[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: present
Target surface form: present
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be <t>present</t> for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=present%3:00:01:: | definition=temporal sense; intermediate between past and future; now existing or happening or in consideration | examples=the present leader; articles for present use
2. sense_key=present%3:00:02:: | definition=being or existing in a specified place | examples=the murderer is present in this room; present at the wedding

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "present" in the context "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant" refers to the existence or occurrence of oncogenes within a cell. This matches sense 2, which means "being or existing in a specified place" (in this case, within the cell). The temporal sense (sense 1) would refer to current time, which is not the intended meaning here.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "present" appears:

"Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."

The two candidate senses are:
1. Temporal sense - existing now, in the present time
2. Being or existing in a specified place - located at a place

In the context, "must be present" is referring to oncogenes needing to exist or be found within a cell. This is about their existence or location within the cell, not about a temporal quality.

The sentence structure "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant" means oncogenes must exist/be found in the cell in order for the cell to become malignant. This is clearly about existence in a place (the cell) rather than a temporal sense.

Sense 2 ("being or existing in a specified place") is the best fit here. The oncogenes need to exist/be present in the cell for malignancy to occur.

So the answer is sense_index: 2


attempt_kind: initial

status: success

[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cell
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a <t>cell</t> to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly refers to cells in a biological sense, discussing their growth, division, and how they can become malignant in the context of cancer research. The passage talks about "a cell's growth," "cell division," and "cells normally under control," which all point to the biological definition of a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of organisms.

finish_reason: stop

role: assistant

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cell" is being used here.

The passage is about cancer, genes, and cell biology. The key phrase is "a cell's growth in check" and the discussion is about cells becoming malignant, tumor-suppressor genes, and oncogenes. This is clearly biological and medical context.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "any small compartment" (like honeycomb cells) - doesn't fit the biological context
2. "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals" - This is clearly the right one. The passage is discussing biological cells, their growth, and how they can become cancerous.
3. "a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction" - No, this is about electrical/battery cells
4. "a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement" - No, this is political terminology
5. "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone" - No, this is about cell phones
6. "small room in which a monk or nun lives" - No, this is about rooms
7. "a room where a prisoner is kept" - No, this is about prison cells

The context is clearly about biological cells, their growth being controlled, and how they can become cancerous. This is definitely sense 2, which is the biological definition of a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of organisms.

So the answer should be: {"sense_index": 2}

type: thinking

currency: USD


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: become
Target surface form: become
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to <t>become</t> malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious
2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration
4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The target word "become" in the phrase "for a cell to become malignant" means the cell enters or assumes a malignant state or condition. This matches sense 1 ("enter or assume a certain state or condition"), which is similar to the examples provided such as "He became annoyed" where a subject transitions into a particular state.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "become" appears:

"Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant..."

This sentence is describing a change or transformation that occurs to a cell. The cell transitions from a normal state to a malignant state.

Let me examine each sense:

1. sense_key=become%2:30:00:: | definition=enter or assume a certain state or condition | synonyms=go, get | examples=He became annoyed when he heard the bad news; It must be getting more serious

This sense means to enter or assume a certain state. This fits well with "become malignant" - the cell enters a malignant state.

2. sense_key=become%2:42:01:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=turn | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy

This also could work - undergoing a change to become malignant fits with "undergo a change or development."

3. sense_key=become%2:42:00:: | definition=come into existence | examples=What becomes has duration

This doesn't fit - we're not talking about something coming into existence.

4. sense_key=become%2:42:03:: | definition=enhance the appearance of | synonyms=suit | examples=Mourning becomes Electra; This behavior doesn't suit you!

This doesn't fit at all - it's about appearance/suitability.

Between senses 1 and 2:
- Sense 1: "enter or assume a certain state or condition" - this emphasizes entering/assuming a state
- Sense 2: "undergo a change or development" - this emphasizes the transformation process

The context "a cell to become malignant" seems to fit sense 1 better because it's describing the cell assuming/entering the malignant state, similar to "He became annoyed" - the person enters an annoyed state.
Sense 1 captures the meaning most accurately here.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: find
Target surface form: found
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have <t>found</t> them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=find%2:40:02:: | definition=come upon, as if by accident; meet with | synonyms=happen, chance, bump, encounter | examples=We find this idea in Plato; I happened upon the most wonderful bakery not very far from here
2. sense_key=find%2:39:02:: | definition=discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of | synonyms=detect, observe, discover, notice | examples=She detected high levels of lead in her drinking water; We found traces of lead in the paint
3. sense_key=find%2:40:00:: | definition=come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost | synonyms=regain | examples=Did you find your glasses?; I cannot find my gloves!
4. sense_key=find%2:32:00:: | definition=establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study | synonyms=determine, find out, ascertain | examples=find the product of two numbers; The physicist who found the elusive particle won the Nobel Prize
5. sense_key=find%2:31:10:: | definition=come to believe on the basis of emotion, intuitions, or indefinite grounds | synonyms=feel | examples=I feel that he doesn't like me; I find him to be obnoxious
6. sense_key=find%2:39:01:: | definition=perceive or be contemporaneous with | synonyms=witness, see | examples=We found Republicans winning the offices; You'll see a lot of cheating in this school
7. sense_key=find%2:40:01:: | definition=get something or somebody for a specific purpose | synonyms=line up, get hold, come up | examples=I found this gadget that will serve as a bottle opener; I got hold of these tools to fix our plumbing
8. sense_key=find%2:36:00:: | definition=make a discovery, make a new finding | synonyms=discover | examples=Roentgen discovered X-rays; Physicists believe they found a new elementary particle
9. sense_key=find%2:31:09:: | definition=make a discovery | synonyms=discover | examples=She found that he had lied to her; The story is false, so far as I can discover
10. sense_key=find%2:40:03:: | definition=obtain through effort or management | examples=She found the time and energy to take care of her aging parents; We found the money to send our sons to college
11. sense_key=find%2:32:01:: | definition=decide on and make a declaration about | synonyms=rule | examples=find someone guilty
12. sense_key=find%2:30:00:: | definition=receive a specified treatment (abstract) | synonyms=receive, get, obtain, incur | examples=These aspects of civilization do not find expression or receive an interpretation; His movie received a good review
13. sense_key=find%2:39:05:: | definition=perceive oneself to be in a certain condition or place | examples=I found myself in a difficult situation; When he woke up, he found himself in a hospital room
14. sense_key=find%2:40:15:: | definition=get or find back; recover the use of | synonyms=recover, retrieve, regain | examples=She regained control of herself; She found her voice and replied quickly
15. sense_key=find%2:38:10:: | definition=succeed in reaching; arrive at | examples=The arrow found its mark
16. sense_key=find%2:30:13:: | definition=accept and make use of one's personality, abilities, and situation | synonyms=find oneself | examples=My son went to Berkeley to find himself

