[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: far
Target surface form: far
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is <t>far</t> more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

In this context, "far" modifies the comparative "more interesting" to intensify the comparison. The phrase "far more interesting" means "considerably more interesting" or "very much more interesting." This matches sense 1, which defines "far" as "to a considerable degree; very much," as exemplified in phrases like "a far far better thing" and "felt far worse than yesterday."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the target word "far" in the sentence:

"Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

The sentence is comparing how interesting and agreeable progressive education is to teachers, contrasting it with disciplined instruction. The word "far" here is used to intensify the adjective "more" - it means "to a considerable degree" or "very much."

Let me check each sense:

1. sense_key=far%4:02:02:: | definition=to a considerable degree; very much | examples=a far far better thing that I do; felt far worse than yesterday
   - This fits! The word is used as an intensifier meaning "to a considerable degree" or "very much" (far more interesting).

2. sense_key=far%4:02:00:: | definition=at or to or from a great distance in space | examples=he traveled far; strayed far from home
   - This is about physical distance, doesn't fit.

3. sense_key=far%4:02:04:: | definition=at or to a certain point or degree | examples=I can only go so far before I have to give up; how far can we get with this kind of argument?
   - This is about extent or limit, doesn't quite fit the intensity meaning here.

4. sense_key=far%4:02:01:: | definition=remote in time | examples=if we could see far into the future; all that happened far in the past
   - This is about temporal distance, doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=far%4:02:05:: | definition=to an advanced stage or point | examples=a young man who will go very far
   - This is about progress or advancement, doesn't fit.

The best match is sense 1, which defines "far" as "to a considerable degree; very much." In the context "far more interesting," it means "very much more interesting" or "considerably more interesting."
The answer is sense index 1.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: more
Target surface form: more
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far <t>more</t> interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=more%4:02:00:: | definition=used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs | synonyms=to a greater extent | examples=more interesting; more beautiful
2. sense_key=more%4:02:01:: | definition=comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent | examples=he works more now; they eat more than they should

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "more" in this context is used to form the comparative of the adjectives "interesting" and "agreeable" ("more interesting and agreeable"). This directly matches Sense 1, which explicitly defines this usage ("used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs") and provides the exact example "more interesting."

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "more".

Context: "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

The word "more" here is being used as a comparative form modifying the adjectives "interesting" and "agreeable."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "used to form the comparative of some adjectives and adverbs" with examples "more interesting; more beautiful"
2. Sense 2: "comparative of much; to a greater degree or extent" with examples "he works more now; they eat more than they should"

In the sentence, "more" directly precedes the adjectives "interesting" and "agreeable" to form their comparative forms. The example in Sense 1 directly matches this pattern: "more interesting" appears both in the definition and in the sentence.

Sense 1 is specifically about using "more" to form comparatives of adjectives and adverbs, which is exactly what's happening here.

Sense 2 is about the comparative of "much" used with adverbs or referring to quantity/degree in a more general sense. The examples there ("he works more now") suggest a different usage pattern.

The context clearly shows "more" being used to form the comparative of the adjective "interesting" (and "agreeable"), which perfectly matches Sense 1.

The answer should be sense index 1.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: agreeable
Target surface form: agreeable
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and <t>agreeable</t> to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=agreeable%3:00:00:: | definition=conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature; ; ; - Disraeli | examples=Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow
2. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:consistent:00 | definition=in keeping | synonyms=accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant | examples=salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes
3. sense_key=agreeable%5:00:00:accordant:00 | definition=prepared to agree or consent | examples=agreeable to the plan

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "agreeable" in this context means that progressive education is more pleasing or conforming to teachers' liking. The sentence contrasts what teachers find pleasant or agreeable (progressive education) versus what requires more discipline. This matches sense 1, which defines "agreeable" as "conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "agreeable" in this passage.

The sentence is: "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. **Sense 1**: "conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature" - Examples: "Is the plan agreeable to you?; he's an agreeable fellow"
   - This sense describes something that conforms to one's liking or is pleasant/pleasing to someone. The example "he's an agreeable fellow" means someone who is pleasant or easy to get along with.

2. **Sense 2**: "in keeping" - Synonyms: accordant, conformable, consonant, concordant - Examples: "salaries agreeable with current trends; plans conformable with your wishes"
   - This sense means in accordance with, consistent with, or conforming to standards.

3. **Sense 3**: "prepared to agree or consent" - Examples: "agreeable to the plan"
   - This sense means willing or ready to accept/consent.

In the context: "Progressive education is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

The sentence is saying that progressive education is more pleasing/pleasant to teachers. They find it more agreeable (more to their liking) than disciplined instruction.

Sense 1 fits best here - it's describing something that is pleasing or conforming to the teachers' liking. The phrase "agreeable to teachers" means "pleasing to teachers" or "in keeping with what teachers like."

This is sense 1 - "conforming to your own liking or feelings or nature"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to <t>teachers</t> than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to actual human educators whose occupation is teaching. The passage discusses teachers' preferences for progressive education methods, their thoughts about personality development, and their decisions about minimizing tests. This is unambiguously referring to real people who work as educators, not abstract entities like books or experience that can metaphorically teach.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "teacher" is being used.

The sentence is: "Progressive education (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
   - This refers to people whose job is teaching

2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher
   - This refers to non-human entities or abstract concepts that teach (like books, experience, etc.)

