[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either <t>copy</t> can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "copy" in this context refers to one of two inherited versions of a tumor-suppressor gene. The sentence explains that genes "are inherited in two copies, one from each parent," and "either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth." This matches sense 2, which defines copy as "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." The genetic copies are reproductions/variants of the same gene, consistent with the example of "the clone was a copy of its ancestor."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "copy" appears. The sentence is:

"Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."

And then: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth..."

In this context, "copy" refers to a gene or genetic material that is one of two identical or nearly identical versions inherited from parents. This is about genetic copies.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
   - This is about written records, not relevant here.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
   - This fits! A "copy" of a gene means a reproduction or a thing that is similar/identical to another thing. The gene copies are inherited versions, similar to each other.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
   - This is about printed material, not relevant.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
   - This is about journalism/writing, not relevant.

The best fit is sense 2, which defines "copy" as "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing". In genetics, a copy of a gene is indeed a reproduction that is similar/identical to another copy.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: need
Target surface form: needed
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins <t>needed</t> to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve | examples=It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work
2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require | examples=This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner
3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for | examples=always needing friends and money

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes "proteins needed to control cell growth," where "needed" means "required as useful, just, or proper" for the function of controlling cell growth. This aligns with sense 1, which defines the term as requiring something as necessary and useful. The proteins are essential/required components for proper cell growth control.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "needed" is used:

"Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

In this sentence, "needed" is describing what kind of proteins - those that are needed/required to control cell growth. The proteins are necessary/required for controlling cell growth.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=need%2:42:00:: | definition=require as useful, just, or proper | synonyms=necessitate, ask, postulate, require, take, involve
   - This talks about requiring something as useful, just, or proper
   - Example: "It takes nerve to do what she did; success usually requires hard work"
   - This could work - the proteins are "required" to control cell growth

2. sense_key=need%2:34:00:: | definition=have need of | synonyms=want, require
   - This is about having a need for something
   - Example: "This piano wants the attention of a competent tuner"
   - The piano has a need for attention. This doesn't quite fit - we're not saying the proteins "have a need of" something

3. sense_key=need%2:34:01:: | definition=have or feel a need for
   - Similar to sense 2, about having/feeling a need for something

Looking at the context: "the proteins needed to control cell growth" - the proteins are REQUIRED/necessary for controlling cell growth. This is more about the proteins being required/necessary (sense 1) rather than the proteins needing something (senses 2 and 3).

Sense 1 is the best fit: "require as useful, just, or proper" - the proteins are required/necessary for controlling cell growth.

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: control
Target surface form: control
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to <t>control</t> cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=control%2:41:00:: | definition=exercise authoritative control or power over | synonyms=command | examples=control the budget; Command the military forces
2. sense_key=control%2:41:01:: | definition=lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits | synonyms=hold in, hold, contain, check, curb, moderate | examples=moderate your alcohol intake; hold your tongue
3. sense_key=control%2:35:00:: | definition=handle and cause to function | synonyms=operate | examples=do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol; control the lever
4. sense_key=control%2:37:06:: | definition=control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to one's advantage | synonyms=manipulate, keep in line | examples=She manipulates her boss; She is a very controlling mother and doesn't let her children grow up
5. sense_key=control%2:41:02:: | definition=check or regulate (a scientific experiment) by conducting a parallel experiment or comparing with another standard | synonyms=verify | examples=Are you controlling for the temperature?
6. sense_key=control%2:31:11:: | definition=verify by using a duplicate register for comparison | examples=control an account
7. sense_key=control%2:31:01:: | definition=be careful or certain to do something; make certain of something | synonyms=see, check, insure, see to it, ensure, ascertain | examples=He verified that the valves were closed; See that the curtains are closed
8. sense_key=control%2:31:00:: | definition=have a firm understanding or knowledge of; be on top of | synonyms=master | examples=Do you control these data?

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context describes tumor-suppressor gene proteins that need to "control cell growth." In this biological context, "control" means to restrain, regulate, or keep cell growth within limits. When genes are damaged, cells are "no longer under control" and "turn malignant" - indicating unrestrained growth. This matches sense 2: "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits," with synonyms like "check," "curb," and "contain" that directly parallel the regulatory function of tumor-suppressor proteins.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to understand which sense of "control" is being used.

The sentence is: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

The context is about tumor-suppressor genes and their ability to regulate cell growth. The proteins made by these genes need to "control cell growth" - meaning they need to regulate, restrain, or limit the growth of cells.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "exercise authoritative control or power over" - This is about commanding or having authority. The example is "control the budget" which is about exercising authority over something.