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The context describes researchers discovering the presence of oncogenes in both normal and cancerous cells through scientific investigation. The phrase "found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells" indicates detecting or determining the existence/presence of these genes. This matches sense 2 ("discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of") with its synonym "detect" and the similar example "We found traces of lead in the paint." The researchers are determining that oncogenes exist in cells.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to find the best sense for "found" in this passage.

The sentence is: "...researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells..."

The context is about discovering oncogenes in cells - researchers have discovered/located these genes in both normal and cancerous cells.

Let me examine each sense:

1. "come upon, as if by accident" - This implies accidental discovery, which doesn't fit well as this is scientific research
2. "discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of" - This fits well. They discovered the presence of oncogenes in cells. Examples include "We found traces of lead in the paint" which is very similar.
3. "come upon after searching; find the location of something that was missed or lost" - This could fit, but it's more about searching for something lost
4. "establish after a calculation, investigation, experiment, survey, or study" - This fits the scientific context well. They established the existence through research.
5. "come to believe on the basis of emotion" - Doesn't fit
6. "perceive or be contemporaneous with" - Doesn't fit well
7. "get something or somebody for a specific purpose" - Doesn't fit
8. "make a discovery, make a new finding" - This could fit
9. "make a discovery" - This could fit, example "She found that he had lied to her"
10. "obtain through effort or management" - Doesn't fit well
11. "decide on and make a declaration about" - Doesn't fit
12. "receive a specified treatment" - Doesn't fit
13. "perceive oneself to be in a certain condition" - Doesn't fit
14. "get or find back; recover the use of" - Doesn't fit
15. "succeed in reaching; arrive at" - Doesn't fit
16. "accept and make use of one's personality" - Doesn't fit
17. "get or find back; recover the use of" - Doesn't fit

Sense 2 stands out as the strongest match. It captures the core meaning of detecting the presence of oncogenes in cells, paralleling the example about finding traces of lead in paint. While sense 4 emphasizes the investigative process, sense 2 more directly conveys what the researchers actually did—identified and confirmed the existence of these genes in both cell types.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: normal
Target surface form: normal
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in <t>normal</t> as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=normal%3:00:01:: | definition=conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal | examples=serve wine at normal room temperature; normal diplomatic relations
2. sense_key=normal%3:00:02:: | definition=in accordance with scientific laws
3. sense_key=normal%3:00:03:: | definition=being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development | examples=a perfectly normal child; of normal intelligence
4. sense_key=normal%5:00:00:perpendicular:00 | definition=forming a right angle