In the context provided, "teachers" clearly refers to actual people who are engaged in the profession of teaching. The text discusses:
- "it is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"
- The phrase "those irksome tests with often disappointing results" suggests human decision-making

This is clearly referring to human educators, not abstract concepts or objects. Therefore, the correct sense is sense 1: "a person whose occupation is teaching"

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: disciplined
Target surface form: disciplined
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is <t>disciplined</t> instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules
2. sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes "disciplined instruction" in contrast with "progressive education," emphasizing structured, rigorous teaching methods. The phrase "disciplined instruction" specifically refers to teaching that involves systematic training and exercise of the mind—directly aligning with sense 2's definition of "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise." This sense better captures the meaning of instruction characterized by rigor and structure, rather than merely "obeying rules."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "disciplined" best fits.

The context is discussing education approaches. The passage contrasts:
- "Progressive education" which is "more interesting and agreeable to teachers"
- "disciplined instruction"

The context suggests that "disciplined instruction" refers to a structured, rigorous form of teaching that contrasts with the more free-form, permissive approach of progressive education.

The passage mentions that progressive education allows teachers to minimize "irksome tests with often disappointing results," implying that disciplined instruction would involve such structure and accountability.

Now let's look at the two candidate senses:

1. **sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:controlled:00 | definition=obeying the rules**
   - This emphasizes adherence to rules and control

2. **sense_key=disciplined%5:00:00:trained:00 | definition=trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise | examples=the beautiful coordination of his disciplined muscles; a disciplined mind**
   - This emphasizes training, instruction, and rigorous mental/physical development
   - The examples show coordinated movements and developed mind

In the context of "disciplined instruction," this refers to instruction that is structured, systematic, and involves rigorous training and exercise of the mind. This aligns more closely with sense 2, which emphasizes training and instruction.

The word "instruction" in "disciplined instruction" specifically points to sense 2, which defines disciplined as "trained mentally or physically by instruction or exercise." The whole phrase is about instruction that involves discipline and rigor - systematic teaching.

I believe the answer is sense 2 (the second sense listed).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: instruction
Target surface form: instruction
Context:
Fortunately, these same parents do want their children to get a decent education as traditionally understood, and they have enough common sense to know what that demands. Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined <t>instruction</t>. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: | definition=a message describing how something is to be done | synonyms=direction | examples=he gave directions faster than she could follow them
2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: | definition=the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill | synonyms=education, teaching, pedagogy, didactics, educational activity | examples=he received no formal education; our instruction was carefully programmed
3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: | definition=the profession of a teacher | synonyms=teaching, pedagogy | examples=he prepared for teaching while still in college; pedagogy is recognized as an important profession
4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: | definition=(computer science) a line of code written as part of a computer program | synonyms=command, statement, program line

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses the activities and methods of teaching, specifically contrasting "disciplined instruction" with "progressive education." The passage is about the educational process and how teachers engage in teaching activities. Sense 2, "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill," best captures this meaning. The other senses do not fit: sense 1 refers to directions/procedures, sense 3 refers to the profession itself rather than the activities, and sense 4 relates to computer programming.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "instruction" is being used.

The passage is discussing education and teaching. The key sentence is:
"'Progressive education' (as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction."

The context discusses:
- Education and its purpose
- What teachers find interesting vs. what is necessary for actual learning
- The contrast between "progressive education" (personality development) and "disciplined instruction"

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=instruction%1:10:04:: - "a message describing how something is to be done" (like directions). This doesn't fit the context well.

2. sense_key=instruction%1:04:01:: - "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill". This fits well. The passage discusses education, learning, and the activities involved in teaching. Examples include "formal education" and "our instruction was carefully programmed" - both relate to the educational process.

3. sense_key=instruction%1:04:00:: - "the profession of a teacher". While teaching is discussed, this sense seems narrower and focused on the profession itself rather than the activities.

4. sense_key=instruction%1:10:02:: - "a line of code written as part of a computer program". This is clearly not relevant to the context.

In the context, "disciplined instruction" contrasts with "personality development" and refers to the actual teaching/educational activities and methods. This is about the process of imparting knowledge and skills through disciplined methods.

Sense 2 (instruction%1:04:01::) is the best fit because it refers to "the activities of educating or instructing; activities that impart knowledge or skill" which perfectly matches the discussion of disciplined teaching methods vs. progressive education.

The answer should be sense index 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nice
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is <t>nice</t> for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes how "progressive education" is "far more interesting and agreeable to teachers" than disciplined instruction. The word "nice" is used to characterize something that is pleasant and desirable for teachers - they find it agreeable to focus on "personality development" rather than rigorous testing. This matches sense 1, which defines "nice" as "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

The author is discussing how "progressive education" is appealing to teachers because it allows them to focus on personality development and avoid rigorous testing. The word "nice" here means that it is pleasant or agreeable - it's something teachers would enjoy doing rather than having to deal with structured, disciplined instruction.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance" - This fits well. Teachers find it pleasant/agreeable to think of themselves as developing personalities rather than teaching in a disciplined way.

2. "socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous" - This doesn't fit the context. The author isn't commenting on whether it's socially acceptable or virtuous.

3. "done with delicacy and skill" - This doesn't fit. The author isn't talking about something done with skill or precision.

4. "excessively fastidious and easily disgusted" - This doesn't fit at all. The context has nothing to do with being fastidious or squeamish.

5. "exhibiting courtesy and politeness" - This doesn't fit. The author isn't talking about politeness or courtesy.