2. "lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits" - This is about restraining, moderating, or keeping within limits. The examples include "moderate your alcohol intake" and "hold your tongue." Synonyms include "hold in, contain, check, curb, moderate." This seems very relevant to the biological context - the proteins need to keep cell growth within limits, to restrain/check excessive growth.

3. "handle and cause to function" - This is about operating something, like operating machinery.

4. "control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully" - This is about manipulation and influence.

5. "check or regulate (a scientific experiment)" - This is about scientific verification.

6. "verify by using a duplicate register for comparison" - This is about accounting verification.

7. "be careful or certain to do something" - This is about ensuring or making certain.

8. "have a firm understanding or knowledge of" - This is about mastery or understanding.

In the biological context, tumor-suppressor genes produce proteins that "control cell growth." This means the proteins restrain, regulate, or keep cell growth within appropriate limits. When these genes are damaged, cells "no longer" are "under control" - meaning they grow excessively and become malignant.
The second sense aligns perfectly here—the synonyms like "check," "curb," and "contain" directly mirror how tumor-suppressor proteins function by restraining excessive cell division. This is the intended meaning.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly refers to cells in a biological sense, discussing cell growth, cell division, and cellular behavior in the context of cancer and genetics. Sense 2—"the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms"—is the appropriate biological definition that fits the passage's discussion of how genes control cell growth and how cells become malignant.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cell" in the context: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control <t>cell</t> growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

Let me analyze the context:
- The passage is discussing genetics, cancer, genes, and how cells become malignant
- It mentions "cell division", "cells normally under control turn malignant", "tumor-suppressor gene", "cell growth"
- The word "cell" is being used in a biological context to refer to the basic unit of organisms that can grow and divide
- It's clearly about the structural and functional unit of biological organisms

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "any small compartment" (like honeycomb cells) - too generic
2. "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms" - THIS IS IT. This matches perfectly with the biological context of cancer, genes, growth, division, etc.
3. "a device that delivers an electric current" - not relevant
4. "a small unit serving as part of a larger political movement" - not relevant
5. "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone" - not relevant (this is modern slang for cell phone)
6. "small room in which a monk or nun lives" - not relevant
7. "a room where a prisoner is kept" - not relevant

The answer is clearly sense 2, which is the biological definition of cell as the basic structural and functional unit of organisms. This is the sense used throughout the passage when discussing cell growth, cell division, malignant cells, etc.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: growth
Target surface form: growth
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell <t>growth</t>, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: | definition=(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level | synonyms=growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis | examples=he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children
2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: | definition=a progression from simpler to more complex forms | examples=the growth of culture
3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: | definition=a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important | synonyms=increase, increment | examples=the increase in unemployment; the growth of population
4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: | definition=vegetation that has grown | examples=a growth of trees; the only growth was some salt grass
5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: | definition=the gradual beginning or coming forth | synonyms=emergence, outgrowth | examples=figurines presage the emergence of sculpture in Greece
6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: | definition=(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: | definition=something grown or growing | examples=a growth of hair

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context discusses tumor-suppressor genes controlling "cell growth" in the context of cell proliferation and division. The relevant sense describes growth as "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" - which directly applies to cells becoming larger and multiplying through division. This is the appropriate biological usage in the context of cellular processes and cancer development.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "growth" in this passage about cancer genes.

The context is discussing tumor-suppressor genes and their role in cell division and cancer. The specific sentence is: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

Here, "growth" refers to the process of cells growing and dividing/proliferating. This is a biological process related to cell division and cellular expansion.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=growth%1:22:00:: - "(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level" - This is about organismal development and maturation.

2. sense_key=growth%1:22:01:: - "a progression from simpler to more complex forms" - This is about abstract progression.

3. sense_key=growth%1:22:02:: - "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important" - This is about increase in size/quantity.

4. sense_key=growth%1:14:00:: - "vegetation that has grown" - This doesn't fit.

5. sense_key=growth%1:11:01:: - "the gradual beginning or coming forth" - This doesn't fit.

6. sense_key=growth%1:26:00:: - "(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)" - This could fit given the cancer context, but the sentence is about controlling cell growth in general, not about abnormal tumors.

7. sense_key=growth%1:17:00:: - "something grown or growing" - This is about the product/result rather than the process.

In the context of cell biology, "growth" refers to the process of cells becoming larger and dividing. The most relevant sense appears to be either sense 1 or sense 3.
Sense 1 focuses on organismal development, which doesn't apply here since we're discussing individual cell behavior rather than whole organism growth. Sense 3 better captures what's happening—cells become more numerous through division and larger in size, which aligns with "a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous or more important." This is the appropriate sense.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for <t>cancer</t> to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cancer" is being used.

