[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn_out
Target surface form: turns out
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election <t>turns out</t> to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:00:: | definition=be shown or be found to be | synonyms=prove, turn up | examples=She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life
2. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:01:: | definition=prove to be in the result or end | examples=It turns out that he was right
3. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:01:: | definition=produce quickly or regularly, usually with machinery | examples=This factory turns out saws
4. sense_key=turn_out%2:42:02:: | definition=result or end | synonyms=come out | examples=How will the game turn out?
5. sense_key=turn_out%2:30:00:: | definition=come, usually in answer to an invitation or summons | examples=How many people turned out that evening?
6. sense_key=turn_out%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=bear | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
7. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:00:: | definition=put out or expel from a place | synonyms=eject, chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out | examples=The unruly student was excluded from the game
8. sense_key=turn_out%2:41:03:: | definition=come and gather for a public event | examples=Hundreds of thousands turned out for the anti-war rally in New York
9. sense_key=turn_out%2:40:03:: | definition=outfit or equip, as with accessories | examples=The actors were turned out lavishly
10. sense_key=turn_out%2:38:00:: | definition=turn outward | synonyms=splay, spread out, rotate | examples=These birds can splay out their toes; ballet dancers can rotate their legs out by 90 degrees
11. sense_key=turn_out%2:35:01:: | definition=cause to stop operating by disengaging a switch | synonyms=switch off, cut, turn off | examples=Turn off the stereo, please; cut the engine
12. sense_key=turn_out%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, arise, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "turns out to be" in the context means "proves to be" or "is demonstrated to be." The sentence is asserting that upon analysis, the difference in voting patterns is found to be positively correlated with tax burden. This matches sense 2 ("prove to be in the result or end"), which is exemplified by "It turns out that he was right" — the identical construction pattern as "turns out to be a positive function."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of "turns out" in this passage.

The relevant sentence is:
"...the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state..."

This sentence is saying that when you examine this difference (between popular votes), you find that it is a positive function of tax burden. The phrase "turns out to be" means "proves to be" or "is discovered to be" - it's revealing what something is found to be upon examination.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "be shown or be found to be" - prove, turn up | examples: "She proved to be right; The medicine turned out to save her life" - This seems like a good fit. The sentence is saying the difference turns out (is found/shown) to be a positive function.

2. "prove to be in the result or end" | examples: "It turns out that he was right" - This also fits well and is very similar to sense 1.

3. "produce quickly or regularly" - not applicable

4. "result or end" | examples: "How will the game turn out?" - This could work but it's more about outcome.

5. "come, usually in answer to an invitation" - not applicable

6. "bring forth" - not applicable

7. "put out or expel" - not applicable

8. "come and gather for a public event" - not applicable

9. "outfit or equip" - not applicable

10. "turn outward" - not applicable

11. "cause to stop operating" - not applicable

12. "get up and out of bed" - not applicable

Between senses 1, 2, and 4, let me consider:
- Sense 1: "be shown or be found to be"
- Sense 2: "prove to be in the result or end"
- Sense 4: "result or end"

The context says "turns out to be a positive function" - this is saying "is found/proven to be" something.
Sense 2 matches our usage pattern most closely, with the "to be" construction and the meaning of proving something through examination. The example "It turns out that he was right" parallels our sentence structure exactly.


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: positive
Target surface form: positive
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a <t>positive</t> function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=positive%3:00:01:: | definition=characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance or certainty etc. | examples=a positive attitude; the reviews were all positive
2. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:certain:02 | definition=persuaded of; very sure | synonyms=convinced, confident | examples=were convinced that it would be to their advantage to join; I am positive he is lying
3. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:advantageous:00 | definition=involving advantage or good | synonyms=plus | examples=a plus (or positive) factor
4. sense_key=positive%3:00:04:: | definition=indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen | synonyms=confirming | examples=a positive pregnancy test
5. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:formal:01 | definition=formally laid down or imposed | synonyms=prescribed | examples=positive laws
6. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:undeniable:00 | definition=impossible to deny or disprove | synonyms=incontrovertible, irrefutable | examples=incontrovertible proof of the defendant's innocence; proof positive
7. sense_key=positive%3:01:00:: | definition=of or relating to positivism | synonyms=positivist, positivistic | examples=positivist thinkers; positivist doctrine
8. sense_key=positive%3:00:05:: | definition=reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion | examples=positive increase in graduating students
9. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:plus:00 | definition=greater than zero | examples=positive numbers
10. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:charged:00 | definition=having a positive charge | synonyms=electropositive, positively charged | examples=protons are positive
11. sense_key=positive%5:00:00:confident:00 | definition=marked by excessive confidence | synonyms=cocksure, overconfident | examples=an arrogant and cocksure materialist; so overconfident and impudent as to speak to the queen