The best fit is sense 1: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance." The author is saying it's pleasant/agreeable for teachers to think of themselves in this way rather than as disciplined instructors.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to teachers as actual professionals in the education system who have occupations, take courses in educational psychology, and define themselves as members of a profession. The passage discusses their thinking, preferences, and professional self-image - all characteristics of real people whose job is teaching, not abstract or personified entities.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for "teachers" in this passage.

The passage discusses education and specifically talks about "teachers" as people who work in schools. The relevant sentence is: "It is nice for <t>teachers</t> to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "a person whose occupation is teaching" with synonym "instructor"
   - This is the literal, straightforward meaning of teacher as a professional occupation
   - This would apply to school teachers, professors, etc.

2. Sense 2: "a personified abstraction that teaches" with examples like "books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher"
   - This is a metaphorical or abstract sense
   - It's used when non-person entities are described as teaching someone

In the context provided, the passage is clearly discussing actual people who work as teachers in schools. The text talks about "teachers" thinking, minimizing tests, having a self-definition as a "profession," and taking courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. These are all characteristics of actual human professionals, not abstract concepts.

The passage is referring to real people whose occupation is teaching, not using "teachers" as a metaphorical abstraction.

Therefore, the correct sense is Sense 1 (sense_key=teacher%1:18:00::).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: think
Target surface form: think
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to <t>think</t> they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=think%2:31:01:: | definition=judge or regard; look upon; judge | synonyms=believe, consider, conceive | examples=I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart
2. sense_key=think%2:31:03:: | definition=expect, believe, or suppose | synonyms=opine, suppose, imagine, reckon, guess | examples=I imagine she earned a lot of money with her new novel; I thought to find her in a bad state
3. sense_key=think%2:31:00:: | definition=use or exercise the mind or one's power of reason in order to make inferences, decisions, or arrive at a solution or judgments | synonyms=cogitate, cerebrate | examples=I've been thinking all day and getting nowhere
4. sense_key=think%2:31:02:: | definition=recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection | synonyms=remember, retrieve, recall, call back, call up, recollect | examples=I can't remember saying any such thing; I can't think what her last name was
5. sense_key=think%2:36:00:: | definition=imagine or visualize | examples=Just think--you could be rich one day!; Think what a scene it must have been!
6. sense_key=think%2:31:09:: | definition=focus one's attention on a certain state | examples=Think big; think thin
7. sense_key=think%2:31:06:: | definition=have in mind as a purpose | synonyms=intend, mean | examples=I mean no harm; I only meant to help you
8. sense_key=think%2:31:12:: | definition=decide by pondering, reasoning, or reflecting | examples=Can you think what to do next?
9. sense_key=think%2:31:13:: | definition=ponder; reflect on, or reason about | examples=Think the matter through; Think how hard life in Russia must be these days
10. sense_key=think%2:31:15:: | definition=dispose the mind in a certain way | examples=Do you really think so?
11. sense_key=think%2:31:14:: | definition=have or formulate in the mind | examples=think good thoughts
12. sense_key=think%2:31:08:: | definition=be capable of conscious thought | examples=Man is the only creature that thinks
13. sense_key=think%2:30:00:: | definition=bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation | examples=She thought herself into a state of panic over the final exam

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context shows teachers considering or regarding themselves as engaged in "personality development." The phrase "think they are engaged in" expresses a judgment or belief about their professional role. This matches sense 1 (judge or regard; believe, consider), which has the synonym "consider" and examples like "I believe her to be very smart" that parallel the structure of holding a belief about something.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

The key phrase is "think they are engaged in" - this is about what teachers believe or regard themselves as doing. It's expressing that teachers consider or regard themselves as being engaged in personality development.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "judge or regard; look upon; judge" - synonyms include "believe, consider, conceive" - examples: "I think he is very smart; I believe her to be very smart"
   This seems like a good match - the sentence is about what teachers think/believe/consider they are doing.

2. "expect, believe, or suppose" - this is close but more about expectation/supposition

3. "use or exercise the mind" - this is about active reasoning/thinking, not clearly applicable here

4. "recall knowledge from memory" - not applicable

5. "imagine or visualize" - not the main sense here

6. "focus one's attention" - not applicable

7. "have in mind as a purpose" - not applicable

8. "decide by pondering" - not applicable

9. "ponder; reflect on" - not applicable

10. "dispose the mind in a certain way" - possibly applicable but vague

11. "have or formulate in the mind" - possibly applicable

12. "be capable of conscious thought" - too general

13. "bring into a given condition by mental preoccupation" - not applicable

The best match is sense 1: "judge or regard; look upon; judge" with synonyms "believe, consider, conceive". The example "I believe her to be very smart" is very similar to "they think they are engaged in personality development" - both are about what someone considers/believes about something.
The answer is sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: personality
Target surface form: personality
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "<t>personality</t> development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=personality%1:07:00:: | definition=the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual | examples=their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others
2. sense_key=personality%1:18:00:: | definition=a person of considerable prominence | examples=she is a Hollywood personality

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "personality development" as an educational approach where teachers engage in developing the behavioral, emotional, and mental characteristics of students. This directly corresponds to Sense 1, which defines personality as "the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual." Sense 2, referring to a famous or prominent person, is not applicable in this educational context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "personality" is being used.

The target word appears in: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"

Context analysis:
- The passage discusses education and teaching methods
- It mentions "personality development" as something teachers are interested in
- This is contrasted with "disciplined instruction"
- The context suggests developing or cultivating personal characteristics, traits, and behaviors in students

Let me examine the two candidate senses:

Sense 1: "the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual"
- Examples: "their different reactions reflected their very different personalities; it is his nature to help others"
- This sense refers to the characteristics and traits that make up a person's individual nature

Sense 2: "a person of considerable prominence"
- Examples: "she is a Hollywood personality"
- This sense refers to a famous or notable person

The phrase "personality development" clearly refers to developing the psychological and behavioral characteristics of individuals (students). This is about cultivating and nurturing the complex of attributes that make up a person's character and behavioral traits.

