[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: vary
Target surface form: varying
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin <t>varying</t> the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=vary%2:30:01:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, alter | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
2. sense_key=vary%2:42:00:: | definition=be at variance with; be out of line with | synonyms=deviate, diverge, depart
3. sense_key=vary%2:42:01:: | definition=be subject to change in accordance with a variable | examples=Prices vary; His moods vary depending on the weather
4. sense_key=vary%2:30:04:: | definition=make something more diverse and varied | synonyms=variegate, motley | examples=Vary the menu

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes ringers actively altering the sequence in which bells sound: "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound." This is an intentional action to make the bell order more diverse and varied, which aligns with the definition "make something more diverse and varied." The example "Vary the menu" parallels the idea of making deliberate changes to create variation in an ordered sequence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage is talking about "change-ringing," which is an English art form involving ringing church bells. The specific sentence is:

"Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

Let me look at the four candidate senses:

1. sense_key=vary%2:30:01:: - "become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence" - This is about something undergoing change while maintaining its essential nature. Examples: mood changes with weather, vegetable selection varies by season.

2. sense_key=vary%2:42:00:: - "be at variance with; be out of line with" - This means to deviate, diverge, or depart from something.

3. sense_key=vary%2:42:01:: - "be subject to change in accordance with a variable" - Examples: Prices vary, moods vary depending on the weather. This is about something changing based on circumstances.

4. sense_key=vary%2:30:04:: - "make something more diverse and varied" - This is about making something more varied, as in "Vary the menu"

In the context, the ringers are "varying the order in which the bells sound." They are actively changing/altering the sequence or pattern of the bells. This is about making the order different - making it more diverse/varied.

The action is deliberate - they are actively changing the order. This seems most aligned with sense 4, which is about "make something more diverse and varied." The synonyms for sense 4 include "variegate" and "motley," and the example is "Vary the menu."

Actually, looking more carefully: sense 1 is also about change, but it emphasizes changing "without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics." In the bell-ringing context, they're changing the order but not changing the bells themselves - just their sequence.
Sense 4 captures this best—the ringers are deliberately making the bell sequence more varied while keeping the individual bells and their rhythm intact.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: order
Target surface form: order
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=order%1:10:03:: | definition=(often plural) a command given by a superior (e.g., a military or law enforcement officer) that must be obeyed | examples=the British ships dropped anchor and waited for orders from London
2. sense_key=order%1:07:01:: | definition=a degree in a continuum of size or quantity | synonyms=order of magnitude | examples=it was on the order of a mile; an explosion of a low order of magnitude
3. sense_key=order%1:26:00:: | definition=established customary state (especially of society) | examples=order ruled in the streets; law and order
4. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: | definition=logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation
5. sense_key=order%1:26:02:: | definition=a condition of regular or proper arrangement | synonyms=orderliness | examples=he put his desk in order; the machine is now in working order
6. sense_key=order%1:10:00:: | definition=a legally binding command or decision entered on the court record (as if issued by a court or judge) | synonyms=decree, edict, fiat, rescript | examples=a friend in New Mexico said that the order caused no trouble out there
7. sense_key=order%1:10:01:: | definition=a commercial document used to request someone to supply something in return for payment and providing specifications and quantities | synonyms=purchase order | examples=IBM received an order for a hundred computers
8. sense_key=order%1:14:02:: | definition=a formal association of people with similar interests | synonyms=club, social club, society, guild, gild, lodge | examples=he joined a golf club; they formed a small lunch society
9. sense_key=order%1:10:02:: | definition=a body of rules followed by an assembly | synonyms=rules of order, parliamentary law, parliamentary procedure
10. sense_key=order%1:26:01:: | definition=(usually plural) the status or rank or office of a Christian clergyman in an ecclesiastical hierarchy | synonyms=Holy Order | examples=theologians still disagree over whether `bishop' should or should not be a separate Order
11. sense_key=order%1:14:03:: | definition=a group of person living under a religious rule | synonyms=monastic order | examples=the order of Saint Benedict
12. sense_key=order%1:14:01:: | definition=(biology) taxonomic group containing one or more families
13. sense_key=order%1:10:04:: | definition=a request for something to be made, supplied, or served | examples=I gave the waiter my order; the company's products were in such demand that they got more orders than their call center could handle
14. sense_key=order%1:07:00:: | definition=(architecture) one of original three styles of Greek architecture distinguished by the type of column and entablature used or a style developed from the original three by the Romans
15. sense_key=order%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of putting things in a sequential arrangement | synonyms=ordering | examples=there were mistakes in the ordering of items on the list

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context describes varying "the order in which the bells sound" - referring to the sequence or logical arrangement of separate elements (the bells). This matches sense 4: "logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements," which has the synonym "ordering" and example "we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation." The bells are arranged in a particular sequence, and the ringers vary this arrangement while maintaining the steady rhythm.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage is about change-ringing bells in English churches. The key sentence is:

"Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the <t>order</t> in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

So the bells are rung in a certain sequence/arrangement. The ringers vary "the order" - meaning they change the sequence in which the bells sound. This is clearly about arrangement or sequence.

Let me look at the relevant senses:

1. sense_key=order%1:10:03:: - command from superior - NOT relevant
2. sense_key=order%1:07:01:: - degree in continuum of size/quantity - NOT relevant
3. sense_key=order%1:26:00:: - established customary state (law and order) - NOT relevant
4. sense_key=order%1:14:00:: - logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements | synonyms=ordering, ordination | examples=we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation - THIS LOOKS RELEVANT
5. sense_key=order%1:26:02:: - condition of regular or proper arrangement - could be relevant
6. sense_key=order%1:10:00:: - court order - NOT relevant
7. sense_key=order%1:10:01:: - commercial document/purchase order - NOT relevant
8. sense_key=order%1:14:02:: - formal association - NOT relevant
9. sense_key=order%1:10:02:: - body of rules - NOT relevant
10. sense_key=order%1:26:01:: - Christian clergyman status - NOT relevant
11. sense_key=order%1:14:03:: - group under religious rule - NOT relevant
12. sense_key=order%1:14:01:: - taxonomy group - NOT relevant
13. sense_key=order%1:10:04:: - request for something - NOT relevant
14. sense_key=order%1:07:00:: - architectural style - NOT relevant
15. sense_key=order%1:04:00:: - act of putting things in sequential arrangement - ALSO RELEVANT

The most fitting senses are 4 and 15. Sense 4 describes the arrangement itself as a noun—the sequence in which elements are positioned. Sense 15 captures the action of arranging those elements sequentially. In this context, "varying the order" encompasses both the rearrangement being performed and the resulting sequence of bells.