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{
  "sense_index": 1
}
```

The word "normal" in this context refers to cells that conform to the standard, expected state - as opposed to the abnormal, cancerous cells mentioned immediately after. The contrast between "normal" and "cancerous" cells indicates the first sense: "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard... not abnormal."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context where "normal" appears:

"Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

In this sentence, "normal" is used to describe cells that are not cancerous. The context is contrasting "normal" cells with "cancerous" cells.

Let me examine the candidate senses:

1. "conforming with or constituting a norm or standard or level or type or social norm; not abnormal" - This means cells that conform to the expected/standard state, i.e., not abnormal. This fits well because the context is contrasting normal (healthy, non-cancerous) cells with cancerous (abnormal) cells.

2. "in accordance with scientific laws" - This is about following scientific principles, which doesn't really fit the context here.

3. "being approximately average or within certain limits in e.g. intelligence and development" - This is more about developmental/intelligence norms, and while it could apply to biological development, it's more specifically about individual variation rather than the healthy vs. diseased distinction.

4. "forming a right angle" - This is a mathematical/geometric sense and clearly doesn't apply here.

The best sense is sense 1, which describes cells that conform to the norm (healthy, non-cancerous) as opposed to abnormal (cancerous) cells. This is the most appropriate interpretation in the medical/biological context.

The answer should be: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancerous
Target surface form: cancerous
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in <t>cancerous</t> cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context is discussing cancer biology and cellular genetics in a medical/scientific framework. The phrase "cancerous cells" refers literally to cells affected with or relating to cancer, not to anything metaphorically cancer-like. This aligns with sense 1's definition "relating to or affected with cancer" rather than sense 2's metaphorical usage of cancer as an evil that spreads.

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancerous" in the sentence: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

Let me analyze the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malignant:02 | definition=relating to or affected with cancer | examples=a cancerous growth
   - This sense literally refers to something relating to or affected with cancer
   - It's the direct, medical use of the word

2. sense_key=cancerous%5:00:00:malign:00 | definition=like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads | examples=remorse was cancerous within him; pornography is cancerous to the moral development of our children
   - This sense is metaphorical, describing something as cancer-like or morally/socially evil
   - The examples show abstract uses (remorse, pornography)

In the context provided, "cancerous cells" is being used in a literal, scientific/medical sense. The passage is discussing cancer biology, tumor-suppressor genes, oncogenes, and how cells become malignant. The word "cancerous" is directly describing cells that have cancer - it's not being used metaphorically to describe something as morally evil or spreading like cancer.

Sense 1 is the correct choice because the context is medical/scientific and refers literally to cells affected with cancer.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous <t>cells</t>, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The passage discusses cancer, genes, cell growth, cell division, and cellular biology. The context clearly refers to cells as the fundamental biological units of living organisms - specifically discussing how "cell division" works, how "proteins hold a cell's growth in check," and how "cells" can "turn malignant." This is sense 2: the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "cells" in this passage.

The context is about cancer, genes, tumor suppressors, and oncogenes. The passage discusses:
- "proteins that hold a cell's growth in check"
- "cell division"
- "cells normally under control turn malignant"
- "a cell to become malignant"
- "proliferating cells malignant"

This is clearly discussing biological cells - the basic structural and functional units of organisms. The passage is discussing cellular biology, growth, division, and cancer at the cellular level.

Let me review the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: - "any small compartment" (like honeycomb cells) - Not appropriate here
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: - "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms" - THIS IS IT
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: - "a device that delivers electric current" - Not relevant
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: - "a small unit serving as part of a larger political movement" - Not relevant
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: - "mobile radiotelephone" - Not relevant
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: - "small room where a monk lives" - Not relevant
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: - "a room where a prisoner is kept" - Not relevant

The answer is clearly sense 2, which is sense_key=cell%1:03:00::. This is the biological sense referring to the basic structural and functional unit of organisms.

The sense index should be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: suggest
Target surface form: suggesting
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, <t>suggesting</t> that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=suggest%2:32:00:: | definition=make a proposal, declare a plan for something | synonyms=propose, advise | examples=the senator proposed to abolish the sales tax
2. sense_key=suggest%2:32:04:: | definition=drop a hint; intimate by a hint | synonyms=hint
3. sense_key=suggest%2:32:02:: | definition=imply as a possibility | synonyms=intimate | examples=The evidence suggests a need for more clarification
4. sense_key=suggest%2:32:03:: | definition=suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine | synonyms=indicate | examples=Tetracycline is indicated in such cases
5. sense_key=suggest%2:32:01:: | definition=call to mind | synonyms=evoke, paint a picture | examples=this remark evoked sadness

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The word "suggesting" in this context means "imply as a possibility." The researchers' finding—that oncogenes are present in both normal and cancerous cells—implies the possibility that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. This matches the definition and the provided example: "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification," which has a parallel structure where evidence implies a logical conclusion.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the use of "suggesting" in the context provided.

The sentence is: "Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

The word "suggesting" here is being used to express what the finding implies or indicates. The researchers found oncogenes in both normal and cancerous cells, and this finding implies/indicates that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.

Let me look at each sense:

1. "make a proposal, declare a plan for something" - This doesn't fit. The sentence isn't proposing anything.

2. "drop a hint; intimate by a hint" - This could partially fit, but it's more about hinting indirectly, and the context is more direct implication.

3. "imply as a possibility" - This fits very well. The finding suggests/implies the possibility that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. The example "The evidence suggests a need for more clarification" is very similar in structure and meaning.

4. "suggest the necessity of an intervention; in medicine" - This is specific to medical interventions and doesn't apply here.

5. "call to mind" - This is about evoking something mentally, which doesn't fit the context.

Sense 3 is clearly the best fit. The word "suggesting" means that the evidence/finding implies as a possibility that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cause
Target surface form: cause
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't <t>cause</t> cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir
2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 1}

The sentence "oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves" uses "cause" to mean "give rise to" or "bring about the occurrence of" cancer. This matches sense 1, which defines cause as "give rise to; cause to happen or occur." The context is discussing whether oncogenes produce/initiate cancer as an event, not whether they compel something to perform a specific action (which would be sense 2). The examples for sense 1 ("cause a commotion") align with this usage of causing events to happen.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the target word "cause" in the given context.

The sentence is: "suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves."

This sentence is saying that oncogenes don't bring about/give rise to cancer by themselves.

Now let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=cause%2:36:00:: | definition=give rise to; cause to happen or occur, not always intentionally | synonyms=do, make | examples=cause a commotion; make a stir

2. sense_key=cause%2:32:00:: | definition=cause to do; cause to act in a specified manner | synonyms=induce, stimulate, have, get, make | examples=The ads induced me to buy a VCR; My children finally got me to buy a computer

In the context: "oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves"

This is asking whether oncogenes bring about/produce cancer. It's not saying "cause cancer to do something" or "cause cancer to act in a specified manner." Rather, it's saying oncogenes produce/give rise to cancer as an event or outcome.

Sense 1 fits perfectly: "give rise to; cause to happen or occur" - cancer happening/occurring is what's being discussed here.

Sense 2 would be more like "cause cancer to do X" or "cause cancer to act in a certain way" - but that's not what the sentence means.