The target word "cancer" appears in this sentence: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

The entire context is about:
- Damaged genes and cell division
- Oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes
- Malignant growth
- How genes control cell growth
- Cancer as a disease that develops from cell division problems

This is clearly discussing cancer as a medical/biological disease, not as an astrological sign or constellation.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This matches perfectly with the context about abnormal cell division, malignant growth, and uncontrolled cell division.

2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - A person born under the zodiac sign Cancer - Not relevant to the biological/medical context

3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - A zodiacal constellation - Not relevant to the biological/medical context

4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - The fourth sign of the zodiac - Not relevant to the biological/medical context

5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - A genus of crabs - Not relevant to the biological/medical context

The answer is clearly sense 1, which is the medical definition of cancer as a malignant disease caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.

The instruction asks to return only the sense_index. For sense 1, that would be index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: arise
Target surface form: arise
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to <t>arise</t>, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence; take on form or shape | synonyms=originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow | examples=A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship
2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: | definition=originate or come into being | synonyms=come up, bob up | examples=a question arose
3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: | definition=rise to one's feet | synonyms=rise, uprise, get up, stand up | examples=The audience got up and applauded
4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: | definition=result or issue | synonyms=come up | examples=A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion
5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: | definition=move upward | synonyms=rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise | examples=The fog lifted; The smoke arose from the forest fire
6. sense_key=arise%2:41:00:: | definition=take part in a rebellion; renounce a former allegiance | synonyms=rebel, rise, rise up
7. sense_key=arise%2:29:00:: | definition=get up and out of bed | synonyms=get up, turn out, uprise, rise | examples=I get up at 7 A.M. every day; They rose early

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the different senses of "arise" to determine which one is most appropriate.

The context is about cancer genes:
"Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

In this context, "arise" means "to come into existence" or "to result" or "to originate." We're talking about cancer developing or coming into being.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=arise%2:42:00:: - "come into existence; take on form or shape" - originate, rise, develop, uprise, spring up, grow
   - Examples: "A new religious movement originated in that country; a love that sprang up from friendship"
   - This fits: cancer coming into existence

2. sense_key=arise%2:42:01:: - "originate or come into being" - come up, bob up
   - Examples: "a question arose"
   - This could fit: cancer coming into being

3. sense_key=arise%2:38:00:: - "rise to one's feet" - rise, uprise, get up, stand up
   - Not relevant, this is about physical movement

4. sense_key=arise%2:30:00:: - "result or issue" - come up
   - Examples: "A slight unpleasantness arose from this discussion"
   - This could fit: cancer results from the impaired copies

5. sense_key=arise%2:38:04:: - "move upward" - rise, lift, move up, go up, come up, uprise
   - Not relevant, this is about physical movement

The remaining senses involve rebellion or getting out of bed, which don't apply here. The most fitting interpretation is sense 4—cancer arises as a consequence of both tumor-suppressor gene copies being damaged. The parallel structure with "unpleasantness arose from this discussion" mirrors how cancer emerges from genetic impairment, though sense 1 about coming into existence also works well.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both <t>copies</t> must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "copies" is being used.

In the context: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

Here, "copies" refers to the actual genes themselves - specifically, the two versions of the tumor-suppressor gene that a person inherits. This is about genetics and heredity. The word "copies" in this context means "instances" or "versions" of the gene that the person possesses.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" - This is about transcripts or written copies. This doesn't fit the biological context.

2. "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - The examples given are "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor". This refers to things that are deliberately made to be similar/identical. In the genetic context, the two copies of a gene inherited from parents could be considered instances that are similar/identical to each other. This could fit.

3. "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" - This is about text/content for printing. Doesn't fit.

4. "material suitable for a journalistic account" - This is about content for journalism. Doesn't fit.

Between senses 1-4, sense 2 seems most appropriate. The two copies of a tumor-suppressor gene are indeed things that are similar/identical to each other - they're copies in the sense that they're duplicate instances of the same gene. This is the most biologically sensible interpretation.

The answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: impaired
Target surface form: impaired
Context:
But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be <t>impaired</t>. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=impaired%3:00:00:: | definition=diminished in strength, quality, or utility | examples=impaired eyesight
2. sense_key=impaired%5:00:00:unfit:01 | definition=mentally or physically unfit | synonyms=afflicted

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context describes tumor-suppressor genes that have been damaged and can no longer function properly in controlling cell growth. The word "impaired" here means the genes' functional capacity has been diminished or weakened—they no longer perform their growth-suppressing role. This aligns with sense 1 ("diminished in strength, quality, or utility"), similar to the example "impaired eyesight" where a function or ability is reduced. Sense 2 refers to unfitness or being afflicted, which is less applicable to describing the reduced functionality of genes in this biological context.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "impaired" is most appropriate.