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 8}
```

The target word "positive" appears in the phrase "positive function," which describes a mathematical relationship in statistics. In this context, it indicates that the variables move in the same direction (as tax burden increases, the vote differential increases), which aligns with the sense of "tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress." This matches sense 8, particularly the example "positive increase in graduating students," which shares the same mathematical/directional meaning.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully to find the best sense of "positive" in the given sentence.

The relevant sentence is: "...the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state..."

In this context, "positive" is describing a relationship/function between two variables. When we say something is a "positive function," we mean that as one variable increases, the other increases as well (they move in the same direction). This is a mathematical/statistical concept.

Let me review the candidate senses:

1. Characterized by affirmation/acceptance - doesn't fit
2. Persuaded/convinced - doesn't fit
3. Involving advantage or good - this could work, "positive factor" is an example
4. Medical testing - doesn't fit
5. Formally laid down - doesn't fit
6. Impossible to deny - doesn't fit
7. Relating to positivism - doesn't fit
8. Reckoned in direction indicating increase or progress - this could fit! The example "positive increase in graduating students" is close to our context
9. Greater than zero - this is mathematical, could fit for "positive function"
10. Having positive charge - doesn't fit
11. Marked by excessive confidence - doesn't fit

The phrase "positive function" in the context is referring to a mathematical relationship where increases in tax burden correlate with increases in the difference in votes. This is closest to sense 8 which talks about direction indicating increase or progress, or sense 9 which is mathematical (greater than zero).

Actually, thinking about it more carefully, in mathematics and statistics, a "positive function" or "positive relationship" typically means that as one variable increases, another increases (moving in the positive direction). This is most aligned with sense 8 "reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion" and its example "positive increase in graduating students."
Sense 8 appears to be the strongest match here, as it directly captures the mathematical sense of variables moving together in an upward direction.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: function
Target surface form: function
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive <t>function</t> of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=function%1:24:00:: | definition=(mathematics) a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function) | synonyms=mathematical function, single-valued function, map, mapping
2. sense_key=function%1:07:00:: | definition=what something is used for | synonyms=purpose, role, use | examples=the function of an auger is to bore holes; ballet is beautiful but what use is it?
3. sense_key=function%1:04:00:: | definition=the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group | synonyms=office, part, role | examples=the function of a teacher; the government must do its part
4. sense_key=function%1:24:01:: | definition=a relation such that one thing is dependent on another | examples=height is a function of age; price is a function of supply and demand
5. sense_key=function%1:14:00:: | definition=a formal or official social gathering or ceremony | examples=it was a black-tie function
6. sense_key=function%1:11:00:: | definition=a vaguely specified social event | synonyms=affair, occasion, social occasion, social function | examples=the party was quite an affair; an occasion arranged to honor the president
7. sense_key=function%1:10:00:: | definition=a set sequence of steps, part of larger computer program | synonyms=routine, subroutine, subprogram, procedure

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The context uses "function" in the phrase "is a positive function of," which expresses a mathematical/analytical relationship where one variable (the difference in popular votes) depends on another variable (the tax burden). This matches sense 4 ("a relation such that one thing is dependent on another"), as exemplified by "price is a function of supply and demand" - the exact type of dependent relationship being described in the passage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "function" appears:

"Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state"

The sentence is saying that the difference (in popular votes) is a "positive function of" the tax burden. This is clearly using "function" in a mathematical or analytical sense - indicating a relationship where one variable depends on another.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. Mathematical function (relation where each element maps to another)
2. What something is used for (purpose, role, use)
3. Actions assigned to a person/group (office, part, role)
4. A relation where one thing is dependent on another (height is a function of age; price is a function of supply and demand)
5. Formal social gathering
6. Vaguely specified social event
7. Computer programming function

The phrase "is a positive function of" is a technical/mathematical way of saying that one thing depends on or varies with another. This matches sense 4 perfectly - "a relation such that one thing is dependent on another" with the example "price is a function of supply and demand" which is essentially the same type of usage as in the context.

While sense 1 is also mathematical, it's more specific about domain and range mapping. Sense 4 is more general and directly captures the idea that one variable depends on another, which is what's being expressed here.

The answer is sense 4.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: burden
Target surface form: burden
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax <t>burden</t> is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=burden%1:09:01:: | definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
2. sense_key=burden%1:06:01:: | definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
3. sense_key=burden%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
4. sense_key=burden%1:09:00:: | definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "burden" in the phrase "the federal government's tax burden" refers to an onerous or difficult concern. This is confirmed by the context which explicitly uses "onerous" to describe the tax burden and discusses how it affects voting behavior. Sense 1 ("an onerous or difficult concern") with synonyms like "onus" and "load" is the best match for this usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "burden" in this passage.

The target word appears in this sentence: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state"

The context is discussing:
- Federal government's tax burden
- How it relates to voting patterns
- The passage explicitly uses the word "onerous" to describe the tax burden
- It's talking about something that is heavy/difficult in a fiscal/policy sense

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=burden%1:09:01:: | definition=an onerous or difficult concern | synonyms=load, encumbrance, incumbrance, onus | examples=the burden of responsibility; that's a load off my mind
   - This refers to something difficult or worrying
   - The synonyms fit: onus
   - The definition explicitly mentions "onerous"

2. sense_key=burden%1:06:01:: | definition=weight to be borne or conveyed | synonyms=load, loading
   - This is more literal/physical weight
   - Less appropriate for tax burden context

3. sense_key=burden%1:10:00:: | definition=the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work | synonyms=effect, essence, core, gist
   - This refers to the main idea of a text
   - Not relevant here