The answer is 4.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bell
Target surface form: bells
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bell%1:06:00:: | definition=a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck
2. sense_key=bell%1:06:02:: | definition=a push button at an outer door that gives a ringing or buzzing signal when pushed | synonyms=doorbell, buzzer
3. sense_key=bell%1:11:00:: | definition=the sound of a bell being struck | synonyms=toll | examples=saved by the bell; she heard the distant toll of church bells
4. sense_key=bell%1:28:00:: | definition=(nautical) each of the eight half-hour units of nautical time signaled by strokes of a ship's bell; eight bells signals 4:00, 8:00, or 12:00 o'clock, either a.m. or p.m. | synonyms=ship's bell
5. sense_key=bell%1:25:00:: | definition=the shape of a bell | synonyms=bell shape, campana
6. sense_key=bell%1:18:02:: | definition=a phonetician and father of Alexander Graham Bell (1819-1905) | synonyms=Melville Bell, Alexander Melville Bell
7. sense_key=bell%1:18:01:: | definition=English painter; sister of Virginia Woolf; prominent member of the Bloomsbury Group (1879-1961) | synonyms=Vanessa Bell, Vanessa Stephen
8. sense_key=bell%1:18:00:: | definition=United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) | synonyms=Alexander Bell, Alexander Graham Bell
9. sense_key=bell%1:06:04:: | definition=a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells that are struck with a hammer; used as an orchestral instrument | synonyms=chime, gong
10. sense_key=bell%1:06:03:: | definition=the flared opening of a tubular device

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage is about church bells in England, specifically discussing change-ringing.

The key passage states:
"Proper English bells are started off in "rounds," from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the <t>bells</t> sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

The context is clearly about:
1. Physical bells that are hung in churches
2. They are struck/rung to make sounds
3. They weigh more than a ton
4. They can vary in pitch
5. They are used for change-ringing, an ancient English art

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck" - This is the physical bell object itself. This matches the context well.
2. "a push button at an outer door" - doorbell - doesn't match
3. "the sound of a bell being struck" - This is the sound, not the physical bell
4. Nautical bells - doesn't match
5. "the shape of a bell" - bell shape, not the bell itself
6-8. Names of people - don't match
9. "a percussion instrument consisting of a set of tuned bells" - This could potentially apply since they're talking about multiple bells, but sense 1 is more directly about individual bells
10. "the flared opening of a tubular device" - doesn't match

The context is clearly referring to the actual physical bells that are rung. The passage mentions bells being struck, weighing more than a ton, having different pitches, etc. This is sense 1: "a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound when struck"

This is the best match.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: sound
Target surface form: sound
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells <t>sound</t> without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=sound%2:39:06:: | definition=appear in a certain way | examples=This sounds interesting
2. sense_key=sound%2:39:00:: | definition=make a certain noise or sound | synonyms=go | examples=She went `Mmmmm'; The gun went `bang'
3. sense_key=sound%2:39:03:: | definition=give off a certain sound or sounds | examples=This record sounds scratchy
4. sense_key=sound%2:39:02:: | definition=announce by means of a sound | examples=sound the alarm
5. sense_key=sound%2:32:00:: | definition=utter with vibrating vocal chords | synonyms=voice, vocalize, vocalise
6. sense_key=sound%2:39:01:: | definition=cause to sound | examples=sound the bell; sound a certain note
7. sense_key=sound%2:30:00:: | definition=measure the depth of (a body of water) with a sounding line | synonyms=fathom

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "sound" in this context means the bells are producing or emitting their characteristic bell sounds in a varying order determined by the ringers. Sense 3, "give off a certain sound or sounds," best captures this meaning, as it describes the bells naturally emitting their sounds as they are struck in different sequences during the change-ringing exercise.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "sound" in this passage.

The context is about change-ringing - an English bell-ringing tradition. The sentence states: "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

In this context, "sound" means the bells produce or emit sound/noise. The ringers are changing which order the bells produce sound, but keeping the same rhythm.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. "appear in a certain way" - Not relevant here
2. "make a certain noise or sound" - synonyms: go; examples: 'Mmmmm', 'bang' - This could work, but it's more about the action of making a sound
3. "give off a certain sound or sounds" - This means to emit or produce sound - this fits well with bells producing sound
4. "announce by means of a sound" - Not quite right, this is more about signaling
5. "utter with vibrating vocal chords" - Not relevant, about vocal sounds
6. "cause to sound" - This means to make something sound, but in context the bells are the ones producing sound naturally in sequence
7. "measure the depth of water" - Not relevant

The key is: the bells are naturally producing sounds in a varying order.

Sense 2 "make a certain noise or sound" seems to be about the action of producing sound.
Sense 3 "give off a certain sound or sounds" emphasizes emitting or producing sound.
Sense 6 "cause to sound" would be more about making something sound artificially.

In the context, the bells are simply producing/giving off sounds in sequence. This seems to fit best with sense 3 "give off a certain sound or sounds" which captures the idea of the bells emitting their characteristic sound in the order the ringers vary.