The sentence is: "Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

The context discusses tumor-suppressor genes and how they function to control cell growth. The passage explains that when genes are "damaged" (earlier in the text), their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work. The genes being "impaired" in this context means they are not functioning properly - they have lost their ability to suppress tumor growth.

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "diminished in strength, quality, or utility" with example "impaired eyesight"
   - This sense refers to something being weakened or reduced in function or effectiveness.

2. Sense 2: "mentally or physically unfit" with synonyms "afflicted"
   - This sense refers to being disabled or unfit, suggesting a state of unfitness.

In the biological context, the tumor-suppressor genes have been "damaged" and no longer function properly. The word "impaired" here means their function has been diminished or weakened - they can no longer do their job of suppressing tumor growth.

Sense 1 ("diminished in strength, quality, or utility") is the most appropriate because:
- The genes have lost their growth-suppressing ability (diminished in utility/function)
- This is similar to "impaired eyesight" - vision that doesn't work as well
- The context emphasizes that the genes' proteins "no longer work"

Sense 2 is less appropriate because it refers more to a state of unfitness or being afflicted, which is more about a person's condition rather than a loss of function.

Therefore, the best choice is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: person
Target surface form: person
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A <t>person</t> who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: | definition=a human being | synonyms=individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul | examples=there was too much for one person to do
2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: | definition=a human body (usually including the clothing) | examples=a weapon was hidden on his person
3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: | definition=a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party | examples=stop talking about yourself in the third person

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context discusses a person who is born with a defective gene and is prone to cancer. This refers to "a human being" or "an individual" — sense 1. The other senses don't fit: sense 2 (a physical body with clothing) and sense 3 (a grammatical category) are not relevant to the medical/genetic discussion about inheritance and cancer susceptibility.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "person" is being used.

The context is about genetics and cancer. The sentence reads: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Let me look at the three candidate senses:

1. sense_key=person%1:03:00:: - "a human being" - synonyms: individual, someone, somebody, mortal, soul. Example: "there was too much for one person to do"

2. sense_key=person%1:08:00:: - "a human body (usually including the clothing)" - Example: "a weapon was hidden on his person"

3. sense_key=person%1:10:00:: - "a grammatical category used in the classification of pronouns, possessive determiners, and verb forms according to whether they indicate the speaker, the addressee, or a third party" - Example: "stop talking about yourself in the third person"

In the context, "A person who is born with one defective copy..." clearly refers to a human being who has inherited genetic material. This is referring to an individual human being, not:
- A physical body (sense 2)
- A grammatical category (sense 3)

The usage here is definitely sense 1: "a human being" - it refers to an individual person with genetic susceptibility to cancer. This aligns with the synonyms like "individual" and "someone."

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: bear
Target surface form: born
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is <t>born</t> with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
3. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant | synonyms=digest, endure, stick out, stomach, stand, tolerate | examples=I cannot bear his constant criticism; The new secretary had to endure a lot of unprofessional remarks
4. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting | examples=Bear gifts; bear a heavy load
5. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth, | synonyms=turn out | examples=The apple tree bore delicious apples this year; The unidentified plant bore gorgeous flowers
6. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person | synonyms=take over, accept, assume | examples=I'll accept the charges; She agreed to bear the responsibility
7. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold; have within | synonyms=hold, carry, contain | examples=The jar carries wine; The canteen holds fresh water
8. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in | synonyms=yield, pay | examples=interest-bearing accounts; How much does this savings certificate pay annually?
9. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person | synonyms=wear | examples=He wore a red ribbon; bear a scar
10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner | synonyms=behave, acquit, deport, conduct, comport, carry | examples=She carried herself well; he bore himself with dignity
11. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices | synonyms=hold | examples=She bears the title of Duchess; He held the governorship for almost a decade
12. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner | synonyms=hold, carry | examples=She holds her head high; He carried himself upright
13. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect | examples=She is bearing his child; The are expecting another child in January

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context "A person who is born with one defective copy" uses "born" in the sense of being brought into existence at birth. This corresponds to sense 2 "cause to be born" (synonyms: give birth, deliver, birth, have), which captures the nativity sense of the verb "bear." While the sentence uses passive voice ("is born"), it refers to the fundamental biological act of birth and coming into existence—the core meaning of this sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The phrase is "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene..."

The word "born" here is the past participle of "bear". In this context, it's describing someone who comes into existence with a certain genetic condition - they are born (come into the world) with a defective copy of a gene.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=bear%2:42:01:: | definition=have | examples=bear a resemblance; bear a signature
- Not relevant here.