4. sense_key=burden%1:09:00:: | definition=the central idea that is expanded in a document or discourse
   - This also refers to a text/discourse meaning
   - Not relevant here

In the context, "tax burden" refers to an onerous or difficult fiscal obligation/concern. The passage explicitly describes it as "onerous," which directly matches sense 1's definition of "an onerous or difficult concern."

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: state
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per <t>state</t> -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "state" refers to one of the constituent administrative divisions of the United States. The context discusses Senate elections, tax burdens, and income levels across different U.S. states. This clearly invokes the sense of "state" as a territorial administrative district within a nation, as exemplified in sense 1 ("his state is in the deep south"), which is the most precise match for this usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "state" in this sentence:

"An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per <t>state</t> -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-."

The context is discussing "states conducting a Senate election" and mentions "how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state" and talks about "higher-income states."

This is clearly referring to one of the U.S. states - administrative divisions of the United States. The passage is about U.S. Senate elections and state representation.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: - "the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation" with examples like "his state is in the deep south" - This is clearly about U.S. states

2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: - "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" - This is about condition/state of affairs, not relevant

3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: - "the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state" - This is about government, not the territory

4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: - "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - This is about a nation/country

5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: - states of matter (chemistry) - Not relevant
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: - a state of depression or agitation - Not relevant

7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: - "the territory occupied by a nation" - This refers to whole nations rather than subdivisions

8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: - U.S. Department of State - Not relevant

The correct sense is clearly the first one (state%1:15:01::), which describes constituent administrative districts within a nation. The example provided—"his state is in the deep south"—directly parallels the passage's discussion of U.S. states and their regional characteristics.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: progressive
Target surface form: progressive
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a <t>progressive</t> tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context explicitly refers to "a progressive tax rate" and explains that it "hits higher-income states harder," which directly matches the definition of progressive taxes where the tax rate increases as income increases. This is sense 3.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context around the word "progressive":

"Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state (a progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder)."

The context is explicitly talking about tax rates and how they affect states based on income. A progressive tax rate is a tax system where the tax rate increases as income increases. This is a well-established economic and political concept.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=progressive%3:00:01:: | definition=favoring or promoting progress | examples=progressive schools
2. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:liberal:00 | definition=favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) | synonyms=reformist, reform-minded
3. sense_key=progressive%3:00:02:: | definition=(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases
4. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:increasing:00 | definition=gradually advancing in extent
5. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:ordered:00 | definition=(of a card game or a dance) involving a series of sections for which the participants successively change place or relative position | examples=progressive euchre; progressive tournaments
6. sense_key=progressive%5:00:00:active:02 | definition=advancing in severity | examples=progressive paralysis

Sense 3 is clearly the right answer: "(of taxes) adjusted so that the rate increases as the amount of income increases". This directly matches the context where it says "a progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder."

The answer should be sense_index 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: hit
Target surface form: hits
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate <t>hits</t> higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=hit%2:35:03:: | definition=cause to move by striking | examples=hit a ball
2. sense_key=hit%2:35:01:: | definition=hit against; come into sudden contact with | synonyms=strike, impinge on, run into, collide with | examples=The car hit a tree; He struck the table with his elbow
3. sense_key=hit%2:35:00:: | definition=deal a blow to, either with the hand or with an instrument | examples=He hit her hard in the face
4. sense_key=hit%2:38:00:: | definition=reach a destination, either real or abstract | synonyms=reach, make, attain, arrive at, gain | examples=We hit Detroit by noon; The water reached the doorstep
5. sense_key=hit%2:35:05:: | definition=affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely | synonyms=strike | examples=We were hit by really bad weather; He was stricken with cancer when he was still a teenager
6. sense_key=hit%2:33:01:: | definition=hit with a missile from a weapon | synonyms=shoot, pip
7. sense_key=hit%2:40:05:: | definition=encounter by chance | synonyms=stumble | examples=I stumbled across a long-lost cousin last night in a restaurant
8. sense_key=hit%2:33:02:: | definition=gain points in a game | synonyms=score, tally, rack up | examples=The home team scored many times; He hit a home run
9. sense_key=hit%2:39:00:: | definition=cause to experience suddenly | synonyms=strike, come to | examples=Panic struck me; An interesting idea hit her
10. sense_key=hit%2:33:00:: | definition=make a strategic, offensive, assault against an enemy, opponent, or a target | synonyms=strike | examples=The Germans struck Poland on Sept. 1, 1939; We must strike the enemy's oil fields
11. sense_key=hit%2:41:00:: | definition=kill intentionally and with premeditation | synonyms=murder, slay, dispatch, bump off, off, polish off | examples=The mafia boss ordered his enemies murdered
12. sense_key=hit%2:38:02:: | definition=drive something violently into a location | synonyms=strike | examples=he hit his fist on the table; she struck her head on the low ceiling
13. sense_key=hit%2:38:07:: | definition=reach a point in time, or a certain state or level | synonyms=reach, attain | examples=The thermometer hit 100 degrees; This car can reach a speed of 140 miles per hour
14. sense_key=hit%2:35:02:: | definition=produce by manipulating keys or strings of musical instruments, also metaphorically | synonyms=strike | examples=The pianist strikes a middle C; strike `z' on the keyboard
15. sense_key=hit%2:34:00:: | definition=consume to excess | examples=hit the bottle
16. sense_key=hit%2:33:03:: | definition=hit the intended target or goal
17. sense_key=hit%2:32:12:: | definition=pay unsolicited and usually unwanted sexual attention to | examples=He tries to hit on women in bars

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 5}
```