Actually, looking again, sense 3 fits perfectly: "give off a certain sound or sounds" - the bells are giving off their characteristic bell sounds in varying order.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: alter
Target surface form: altering
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=alter%2:30:01:: | definition=cause to change; make different; cause a transformation | synonyms=change, modify | examples=The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city; The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue
2. sense_key=alter%2:30:00:: | definition=become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence | synonyms=change, vary | examples=her mood changes in accordance with the weather; The supermarket's selection of vegetables varies according to the season
3. sense_key=alter%2:36:00:: | definition=make an alteration to | examples=This dress needs to be altered
4. sense_key=alter%2:30:04:: | definition=insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby | synonyms=interpolate, falsify
5. sense_key=alter%2:29:00:: | definition=remove the ovaries of | synonyms=neuter, spay, castrate | examples=Is your cat spayed?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows that ringers vary the order of bells "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." Here, "altering" means to change or modify the rhythm. This corresponds to the transitive sense that causes transformation—the ringers must avoid changing the rhythm while changing the bell sequence. This fits sense 1 ("cause to change; make different; cause a transformation") with its synonyms "change, modify."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "altering" in this passage about church bell ringing.

The key sentence is: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without <t>altering</t> the steady rhythm of the striking."

This means the ringers change the order of the bells, but they do NOT alter (change/modify) the steady rhythm. So "altering" here means to change or modify something.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "cause to change; make different; cause a transformation" - synonyms: change, modify. This seems to fit - to alter the rhythm would mean to change/modify it.

2. "become different in some particular way, without permanently losing one's or its former characteristics or essence" - synonyms: change, vary. This is more about something becoming different naturally.

3. "make an alteration to" - This is similar to sense 1 but seems more about physical alterations like clothing.

4. "insert words into texts, often falsifying it thereby" - This doesn't fit at all.

5. "remove the ovaries of" - This doesn't fit at all.

In the context, "without altering the steady rhythm" means "without changing/modifying the steady rhythm." The ringers vary the order of bells but maintain the same rhythm.

Sense 1 fits best: "cause to change; make different; cause a transformation" with synonyms "change, modify". This is the transitive sense where you cause something to be altered.

Sense 2 is about something becoming different naturally, without permanent loss - this is more intransitive.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: steady
Target surface form: steady
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the <t>steady</t> rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=steady%3:00:00:: | definition=not subject to change or variation especially in behavior | examples=a steady beat; a steady job
2. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:stable:00 | definition=not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall | synonyms=firm, unfluctuating | examples=stocks are still firm
3. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:secure:03 | definition=securely in position; not shaky | examples=held the ladder steady
4. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:resolute:00 | definition=marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable | synonyms=firm, steadfast, stiff, unbendable, unfaltering, unshakable | examples=firm convictions; a firm mouth
5. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:frequent:00 | definition=relating to a person who does something regularly | synonyms=regular | examples=a regular customer; a steady drinker
6. sense_key=steady%5:00:00:unexcitable:00 | definition=not easily excited or upset | examples=steady nerves

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes bell-ringers varying "the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." Here, "steady" describes a rhythm that remains consistent and unchanging despite variations in the bell sequences. This matches sense 1: "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior," with the exact example "a steady beat" provided in the definitions.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "steady" is being used.

The context is about change-ringing (bell-ringing). The passage states: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

So "steady" is describing "rhythm" - it's modifying how the rhythm of the bell striking is maintained despite the variations in the order of the bells.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior" - examples: "a steady beat; a steady job" - This seems very relevant. A steady rhythm is one that doesn't change in its basic temporal pattern.

2. "not liable to fluctuate or especially to fall" - synonyms: firm, unfluctuating - This is about stability and consistency.

3. "securely in position; not shaky" - examples: "held the ladder steady" - This is more about physical position/balance.

4. "marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable" - This is about character/determination.

5. "relating to a person who does something regularly" - This is about frequency/regularity.

6. "not easily excited or upset" - This is about temperament.

The key phrase is "steady rhythm of the striking." The rhythm is the regular, consistent beat pattern. Despite the bells sounding in different orders (variations), the rhythm itself remains steady - meaning it maintains its consistent, unchanging beat pattern.

Sense 1 seems most appropriate: "not subject to change or variation especially in behavior" with the example "a steady beat" which perfectly matches "steady rhythm."

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rhythm
Target surface form: rhythm
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady <t>rhythm</t> of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:01:: | definition=the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music | synonyms=beat, musical rhythm | examples=the piece has a fast rhythm; the conductor set the beat
2. sense_key=rhythm%1:07:01:: | definition=recurring at regular intervals | synonyms=regular recurrence
3. sense_key=rhythm%1:28:00:: | definition=an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs | synonyms=cycle, round | examples=the never-ending cycle of the seasons
4. sense_key=rhythm%1:10:00:: | definition=the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements | synonyms=speech rhythm | examples=the rhythm of Frost's poetry
5. sense_key=rhythm%1:04:00:: | definition=natural family planning in which ovulation is assumed to occur 14 days before the onset of a period (the fertile period would be assumed to extend from day 10 through day 18 of her cycle) | synonyms=rhythm method of birth control, rhythm method, calendar method of birth control, calendar method

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In this context, "rhythm" refers to the basic temporal pattern or beat maintained in the bell-ringing performance. The ringers vary which bells ring in sequence, but maintain the steady "rhythm of the striking" - the consistent beat or regular timing pattern. This directly corresponds to the musical sense of rhythm as the basic rhythmic unit or beat in a musical performance.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "rhythm" in this passage about bell-ringing.

The context is: "the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

This is discussing the physical, temporal pattern of how the bells are struck. The ringers are changing the order/sequence of which bells ring, but they're maintaining a steady rhythm - meaning they keep the same temporal pattern of strikes.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music" - This is about musical rhythm, the beat. The passage is about bells ringing, which is musical. This seems plausible.

2. "recurring at regular intervals" - This describes the property of something that recurs regularly. This could fit - the striking has a steady rhythm (recurs regularly).

3. "an interval during which a recurring sequence of events occurs" - This is about cycles or rounds. The passage mentions "rounds" in the previous sentence as the starting position, but the word "rhythm" here isn't referring to the "rounds" concept.

4. "the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements" - This is about poetic/speech rhythm. Not relevant to bell-ringing.

5. "natural family planning method" - Clearly not relevant.

The key phrase is "without altering the steady rhythm of the striking." The bells are being struck at regular intervals, and the "rhythm" refers to the steady temporal pattern of these strikes.

Sense 1 is about the basic rhythmic unit in music - this fits well for bells and striking sounds.
Sense 2 is about recurring at regular intervals - this also fits.