2. sense_key=bear%2:29:01:: | definition=cause to be born | synonyms=give birth, deliver, birth, have | examples=My wife had twins yesterday!
- This is "cause to be born" - meaning to give birth. The example shows "My wife had twins" which is the causative sense.

3. sense_key=bear%2:31:00:: | definition=put up with something or somebody unpleasant
- Not relevant.

4. sense_key=bear%2:35:00:: | definition=move while holding up or supporting
- Not relevant.

5. sense_key=bear%2:36:00:: | definition=bring forth
- This relates to producing offspring or fruit.

6. sense_key=bear%2:40:02:: | definition=take on as one's own the expenses or debts of another person
- Not relevant.

7. sense_key=bear%2:42:14:: | definition=contain or hold
- Not relevant.

8. sense_key=bear%2:40:01:: | definition=bring in
- Not relevant.

9. sense_key=bear%2:29:02:: | definition=have on one's person
- Not relevant.

10. sense_key=bear%2:41:00:: | definition=behave in a certain manner
- Not relevant.

11. sense_key=bear%2:40:00:: | definition=have rightfully; of rights, titles, and offices
- Not relevant.

12. sense_key=bear%2:35:01:: | definition=support or hold in a certain manner
- Not relevant.

13. sense_key=bear%2:29:00:: | definition=be pregnant with | synonyms=have a bun in the oven, carry, gestate, expect
- This is about being pregnant with a child.

The key insight is that "born" is the passive form - it describes the state of coming into existence with a condition, not the act of giving birth or being pregnant. "Born" in the passive voice describes being brought into existence, which corresponds to the active sense of giving birth. While sense 5 covers producing or creating things like fruit or flowers, sense 2—"cause to be born" with synonyms like "give birth" and "deliver"—most directly captures the act of coming into existence at birth, just from the child's perspective rather than the parent's. The answer is 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective <t>copy</t> of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The target word "copy" in this context refers to one of two identical versions of a gene inherited from parents. The passage explicitly states "tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent," using "copy" to mean a reproduction that is similar or identical to another instance of the same gene. This matches sense 2: "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing," which is the standard meaning of "copy" in genetics when discussing multiple versions of the same genetic material.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "copy" in this sentence.

The context is discussing tumor-suppressor genes and how they are inherited. The key sentence is:

"Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."

And: "A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life..."

In this context, "copy" refers to one instance or one of two identical versions of a gene. It's being used in a biological sense to mean "one of multiple identical versions of something" - specifically, one instance of a gene.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: - "a reproduction of a written record" - This is about legal/school records, not genes.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" - This is about something made to be similar/identical. This could fit - a gene copy would be a reproduction that is identical to another.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: - "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" - This is about printing/journalistic material, not genes.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: - "material suitable for a journalistic account" - This is about journalistic material, not genes.

The best fit is sense 2 - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." In genetics, genes are inherited in copies - each copy is essentially identical to the other. The example "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor" shows that a copy is an identical or similar reproduction, which matches how genes are inherited as identical copies.
Sense 2 is the correct answer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copy
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one <t>copy</t> is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "copy" in this sentence:

"A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

The context is about genetics. The word "copy" refers to one of the two copies of a tumor-suppressor gene that a person inherits - one from each parent.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
   - This is about written records, not relevant to genes.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
   - This is about something made to be similar or identical to another thing. In the genetic context, a "copy" of a gene is indeed one instance of that gene, similar to the other copy from the other parent.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
   - This is about text to be printed, not relevant.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy
   - This is about journalistic material, not relevant.

The best fit is sense 2, which refers to "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." In genetics, each copy of a gene is similar/identical to the other copy (though one comes from each parent). The definition and examples align well with how "copy" is being used here - it's one instance of something that has other identical or similar instances.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is <t>damaged</t> early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "damaged" in this context means that the tumor-suppressor gene copy has been harmed or impaired. The sentence describes a gene that "has been damaged" early in life, referring to the harm or deterioration of the genetic material. This aligns with sense 1 ("inflict damage upon"), where damage means to cause harm to something, resulting in impairment or injury. The passive voice construction "is damaged" is the passive form of this transitive sense, where the gene is the recipient of the damaging action.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "damaged" in the sentence:

"A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life..."

The context is about tumor-suppressor genes. The sentence is saying that one copy of a suppressor gene can be damaged early in life.

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
   - This sense means to cause damage to something, to harm it. It's a transitive verb where someone/something damages another thing.

2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily
   - This sense means the thing being described is susceptible to or can suffer damage. It's describing how something can be damaged or is damaged (in a passive sense).