The answer is sense 1.

Looking at the examples:
- Sense 1: "cause a commotion; make a stir" - these are about bringing about events
- Sense 2: "The ads induced me to buy a VCR" - this is about causing someone to perform an action

In our context, "cause cancer" is about bringing about the occurrence of cancer (an event/state), not about making something perform an action.

So the answer is sense 1.

The instruction asks for sense_index. Looking at the format, sense 1 would be index 1, and sense 2 would be index 2.
The response should be formatted as: {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Today, we know that the accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer and, then, propel it into a deadly state. "Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause <t>cancer</t> by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

content:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

reasoning_content:
The target word is "cancer" in the context of a scientific discussion about malignant tumors, cell division, and oncogenes.

Let me analyze the context:
- The text discusses "accumulation of several of these altered genes can initiate a cancer"
- It talks about "tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes"
- It mentions "cells normally under control turn malignant"
- It discusses "oncogenes" and how they relate to cells becoming "malignant"
- It says "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged"

This is clearly about the medical/biological sense of cancer - a malignant tumor caused by uncontrolled cell division.

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division" - This is the medical definition
2. "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - Zodiacal/astrological sense
3. "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere" - Astronomical constellation
4. "the fourth sign of the zodiac" - Zodiacal sign
5. "type genus of the family Cancridae" - Biological genus (crabs)

The context is clearly about the disease, not about zodiac signs or a genus of crabs. The answer is sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: recent
Target surface form: recent
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In <t>recent</t> months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "In recent months" refers to months that are close to the present time - the immediate past. The word "recent" here describes a time period that is just previous to the present, which matches sense 2 ("of the immediate past or just previous to the present time"). This is distinct from sense 1, which refers to something being "new" or newly made, as exemplified by "recent graduates" or "a recent addition."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and the two candidate senses for the word "recent".

The target word is "recent" used in the phrase "In recent months, researchers have come to believe..."

Let me look at the two candidate senses:

1. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:new:00 | definition=new | examples=recent graduates; a recent addition to the house
   - This sense means "new" in the sense of recently made or created

2. sense_key=recent%5:00:00:past:00 | definition=of the immediate past or just previous to the present time | synonyms=late | examples=a late development; their late quarrel
   - This sense means "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time"

In the context "In recent months, researchers have come to believe...", the word "recent" refers to months that are close to the present time - the immediate past. The researchers have come to believe something in the months just before now.

This clearly matches sense 2: "of the immediate past or just previous to the present time". This is about time that is close to the present, not about something being "new" in the sense of newly created.

The examples for sense 1 (recent graduates, recent addition to the house) focus on something being newly made/created, whereas in our context, we're talking about a time period (months) that is close to the present.

So the answer should be sense 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: month
Target surface form: months
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: | definition=one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year | synonyms=calendar month | examples=he paid the bill last month
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: | definition=a time unit of approximately 30 days | examples=he was given a month to pay the bill

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The phrase "in recent months" in this context refers to a general period of time in the recent past during which researchers have been developing their beliefs about cancer genes. This is a non-specific temporal reference to a duration of approximately 30 days (or multiple such periods), rather than a reference to specific calendar months (January, February, etc.). Sense 2 better captures this usage as a general time unit.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "month" is being used.

The sentence is: "In recent <t>months</t>, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."

The two candidate senses are:
1. sense_key=month%1:28:01:: - one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (calendar month) - example: "he paid the bill last month"
2. sense_key=month%1:28:00:: - a time unit of approximately 30 days - example: "he was given a month to pay the bill"

In the context "In recent months, researchers have come to believe...", the phrase is talking about a period of time during which something has been happening recently. This is referring to a recent period of time, not necessarily aligned with calendar months.

The key difference:
- Sense 1 (month%1:28:01::) refers to one of the twelve divisions of the calendar year (January, February, etc.)
- Sense 2 (month%1:28:00::) refers to a more general time period of approximately 30 days

The phrase "in recent months" is more naturally interpreted as "during the recent past period" rather than "during recent calendar months." The context suggests a general duration of time rather than specific calendar divisions.

However, "in recent months" could also refer to the recent calendar months (like the last few months of the year or recent months in the calendar). But the more common and straightforward interpretation of "in recent months" in this context is a general period of time.

Actually, thinking about it more carefully, "in recent months" is a very common phrase that typically refers to a period of time in the recent past, and it doesn't necessarily mean specific calendar months. This aligns more with sense 2, which is a more general "time unit of approximately 30 days."
The most fitting interpretation here is sense 2—the usage emphasizes an indefinite stretch of recent time rather than pinpointing specific calendar divisions.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: come
Target surface form: come
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have <t>come</t> to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=come%2:38:00:: | definition=move toward, travel toward something or somebody or approach something or somebody | synonyms=come up | examples=He came singing down the road; Come with me to the Casbah
2. sense_key=come%2:38:04:: | definition=reach a destination; arrive by movement or progress | synonyms=arrive, get | examples=She arrived home at 7 o'clock; She didn't get to Chicago until after midnight
3. sense_key=come%2:30:01:: | definition=come to pass; arrive, as in due course | examples=The first success came three days later; It came as a shock
4. sense_key=come%2:30:03:: | definition=reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position | examples=The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life
5. sense_key=come%2:42:04:: | definition=to be the product or result | synonyms=follow | examples=Melons come from a vine; Understanding comes from experience
6. sense_key=come%2:30:02:: | definition=be found or available | examples=These shoes come in three colors; The furniture comes unassembled
7. sense_key=come%2:42:13:: | definition=come forth | synonyms=issue forth | examples=A scream came from the woman's mouth; His breath came hard
8. sense_key=come%2:42:09:: | definition=be a native of | synonyms=hail | examples=She hails from Kalamazoo
9. sense_key=come%2:42:03:: | definition=extend or reach | examples=The water came up to my waist; The sleeves come to your knuckles
10. sense_key=come%2:42:05:: | definition=exist or occur in a certain point in a series | examples=Next came the student from France
11. sense_key=come%2:38:03:: | definition=cover a certain distance | examples=She came a long way
12. sense_key=come%2:42:00:: | definition=come under, be classified or included | synonyms=fall | examples=fall into a category; This comes under a new heading
13. sense_key=come%2:30:13:: | definition=happen as a result | examples=Nothing good will come of this
14. sense_key=come%2:42:12:: | definition=add up in number or quantity | synonyms=total, number, add up, amount | examples=The bills amounted to $2,000; The bill came to $2,000
15. sense_key=come%2:42:11:: | definition=develop into | synonyms=add up, amount | examples=This idea will never amount to anything; nothing came of his grandiose plans
16. sense_key=come%2:38:02:: | definition=be received | synonyms=come in | examples=News came in of the massacre in Rwanda
17. sense_key=come%2:31:14:: | definition=come to one's mind; suggest itself | synonyms=occur | examples=It occurred to me that we should hire another secretary; A great idea then came to her
18. sense_key=come%2:42:15:: | definition=come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example | synonyms=derive, descend | examples=She was descended from an old Italian noble family; he comes from humble origins
19. sense_key=come%2:42:02:: | definition=proceed or get along | synonyms=do, fare, make out, get along | examples=How is she doing in her new job?; How are you making out in graduate school?
20. sense_key=come%2:39:00:: | definition=experience orgasm | examples=she could not come because she was too upset
21. sense_key=come%2:31:13:: | definition=have a certain priority | examples=My family comes first

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 4}
```

