continues to edge up, as does <t>backing</t> for private enterprise. Crime has become a bigger worry than unemployment.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=backing%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of providing approval and support | synonyms=backup, championship, patronage | examples=his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives
2. sense_key=backing%1:06:00:: | definition=something forming a back that is added for strengthening | synonyms=mount
3. sense_key=backing%1:21:00:: | definition=financial resources provided to make some project possible | synonyms=support, financial support, funding, financial backing | examples=the foundation provided support for the experiment

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows "backing for private enterprise" in parallel with "Support for democracy," indicating approval and endorsement of a cause or position. The phrase describes growing support for a particular stance, which corresponds to sense 1 (the act of providing approval and support). Sense 3, while containing "support" as a synonym, specifically refers to financial resources, which is not the primary meaning intended here. Sense 2 is clearly inapplicable as it refers to a physical structural component.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "backing" in this sentence:

"Support for democracy in Latin America continues to edge up, as does backing for private enterprise."

The sentence is discussing attitudes or support for different causes:
1. Support for democracy
2. Backing for private enterprise

In this context, "backing" is being used parallel to "support for democracy." It's talking about the level of public or institutional support for private enterprise.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. Sense 1: "the act of providing approval and support" with synonyms backup, championship, patronage. The example is "his vigorous backing of the conservatives got him in trouble with progressives." This is about giving approval and support to something.

2. Sense 2: "something forming a back that is added for strengthening" with synonym mount. This is clearly a physical/structural sense, not relevant here.

3. Sense 3: "financial resources provided to make some project possible" with synonyms support, financial support, funding, financial backing. The definition emphasizes financial resources.

In the given context, "backing for private enterprise" seems to refer to support or approval for private enterprise as an economic system, not necessarily financial backing. The parallel structure with "Support for democracy" suggests we're talking about general endorsement or approval.

However, looking more carefully, "backing" in the sense of support/approval (sense 1) fits best. The context is about growing approval/support for these ideas, and sense 1 captures the meaning of providing approval and support.

Sense 3 is more specific to financial resources, which while possible, isn't as well-supported by the context.

Sense 1 is the best fit - it's about approval and support, which matches the context of discussing growing support for different positions/ideologies.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: crime
Target surface form: Crime
Context:
The democratic routine Support for democracy in Latin America continues to edge up, as does backing for private enterprise. <t>Crime</t> has become a bigger worry than unemployment. And Brazil is seen as more influential than the United States across much of the region.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=crime%1:04:00:: | definition=(criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act | synonyms=offense, criminal offense, criminal offence, offence, law-breaking | examples=a long record of crimes
2. sense_key=crime%1:04:01:: | definition=an evil act not necessarily punishable by law | examples=crimes of the heart

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context presents "Crime" as a societal concern comparable to unemployment. This is referring to criminal acts punishable by law - the standard legal definition - rather than metaphorical "crimes of the heart." The sentence uses crime in its conventional sense as a public policy issue and social problem.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to determine which sense of "crime" is being used.

The sentence is: "Crime has become a bigger worry than unemployment."

Let me look at the two senses:

1. Sense 1: (criminal law) an act punishable by law; usually considered an evil act. Synonyms: offense, criminal offense, criminal offence, offence, law-breaking. Examples: a long record of crimes.

2. Sense 2: an evil act not necessarily punishable by law. Examples: crimes of the heart.

In the context, "Crime has become a bigger worry than unemployment." This is talking about crime as a social concern or problem. The sentence compares crime as a worry to unemployment as a worry. This is using "crime" in a broader, more general sense - referring to criminal activity in general as a social problem.

Sense 1 talks about specific acts punishable by law, while sense 2 refers to evil acts not necessarily punishable by law.

Given the context where crime is presented as a general societal concern/worry (comparable to unemployment), this seems to be using the more general sense of crime. However, in typical usage, when someone says "Crime has become a bigger worry," they're typically referring to criminal acts in general - which would fall under sense 1, the legal/criminal definition.

Sense 1 is the more standard, legal definition of crime - acts punishable by law. This is the most common usage and would be what people refer to when discussing "crime" as a social problem or worry.

Sense 2 "crimes of the heart" refers to emotional or moral wrongs that aren't necessarily illegal.

In this context, "Crime" as a societal worry clearly refers to actual criminal activity, not metaphorical "crimes." So sense 1 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: worry
Target surface form: worry
Context:
The democratic routine Support for democracy in Latin America continues to edge up, as does backing for private enterprise. Crime has become a bigger <t>worry</t> than unemployment. And Brazil is seen as more influential than the United States across much of the region.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=worry%1:09:00:: | definition=something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness | synonyms=concern, headache, vexation | examples=New York traffic is a constant concern; it's a major worry
2. sense_key=worry%1:12:00:: | definition=a strong feeling of anxiety | synonyms=trouble | examples=his worry over the prospect of being fired; it is not work but worry that kills

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two senses provided for the word "worry".