This is clearly Sense 1, which refers to the individual characteristics and traits that define a person, not Sense 2 which refers to a famous person.

The answer should be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: development
Target surface form: development
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality <t>development</t> "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=development%1:04:01:: | definition=act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining | examples=he congratulated them on their development of a plan to meet the emergency; they funded research and development
2. sense_key=development%1:22:02:: | definition=a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) | synonyms=evolution | examples=the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization
3. sense_key=development%1:22:01:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growth, growing, maturation, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
4. sense_key=development%1:11:01:: | definition=a recent event that has some relevance for the present situation | examples=recent developments in Iraq; what a revolting development!
5. sense_key=development%1:04:02:: | definition=the act of making some area of land or water more profitable or productive or useful | synonyms=exploitation | examples=the development of Alaskan resources; the exploitation of copper deposits
6. sense_key=development%1:15:00:: | definition=a district that has been developed to serve some purpose | examples=such land is practical for small park developments
7. sense_key=development%1:26:00:: | definition=a state in which things are improving; the result of developing (as in the early part of a game of chess) | examples=after he saw the latest development he changed his mind and became a supporter; in chess your should take care of your development before moving your queen
8. sense_key=development%1:22:00:: | definition=processing a photosensitive material in order to make an image visible | synonyms=developing | examples=the development and printing of his pictures took only two hours
9. sense_key=development%1:10:00:: | definition=(music) the section of a composition or movement (especially in sonata form) where the major musical themes are developed and elaborated

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes teachers being engaged in "personality development" - a gradual, ongoing process of change toward a more mature or advanced state. Sense 2 ("a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage, especially a more advanced or mature stage") best captures this meaning. The example "the development of his ideas took many years" is conceptually parallel to personality development, which similarly unfolds gradually over time. This sense emphasizes the process of evolution and maturation, fitting the educational context where personality is understood as something that develops and matures over time.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "development" in the given passage.

The passage is discussing progressive education and how teachers view their work. The specific phrase is: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development'"

This is talking about the development of personality - the unfolding and growth of a person's personality over time. Let me look at each sense:

1. act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining - This could fit, but seems more about deliberate action/planning.

2. a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage) - This talks about evolution/gradual change to a more advanced state. This seems very relevant to personality development - the natural unfolding of personality as one develops.

3. (biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level - This is specifically about biological growth/development. Personality development is more general than just biological.

4. a recent event that has some relevance - Not relevant here.

5. the act of making some area of land or water more profitable - Not relevant (real estate).

6. a district that has been developed - Not relevant.

7. a state in which things are improving; the result of developing - This could fit.

8. processing a photosensitive material - Not relevant (photography).

9. (music) the section of a composition - Not relevant.

The context is about "personality development" - the process of a person's personality growing and maturing. Sense 2 talks about "a process in which something passes by degrees to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage)" with the synonym "evolution" and examples like "the development of his ideas took many years; the evolution of Greek civilization". This seems to be the best fit.

Sense 3 is too narrowly focused on biological development of an organism, though it could apply to human development.
Sense 2 best captures what's happening here—it emphasizes gradual transformation toward a more mature state, which directly parallels how personality unfolds over time. The parallel example of "development of his ideas" mirrors the concept of personality development quite closely.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: even
Target surface form: even
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and <t>even</t> nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=even%4:02:00:: | definition=used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected | examples=even an idiot knows that; declined even to consider the idea
2. sense_key=even%4:02:03:: | definition=in spite of; notwithstanding | examples=even when he is sick, he works; even with his head start she caught up with him
3. sense_key=even%4:02:01:: | definition=to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons | synonyms=yet, still | examples=looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem
4. sense_key=even%4:02:04:: | definition=to the full extent | examples=loyal even unto death

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "even" in "even nicer" is modifying the comparative adjective "nicer" to indicate something to a greater degree or extent. This matches sense 3, which explicitly covers comparisons with examples like "felt even worse" and "even (or still) more interesting problem."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "even" in this sentence:

"It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

The word "even" here is being used to intensify the adjective "nicer" - it's saying something is "even nicer" than the previous statement about "personality development."

Let me look at each sense:

1. "used as an intensive especially to indicate something unexpected" - examples: "even an idiot knows that"
This sense is about emphasizing something surprising. The use here ("even nicer") could fit this, as it's intensifying an adjective.

2. "in spite of; notwithstanding" - This doesn't fit. The sentence isn't contrasting things.

3. "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" - examples: "looked sick and felt even worse; an even (or still) more interesting problem"
This fits perfectly! "even nicer" is clearly a comparison showing something to a greater degree. The comparative "nicer" is being intensified with "even" to show "even more nice/nicer."

4. "to the full extent" - This doesn't fit the context.