The phrase "come to believe" in the context means "reach or enter a state" of believing. This matches sense 4's definition "reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position" with the example "We came to understand the true meaning of life," which is structurally parallel to the target usage.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "come" in this sentence:

"In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert..."

The key phrase is "come to believe" - this is an idiomatic expression that means "reach a state of believing" or "arrive at the conclusion that."

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. move toward, travel toward - No, not physical movement
2. reach a destination; arrive - No, not about arriving at a physical location
3. come to pass; arrive, as in due course - Possibly, but this is more about something happening
4. reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position - YES! This fits "come to believe" - reaching a state of believing
5. to be the product or result - No
6. be found or available - No
7. come forth - No
8. be a native of - No
9. extend or reach - No
10. exist or occur in a certain point in a series - No
11. cover a certain distance - No
12. come under, be classified or included - No
13. happen as a result - No
14. add up in number or quantity - No
15. develop into - No, though similar
16. be received - No
17. come to one's mind; suggest itself - No, not about something occurring to someone
18. come from; be connected by a relationship - No
19. proceed or get along - No
20. experience orgasm - No
21. have a certain priority - No

The best fit is sense 4: "reach or enter a state, relation, condition, use, or position" with the example "The water came to a boil; We came to understand the true meaning of life."

This directly matches the pattern of "come to believe" in the context.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cancer
Target surface form: cancer
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of <t>cancer</t> genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: | definition=any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream | synonyms=malignant neoplastic disease
2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: | definition=(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer | synonyms=Crab
3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: | definition=a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini
4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: | definition=the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22 | synonyms=Cancer the Crab, Crab
5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: | definition=type genus of the family Cancridae | synonyms=genus Cancer

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context clearly refers to cancer as a medical condition involving malignant growth and abnormal cell division. The passage discusses tumor-suppressors, oncogenes, malignant cells, and cell proliferation—all terminology associated with the disease of cancer. Sense 1 is the only definition that matches this medical/biological usage.

reasoning_content:
Looking at the context, the passage is discussing cancer genes, tumor-suppressors, oncogenes, malignant growth, and cell division. This is clearly a medical/biological context talking about cancer as a disease.

Let me examine each candidate sense:

1. sense_key=cancer%1:26:00:: - "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream" - This is clearly about cancer as a disease, the medical condition.

2. sense_key=cancer%1:18:00:: - "(astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer" - This is about zodiac astrology.

3. sense_key=cancer%1:17:00:: - "a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini" - This is about the Cancer constellation.

4. sense_key=cancer%1:15:00:: - "the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22" - This is about the zodiac sign.

5. sense_key=cancer%1:05:00:: - "type genus of the family Cancridae" - This is about the crabs genus.

In the context provided, "cancer genes" is referring to genes involved in cancer as a disease. The passage discusses "anti-cancer genes", "tumor-suppressors", "oncogenes", and "malignant" cells. All of this is clearly medical terminology about the disease of cancer.

The best sense is #1, which defines cancer as "any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream."