The phrase "a progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder" uses "hits" in the sense of "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely." The tax rate is negatively impacting the higher-income states, similar to how "we were hit by really bad weather" means being affected by something negative. This is the metaphorical use of "hit" to mean being affected or impacted by an external force.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context in which "hits" is used:

"a progressive tax rate <t>hits</t> higher-income states harder"

The sentence is describing that a progressive tax rate affects higher-income states more severely or negatively.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. "cause to move by striking" - not applicable here
2. "hit against; come into sudden contact with" - not the right sense
3. "deal a blow to" - literal physical blow, not applicable
4. "reach a destination" - not applicable
5. "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely" - This seems very relevant! A tax rate "hits" (affects) higher-income states harder. This matches well with the definition "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely" and the example "We were hit by really bad weather"
6. "hit with a missile" - not applicable
7. "encounter by chance" - not applicable
8. "gain points in a game" - not applicable
9. "cause to experience suddenly" - This could work too. The tax rate causes higher-income states to experience something (the tax burden) suddenly
10. "make a strategic, offensive, assault" - not applicable
11. "kill intentionally" - not applicable
12. "drive something violently into a location" - not applicable
13. "reach a point in time" - not applicable
14. "produce by manipulating keys" - not applicable
15. "consume to excess" - not applicable
16. "hit the intended target" - not applicable
17. "pay unwanted sexual attention" - not applicable

The best fit is sense 5: "affect or afflict suddenly, usually adversely" with the example "We were hit by really bad weather". This is essentially the same usage pattern - a tax rate hitting (affecting adversely) higher-income states.

Sense 9 could also work ("cause to experience suddenly") but sense 5 is more directly aligned with the idea of being afflicted or affected negatively by an external force.
Sense 5 is the most appropriate choice here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: high
Target surface form: higher
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits <t>higher</t> - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=high%3:00:02:: | definition=greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount | examples=a high temperature; a high price
2. sense_key=high%3:00:01:: | definition=(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension (sometimes used in combinations like `knee-high') | examples=a high mountain; high ceilings
3. sense_key=high%5:00:00:superior:01 | definition=standing above others in quality or position | synonyms=eminent | examples=people in high places; the high priest
4. sense_key=high%3:00:03:: | definition=used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency | synonyms=high-pitched
5. sense_key=high%5:00:00:elated:00 | definition=happy and excited and energetic | synonyms=in high spirits
6. sense_key=high%5:00:00:malodorous:00 | definition=(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted | synonyms=gamey, gamy
7. sense_key=high%5:00:00:intoxicated:00 | definition=slightly and pleasantly intoxicated from alcohol or a drug (especially marijuana) | synonyms=mellow

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "higher-income states" uses "higher" to mean "greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount" — describing income levels that are greater in magnitude. This matches sense 1, which is analogous to examples like "a high price" (greater in amount/degree).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "higher" appears:

"a progressive tax rate hits higher-income states harder"

The phrase is "higher-income states" - this is describing states that have higher income levels.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. "greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount" - This could apply, as "higher income" means income that is greater in amount/degree
2. "(literal meaning) being at or having a relatively great or specific elevation or upward extension" - This is about physical elevation, not applicable here
3. "standing above others in quality or position" - This could potentially apply, but it's more about quality/position than just amount
4. "used of sounds and voices; high in pitch or frequency" - Not applicable
5. "happy and excited and energetic" - Not applicable
6. "(used of the smell of meat) smelling spoiled or tainted" - Not applicable
7. "slightly and pleasantly intoxicated" - Not applicable

The phrase "higher-income" is describing income levels that are greater in amount. This fits best with sense 1: "greater than normal in degree or intensity or amount" with examples like "a high temperature; a high price"

Just like "high price" means a price that is greater in amount, "higher income" means income that is greater in amount.