The best fit is sense 3: "to a greater degree or extent; used with comparisons" because it's explicitly about modifying comparative adjectives like "nicer" to show a greater degree.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: nice
Target surface form: nicer
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even <t>nicer</t> to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=nice%3:00:00:: | definition=pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance; - George Meredith | examples=what a nice fellow you are and we all thought you so nasty; nice manners
2. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:respectable:00 | definition=socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous | synonyms=decent | examples=from a decent family; a nice girl
3. sense_key=nice%5:00:02:precise:00 | definition=done with delicacy and skill | synonyms=skillful | examples=a nice bit of craft; a job requiring nice measurements with a micrometer
4. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:fastidious:00 | definition=excessively fastidious and easily disgusted | synonyms=dainty, overnice, prissy, squeamish | examples=too nice about his food to take to camp cooking; so squeamish he would only touch the toilet handle with his elbow
5. sense_key=nice%5:00:00:polite:00 | definition=exhibiting courtesy and politeness | synonyms=courteous, gracious | examples=a nice gesture

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "nicer" in this passage about education.

The context reads: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

The passage is saying it's pleasurable/agreeable for teachers to do these things - to think they're doing personality development and especially to minimize tests that show disappointing results.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance" - This fits well. The passage is saying it's pleasant/agreeable for teachers to think this way and minimize tests.

2. "socially or conventionally correct; refined or virtuous" - This doesn't fit. The passage isn't talking about whether something is correct or virtuous; it's contrasting it as an attractive illusion.

3. "done with delicacy and skill" - This doesn't fit. The passage isn't talking about skill or delicacy in execution.

4. "excessively fastidious and easily disgusted" - This doesn't fit. The passage isn't about being fastidious or squeamish.

5. "exhibiting courtesy and politeness" - This doesn't fit. The passage isn't about courtesy or politeness.

The context clearly shows that "nice" and "nicer" are being used to describe something that is pleasant or agreeable - it's nice (pleasant/agreeable) for teachers to think of themselves as doing personality development, and even nicer (more pleasant/agreeable) to minimize disappointing test results.

Sense 1 is the best match: "pleasant or pleasing or agreeable in nature or appearance"


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: minimize
Target surface form: minimize
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to <t>minimize</t> those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=minimize%2:30:00:: | definition=make small or insignificant | synonyms=minimise | examples=Let's minimize the risk
2. sense_key=minimize%2:32:01:: | definition=represent as less significant or important | synonyms=understate, minimise, downplay
3. sense_key=minimize%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to seem less serious; play down | synonyms=belittle, denigrate, derogate | examples=Don't belittle his influence

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "minimize" in this context means to represent the tests as less significant or important. The teachers want to downplay the irksome tests with disappointing results, which aligns with sense 2's definition of representing something as less significant. The synonym "downplay" directly captures the intended meaning in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "minimize" in this passage.

The context sentence is: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

The speaker is talking about how teachers prefer progressive education because it allows them to minimize tests that have disappointing results. In this context, "minimize" means to make the tests seem less important or to downplay their significance.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "make small or insignificant" - This could work in the sense of making the tests less significant, but it's more literal/physical
2. "represent as less significant or important" - This fits well. Teachers want to represent/treat the tests as less significant
3. "cause to seem less serious; play down" - This also fits. Teachers want to play down or de-emphasize the tests

Between sense 2 and sense 3, they are very similar. Looking at the synonyms:
- Sense 2 has: understate, minimise, downplay
- Sense 3 has: belittle, denigrate, derogate

The context is about downplaying tests. "Downplay" is explicitly listed in sense 2. Sense 3 focuses more on belittling/denigrating, which implies a more negative connotation.

In the context, teachers want to downplay/de-emphasize the tests because they have disappointing results. This is more about representing them as less significant (sense 2) rather than belittling them (sense 3).

I think sense 2 is the best fit because "represent as less significant or important" and the synonym "downplay" best capture what "minimize" means in this context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: test
Target surface form: tests
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome <t>tests</t> with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=test%1:09:02:: | definition=trying something to find out about it | synonyms=trial, trial run, tryout | examples=a sample for ten days free trial; a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain
2. sense_key=test%1:04:02:: | definition=any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc | synonyms=mental test, mental testing, psychometric test | examples=the test was standardized on a large sample of students
3. sense_key=test%1:10:00:: | definition=a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge | synonyms=examination, exam | examples=when the test was stolen the professor had to make a new set of questions
4. sense_key=test%1:04:03:: | definition=the act of undergoing testing | synonyms=trial | examples=he survived the great test of battle; candidates must compete in a trial of skill
5. sense_key=test%1:04:00:: | definition=the act of testing something | synonyms=trial, run | examples=in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately; he called each flip of the coin a new trial
6. sense_key=test%1:05:00:: | definition=a hard outer covering as of some amoebas and sea urchins

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context describes teachers wanting to "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results" in an educational setting. This clearly refers to examinations or assessments of student knowledge and skill (sense 3: "a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge"), rather than experimental trials, psychological evaluations, or the act of testing itself.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "tests" is being used.

From the passage: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

The context indicates that tests are being minimized/downplayed by teachers, and these tests have "disappointing results." This suggests that tests are evaluations or assessments of student learning/performance.