The answer should be {"sense_index": 1}


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: turn
Target surface form: turn
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may <t>turn</t> proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=turn%2:38:00:: | definition=change orientation or direction, also in the abstract sense | examples=Turn towards me; The mugger turned and fled before I could see his face
2. sense_key=turn%2:30:04:: | definition=undergo a transformation or a change of position or action | synonyms=change state | examples=We turned from Socialism to Capitalism; The people turned against the President when he stole the election
3. sense_key=turn%2:42:00:: | definition=undergo a change or development | synonyms=become | examples=The water turned into ice; Her former friend became her worst enemy
4. sense_key=turn%2:38:02:: | definition=cause to move around or rotate | examples=turn a key; turn your palm this way
5. sense_key=turn%2:30:00:: | definition=change to the contrary | synonyms=change by reversal, reverse | examples=The trend was reversed; the tides turned against him
6. sense_key=turn%2:38:03:: | definition=pass to the other side of | synonyms=move around | examples=turn the corner; move around the obstacle
7. sense_key=turn%2:30:03:: | definition=pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become | synonyms=grow | examples=The weather turned nasty; She grew angry
8. sense_key=turn%2:35:08:: | definition=let (something) fall or spill from a container | synonyms=release | examples=turn the flour onto a plate
9. sense_key=turn%2:38:04:: | definition=move around an axis or a center | examples=The wheels are turning
10. sense_key=turn%2:38:01:: | definition=cause to move around a center so as to show another side of | synonyms=turn over | examples=turn a page of a book
11. sense_key=turn%2:38:06:: | definition=to send or let go | examples=They turned away the crowd at the gate of the governor's mansion
12. sense_key=turn%2:36:00:: | definition=to break and turn over earth especially with a plow | synonyms=plow, plough | examples=Farmer Jones plowed his east field last week; turn the earth in the Spring
13. sense_key=turn%2:35:06:: | definition=shape by rotating on a lathe or cutting device or a wheel | examples=turn the legs of the table; turn the clay on the wheel
14. sense_key=turn%2:30:09:: | definition=change color | examples=In Vermont, the leaves turn early
15. sense_key=turn%2:29:00:: | definition=twist suddenly so as to sprain | synonyms=twist, sprain, wrench, wrick, rick | examples=wrench one's ankle; The wrestler twisted his shoulder
16. sense_key=turn%2:42:13:: | definition=cause to change or turn into something different;assume new characteristics | examples=The princess turned the frog into a prince by kissing him; The alchemists tried to turn lead into gold
17. sense_key=turn%2:41:10:: | definition=accomplish by rotating | examples=turn a somersault; turn cartwheels
18. sense_key=turn%2:40:13:: | definition=get by buying and selling | examples=the company turned a good profit after a year
19. sense_key=turn%2:38:13:: | definition=cause to move along an axis or into a new direction | examples=turn your face to the wall; turn the car around
20. sense_key=turn%2:38:14:: | definition=channel one's attention, interest, thought, or attention toward or away from something | examples=The pedophile turned to boys for satisfaction; people turn to mysticism at the turn of a millennium
21. sense_key=turn%2:35:11:: | definition=cause (a plastic object) to assume a crooked or angular form | synonyms=flex, bend, deform, twist | examples=bend the rod; twist the dough into a braid
22. sense_key=turn%2:35:10:: | definition=alter the functioning or setting of | examples=turn the dial to 10; turn the heat down
23. sense_key=turn%2:33:13:: | definition=direct at someone | examples=She turned a smile on me; They turned their flashlights on the car
24. sense_key=turn%2:32:14:: | definition=have recourse to or make an appeal or request for help or information to | synonyms=call on | examples=She called on her Representative to help her; She turned to her relatives for help
25. sense_key=turn%2:30:01:: | definition=go sour or spoil | synonyms=sour, ferment, work | examples=The milk has soured; The wine worked
26. sense_key=turn%2:30:14:: | definition=become officially one year older | examples=She is turning 50 this year

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 16}
```

The sentence describes how "an oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant," meaning to cause cells to undergo a transformation into a malignant state. This matches sense 16 ("cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics") perfectly, as exemplified by "The princess turned the frog into a prince" - both involve causatively transforming something into a different state.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context and find the best sense for "turn" in this sentence:

"An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

The sentence is discussing how oncogenes cause cells to become malignant. The key phrase is "turn proliferating cells malignant" - meaning to cause cells to become malignant.

Looking at the candidate senses:

1. change orientation or direction - No, not about direction
2. undergo a transformation or a change - This is close, but it's about the subject undergoing change
3. undergo a change or development; become - "The water turned into ice" - This is intransitive
4. cause to move around or rotate - No
5. change to the contrary - Not really
6. pass to the other side - No
7. pass into a condition gradually, take on a specific property or attribute; become - "The weather turned nasty" - Similar to 3, but still seems intransitive
8. let something fall or spill - No
9. move around an axis - No
10. cause to move around a center - No
11. to send or let go - No
12. to break and turn over earth - No
13. shape by rotating on a lathe - No
14. change color - No
15. twist suddenly so as to sprain - No
16. cause to change or turn into something different; assume new characteristics - "The princess turned the frog into a prince" - THIS IS IT! This is transitive and means to cause something to become something else.
17. accomplish by rotating - No
18. get by buying and selling - No
19. cause to move along an axis - No
20. channel one's attention - No
21. cause to assume a crooked form - No
22. alter the functioning - No
23. direct at someone - No
24. have recourse to - No
25. go sour or spoil - No
26. become officially one year older - No

Sense 16 is the match—it captures the transitive meaning of causing something to transform into something else, just like how an oncogene causes normal cells to become malignant.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: cell
Target surface form: cells
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating <t>cells</t> malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=cell%1:06:03:: | definition=any small compartment | examples=the cells of a honeycomb
2. sense_key=cell%1:03:00:: | definition=(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
3. sense_key=cell%1:06:00:: | definition=a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction | synonyms=electric cell
4. sense_key=cell%1:14:00:: | definition=a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement | synonyms=cadre
5. sense_key=cell%1:06:04:: | definition=a hand-held mobile radiotelephone for use in an area divided into small sections, each with its own short-range transmitter/receiver | synonyms=cellular telephone, cellular phone, cellphone, mobile phone
6. sense_key=cell%1:06:02:: | definition=small room in which a monk or nun lives | synonyms=cubicle
7. sense_key=cell%1:06:01:: | definition=a room where a prisoner is kept | synonyms=jail cell, prison cell

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The context clearly indicates a biological usage of "cells." The passage discusses tumor-suppressor genes, oncogenes, cell division, and cancer development—all biological concepts. The target word "cells" refers to the fundamental biological units of organisms that can grow, divide, and become malignant. This matches sense 2: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "cell" is being used.

The context is about biology and cancer genes. The sentence discusses:
- "tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes"
- "they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check"
- "cell division"
- "cells normally under control turn malignant"
- "proliferating cells malignant"
- This is clearly biological/medical content about cancer

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. "any small compartment" (like honeycomb cells) - not biological
2. "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms" - THIS IS IT
3. "a device that delivers an electric current" - electrical device, not biological
4. "a small unit serving as part of a larger political movement" - political, not biological
5. "a hand-held mobile radiotelephone" - a cellular phone, not biological
6. "small room in which a monk or nun lives" - architectural, not biological
7. "a room where a prisoner is kept" - architectural/legal, not biological

The context is clearly about biological cells - the basic units of organisms. References to "cell's growth," "cell division," and discussing how genes affect cells in the context of cancer all point to the biological sense.

Sense 2 is clearly the correct answer: "(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals"

The sense index for this would be 2.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: only
Target surface form: only
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: | definition=and nothing more | synonyms=merely, simply, just, but | examples=I was merely asking; it is simply a matter of time
2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: | definition=without any others being included or involved | synonyms=entirely, exclusively, solely, alone | examples=was entirely to blame; a school devoted entirely to the needs of problem children
3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: | definition=with nevertheless the final result | examples=He arrived only to find his wife dead; We won only to lose again in the next round
4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: | definition=in the final outcome | examples=These news will only make you more upset
5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: | definition=except that | examples=It was the same story; only this time she came out better
6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: | definition=never except when | synonyms=only if, only when | examples=call me only if your cold gets worse
7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: | definition=as recently as | examples=I spoke to him only an hour ago

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 6}
```