Actually, sense 1 seems most specific and accurate - it's about the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music (or in this case, the bell-ringing performance). The "steady rhythm of the striking" refers to the beat or basic rhythmic unit maintained throughout the performance.

I think sense 1 is the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: striking
Target surface form: striking
Context:
According to a nationwide survey taken a year ago, nearly a third of England's church bells are no longer rung on Sundays because there is no one to ring them. It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the <t>striking</t>. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging | examples=contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull
2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting | examples=repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The context describes bell-ringing, specifically the steady rhythm of striking bells. Here, "striking" refers to the action of hitting the bells to make them sound - the act of contacting the bells with force. This corresponds to sense 2: "the act of contacting one thing with another" with synonyms "hit, hitting," which directly describes the repeated action of ringing bells in rhythm. Sense 1, which describes the physical contact itself as a state rather than an action, is less appropriate in this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "striking" in the context provided.

The context is about bell-ringing, specifically change-ringing. The passage says: "Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking."

Here, "striking" refers to the action of ringing the bells - hitting them to make them sound. It's talking about the physical action of striking the bells.

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=striking%1:11:00:: | definition=the physical coming together of two or more things | synonyms=contact, impinging
   - This is about the physical contact itself, the coming together of things
   - Example: "contact with the pier scraped paint from the hull"

2. sense_key=striking%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of contacting one thing with another | synonyms=hit, hitting
   - This is about the act of contacting/hitting something
   - Examples: "repeated hitting raised a large bruise; after three misses she finally got a hit"

In the bell-ringing context, "the steady rhythm of the striking" refers to the act of hitting the bells repeatedly in a steady rhythm. This is not just the moment of contact (sense 1), but rather the action/act of hitting (sense 2).

Sense 2 (striking%1:04:00::) is "the act of contacting one thing with another" with synonyms "hit, hitting". This fits perfectly - the striking of bells is the act of hitting them.

Sense 1 is about the physical contact itself, which is more of a state or result rather than an action.

The answer should be sense 2, which is indexed as sense_index: 2 (or possibly by the position in the list).

Looking at the format: the candidate senses are listed with sense 1 and sense 2. So sense 2 would be the second one in the list.
{"sense_index": 2}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: variation
Target surface form: variation
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=variation%1:11:01:: | definition=an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change | synonyms=fluctuation
2. sense_key=variation%1:04:00:: | definition=an activity that varies from a norm or standard | synonyms=variance | examples=any variation in his routine was immediately reported
3. sense_key=variation%1:10:00:: | definition=a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished
4. sense_key=variation%1:09:01:: | definition=something a little different from others of the same type | synonyms=version, variant, edition | examples=an experimental version of the night fighter; a variant of the same word
5. sense_key=variation%1:06:00:: | definition=an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard | examples=he patented a variation on the sandal
6. sense_key=variation%1:25:00:: | definition=the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north | synonyms=magnetic declination, magnetic variation
7. sense_key=variation%1:22:00:: | definition=the process of varying or being varied
8. sense_key=variation%1:19:00:: | definition=(astronomy) any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite (especially a perturbation of the earth's moon)
9. sense_key=variation%1:18:00:: | definition=(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration | synonyms=mutant, mutation, sport
10. sense_key=variation%1:04:02:: | definition=(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure | synonyms=pas seul
11. sense_key=variation%1:04:01:: | definition=the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard | examples=who is responsible for these variations in taxation?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The context describes change-ringing where "each variation, or change, can occur only once." This refers to a specific instance—a particular ordering of the bells that represents a change from the previous sequence. The passage emphasizes that each variation is a discrete occurrence or instance of changing the order in which bells sound. This aligns best with sense 1's definition of "an instance of change," which captures the notion of individual, distinct rearrangements of the bell sequence.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The passage is about change-ringing, an English bell-ringing tradition. The key sentence is:

"Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each <t>variation</t>, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

The context makes it clear that "variation" here refers to the different orders/sequences in which the bells can ring. It's described as "Each variation, or change" - so it's essentially synonymous with "change" in this context.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "an instance of change; the rate or magnitude of change" - This could work, but the definition seems to emphasize rate/magnitude more than an instance.

2. "an activity that varies from a norm or standard" - The example given is about a person's routine changing. This doesn't fit well.

3. "a repetition of a musical theme in which it is modified or embellished" - This is a musical sense, but change-ringing isn't really about embellishing a musical theme.

4. "something a little different from others of the same type" - This could fit; each variation is a different ordering.

5. "an artifact that deviates from a norm or standard" - This seems too focused on artifacts.

6. "the angle (at a particular location) between magnetic north and true north" - Not relevant.

7. "the process of varying or being varied" - This is too general, not about a specific instance.

8. "any perturbation of the mean motion or orbit of a planet or satellite" - Not relevant.

9. "(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration" - Not relevant.

10. "(ballet) a solo dance or dance figure" - Not directly relevant to bells.
11. "the act of changing or altering something slightly but noticeably from the norm or standard" - This emphasizes the act/process of changing rather than the result. Sense 1 fits best because it captures "an instance of change," which directly applies here—each variation represents a distinct sequence of bells, a specific occurrence of reordering rather than the general process itself.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: occur
Target surface form: occur
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can <t>occur</t> only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes change-ringing patterns where "each variation, or change, can occur only once." This refers to events happening or taking place within the bell-ringing sequence, aligning with the sense of "occur" meaning "come to pass" or "happen." Senses 2 and 3 are not appropriate here: sense 2 requires a mental context ("come to mind"), and sense 3 implies existence/being found in a location, neither of which fits the temporal constraint being described.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "occur" is most appropriate.

The sentence is: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=occur%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
   - This means "to happen" or "take place"
   - In the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" - this would mean each change can happen/take place only once
   - This fits well

2. sense_key=occur%2:31:00:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=come | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
   - This is about something coming to mind
   - This doesn't fit the context. The text is not about something coming to a person's mind
   - This doesn't make sense in context

3. sense_key=occur%2:42:03:: | definition=to be found to exist | examples=sexism occurs in many workplaces; precious stones occur in a large area in Brazil
   - This is about something existing or being found in a place/situation
   - In context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" - this could mean each variation can exist/be found only once
   - This is possible but less natural than sense 1

The most natural reading is that "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" means "Each variation can happen/take place only once" - which is sense 1: "come to pass" with synonyms like "happen, hap, go on, pass off, pass, fall out."