Let me examine each sense:

1. **sense_key=test%1:09:02::** - "trying something to find out about it" (trial, tryout)
   - This is about experimentation or trying something out
   - Doesn't fit well with the context of disappointing educational results

2. **sense_key=test%1:04:02::** - "any standardized procedure for measuring sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality etc" (mental test, psychometric test)
   - This is about standardized procedures for measuring abilities
   - Could fit, but seems more specific to psychological/mental testing

3. **sense_key=test%1:10:00::** - "a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or knowledge" (examination, exam)
   - This is about questions/exercises that evaluate knowledge or skill
   - Fits perfectly with the educational context - teachers giving tests to students to assess their knowledge
   - The "disappointing results" makes sense as some students don't do well

4. **sense_key=test%1:04:03::** - "the act of undergoing testing" (trial)
   - This focuses on the experience of being tested
   - Possible but less likely

The remaining senses—the action of testing itself, or biological definitions—don't align with this educational scenario. Sense 3 is the clearest match: in an academic setting where teachers downplay assessments that yield poor student outcomes, "tests" refers to exams or evaluations designed to measure knowledge.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: often
Target surface form: often
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with <t>often</t> disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=often%4:02:00:: | definition=many times at short intervals | synonyms=frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | examples=we often met over a cup of coffee
2. sense_key=often%4:02:01:: | definition=frequently or in great quantities | synonyms=much, a great deal | examples=I don't drink much; I don't travel much
3. sense_key=often%4:02:02:: | definition=in many cases or instances

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "often disappointing results" in context describes tests that frequently or many times at short intervals produce disappointing outcomes. This aligns with sense 1's definition of "many times at short intervals" (frequently), which is supported by the synonyms "frequently" and "oftentimes" and the example pattern "we often met."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "often" in this sentence.

The sentence is: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

In this context, "often disappointing results" means that the results are frequently disappointing, or that disappointingly often the tests have certain results.

Let me look at the three senses:

1. Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" | synonyms: frequently, oftentimes, oft, ofttimes | example: we often met over a cup of coffee
   - This fits the meaning of "frequently happening"

2. Sense 2: "frequently or in great quantities" | synonyms: much, a great deal | example: I don't drink much; I don't travel much
   - This is about degree or quantity, more like "much"

3. Sense 3: "in many cases or instances"
   - This is about frequency across different instances or situations

In the given context, "often disappointing results" means the tests frequently produce disappointing results, or in many instances the results are disappointing. This is talking about how frequently or in how many cases/instances the results are disappointing.

Sense 1 seems to emphasize "many times at short intervals" which is more temporal/frequent.
Sense 3 is "in many cases or instances" which is more about frequency across situations.

The phrase "often disappointing results" seems to fit better with sense 1 (frequently, many times) rather than sense 3 (in many cases). The use of "often" here is modifying an adjective "disappointing" to indicate frequency of that quality occurring.

Actually, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1: "many times at short intervals" - this emphasizes repeated occurrences
- Sense 3: "in many cases or instances" - this is about frequency across different cases

In the context of "often disappointing results," both could apply, but sense 1 seems more directly applicable as it's about frequency of occurrence (the results being disappointing frequently).
Sense 1 is the best fit here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: result
Target surface form: results
Context:
Their commitment to "creativity "can not survive adolescent illiteracy. American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: | definition=a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon | synonyms=consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot | examples=the magnetic effect was greater when the rod was lengthwise; his decision had depressing consequences for business
2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: | definition=a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem | synonyms=solution, answer, resolution, solvent | examples=they were trying to find a peaceful solution; the answers were in the back of the book
3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: | definition=something that results | synonyms=resultant, final result, outcome, termination | examples=he listened for the results on the radio
4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: | definition=the semantic role of the noun phrase whose referent exists only by virtue of the activity denoted by the verb in the clause | synonyms=resultant role

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "results" in this context refers to the outcomes or final consequences of the tests mentioned. The passage discusses how teachers prefer "progressive education" because it allows them to "minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results" - meaning the test scores/outcomes that are disappointing. Sense 3 best captures this meaning with its definition of "something that results" and its direct example "he listened for the results on the radio," which parallels the context of test results. While sense 1 is semantically related, sense 3 more precisely emphasizes the concrete, final outcome being referred to here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the candidate senses for the word "results" in this passage.

Context: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing <t>results</t>."

The passage is discussing how teachers prefer progressive education because they don't have to deal with disappointing test results. The word "results" here refers to the outcomes/consequences of the tests.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=result%1:19:00:: - "a phenomenon that follows and is caused by some previous phenomenon" | definition includes consequence, effect, outcome, event, issue, upshot. Examples mention "the magnetic effect was greater..." and "his decision had depressing consequences for business". This is about something that follows from a previous action. In the context, the test results (outcomes of the tests) follow from the tests. This fits well.

2. sense_key=result%1:10:00:: - "a statement that solves a problem or explains how to solve the problem" | synonyms: solution, answer, resolution, solvent. This is about answers to problems. While "results" could mean answers, in context "disappointing results" more likely refers to outcomes/scores of tests, not solutions.

3. sense_key=result%1:11:00:: - "something that results" | definition mentions "resultant, final result, outcome, termination" with examples like "he listened for the results on the radio". This sense emphasizes the final outcome. Test results would fit here too, as they are the final outcome of tests. This is very similar to sense 1.

4. sense_key=result%1:10:01:: - This is a semantic role for grammatical analysis. Not relevant to word sense disambiguation here.