The phrase "only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged" establishes a conditional requirement—the oncogene causes malignant transformation never except when this condition is met. This matches sense 6 ("never except when"), which specifies that an event occurs only under a particular condition.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine the correct sense of "only" in this passage.

The sentence in question is: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant <t>only</t> after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

Let me examine what each sense means:

1. sense_key=only%4:02:02:: - "and nothing more" (merely, simply, just, but) - This means something is limited to just that thing, nothing else beyond it.

2. sense_key=only%4:02:01:: - "without any others being included or involved" (entirely, exclusively, solely, alone) - This emphasizes exclusivity.

3. sense_key=only%4:02:00:: - "with nevertheless the final result" - Used when something happens but with an unexpected or unfortunate result.

4. sense_key=only%4:02:04:: - "in the final outcome" - Indicates a result or consequence.

5. sense_key=only%4:02:06:: - "except that" - A contrasting conjunction.

6. sense_key=only%4:02:03:: - "never except when" - Indicates something happens only under a specific condition.

7. sense_key=only%4:02:05:: - "as recently as" - Temporal reference.

In the context: "An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

This means: An oncogene can cause cells to become malignant, but this happens ONLY when/if the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. The "only" here specifies a condition - that the malignant transformation happens only under the condition that the tumor-suppressor is damaged.

This best matches sense 6: "never except when" or the conditional sense. This indicates that the event (cells becoming malignant) never happens except when a certain condition is met (tumor-suppressor damage).
Reconsidering the phrasing, sense 6 captures the conditional requirement more precisely than the contrasting sense 5. The "only after" construction establishes that malignancy occurs exclusively when the tumor-suppressor damage precedes it, making sense 6 the most accurate fit.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: damage
Target surface form: damaged
Context:
Scientists call the new class of genes tumor-suppressors, or simply anti-cancer genes. When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been <t>damaged</t>. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 1}
```

The context indicates that genes are having damage inflicted upon them by external agents ("by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division"), which causes them to malfunction. This corresponds to sense 1 (inflict damage upon), where the genes are the object being damaged, rather than sense 2 (suffer or be susceptible to damage), which would describe vulnerability or propensity rather than the actual action of damage being imposed.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "damage" is being used in "the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged."

Looking at the candidate senses:
1. sense_key=damage%2:30:00:: | definition=inflict damage upon | examples=The snow damaged the roof; She damaged the car when she hit the tree
   - This is about causing damage to something, making it worse or impairing its function

2. sense_key=damage%2:30:01:: | definition=suffer or be susceptible to damage | examples=These fine china cups damage easily
   - This is about being vulnerable to or capable of being damaged

In the context: "if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work"

The genes are being acted upon - they are having damage inflicted upon them by radiation, chemicals, or accidents in cell division. The genes have damage imposed on them from external or internal causes, which impairs their function.

This matches sense 1: "inflict damage upon" - the genes are experiencing damage caused by external factors (radiation, chemicals) or accidents.

Sense 2 would be about the genes' susceptibility to damage, which is not what's being expressed here.

The answer should be sense 1.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: inherit
Target surface form: inherited
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are <t>inherited</t> in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 3}
```

The context clearly refers to genetic transmission of genes from parents to offspring ("one from each parent"). This matches sense 3: "receive by genetic transmission," which is exemplified by "I inherited my good eyesight from my mother."

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context for the word "inherited" in this passage about cancer genes.

The sentence is: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."

This is clearly talking about biological/genetic inheritance - the passing down of genes from parents to offspring through reproduction.

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=inherit%2:40:00:: | definition=obtain from someone after their death | examples=I inherited a castle from my French grandparents
   - This is about inheriting property/assets after someone dies. NOT the right sense for genes.

2. sense_key=inherit%2:40:02:: | definition=receive from a predecessor | examples=The new chairman inherited many problems from the previous chair
   - This is about receiving something from a predecessor in a job/role context. NOT the right sense for genes.

3. sense_key=inherit%2:40:01:: | definition=receive by genetic transmission | examples=I inherited my good eyesight from my mother
   - This is about receiving traits through genetic transmission from parents. This is EXACTLY what the context is describing.