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur <t>only</t> once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" means that a variation is restricted to a single occurrence—"just once" or "merely once." This matches sense 1 ("and nothing more" with synonyms merely, simply, just), where "only" emphasizes that one occurrence is the limit, nothing beyond that. The other senses don't fit: sense 2 (exclusively) emphasizes sole involvement rather than restriction to a number; sense 3-7 involve different constructions or contexts not present here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

This means that each variation can happen one time and one time only - no more than once.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just, but) - "I was merely asking" - This would mean "can occur merely once" which doesn't quite fit.

2. "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone) - "was entirely to blame" - This would mean "exclusively once" or "solely once" which fits well. Each change occurs exclusively one time.

3. "with nevertheless the final result" - "He arrived only to find..." - This is a specific construction, doesn't fit here.

4. "in the final outcome" - "These news will only make you more upset" - Doesn't fit.

5. "except that" - Doesn't fit.

6. "never except when" / "only if, only when" - This would be conditional, but the sentence isn't conditional.

7. "as recently as" - Doesn't fit.

Looking at the context: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" means that each variation is restricted to one occurrence - it's exclusive, sole occurrence.

Sense 2 with synonyms "entirely, exclusively, solely, alone" seems to fit best. The meaning is that each variation occurs solely one time, or exclusively one time - without any others (additional occurrences).

Actually, let me reconsider sense 1: "and nothing more" - "merely" - "Each variation can occur merely once" - this actually works too and might be more natural.

Sense 2 emphasizes exclusivity/sole occurrence - "exclusively once"
Sense 1 emphasizes simplicity/minimality - "merely once", "just once"

In the context "Each variation, or change, can occur only once", I think sense 1 (merely, simply, just) is more natural.

The variation is limited to a single occurrence with nothing beyond that - "just once" captures this restriction perfectly. Sense 1 it is.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: once
Target surface form: once
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only <t>once</t>, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=once%4:02:00:: | definition=on one occasion | synonyms=one time, in one case | examples=once I ran into her
2. sense_key=once%4:02:02:: | definition=as soon as | examples=once we are home, we can rest
3. sense_key=once%4:02:01:: | definition=at a previous time | synonyms=formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst | examples=at one time he loved her; her erstwhile writing

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "once" in the context "Each variation, or change, can occur only once" means "on one occasion" - indicating that each variation can happen only one time. This directly matches sense 1, which defines "once" as "on one occasion" with the synonym "one time." The other senses (temporal conjunction "as soon as" and the adverb meaning "formerly") do not fit this usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the target word "once" in the sentence: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

In this context, the word "once" is being used to indicate that each variation can happen only one time. It's talking about a single occurrence of an event.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "on one occasion" with synonyms "one time, in one case" and example "once I ran into her" - This refers to a single occasion or instance of something happening.

2. Sense 2: "as soon as" with example "once we are home, we can rest" - This is a temporal conjunction meaning "immediately when" or "as soon as".

3. Sense 3: "at a previous time" with synonyms "formerly, at one time, erstwhile, erst" and examples "at one time he loved her" - This refers to a past time, indicating something that happened in the past.

In the sentence "Each variation, or change, can occur only once," the word "once" means that each variation can happen only one time (on one occasion). This clearly matches Sense 1, which means "on one occasion."

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: rule
Target surface form: rules
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the <t>rules</t> state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=rule%1:09:00:: | definition=a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior | synonyms=regulation | examples=it was his rule to take a walk before breakfast; short haircuts were the regulation
2. sense_key=rule%1:09:01:: | definition=something regarded as a normative example | synonyms=convention, normal, pattern, formula | examples=the convention of not naming the main character; violence is the rule not the exception
3. sense_key=rule%1:10:00:: | definition=prescribed guide for conduct or action | synonyms=prescript
4. sense_key=rule%1:10:01:: | definition=(linguistics) a rule describing (or prescribing) a linguistic practice | synonyms=linguistic rule
5. sense_key=rule%1:09:03:: | definition=a basic generalization that is accepted as true and that can be used as a basis for reasoning or conduct | synonyms=principle | examples=their principles of composition characterized all their works
6. sense_key=rule%1:28:00:: | definition=the duration of a monarch's or government's power | examples=during the rule of Elizabeth
7. sense_key=rule%1:26:00:: | definition=dominance or power through legal authority | synonyms=dominion | examples=France held undisputed dominion over vast areas of Africa; the rule of Caesar
8. sense_key=rule%1:10:02:: | definition=directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted | examples=he knew the rules of chess
9. sense_key=rule%1:10:03:: | definition=any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order | examples=the rule of St. Dominic
10. sense_key=rule%1:09:02:: | definition=a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon or the function of a complex system | synonyms=principle | examples=the principle of the conservation of mass; the principle of jet propulsion
11. sense_key=rule%1:09:04:: | definition=(mathematics) a standard procedure for solving a class of mathematical problems | synonyms=formula | examples=he determined the upper bound with Descartes' rule of signs; he gave us a general formula for attacking polynomials
12. sense_key=rule%1:06:00:: | definition=measuring stick consisting of a strip of wood or metal or plastic with a straight edge that is used for drawing straight lines and measuring lengths | synonyms=ruler

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

The context describes change-ringing, a structured bell-ringing activity with specific constraints. The sentence "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state" refers to prescribed directions that define how this activity is to be conducted—similar to the rules of a game or sport. This matches sense 8, which defines rules as "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "rules" is being used.

The context is about change-ringing, a bell-ringing practice. The sentence says: "Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

This is clearly referring to prescribed guidelines or constraints governing how the bell-ringing activity works. Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "a principle or condition that customarily governs behavior" - This could fit, but it's more about habitual behavior.

2. "something regarded as a normative example" - Not applicable here.

3. "prescribed guide for conduct or action" - This fits well. Rules in bell-ringing are prescriptive guidelines.