The distinction between sense 1 and sense 3 is subtle. Both relate to outcomes/consequences. However, looking more carefully:
- Sense 1 stresses the causal chain—something that follows from a prior phenomenon
- Sense 3 focuses on the final outcome itself, with the radio example directly paralleling test or election results

Given the context of "disappointing results" from tests, sense 3 with its emphasis on "final result" and the concrete example of listening for results on the radio (clearly referring to test or sports outcomes) appears most fitting.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: provide
Target surface form: provides
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also <t>provides</t> teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: | definition=give something useful or necessary to | synonyms=supply, render, furnish | examples=We provided the room with an electrical heater
2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: | definition=give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance | synonyms=supply, ply, cater | examples=The hostess provided lunch for all the guests
3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: | definition=determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies), especially by including a proviso condition or stipulation | examples=The will provides that each child should receive half of the money; The Constitution provides for the right to free speech
4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: | definition=mount or put up | synonyms=put up, offer | examples=put up a good fight; offer resistance
5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: | definition=make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain | synonyms=leave, allow for, allow | examples=This leaves no room for improvement; The evidence allows only one conclusion
6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: | definition=supply means of subsistence; earn a living | synonyms=bring home the bacon | examples=He provides for his large family by working three jobs; Women nowadays not only take care of the household but also bring home the bacon
7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: | definition=take measures in preparation for | examples=provide for the proper care of the passengers on the cruise ship

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The sentence states "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession.'" In this context, "provides" means to give or supply something (a superior self-definition) to a recipient (teachers). This matches sense 1: "give something useful or necessary to," which has the parallel structure in the example "We provided the room with an electrical heater." The pattern is "provide [recipient] with [thing provided]," making this the best fit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the sentence in context:

"It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession,' since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

The sentence is saying that "progressive education" gives or supplies teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession."

Let me look at each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=provide%2:40:00:: - "give something useful or necessary to" - example: "We provided the room with an electrical heater" - This means furnishing something to a place or person. In the sentence, it's giving something to teachers.

2. sense_key=provide%2:34:00:: - "give what is desired or needed, especially support, food or sustenance" - example: "The hostess provided lunch for all the guests" - This is more about providing physical necessities like food.

3. sense_key=provide%2:32:00:: - "determine (what is to happen in certain contingencies)" - This is about legal/formal provisions, like in wills or constitutions.

4. sense_key=provide%2:41:00:: - "mount or put up" - This doesn't fit at all.

5. sense_key=provide%2:42:00:: - "make a possibility or provide opportunity for" - This could work, but the main meaning seems to be about supplying something to someone.

6. sense_key=provide%2:40:08:: - "supply means of subsistence; earn a living" - This is about making a living, which doesn't fit.

7. sense_key=provide%2:30:05:: - "take measures in preparation for" - This doesn't fit the context.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1 has the example "We provided the room with an electrical heater" - furnishing something to a location or person
- Sense 2 has the example "The hostess provided lunch for all the guests" - providing food/sustenance
- The sentence structure "provides teachers with a superior self-definition" matches the pattern of sense 1, where something useful is supplied to a recipient. Sense 1 is the better fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: teacher
Target surface form: teachers
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides <t>teachers</t> with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to actual people whose occupation is teaching. The passage discusses teachers as professionals in the education system who take courses in educational psychology, engage in personality development with students, and have career aspirations. This is explicitly a person whose occupation is teaching (sense 1), not an abstract or personified teaching agent like books or experience (sense 2).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "teachers" in this passage.

The passage is discussing education and talking about real people who are employed as teachers. Looking at the specific sentence: "It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in 'personality development' and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results."

This is clearly referring to actual people whose occupation is teaching - educators in schools who have jobs and careers.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=teacher%1:18:00:: | definition=a person whose occupation is teaching | synonyms=instructor
   - This matches the context perfectly. The passage is discussing actual people who are employed as teachers, who take courses in educational psychology, who think about personality development, etc.

2. sense_key=teacher%1:09:00:: | definition=a personified abstraction that teaches | examples=books were his teachers; experience is a demanding teacher
   - This would be a metaphorical use of "teacher" where something non-human is personified as teaching. The examples show books and experience as teachers, which are clearly not human people.

The context is clearly about human teachers - actual educators in the education system. The passage discusses them as people with occupations, who take courses, who have self-definitions as a profession. This is definitely sense 1.

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: profession
Target surface form: profession
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "<t>profession</t>, "since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: | definition=the body of people in a learned occupation | examples=the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists
2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: | definition=an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)
3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: | definition=an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion | synonyms=professing | examples=a profession of disagreement
4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: | definition=affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith | examples=a profession of Christianity

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context emphasizes that teaching gains the status of a "profession" because teachers have "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy." This directly aligns with sense 2, which defines profession as "an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)." The passage is explaining how the special educational credentials make teaching qualify as a profession with superior self-definition.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "profession" in this passage.

The context reads: "It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a 'profession', since they will have passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

The passage is discussing how teachers see themselves through the lens of their occupation. The key phrase is "self-definition as a profession" - this is about how teachers identify their occupation and the status/identity it gives them.

Let me evaluate each sense:

1. sense_key=profession%1:14:00:: - "the body of people in a learned occupation" - This refers to the collective group of people in an occupation (like "the medical profession"). The examples given are "the news spread rapidly through the medical profession; they formed a community of scientists". This could fit, but the context is more about individual identity rather than the collective body.

2. sense_key=profession%1:04:00:: - "an occupation requiring special education (especially in the liberal arts or sciences)" - This directly refers to the occupation itself requiring special education. This fits well with the context that mentions teachers have "passed courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy" - these are special educational courses that make teaching a profession.

3. sense_key=profession%1:10:00:: - "an open avowal (true or false) of some belief or opinion" - This is about declaring or asserting something. This doesn't fit the context about occupational identity.

4. sense_key=profession%1:10:01:: - "affirmation of acceptance of some religion or faith" - This is specifically about religious affirmation. This doesn't fit at all.