So the answer should be sense 1 (index 1).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: state
Target surface form: states
Context:
Second, if the key assumption is valid, Democrats should have lower attendance rates on roll-call votes than Republicans do to the extent that such votes reflect national policy making and that participating in such votes takes away from the time a legislator could otherwise devote to local benefit - seeking. This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income <t>states</t> harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: | definition=the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation | synonyms=province | examples=his state is in the deep south
2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: | definition=the way something is with respect to its main attributes | examples=the current state of knowledge; his state of health
3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: | definition=the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state | examples=the state has lowered its income tax
4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: | definition=a politically organized body of people under a single government | synonyms=nation, country, land, commonwealth, res publica, body politic | examples=the state has elected a new president; African nations
5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: | definition=(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container) | synonyms=state of matter | examples=the solid state of water is called ice
6. sense_key=state%1:26:01:: | definition=a state of depression or agitation | examples=he was in such a state you just couldn't reason with him
7. sense_key=state%1:15:00:: | definition=the territory occupied by a nation | synonyms=country, land | examples=he returned to the land of his birth; he visited several European countries
8. sense_key=state%1:14:02:: | definition=the federal department in the United States that sets and maintains foreign policies | synonyms=Department of State, United States Department of State, State Department, DoS | examples=the Department of State was created in 1789

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "states" refers to the constituent administrative divisions of the United States (such as California, Texas, etc.). The context discusses how the federal tax burden varies across different U.S. states and affects voting patterns. This corresponds to the definition "the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation," with the example "his state is in the deep south."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "states" appears in this passage.

The relevant sentence is: "Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income <t>states</t> harder -RRB-."

The phrase in question is: "a progressive tax rate hits higher - income <t>states</t> harder"

Looking at the context, we're talking about U.S. elections, Senate elections, and the tax burden on different regions. "States" here clearly refers to the constituent administrative divisions of the United States.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=state%1:15:01:: - "the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation" - This fits well for U.S. states like Texas, California, etc.

2. sense_key=state%1:03:00:: - "the way something is with respect to its main attributes" - This doesn't fit. It would be a condition/state of being.

3. sense_key=state%1:14:01:: - "the group of people comprising the government of a sovereign state" - This refers to the government/administration, not the territory.

4. sense_key=state%1:14:00:: - "a politically organized body of people under a single government" - This could work as it refers to a political entity, but it's more about the people/government than the territory.

5. sense_key=state%1:26:02:: - Chemistry definition about matter - Clearly not relevant.
The remaining senses—including depression/agitation, national territory, and Department of State—don't apply here. Sense 1 is the clearest match since it specifically describes U.S. states as administrative divisions, which aligns with the electoral and tax policy context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: put
Target surface form: Put
Context:
This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. <t>Put</t> more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=put%2:35:00:: | definition=put into a certain place or abstract location | synonyms=set, place, pose, position, lay | examples=Put your things here; Set the tray down
2. sense_key=put%2:35:05:: | definition=cause to be in a certain state; cause to be in a certain relation | examples=That song put me in awful good humor; put your ideas in writing
3. sense_key=put%2:32:00:: | definition=formulate in a particular style or language | synonyms=frame, redact, cast, couch | examples=I wouldn't put it that way; She cast her request in very polite language
4. sense_key=put%2:34:00:: | definition=attribute or give | synonyms=assign | examples=She put too much emphasis on her the last statement; He put all his efforts into this job
5. sense_key=put%2:40:00:: | definition=make an investment | synonyms=invest, commit, place | examples=Put money into bonds
6. sense_key=put%2:31:13:: | definition=estimate | synonyms=place, set | examples=We put the time of arrival at 8 P.M.
7. sense_key=put%2:39:13:: | definition=cause (someone) to undergo something | examples=He put her to the torture
8. sense_key=put%2:36:13:: | definition=adapt | examples=put these words to music
9. sense_key=put%2:31:00:: | definition=arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events | synonyms=arrange, set up, order | examples=arrange my schedule; set up one's life

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The phrase "Put more simply" is used as a reformulation or restatement of the previous complex sentence. The target word means to express or formulate an idea in a particular way (simpler language in this case). This matches sense 3: "formulate in a particular style or language," with the synonym "frame" and examples like "I wouldn't put it that way," which similarly concern how something is expressed or articulated.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "Put" in context. The sentence is:

"Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe."

The phrase "Put more simply" is a parenthetical expression meaning "to state it more simply" or "in simpler terms." It's an introductory phrase used to rephrase or clarify what was just said.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. put in a certain place or abstract location - doesn't fit
2. cause to be in a certain state - doesn't fit
3. formulate in a particular style or language - THIS COULD FIT. "I wouldn't put it that way" - this is about how you express or formulate something
4. attribute or give - doesn't fit
5. make an investment - doesn't fit
6. estimate - doesn't fit
7. cause someone to undergo something - doesn't fit
8. adapt - doesn't fit
9. arrange thoughts, ideas, temporal events - doesn't fit

The best fit is sense 3: "formulate in a particular style or language" with the definition that aligns with the examples "I wouldn't put it that way; She cast her request in very polite language."

In the context, "Put more simply" means to express or formulate the idea in simpler language/terms. This matches sense 3 perfectly, which is about how you express or formulate something in a particular way.