4. "(linguistics) a rule describing a linguistic practice" - Not applicable, this is about language.

5. "a basic generalization that is accepted as true" - Could be more general than the context needs.

6. "the duration of a monarch's or government's power" - Not applicable.

7. "dominance or power through legal authority" - Not applicable.

8. "directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted" - This is very similar to sense 3, and could apply since change-ringing is a competitive/structured activity. Examples mention chess rules.

9. "any one of a systematic body of regulations defining the way of life of members of a religious order" - Not applicable.

10. "a rule or law concerning a natural phenomenon" - Not applicable.

11. "(mathematics) a standard procedure" - Not applicable.

12. "measuring stick" - Not applicable.

The key distinction is between sense 3 (prescribed guide for conduct or action) and sense 8 (directions that define the way a game or sport is to be conducted).

Change-ringing is indeed structured like a sport or game with specific rules about how variations can occur. Sense 8 specifically mentions "game or sport" and chess rules as an example. However, sense 3 is "prescribed guide for conduct or action" which is more general.
Since change-ringing functions as a competitive structured activity with formal constraints on how variations must be performed, sense 8 about game or sport rules appears most precise and fitting for this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
It is easy to see why the ancient art is on the ropes. The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules <t>state</t>. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell | examples=He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you
2. sense_key=state%2:32:01:: | definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit | examples=I submit to you that the accused is guilty
3. sense_key=state%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express | examples=Can you express this distance in kilometers?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "state" in "the rules state" means to express or declare something in words. The sentence conveys that the rules say/declare that each variation can occur only once. This matches sense 1 (express in words) with synonyms "say, tell," which is the most natural reading of the verb in this context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "state" in this sentence:

"Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state."

The sentence is saying that the rules establish/declare/say that each variation can occur only once. So we need to find which sense of "state" best fits here.

Let me examine each candidate:

1. sense_key=state%2:32:00:: | definition=express in words | synonyms=say, tell
   - This means to express something in words, to say something
   - Example: "He said that he wanted to marry her; tell me what is bothering you"
   - In context: "the rules state" = "the rules say/express"
   - This fits well

2. sense_key=state%2:32:01:: | definition=put before | synonyms=submit, put forward, posit
   - This means to present formally or to put forward (as in a proposal or argument)
   - Example: "I submit to you that the accused is guilty"
   - In context: "the rules state" could mean "the rules put forward"
   - This is more formal/legalistic in tone

3. sense_key=state%2:32:02:: | definition=indicate through a symbol, formula, etc. | synonyms=express
   - This means to express through symbols or formulas
   - Example: "Can you express this distance in kilometers?"
   - In context: "the rules state" - this doesn't fit as well because the rules aren't using symbols/formulas

Looking at the context, "the rules state" means "the rules say/declare". The most straightforward interpretation is sense 1, which means "express in words" with synonyms "say, tell". This is the most common and natural usage.
The formal presentation sense works less naturally here, while the symbolic expression sense doesn't apply since the rules are making a direct statement rather than using formulas. Sense 1 is clearly the best fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: ringer
Target surface form: Ringers
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. <t>Ringers</t> memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=ringer%1:18:02:: | definition=a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation) | synonyms=toller, bell ringer
2. sense_key=ringer%1:18:01:: | definition=a person who is almost identical to another | synonyms=dead ringer, clone
3. sense_key=ringer%1:18:00:: | definition=a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses
4. sense_key=ringer%1:04:00:: | definition=(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly describes people who ring church bells as part of the English change-ringing tradition. The passage explicitly discusses "the ringers" in the context of varying the order of bell sounds according to specific patterns and methods. This directly corresponds to the definition "a person who rings church bells," and the synonyms "bell ringer" and "toller" align perfectly with the context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "Ringers" is being used.

From the context:
- The passage is about change-ringing, a form of bell-ringing in English churches
- It talks about bells being struck in various orders
- "at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound"
- "Ringers memorize patterns of changes"

The context clearly refers to people who ring church bells. They are performing change-ringing, which is the specific English tradition of ringing church bells in varying patterns.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. "a person who rings church bells (as for summoning the congregation)" - This fits perfectly. The passage is entirely about people ringing church bells as part of the change-ringing tradition.

2. "a person who is almost identical to another" - This doesn't fit at all. There's no mention of people looking identical.

3. "a contestant entered in a competition under false pretenses" - This doesn't fit. While there is an element of competition in change-ringing competitions (peals), the passage doesn't mention false pretenses or deception.

4. "(horseshoes) the successful throw of a horseshoe or quoit so as to encircle a stake or peg" - This is about a horseshoe game, completely unrelated to bells.

The answer is clearly sense 1: a person who rings church bells.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: method
Target surface form: methods
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "<t>methods</t>, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=method%1:09:00:: | definition=a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)
2. sense_key=method%1:04:00:: | definition=an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed | synonyms=method acting

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "methods" as memorized patterns of changes in bell-ringing that follow systematic rules (e.g., "Kent Treble Bob Major," "Grandsire Caters"). This aligns with sense 1, which defines method as "a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement." Sense 2 (method acting) is completely unrelated to the bell-ringing context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "method" is being used.

The context is about change-ringing, a bell-ringing practice. The sentence states:

"Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods," which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."

So "methods" here refers to patterns of changes that ringers memorize. These are systematic patterns or ways of arranging the order in which bells sound.

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=method%1:09:00:: - "a way of doing something, especially a systematic way; implies an orderly logical arrangement (usually in steps)"

2. sense_key=method%1:04:00:: - "an acting technique introduced by Stanislavsky in which the actor recalls emotions or reactions from his or her own life and uses them to identify with the character being portrayed | synonyms=method acting"

The second sense is clearly about method acting, which has nothing to do with bell-ringing patterns.