In the context: "one copy is damaged early in life"

The gene copy becomes damaged. The passive voice here suggests that the gene copy undergoes damage. This is about the gene copy being affected or harmed, not about the gene copy causing damage to something else.

Sense 1 is about inflicting damage upon something (transitive, active causation).
Sense 2 is about something being damaged or suffering damage (susceptibility or passive reception of damage).

The sentence uses the passive voice "is damaged" which suggests the gene is being harmed. This aligns more with sense 2, which deals with something being susceptible to or suffering damage.

Actually, wait. Let me reconsider. The passive voice "is damaged" could still be the passive form of sense 1 (inflict damage upon). "The roof is damaged by snow" would be passive of "snow damaged the roof."

However, sense 2 is specifically about being susceptible to damage or suffering damage. The example "These fine china cups damage easily" shows something that is susceptible to damage.
The genetic material has been harmed or impaired, which points toward sense 1 as the more direct interpretation—the gene copy has simply been damaged, meaning harmed. Sense 2 emphasizes susceptibility to damage (like "damage easily"), whereas the passage just states the damage occurred without highlighting that quality. Sense 1 is the better fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: early
Target surface form: early
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The phrase "early in life" refers to an early stage of someone's lifespan. This matches sense 1, which defines "early" as "during an early stage" with the example "early on in her career." The context is describing when damage to the suppressor gene occurs within the progression of life, not emphasizing that it happens before an expected time.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "early" in this sentence:

"A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged <t>early</t> in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

The sentence is discussing when damage to a gene copy occurs - "early in life" means during an early stage of life.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=early%4:02:01:: | definition=during an early stage | synonyms=early on | examples=early on in her career
   - This fits well. "Early in life" = "during an early stage of life"

2. sense_key=early%4:02:00:: | definition=before the usual time or the time expected | synonyms=ahead of time, too soon | examples=she graduated early; the house was completed ahead of time
   - This would mean the damage happens before the usual time. But the context doesn't emphasize "before the usual time" - it's just describing when in the lifecycle this happens.

3. sense_key=early%4:02:02:: | definition=in good time | synonyms=betimes | examples=he awoke betimes that morning
   - "In good time" doesn't fit this context well.

The best fit is sense 1: "during an early stage" because the context is clearly referring to an early stage of life, not specifically emphasizing that it's before the expected time (which would be sense 2).

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: life
Target surface form: life
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in <t>life</t>, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: | definition=a characteristic state or mode of living | examples=social life; city life
2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: | definition=the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities | synonyms=living | examples=he could no longer cope with the complexities of life
3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: | definition=the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living | examples=he hoped for a new life in Australia; he wanted to live his own life without interference from others
4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: | definition=the condition of living or the state of being alive | synonyms=animation, living, aliveness | examples=while there's life there's hope; life depends on many chemical and physical processes
5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: | definition=the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death) | synonyms=lifetime, lifespan | examples=the battery had a short life; he lived a long and happy life
6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: | definition=the period between birth and the present time | examples=I have known him all his life
7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: | definition=the period from the present until death | examples=he appointed himself emperor for life
8. sense_key=life%1:18:00:: | definition=a living person | examples=his heroism saved a life
9. sense_key=life%1:07:01:: | definition=animation and energy in action or expression | synonyms=liveliness, spirit, sprightliness | examples=it was a heavy play and the actors tried in vain to give life to it
10. sense_key=life%1:03:00:: | definition=living things collectively | examples=the oceans are teeming with life
11. sense_key=life%1:19:00:: | definition=the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones | examples=there is no life on the moon
12. sense_key=life%1:10:00:: | definition=an account of the series of events making up a person's life | synonyms=biography, life story, life history
13. sense_key=life%1:16:00:: | definition=a motive for living | examples=pottery was his life
14. sense_key=life%1:28:03:: | definition=a prison term lasting as long as the prisoner lives | synonyms=life sentence | examples=he got life for killing the guard

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 5}

The phrase "early in life" refers to the early period of someone's existence or lifetime. Sense 5 ("the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)") best captures this temporal meaning, where "life" denotes the span of time from birth through which a person is alive. This is consistent with the medical/biological context discussing when genetic damage occurs during a person's lifespan.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "life" appears:

"A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

The context is talking about when someone is born with a genetic defect or when damage occurs "early in life". This is clearly referring to the period of time from birth onwards - specifically the early part of someone's existence/lifetime.