The answer should be sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: candidate
Target surface form: candidates
Context:
This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP <t>candidates</t> for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=candidate%1:18:01:: | definition=a politician who is running for public office | synonyms=campaigner, nominee
2. sense_key=candidate%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) | synonyms=prospect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses "presidential and senatorial candidates" in the context of elections and voter preferences. The term refers to politicians actively running for public office (the presidency and Senate seats), making sense 1 ("a politician who is running for public office") the appropriate choice rather than the more general sense 2 about someone merely being considered for a position.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for "candidates" in the sentence:

"Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election..."

And then later: "GOP <t>candidates</t> for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe."

The context is discussing political candidates - specifically GOP (Republican) candidates for president and Republican candidates for the Senate. These are people who are running for public office.

Let me examine the two senses:

1. sense_key=candidate%1:18:01:: | definition=a politician who is running for public office | synonyms=campaigner, nominee
   - This fits perfectly. The context discusses "presidential and senatorial candidates" - people actively running for office.

2. sense_key=candidate%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) | synonyms=prospect
   - This is more general - someone who is considered for something, not necessarily actively running.

The context makes it clear these are politicians actively running for public office (presidential candidates, senatorial candidates). They are described as being "looked on more kindly by voters" which indicates they are actively campaigning and running.

The first sense is the better fit because it specifically refers to politicians running for public office, which matches the context of "presidential and senatorial candidates."

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: president
Target surface form: president
Context:
This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for <t>president</t> are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=president%1:18:01:: | definition=an executive officer of a firm or corporation
2. sense_key=president%1:18:04:: | definition=the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government | synonyms=President of the United States, United States President, Chief Executive | examples=the President likes to jog every morning
3. sense_key=president%1:18:00:: | definition=the chief executive of a republic
4. sense_key=president%1:18:03:: | definition=the officer who presides at the meetings of an organization | synonyms=chairman, chairwoman, chair, chairperson | examples=address your remarks to the chairperson
5. sense_key=president%1:18:02:: | definition=the head administrative officer of a college or university | synonyms=prexy
6. sense_key=president%1:04:04:: | definition=the office of the United States head of state | synonyms=President of the United States, Chief Executive | examples=a President is elected every four years

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context discusses "GOP candidates for president" in the framework of U.S. elections (comparing Republican performance in presidential vs. senatorial races). This clearly refers to the U.S. presidency specifically, making sense 2 (the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government) the most appropriate choice. While "candidates for president" technically refers to the office, sense 2 is the standard U.S.-specific sense used in American electoral contexts.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The target word is "president" in the phrase "GOP candidates for president".

The context is discussing voting patterns in Senate and presidential elections, comparing Republican performance in presidential vs. senatorial races. The sentence discusses "GOP candidates for president" in the context of national voting patterns.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=president%1:18:01:: - an executive officer of a firm or corporation - This is about corporate president, not applicable here.

2. sense_key=president%1:18:04:: - the person who holds the office of head of state of the United States government - This is about the specific person who holds the office. The context is about "candidates for president," which would be people running for this office.

3. sense_key=president%1:18:00:: - the chief executive of a republic - This is a general sense about any republic's chief executive.

4. sense_key=president%1:18:03:: - the officer who presides at meetings of an organization - This is about organizational leadership, not applicable.

5. sense_key=president%1:18:02:: - the head administrative officer of a college or university - This is about university president, not applicable.

6. sense_key=president%1:04:04:: - the office of the United States head of state - This refers to the office itself, not the person.

The key phrase is "GOP candidates for president." This is discussing the position/office that candidates are running for. The most appropriate sense would be either:

- Sense 2 (the person who holds the office) - but candidates aren't yet holding the office
- Sense 6 (the office itself) - this makes sense because candidates run for the office
- Sense 3 (chief executive of a republic) - more general

Given that this is specifically about U.S. politics ("GOP candidates," "Senate," "Republican," "federal government"), and the context is about the presidential election in the United States, sense 6 (the office of the United States head of state) seems most appropriate, or sense 2 which is also specifically about the U.S. presidency.
When candidates run for president, they're pursuing the office itself rather than the person holding it. In this U.S. political context, sense 2 captures the specific American presidency most directly, though sense 6 (the office) is equally valid since the phrase emphasizes the position being sought.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: look_on
Target surface form: looked on
Context:
This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are <t>looked on</t> more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=look_on%2:39:00:: | definition=observe with attention | synonyms=watch | examples=They watched as the murderer was executed
2. sense_key=look_on%2:31:00:: | definition=look on as or consider | synonyms=think of, repute, regard as, look upon, esteem, take to be | examples=she looked on this affair as a joke; He thinks of himself as a brilliant musician

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "looked on more kindly" in the context indicates how voters regard or consider GOP presidential candidates relative to Republican senatorial candidates. This is clearly using the "look on as or consider" sense, where "looked on" is synonymous with "regarded" or "viewed." The sentence is not about observing or watching, but about the perception and evaluation of candidates by voters.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "looked on" is being used.

The sentence is: "GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe."