The first sense is about a systematic way of doing something with orderly logical arrangement. This matches the context perfectly - "methods" are patterns/ways of varying the bells in a systematic manner, with specific rules that must be followed.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: name
Target surface form: names
Context:
The less complicated version of playing tunes on bells, as do the carillons of continental Europe, is considered by the English to be childish, fit only for foreigners. Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding <t>names</t> like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=name%1:10:00:: | definition=a language unit by which a person or thing is known | examples=his name really is George Washington; those are two names for the same thing
2. sense_key=name%1:26:00:: | definition=a person's reputation | examples=he wanted to protect his good name
3. sense_key=name%1:14:00:: | definition=family based on male descent | synonyms=gens | examples=he had no sons and there was no one to carry on his name
4. sense_key=name%1:18:00:: | definition=a well-known or notable person | synonyms=figure, public figure | examples=they studied all the great names in the history of France; she is an important figure in modern music
5. sense_key=name%1:04:00:: | definition=by the sanction or authority of | examples=halt in the name of the law
6. sense_key=name%1:10:01:: | definition=a defamatory or abusive word or phrase | synonyms=epithet

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "names" in this context refers to the linguistic labels or designations by which the ringing methods are known—"Kent Treble Bob Major" and "Grandsire Caters" are language units identifying these patterns. This corresponds to the first sense: "a language unit by which a person or thing is known."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand which sense of "names" is being used.

The sentence is: "Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters."

The "names" here refers to the designations or labels given to different methods of change-ringing. They are the language units by which these methods are known - "Kent Treble Bob Major" and "Grandsire Caters" are the names/identifiers of these methods.

Let me check each sense:

1. "a language unit by which a person or thing is known" - This fits perfectly. The names "Kent Treble Bob Major" and "Grandsire Caters" are language units by which these ringing methods are known.

2. "a person's reputation" - This doesn't fit. We're not talking about reputation.

3. "family based on male descent" - This doesn't fit. No family context here.

4. "a well-known or notable person" - This doesn't fit. We're naming methods, not people.

5. "by the sanction or authority of" - This doesn't fit. This is a phrase usage, not what we have here.

6. "a defamatory or abusive word or phrase" - This doesn't fit. The names aren't insulting words.

The best sense is clearly sense 1: "a language unit by which a person or thing is known" - because the names are the linguistic labels for these ringing methods.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: series
Target surface form: series
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A <t>series</t> of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and takes about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=series%1:14:00:: | definition=similar things placed in order or happening one after another | examples=they were investigating a series of bank robberies
2. sense_key=series%1:10:01:: | definition=a serialized set of programs | synonyms=serial | examples=a comedy series; the Masterworks concert series
3. sense_key=series%1:10:00:: | definition=a periodical that appears at scheduled times | synonyms=serial, serial publication
4. sense_key=series%1:11:00:: | definition=(sports) several contests played successively by the same teams | examples=the visiting team swept the series
5. sense_key=series%1:24:00:: | definition=(electronics) connection of components in such a manner that current flows first through one and then through the other | examples=the voltage divider consisted of a series of fixed resistors
6. sense_key=series%1:14:01:: | definition=a group of postage stamps having a common theme or a group of coins or currency selected as a group for study or collection | examples=the Post Office issued a series commemorating famous American entertainers; his coin collection included the complete series of Indian-head pennies
7. sense_key=series%1:09:00:: | definition=(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence of expressions

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The word "series" in this context refers to a sequence of changes (bell-ringing variations) that occur one after another. The sentence states "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal'" - describing multiple similar events (changes) happening sequentially without repetition. This matches sense 1: "similar things placed in order or happening one after another," which is exemplified by the given example of "a series of bank robberies."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "series" in this passage.

The passage is about change-ringing in English churches. The relevant sentence is: "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal' and takes about three hours."

In this context, "series" refers to a sequence of changes (variations in the order the bells ring) that occur one after another. The text explicitly states that:
- Each variation/change can occur only once
- A series of 5,000 changes is called a "peal"
- The series takes about three hours to complete

Now let me match this to the candidate senses:

1. "similar things placed in order or happening one after another" - This seems to match. The changes happen one after another in a specific sequence.

2. "a serialized set of programs" - No, this is about TV/broadcast programs, not relevant.

3. "a periodical that appears at scheduled times" - No, not about publications.

4. "(sports) several contests played successively" - No, this is specifically about sports.

5. "(electronics) connection of components" - No, not about electronics.

6. "a group of postage stamps/coins" - No, not about collectibles.

7. "(mathematics) the sum of a finite or infinite sequence" - No, not about mathematical series.