The best fit is sense 2 - "an occupation requiring special education". The passage emphasizes that teaching becomes a "profession" because teachers have taken special courses in educational psychology and philosophy. This is the definition that captures the idea of an occupation requiring special education.
Sense 1 about the collective body of professionals could work too, but sense 2 more directly aligns with the passage's emphasis on the specialized coursework that elevates teaching to professional status.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: pass
Target surface form: passed
Context:
American education's future will be determined by the degree to which we -- all of us -- allow this common sense to prevail over the illusions that we also share. The education establishment will fight against common sense every inch of the way. The reasons are complex, but one simple reason ought not to be underestimated. "Progressive education "(as it was once called) is far more interesting and agreeable to teachers than is disciplined instruction. It is nice for teachers to think they are engaged in "personality development "and even nicer to minimize those irksome tests with often disappointing results. It also provides teachers with a superior self-definition as a "profession, "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy. I myself took such courses in college, thinking I might end up a schoolteacher.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=pass%2:38:00:: | definition=go across or through | synonyms=go through, go across | examples=We passed the point where the police car had parked; A terrible thought went through his mind
2. sense_key=pass%2:38:05:: | definition=move past | synonyms=travel by, pass by, surpass, go past, go by | examples=A black limousine passed by when she looked out the window; He passed his professor in the hall
3. sense_key=pass%2:41:02:: | definition=make laws, bills, etc. or bring into effect by legislation | synonyms=legislate | examples=They passed the amendment; We cannot legislate how people spend their free time
4. sense_key=pass%2:38:03:: | definition=pass by | synonyms=elapse, lapse, slip by, glide by, slip away, go by | examples=three years elapsed
5. sense_key=pass%2:40:00:: | definition=place into the hands or custody of | synonyms=hand, reach, pass on, turn over, give | examples=hand me the spoon, please; Turn the files over to me, please
6. sense_key=pass%2:42:08:: | definition=stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope; run or extend between two points or beyond a certain point | synonyms=run, go, lead, extend | examples=Service runs all the way to Cranbury; His knowledge doesn't go very far
7. sense_key=pass%2:38:01:: | definition=travel past | synonyms=overtake, overhaul | examples=The sports car passed all the trucks
8. sense_key=pass%2:30:00:: | definition=come to pass | synonyms=happen, hap, go on, pass off, occur, fall out | examples=What is happening?; The meeting took place off without an incidence
9. sense_key=pass%2:41:04:: | definition=go unchallenged; be approved | synonyms=clear | examples=The bill cleared the House
10. sense_key=pass%2:42:00:: | definition=pass time in a specific way | synonyms=spend | examples=how are you spending your summer vacation?
11. sense_key=pass%2:35:00:: | definition=pass over, across, or through | synonyms=guide, run, draw | examples=He ran his eyes over her body; She ran her fingers along the carved figurine
12. sense_key=pass%2:32:01:: | definition=transmit information | synonyms=communicate, pass on, pass along, put across | examples=Please communicate this message to all employees; pass along the good news
13. sense_key=pass%2:30:01:: | definition=disappear gradually | synonyms=evanesce, fade, blow over, pass off, fleet | examples=The pain eventually passed off
14. sense_key=pass%2:41:08:: | definition=go successfully through a test or a selection process | synonyms=make it | examples=She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now
15. sense_key=pass%2:42:04:: | definition=be superior or better than some standard | synonyms=exceed, transcend, overstep, go past, top | examples=She exceeded our expectations; She topped her performance of last year
16. sense_key=pass%2:41:07:: | definition=accept or judge as acceptable | examples=The teacher passed the student although he was weak
17. sense_key=pass%2:41:11:: | definition=allow to go without comment or censure | examples=the insult passed as if unnoticed
18. sense_key=pass%2:40:02:: | definition=transfer to another; of rights or property | examples=Our house passed under his official control
19. sense_key=pass%2:38:02:: | definition=pass into a specified state or condition | synonyms=sink, lapse | examples=He sank into nirvana
20. sense_key=pass%2:40:01:: | definition=throw (a ball) to another player | examples=Smith passed
21. sense_key=pass%2:40:13:: | definition=be inherited by | synonyms=fall, return, devolve | examples=The estate fell to my sister; The land returned to the family
22. sense_key=pass%2:38:04:: | definition=cause to pass | synonyms=make pass | examples=She passed around the plates
23. sense_key=pass%2:32:00:: | definition=grant authorization or clearance for | synonyms=authorize, authorise, clear | examples=Clear the manuscript for publication; The rock star never authorized this slanderous biography
24. sense_key=pass%2:30:11:: | definition=pass from physical life and lose all bodily attributes and functions necessary to sustain life | synonyms=die, decease, perish, go, exit, pass away | examples=She died from cancer; The children perished in the fire
25. sense_key=pass%2:29:00:: | definition=eliminate from the body | synonyms=excrete, egest, eliminate | examples=Pass a kidney stone

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
The context is about teachers having taken courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy as part of their professional credentials. The sentence is: "since they will have <t>passed</t> courses in educational psychology and educational philosophy."

The word "passed" here means to successfully complete or go through a course - i.e., to successfully complete a test or selection process related to a course.

Let me look at the relevant senses:

Sense 14: "go successfully through a test or a selection process" with synonyms "make it" and examples "She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now"

This is clearly the right sense. The teacher has successfully completed/passed courses in educational psychology and philosophy. This matches sense 14 perfectly - taking and passing courses is going successfully through a selection/evaluation process.

Other senses that might seem relevant:
- Sense 9: "go unchallenged; be approved" - this is about bills/laws, not courses
- Sense 16: "accept or judge as acceptable" - this is about a teacher accepting a student, not about students/teachers passing courses

Sense 14 is definitely the best fit.