Let me examine the relevant candidate senses:

1. sense_key=life%1:26:01:: - "a characteristic state or mode of living" (social life, city life) - NOT this, the context isn't about a mode or style of living

2. sense_key=life%1:09:00:: - "the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities" - Could fit but seems too general

3. sense_key=life%1:26:02:: - "the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living" - Could potentially fit

4. sense_key=life%1:26:00:: - "the condition of living or the state of being alive" - Possible but doesn't emphasize the temporal aspect

5. sense_key=life%1:28:00:: - "the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)" - This emphasizes the PERIOD of time

6. sense_key=life%1:28:01:: - "the period between birth and the present time" - This is specifically about time from birth to now

7. sense_key=life%1:28:02:: - "the period from the present until death" - Not this one

8-14: Other senses not relevant

The phrase "early in life" clearly refers to a temporal period - the early years or early period of someone's existence. This is most naturally captured by:
- Sense 5 captures the full lifespan from birth through death, which fits how "early in life" denotes the beginning of that entire functional period. Sense 6 restricts the meaning to only the present moment, making it too narrow for this context. Sense 5 is the best match since it encompasses the entire period of someone's existence, with "early in life" referring to the beginning portion of that span.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: especially
Target surface form: especially
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=especially%4:02:00:: | definition=to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common | synonyms=particularly, peculiarly, specially | examples=he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack
2. sense_key=especially%4:02:01:: | definition=in a special manner | synonyms=specially | examples=a specially arranged dinner

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

**Reasoning:** In the context, "especially prone to cancer" indicates that individuals with a defective suppressor gene copy are **distinctly more prone** to cancer than is common. This matches sense 1, which defines "especially" as expressing "a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common." The synonyms "particularly" or "peculiarly" could be substituted here ("particularly prone to cancer"), confirming this sense. Sense 2 (in a special manner) would not fit the intended meaning.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "especially" is used:

"A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is <t>especially</t> prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

The word "especially" here means that such a person is MORE prone to cancer than others - there's an increased or heightened susceptibility. It's being used to emphasize that the degree or extent of cancer proneness is distinctly greater.

Looking at the two candidate senses:

1. Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" with synonyms "particularly, peculiarly, specially"
   - Examples: "he was particularly fussy about spelling; a particularly gruesome attack"
   - This sense emphasizes that something is more pronounced, more extreme, or greater in degree compared to what's normal.

2. Sense 2: "in a special manner" with synonym "specially"
   - This sense means in a particular way or manner that's distinctive.

In the context, "especially prone to cancer" means that such people are MORE prone (to a greater degree) to cancer than people without the defective copy. This is comparing the degree of cancer proneness.

This clearly matches Sense 1: "to a distinctly greater extent or degree than is common" - because the person is distinctly more prone to cancer than is common.

The answer should be sense index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to <t>cancer</t> because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly discusses cancer as a medical condition involving malignant tumors and uncontrolled cell division. The passage extensively describes oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes, malignant cells, and cell growth control—all directly relevant to sense 1, which defines cancer as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division." The other senses referring to astrology and zodiacal signs are not applicable in this medical/biological context.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer" in the context of medical/biological discussion. Let me analyze the context:

The passage discusses:
- Oncogenes and cancer genes
- Malignant cells and tumor-suppressor genes
- Cell division and growth control
- Tumor development
- Cancer-susceptible individuals
- Genetic tests for cancer diagnosis

This is clearly a medical/biological context discussing cancer as a disease, not astrology or zoology.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. Malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division - This is the medical disease sense
2. A person born while the sun is in Cancer (astrology) - Not relevant
3. A zodiacal constellation - Not relevant
4. The fourth sign of the zodiac - Not relevant
5. Genus Cancer (a type of crab) - Not relevant

Sense 1 is clearly the correct answer. It matches the medical context of the passage perfectly, with the definition referring to "malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" which aligns with the discussion of malignant cells, tumor-suppressor genes, and uncontrolled cell proliferation.

The sense index for sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: would be index 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need <t>only</t> lose the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The word "only" in "he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop" means "merely" or "simply" - emphasizing that losing one additional copy is the sole requirement needed for cancer to develop. This matches sense 1's definition of "and nothing more" with the synonyms "merely, simply, just, but." The context indicates the minimal condition required, which aligns perfectly with this sense.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the best sense for "only" in this sentence:

"A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

Let me look at each sense:

1. "and nothing more" - synonyms: merely, simply, just, but. Example: "I was merely asking" - This would mean he needs merely/simply lose the other copy.

2. "without any others being included or involved" - synonyms: entirely, exclusively, solely, alone. This doesn't fit well here.

3. "with nevertheless the final result" - Example: "He arrived only to find his wife dead" - This doesn't match the context.

4. "in the final outcome" - Example: "These news will only make you more upset" - This doesn't fit.