The best match is sense 1: "similar things placed in order or happening one after another" with the example "they were investigating a series of bank robberies." This directly parallels the usage in the text where changes happen one after another in sequence.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: take
Target surface form: takes
Context:
Change-ringing, a mind-boggling exercise the English invented 380 years ago, requires physical dexterity -- some bells weigh more than a ton -- combined with intense mental concentration. Proper English bells are started off in "rounds, "from the highest-pitched bell to the lowest -- a simple descending scale using, in larger churches, as many as 12 bells. Then, at a signal, the ringers begin varying the order in which the bells sound without altering the steady rhythm of the striking. Each variation, or change, can occur only once, the rules state. Ringers memorize patterns of changes, known as "methods, "which have odd-sounding names like Kent Treble Bob Major or Grandsire Caters. A series of 5,000 or so changes is a "peal "and <t>takes</t> about three hours. A look at a Thursday night practice at St. Mary Abbot church in the Kensington district of London gives an idea of the work involved.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out | examples=take action; take steps
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere | synonyms=lead, direct, conduct, guide | examples=We lead him to our chief; can you take me to the main entrance?
4. sense_key=take%2:35:00:: | definition=get into one's hands, take physically | synonyms=get hold of | examples=Take a cookie!; Can you take this bag, please
5. sense_key=take%2:30:01:: | definition=take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect | synonyms=assume, acquire, adopt, take on | examples=His voice took on a sad tone; The story took a new turn
6. sense_key=take%2:31:07:: | definition=interpret something in a certain way; convey a particular meaning or impression | synonyms=read | examples=I read this address as a satire; How should I take this message?
7. sense_key=take%2:38:10:: | definition=take something or somebody with oneself somewhere | synonyms=bring, convey | examples=Bring me the box from the other room; Take these letters to the boss
8. sense_key=take%2:40:00:: | definition=take into one's possession | examples=We are taking an orphan from Romania; I'll take three salmon steaks
9. sense_key=take%2:38:02:: | definition=travel or go by means of a certain kind of transportation, or a certain route | examples=He takes the bus to work; She takes Route 1 to Newark
10. sense_key=take%2:31:01:: | definition=pick out, select, or choose from a number of alternatives | synonyms=choose, select, pick out | examples=Take any one of these cards; Choose a good husband for your daughter
11. sense_key=take%2:40:05:: | definition=receive willingly something given or offered | synonyms=accept, have | examples=The only girl who would have him was the miller's daughter; I won't have this dog in my house!
12. sense_key=take%2:41:00:: | definition=assume, as of positions or roles | synonyms=fill, occupy | examples=She took the job as director of development; he occupies the position of manager
13. sense_key=take%2:31:03:: | definition=take into consideration for exemplifying purposes | synonyms=consider, deal, look at | examples=Take the case of China; Consider the following case
14. sense_key=take%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, need, require, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
15. sense_key=take%2:39:00:: | definition=experience or feel or submit to | examples=Take a test; Take the plunge
16. sense_key=take%2:32:02:: | definition=make a film or photograph of something | synonyms=film, shoot | examples=take a scene; shoot a movie
17. sense_key=take%2:30:00:: | definition=remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract | synonyms=remove, take away, withdraw | examples=remove a threat; remove a wrapper
18. sense_key=take%2:34:00:: | definition=serve oneself to, or consume regularly | synonyms=consume, ingest, take in, have | examples=Have another bowl of chicken soup!; I don't take sugar in my coffee
19. sense_key=take%2:31:09:: | definition=accept or undergo, often unwillingly | synonyms=submit | examples=We took a pay cut
20. sense_key=take%2:40:15:: | definition=make use of or accept for some purpose | synonyms=accept | examples=take a risk; take an opportunity
21. sense_key=take%2:40:01:: | definition=take by force | examples=Hitler took the Baltic Republics; The army took the fort on the hill
22. sense_key=take%2:38:00:: | definition=occupy or take on | synonyms=assume, strike, take up | examples=He assumes the lotus position; She took her seat on the stage
23. sense_key=take%2:40:07:: | definition=admit into a group or community | synonyms=accept, admit, take on | examples=accept students for graduate study; We'll have to vote on whether or not to admit a new member
24. sense_key=take%2:30:08:: | definition=ascertain or determine by measuring, computing or take a reading from a dial | examples=take a pulse; A reading was taken of the earth's tremors
25. sense_key=take%2:31:02:: | definition=be a student of a certain subject | synonyms=learn, study, read | examples=She is reading for the bar exam
26. sense_key=take%2:32:00:: | definition=take as an undesirable consequence of some event or state of affairs | synonyms=claim, exact | examples=the accident claimed three lives; The hard work took its toll on her
27. sense_key=take%2:38:05:: | definition=head into a specified direction | synonyms=make | examples=The escaped convict took to the hills; We made for the mountains
28. sense_key=take%2:33:09:: | definition=point or cause to go (blows, weapons, or objects such as photographic equipment) towards | synonyms=aim, train, take aim, direct | examples=Please don't aim at your little brother!; He trained his gun on the burglar
29. sense_key=take%2:30:09:: | definition=be seized or affected in a specified way | examples=take sick; be taken drunk
30. sense_key=take%2:42:10:: | definition=have with oneself; have on one's person | synonyms=carry, pack | examples=She always takes an umbrella; I always carry money
31. sense_key=take%2:40:03:: | definition=engage for service under a term of contract | synonyms=lease, rent, hire, charter, engage | examples=We took an apartment on a quiet street; Let's rent a car
32. sense_key=take%2:40:04:: | definition=receive or obtain regularly | synonyms=subscribe, subscribe to | examples=We take the Times every day
33. sense_key=take%2:40:02:: | definition=buy, select | examples=I'll take a pound of that sausage
34. sense_key=take%2:40:08:: | definition=to get into a position of having, e.g., safety, comfort | examples=take shelter from the storm
35. sense_key=take%2:35:14:: | definition=have sex with; archaic use | synonyms=have | examples=He had taken this woman when she was most vulnerable
36. sense_key=take%2:32:09:: | definition=lay claim to; as of an idea | synonyms=claim | examples=She took credit for the whole idea
37. sense_key=take%2:42:03:: | definition=be designed to hold or take | synonyms=accept | examples=This surface will not take the dye
38. sense_key=take%2:42:15:: | definition=be capable of holding or containing | synonyms=contain, hold | examples=This box won't take all the items; The flask holds one gallon
39. sense_key=take%2:41:13:: | definition=develop a habit | examples=He took to visiting bars
40. sense_key=take%2:38:11:: | definition=proceed along in a vehicle | synonyms=drive | examples=We drive the turnpike to work
41. sense_key=take%2:33:08:: | definition=obtain by winning | examples=Winner takes all; He took first prize
42. sense_key=take%2:29:08:: | definition=be stricken by an illness, fall victim to an illness | synonyms=contract, get | examples=He got AIDS; She came down with pneumonia

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "takes" in the context "A series of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal' and takes about three hours" means "requires (time or space)." This matches sense 2 perfectly, which has the definition "require (time or space)" with the synonym "occupy" and provides an almost identical example: "It took three hours to get to work this morning."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"A series of 5,000 or so changes is a 'peal' and takes about three hours."

The word "takes" here is being used in the context of time duration. The peal "takes about three hours" - meaning it requires or occupies about three hours.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=take%2:41:04:: | definition=carry out
2. sense_key=take%2:40:06:: | definition=require (time or space) | synonyms=occupy, use up | examples=It took three hours to get to work this morning; This event occupied a very short time
3. sense_key=take%2:38:09:: | definition=take somebody somewhere
...and so on.

Sense 2 is clearly the best fit:
- Definition: "require (time or space)"
- Synonyms: occupy, use up
- Example: "It took three hours to get to work this morning"

The context says "takes about three hours" which is almost identical to the example in sense 2. This sense describes exactly what we're looking for - the duration or time requirement.

The answer should be sense index 2.