Let me break down the meaning:
- GOP candidates for president are "looked on more kindly" by voters
- This is being compared to how Republican candidates for Senate are viewed
- The phrase "looked on more kindly" is describing how voters view/regard these candidates

Now let's look at the two senses:

Sense 1: "observe with attention" - to watch something
- This would mean "observed with attention" - but this doesn't fit the context
- The sentence isn't saying voters are watching the candidates with attention
- It's saying how voters regard/view them

Sense 2: "look on as or consider" - to regard as, think of, repute
- Synonyms: think of, repute, regard as, look upon, esteem, take to be
- Example: "she looked on this affair as a joke"
- This fits perfectly - voters "regard/look upon" GOP candidates more kindly
- The meaning is about how candidates are considered/regarded by voters

The phrase "looked on more kindly" clearly means the voters regard or think of them more kindly, not that they observe them with attention.

Sense 2 is the correct choice.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: republican
Target surface form: Republican
Context:
This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than <t>Republican</t> candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=republican%3:01:01:: | definition=relating to or belonging to the Republican Party | examples=a Republican senator; Republican party politics
2. sense_key=republican%5:00:00:democratic:00 | definition=having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government; - United States Constitution; ; - Philip Marsh; -Nathaniel Hawthorne | examples=the United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government; a very republican notion

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to the Republican Party and its candidates ("Republican presidential and senatorial candidates," "GOP candidates"). This is indicated by the discussion of party affiliations, comparisons with Democratic candidates, and references to party control and staffing. Sense 1, which relates to the Republican Party, is the appropriate sense here, not Sense 2, which refers to a form of government characterized by citizen representation.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "Republican" in this passage.

The target word appears in this phrase: "the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates"

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "relating to or belonging to the Republican Party" - with examples like "a Republican senator; Republican party politics"

2. Sense 2: "having the supreme power lying in the body of citizens entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them or characteristic of such government" - relating to a republican form of government

In the context, "Republican presidential and senatorial candidates" clearly refers to candidates from the Republican Party (the U.S. political party). This is talking about party affiliation, not about the political philosophy of republicanism as a system of government.

The context mentions "GOP candidates" later, which is another name for Republican Party candidates. The passage is analyzing voting patterns between Republican and Democratic party members in the House and Senate.

Sense 1 is the correct answer - it refers to the Republican Party specifically, with the example "a Republican senator" which directly matches the usage in the text.

So the answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: candidate
Target surface form: candidates
Context:
This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican <t>candidates</t> for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=candidate%1:18:01:: | definition=a politician who is running for public office | synonyms=campaigner, nominee
2. sense_key=candidate%1:18:00:: | definition=someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.) | synonyms=prospect

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "GOP candidates for president" and "Republican candidates for the Senate" in a passage about voting patterns and political preferences. The word refers to politicians actively running for specific public offices, which matches sense 1 (a politician who is running for public office), rather than the more general sense 2 (someone considered for something).

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context of the word "candidates" in this passage.

The sentence in question is:
"Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe."

The two senses available are:
1. sense 1: "a politician who is running for public office" - synonyms: campaigner, nominee
2. sense 2: "someone who is considered for something (for an office or prize or honor etc.)" - synonyms: prospect

In the context, "candidates for president" and "candidates for the Senate" clearly refer to politicians who are running for public office. The passage discusses voting patterns and political preferences between different types of candidates - those running for president versus those running for the Senate.

The first sense (politician who is running for public office) fits much better because:
1. The context explicitly mentions "candidates for president" and "candidates for the Senate"
2. These are people actively running for specific political offices
3. The passage discusses how voters view these candidates differently

The second sense (someone considered for something) is more general and passive - it could apply to anyone being considered for a position, not necessarily someone actively running.

Given the specific context of political campaigns and running for office, sense 1 is clearly the best fit.

Since I need to return the sense index, and sense 1 appears first in the list, the answer should be 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: severe
Target surface form: severe
Context:
This is indeed what the data indicate, particularly in the case of the House. The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more <t>severe</t>. Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality | synonyms=terrible, wicked | examples=severe pain; a severe case of flu
2. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:strong:00 | definition=very strong or vigorous | synonyms=hard, knockout | examples=strong winds; a hard left to the chin
3. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=severely simple | synonyms=austere, stark, stern | examples=a stark interior
4. sense_key=severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00 | definition=unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; - H.G.Wells | synonyms=spartan | examples=a parent severe to the pitch of hostility; a hefty six-footer with a rather severe mien
5. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening | examples=a dangerous operation; a grave situation
6. sense_key=severe%5:00:01:bad:00 | definition=very bad in degree or extent | examples=a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

In this context, "severe" modifies "prisoner's sentence," referring to a harsh or long prison sentence. This is best captured by sense 6, which defines "severe" as "very bad in degree or extent" with examples like "the house suffered severe damage." A severe sentence is one that is harsh and extensive in its punishment, fitting this definition of something that is very bad or extensive in degree.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "severe" is being used.

The sentence is: "GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe."