The context explicitly mentions "inherited in two copies, one from each parent" which is unmistakably about genetic inheritance.

The answer is sense 3.


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: copy
Target surface form: copies
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two <t>copies</t>, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: | definition=a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record) | synonyms=transcript
2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: | definition=a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing | examples=she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor
3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: | definition=matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials | synonyms=written matter
4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: | definition=material suitable for a journalistic account | examples=catastrophes make good copy

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
```json
{"sense_index": 2}
```

The word "copies" in this context refers to the two versions/instances of the tumor-suppressor gene—one inherited from each parent. Sense 2 ("a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing") best captures this meaning, as each copy of the gene is essentially similar or identical to the other, despite being inherited from different parents. This is the standard biological usage when discussing how genes are inherited in pairs.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context carefully.

The sentence is: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired."

The target word is "copies" referring to tumor-suppressor genes. In this biological context, "copies" means individual instances or versions of the gene - one copy from each parent. This is talking about the fact that humans inherit genes in pairs (one from each parent).

Let me look at the candidate senses:

1. sense_key=copy%1:10:00:: - "a reproduction of a written record (e.g. of a legal or school record)" - This is about reproductions of records. Not applicable here.

2. sense_key=copy%1:06:00:: - "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing" with examples like "she made a copy of the designer dress; the clone was a copy of its ancestor" - This is about copies/replicas of things. This could fit since both copies of the gene are similar/identical to each other.

3. sense_key=copy%1:10:01:: - "matter to be printed; exclusive of graphical materials" - This is about written material for printing. Not applicable.

4. sense_key=copy%1:10:02:: - "material suitable for a journalistic account" - This is about material for journalism. Not applicable.

The best fit is sense 2, which describes "a thing made to be similar or identical to another thing." In genetics, when we talk about having "two copies" of a gene, we're referring to two versions (instances) of the same gene that are similar or identical. This sense captures the idea of multiple instances/versions of something.

Sense 1 is about reproductions of documents, which isn't what this context is about.
The answer is sense 2 (index 2).


[System] You are an English linguist performing fine-grained Word Sense Disambiguation. WordNet glosses are schematic. Use the sentence context, the examples, and the synonyms to choose the best indexed sense. Do not hedge. Choose the single best indexed sense.

[User]
Target lemma: parent
Target surface form: parent
Context:
When functioning normally, they make proteins that hold a cell's growth in check. But if the genes are damaged -- perhaps by radiation, a chemical or through a chance accident in cell division -- their growth-suppressing proteins no longer work, and cells normally under control turn malignant. The newly identified genes differ from a family of genes discovered in the early 1980s called oncogenes. Oncogenes must be present for a cell to become malignant, but researchers have found them in normal as well as in cancerous cells, suggesting that oncogenes don't cause cancer by themselves. In recent months, researchers have come to believe the two types of cancer genes work in concert: An oncogene may turn proliferating cells malignant only after the tumor-suppressor gene has been damaged. Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each <t>parent</t>. Either copy can make the proteins needed to control cell growth, so for cancer to arise, both copies must be impaired.

Candidate senses:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: | definition=a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: | definition=an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained

Instructions:
1. Choose the single best indexed sense for the target word in context.
2. WordNet glosses are schematic; use the context, synonyms, and examples together.
3. Do not answer with a WordNet sense key.
4. Return only a JSON object exactly like {"sense_index": 3}.

raw_output:
{"sense_index": 2}

The context discusses genetic inheritance, specifically that tumor-suppressor genes are "inherited in two copies, one from each parent." The passage focuses on the biological source of genes passed to offspring through heredity. Sense 2 ("an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained") is the most appropriate, as it emphasizes the biological origin of inherited genetic material. While sense 1 is the common human-centered definition, the genetic/hereditary context points to the more general biological definition of parent as an organism that produces offspring with inherited traits.

reasoning_content:
Let me analyze the context to determine which sense of "parent" is being used.

The context is discussing genes and heredity. Specifically, the passage states: "Like all genes, tumor-suppressor genes are inherited in two copies, one from each parent."

The two senses provided are:
1. sense_key=parent%1:18:00:: - "a father or mother; one who begets or one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; a relative who plays the role of guardian"
2. sense_key=parent%1:03:00:: - "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained"

In the context, "parent" refers to a biological source from which genes are inherited. The passage is talking about genetic inheritance - genes are inherited from parents (biological sources). This is clearly referring to organisms that produce offspring.

Sense 1 is the human-specific definition (father or mother), which emphasizes the familial and guardian role.

Sense 2 is the more general biological definition - "an organism (plant or animal) from which younger ones are obtained" - which would apply to any organism that produces offspring.

Given that the context is discussing genes in biological/genetic terms and inheritance, sense 2 seems more appropriate because:
1. It's more general and applies to organisms broadly
2. It emphasizes the biological origin/reproduction aspect
3. The passage could theoretically be discussing inheritance in any organism (though it's about humans, the definition given for sense 2 is broader and encompasses humans)

However, in common usage and in this specific human context, "parent" typically refers to sense 1 - a father or mother. But sense 2 is the more technical/biological definition that emphasizes the aspect of being "from which younger ones are obtained" through heredity.

Actually, looking more carefully at the definitions:
- Sense 1 emphasizes the role of guardian and nurturing - "nurtures and raises a child"
- Sense 2 emphasizes being the biological source - "organism from which younger ones are obtained"
The passage focuses specifically on biological inheritance—the source of genes passed down. This aligns with sense 2, which defines a parent as the organism from which offspring are derived. The answer is sense 2.