5. "except that" - Example: "It was the same story; only this time she came out better" - This doesn't fit the context.

6. "never except when" - synonyms: only if, only when. Example: "call me only if your cold gets worse" - This could fit! The meaning would be "he need only lose (if he loses) the other copy for cancer to develop" - meaning if he loses the other copy, cancer will develop.

7. "as recently as" - Example: "I spoke to him only an hour ago" - This doesn't fit the temporal context here.

Looking at the sentence more carefully: "he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop" - this is saying that the only requirement is to lose the other copy. This fits sense 1 (merely, simply, just) - he needs to merely/simply lose the other copy. Or it could fit sense 6 (only if/only when) - cancer develops only when/if he loses the other copy.

Actually, sense 1 seems to be the best fit.

The key insight is that "only" here emphasizes the minimal requirement—he needs merely to lose that single remaining copy for cancer to develop. The synonyms "merely, simply, just" all capture this sense of minimality and necessity.

The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: lose
Target surface form: lose
Context:
The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired. A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only <t>lose</t> the other copy for a cancer to develop. Emerging genetic tests will be able to spot such cancer-susceptible individuals, ushering in what some scientists believe is a new age of predictive cancer diagnosis.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=lose%2:40:02:: | definition=fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense | examples=She lost her purse when she left it unattended on her seat
2. sense_key=lose%2:33:00:: | definition=fail to win | examples=We lost the battle but we won the war
3. sense_key=lose%2:37:00:: | definition=suffer the loss of a person through death or removal | examples=She lost her husband in the war; The couple that wanted to adopt the child lost her when the biological parents claimed her
4. sense_key=lose%2:35:00:: | definition=place (something) where one cannot find it again | synonyms=misplace, mislay | examples=I misplaced my eyeglasses
5. sense_key=lose%2:40:01:: | definition=miss from one's possessions; lose sight of | examples=I've lost my glasses again!
6. sense_key=lose%2:39:00:: | definition=allow to go out of sight | examples=The detective lost the man he was shadowing after he had to stop at a red light
7. sense_key=lose%2:40:06:: | definition=fail to make money in a business; make a loss or fail to profit | synonyms=turn a loss | examples=I lost thousands of dollars on that bad investment!; The company turned a loss after the first year
8. sense_key=lose%2:40:00:: | definition=fail to get or obtain | examples=I lost the opportunity to spend a year abroad
9. sense_key=lose%2:33:01:: | definition=retreat | synonyms=fall back, drop off, fall behind, recede
10. sense_key=lose%2:39:01:: | definition=fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind | synonyms=miss | examples=I missed that remark; She missed his point
11. sense_key=lose%2:30:03:: | definition=be set at a disadvantage | synonyms=suffer | examples=This author really suffers in translation

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The context is about tumor-suppressor genes and the requirement for both copies to be impaired for cancer to develop. The person would "lose the other copy" - meaning they would cease to have/maintain a functional copy of the gene. This matches sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense." Here, "lose" refers to the abstract loss of a functional genetic copy, not a physical misplacement or other types of loss described in the other senses.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully. The sentence is:

"A person who is born with one defective copy of a suppressor gene, or in whom one copy is damaged early in life, is especially prone to cancer because he need only lose the other copy for a cancer to develop."

The context is about tumor-suppressor genes. A person has two copies of the gene. For cancer to develop, both copies need to be impaired or damaged. The sentence says the person would be prone to cancer if they "lose the other copy."

In this context, "lose" means to become deprived of something, or to cease to have something. The person needs to lose the functional/normal copy of the gene - meaning they need to be deprived of it or have it become damaged/non-functional.

Let me examine the senses:

1. "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense" - This fits. The person would cease to have a functional copy of the gene.

2. "fail to win" - Not applicable, this is about competition.

3. "suffer the loss of a person through death or removal" - Not applicable, this is about losing a person.

4. "place (something) where one cannot find it again" - Not applicable, the gene isn't being misplaced.

5. "miss from one's possessions; lose sight of" - This could fit, meaning the person would no longer have/possess the functional copy.

6. "allow to go out of sight" - Not applicable.

7. "fail to make money in a business" - Not applicable.

8. "fail to get or obtain" - Not applicable.

9. "retreat" - Not applicable.

10. "fail to perceive or to catch with the senses or the mind" - Not applicable.

11. "be set at a disadvantage; suffer" - Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 1: "fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have, either physically or in an abstract sense" - because the person needs to lose (cease to have) the functional copy of the suppressor gene.

Since this involves losing something abstract like genetic function rather than a physical object, sense 1 is the most appropriate match. The answer is sense 1.