Context: "Crime has become a bigger worry than unemployment."

The two senses are:
1. sense_key=worry%1:09:00:: - "something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness" - This is a noun referring to an object/source that causes anxiety. Examples: "New York traffic is a constant concern; it's a major worry"

2. sense_key=worry%1:12:00:: - "a strong feeling of anxiety" - This is a noun referring to the feeling itself. Examples: "his worry over the prospect of being fired; it is not work but worry that kills"

In the context "Crime has become a bigger worry than unemployment," we need to determine if "worry" refers to:
- The THING that causes anxiety (crime itself being the source of unhappiness)
- The FEELING of anxiety (the emotional state)

Looking at the sentence structure: "Crime has become a bigger worry than unemployment."

Here, "crime" is described as becoming "a bigger worry." This suggests that crime itself is the cause of concern - it's the thing that worries people. This aligns with sense 1: "something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness."

The example given in sense 1 is: "it's a major worry" - which is very similar in construction to "Crime has become a bigger worry."

Sense 2 refers more to the emotional feeling itself, like in the examples "his worry over the prospect of being fired" - emphasizing the feeling of worry.

The context clearly supports sense 1, where "worry" refers to something that causes anxiety (crime) rather than the feeling itself.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: brazil
Target surface form: Brazil
Context:
The democratic routine Support for democracy in Latin America continues to edge up, as does backing for private enterprise. Crime has become a bigger worry than unemployment. And <t>Brazil</t> is seen as more influential than the United States across much of the region. Those are some of the findings of the latest Latinobarómetro poll taken in 18 countries and published exclusively by The Economist.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=brazil%1:15:00:: | definition=the largest Latin American country and the largest Portuguese speaking country in the world; located in the central and northeastern part of South America; world's leading coffee exporter | synonyms=Federative Republic of Brazil, Brasil
2. sense_key=brazil%1:13:00:: | definition=three-sided tropical American nut with white oily meat and hard brown shell | synonyms=brazil nut

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to Brazil as a country in Latin America, discussing its political and regional influence. The reference to democracy, unemployment, crime, and international influence makes it evident this is the geopolitical entity (sense 1), not the tropical nut (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
The target word is "Brazil" in the context of a political and economic discussion about Latin America.

Let me analyze the context:
- The sentence discusses democracy, private enterprise, crime, unemployment in Latin America
- Brazil is mentioned as being "seen as more influential than the United States across much of the region"
- This is from The Economist's Latinobarómetro poll about 18 countries

The two candidate senses are:
1. Brazil as a country (the largest Latin American country, Portuguese-speaking, etc.)
2. Brazil nut (a tropical nut)

Given the context where Brazil is discussed as being influential in Latin America and compared to the United States in regional influence, this is clearly referring to the country of Brazil, not a nut.

The correct sense is sense 1: the country Brazil.

Looking at the instruction format, it asks for "sense_index". The senses are numbered 1 and 2. Sense 1 is the correct one (the country).

So the answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: united_states
Target surface form: United States
Context:
The democratic routine Support for democracy in Latin America continues to edge up, as does backing for private enterprise. Crime has become a bigger worry than unemployment. And Brazil is seen as more influential than the <t>United States</t> across much of the region. Those are some of the findings of the latest Latinobarómetro poll taken in 18 countries and published exclusively by The Economist.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=united_states%1:15:00:: | definition=North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved independence in 1776 | synonyms=United States of America, America, the States, US, USA
2. sense_key=united_states%1:14:00:: | definition=the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States | synonyms=United States government, U.S. government, U.S.

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context refers to the United States as a country/nation being compared to Brazil in terms of regional influence across Latin America. This is the sense of the United States as a geographical and political entity (the nation), not specifically as a governmental institution (which would be sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "United States" is being used.

The sentence is: "And Brazil is seen as more influential than the United States across much of the region."

This is comparing Brazil's influence with the United States' influence in Latin America. The context is about a poll measuring views in Latin America about democracy, private enterprise, and crime.

Let me consider both senses:

1. Sense 1 (sense_key=united_states%1:15:00::): "North American republic containing 50 states..." - This refers to the United States as a country/nation.

2. Sense 2 (sense_key=united_states%1:14:00::): "the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United States" - This refers to the US government/government institutions.

In the context, "Brazil is seen as more influential than the United States across much of the region" - is this referring to:
- The country of the United States (its political/economic/cultural influence as a nation)?
- The government of the United States (its official governmental influence)?

The phrase talks about influence "across much of the region" which suggests geopolitical or regional influence. While government influence is part of national influence, when we say a country is "more influential," we typically mean the country as a whole (sense 1), not specifically its government institutions (sense 2).

The context is about a survey of views in Latin America. The comparison is between Brazil and the United States as countries/nations, not specifically about their governments' institutional branches.

I believe Sense 1 is the correct answer - it refers to the United States as a nation/country.