This is discussing sentencing in the criminal justice context. A "severe sentence" refers to a harsh or long prison sentence that is bad/harsh in degree or extent.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:intense:00 | definition=intensely or extremely bad or unpleasant in degree or quality | synonyms=terrible, wicked | examples=severe pain; a severe case of flu
   - This is about things being bad or unpleasant, could fit

2. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:strong:00 | definition=very strong or vigorous | synonyms=hard, knockout | examples=strong winds; a hard left to the chin
   - This is about strength/vigor, not really about a sentence

3. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:plain:01 | definition=severely simple | synonyms=austere, stark, stern | examples=a stark interior
   - This is about appearance/simplicity, not about a sentence

4. sense_key=severe%5:00:02:nonindulgent:00 | definition=unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment | synonyms=spartan | examples=a parent severe to the pitch of hostility
   - This is about a person's approach/demeanor, not about a sentence severity

5. sense_key=severe%5:00:00:critical:03 | definition=causing fear or anxiety by threatening great harm | synonyms=dangerous, grave, grievous, serious, life-threatening
   - A severe sentence could threaten great harm to someone

6. sense_key=severe%5:00:01:bad:00 | definition=very bad in degree or extent | examples=a severe worldwide depression; the house suffered severe damage
   - This captures something being very bad in degree or extent, which fits a harsh/long prison sentence

Among the viable options, sense 6 best matches the criminal justice usage. It describes something as "very bad in degree or extent" with examples like widespread damage, which parallels how a harsh sentence represents an extensive punishment. The answer is sense 6.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: appear
Target surface form: appears
Context:
The Democratic House attendance rate has not exceeded the Republican House attendance rate since 1959. Finally, as shown in the table, Democrats allocate a higher proportion of their personal staffs to district offices -- where local benefit - seeking duties matter more and national policy making activities matter less relative to Washington offices. An examination of changes in personal staffing decisions in the Senate between 1986 and 1987 -LRB- when control of that body changed party hands -RRB-, moreover, reveals that the personal staffing differences noted in the table can not be attributed to the disproportionate control Democrats exercise, due to their majority - party status, over other resources such as committee staff. An additional piece of evidence from the Senate: Holding other factors constant, such as incumbency advantages and regional factors, the difference between popular votes for Republican presidential and senatorial candidates in states conducting a Senate election turns out to be a positive function of how onerous the federal government's tax burden is per state -LRB- a progressive tax rate hits higher - income states harder -RRB-. Put more simply, GOP candidates for president are looked on more kindly by voters than Republican candidates for the Senate when the prisoner's sentence is more severe. Moreover, ticket splitting <t>appears</t> to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level. State government is more typically split along Republican-governor / Democratic-legislature lines than the reverse.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view | examples=He suddenly appeared at the wedding; A new star appeared on the horizon
3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published | synonyms=come out | examples=Did your latest book appear yet?; The new Woody Allen film hasn't come out yet
4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem | examples=It seems that he is very gifted; It appears that the weather in California is very bad
5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene | synonyms=come along | examples=Then the computer came along and changed our lives; Homo sapiens appeared millions of years ago
6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc. | examples=Gielgud appears briefly in this movie; She appeared in `Hamlet' on the London stage
7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority | examples=He had to appear in court last month; She appeared on several charges of theft

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The word "appears" in the context "ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern" is used to express that something seems to be true or probable. The sentence is making a claim about what seems to be the case regarding the pattern of ticket splitting. This matches sense 4, which defines "appear" as "seem to be true, probable, or apparent" with the synonym "seem."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "Moreover, ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern at the state government level as it does at the federal level."

The word "appears" here is being used to mean "seems" or "gives the impression of." The sentence is saying that ticket splitting seems to follow the same pattern.

Let me consider the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=appear%2:39:00:: | definition=give a certain impression or have a certain outward aspect | synonyms=look, seem | examples=She seems to be sleeping; This appears to be a very difficult problem
   - This means "to seem" or "to have an outward appearance"

2. sense_key=appear%2:30:00:: | definition=come into sight or view
   - This is physical appearance/visibility

3. sense_key=appear%2:30:01:: | definition=be issued or published
   - This is about publication

4. sense_key=appear%2:39:01:: | definition=seem to be true, probable, or apparent | synonyms=seem
   - This is about appearing to be true/probable

5. sense_key=appear%2:30:02:: | definition=come into being or existence, or appear on the scene
   - This is about coming into existence

6. sense_key=appear%2:36:00:: | definition=appear as a character on stage or appear in a play, etc.
   - This is about appearing in performances

7. sense_key=appear%2:41:03:: | definition=present oneself formally, as before a (judicial) authority
   - This is about appearing in court

In the sentence "ticket splitting appears to take the same peculiar pattern," the word "appears" means "seems" - it's expressing that ticket splitting seems to follow a pattern. This is not about physical visibility, publication, existence, performance, or legal proceedings.
Between senses 1 and 4, the distinction matters. Sense 1 focuses on giving an impression or outward aspect, while sense 4 directly addresses what seems true or probable. Given the context where I'm asserting what appears to be factually the case about the pattern, sense 4 aligns more precisely with expressing something that seems to be true rather than just having a surface appearance.